potterywhicharethemostancientexamplesofkeramicwarefoundinNewEngland，andwerecoveredwithincisedornamentationofconsiderablerefinement。
　　Thekitchen-middingsofFloridaandAlabamaareevenmoreremarkable。ThereisoneonAmeliaIslandwhichisaquarterofamilelongwithamediumdepthofthreefeetandabreadthofnearlyfive。ThatofBear’sPointcoverssixtyacresofground，thatofAnercertyPointonehundred，andthatofSantaRosafivehundred。Otherstapertoagreatheight。TurtleMound，nearSmyrna，isformedofamassofoystershellsattainingaheightofnearlythirtyfeet，andtheheightofseveralothersismorethanfortyfeet。[119]
　　Inallofthembushelsofshellshavealreadybeenfound，althoughagreatpartofthesitestheyoccupyarestillunexplored；hugetrees，roots，andtropicalcreepershaving，inthecourseofmanycenturies，coveredthemwithanalmostimpenetrablethicket。
　　WhethermandidordidnotliveinthebasinoftheDelawareatthemostremotetimesofwhichwehaveanyknowledge，wemeetwithtracesofhisoccupationinthesamelatitudeatmorerecentperiods。AtLong-Nick-Branchisashell-moundthatextendsforhalfamile，andinCaliforniathereisayetlargerkitchen-midding。Itmeasuresamileinlengthbyhalfamileinwidth，and，asinsimilaraccumulations，excavationshaveyieldedthousandsofstonehammersandboneimplementsFig。24。
　　Theshell-moundsofwhichwehavesofarbeenspeakingareallnearthesea，butthereisyetanotherconsistingentirelyofmarineshellsfiftymilesbeyondMobile。Thisfactseemstopointtoaconsiderablechangeinthelevelofthegroundsincethetimeofman’sfirstoccupancy，forheisnotlikelytohavetakenallthetroubleinvolvedincarryingthemolluscanecessaryforhisdailyfoodsofar，whenhemightsoeasilyhavesettleddownneartheshore。
　　Icannotclosethisaccountofthekitchen-middings，withoutcallingattentiontotwoveryinterestingfacts。Theimportanceofthesemoundsbearswitnessaliketothenumberoftheinhabitantswhodweltnearthem，andthelongdurationoftheirsojourn。Worsaaesetsbacktheinitialdateofthemostancientoftheshell-moundsoftheNewWorldmorethanthreethousandyears。Thisishoweveradelicatequestion，onwhichinthepresentstateofourknowledgeitisdifficulttohazardaseriousopinion。Itiseasiertocometoaconclusiononotherpoints：thecloseresemblance，forinstance，betweenthekitchen-middingsofAmericaandthoseofEurope。Inbothcontinentswefindtheearlyinhabitantsfedalmostentirelyonfish；
　　theirweapons，tools，andpotterywerealmostidenticalincharacter；
　　andinbothcasesthecharacteristicanimalsofQuaternarytimeshaddisappeared，andtheuseofmetalsstillremainedunknown。Aretheseremarkablecoincidencestheresultofchance，ormustwenotrathersupposethatpeopleofthesameoriginoccupiedatthesameepochbothsidesoftheAtlantic？
　　Themanofthekitchen-middingsevidentlyhadafixedabode。Longsince，thetent，thetemporaryshelterofthenomad，hadgivenplacetothebut。Wehavealreadysaidwhatthisbutmayhavebeenlike，butthemostcertaindatawehaveastohumanhabitationsatthisstillbutlittleknownepoch，arethosesuppliedbytheLakeStationsofSwitzerland，anditistoourowngenerationthatweareindebtedforthefirstdiscoveriesrelatingtothem。
　　ThememoryoftheseLakeStationsbadcompletelypassedaway，anditwasonlythelongdroughtwhichdesolatedSwitzerlandin1853and1854，andtheextraordinarysinkingofLakeZurich，revealingthepilesstillstanding，thatattractedtheattentionofarchaeologists。Inthespacestillenclosedbythesepileslayscatteredpell-mellstones，bones，burntcindersofancienthearths，pestles，hammers，pottery，hatchetsofvariousshapes，implementsofmanykinds，withinnumerableobjectsofdailyuse。TheserelicsprovethatsomeoftheancientinhabitantsofSwitzerlandhaddweltonthelakewheretheywerefound，inarefugetowhichtheyhadprobablyretiredtoescapefromtheattacksoftheirfellow-menorwildbeasts。Thoughtheybadsucceededingettingawayfromtheseenemies，theyweretofallvictimstoayetmoreformidableadversary，andthehalf-burntpileshavepreservedtoourowndaythetracesofaconflagrationthatdestroyedtheLakedwellingsolaboriouslyconstructed。
　　Thediscoveryofthesepilesexcitedgeneralinterest，aninterestthatwasredoubledwhensimilardiscoveriesrevealedthatallthelakesofSwitzerlandweredottedwithstationsthathadbeenbuiltlongcenturiesbeforeinthemidstofthewaters。TwentysuchstationsweremadeoutonLakeBienne，twenty-fourontheLakeofGeneva，thirtyonLakeConstance，forty-nineonthatofNeuchatel，andothers，thoughnotsomany，onLakesSempach，Morat，Mooseedorf，andPfeffikon。InfactmorethantwohundredLakeStationsarenowknowninSwitzerland；
　　andhowmanymoremayhavecompletelydisappeared？
　　Thereisreallynothingtosurpriseusinthefactofbuildingsrisingfromthemidstofwaters。Theyareknowninhistorictimes；
　　HerodotusrelatesthattheinhabitantsofpiledwellingsonLakePrasiassuccessfullyrepelledtheattacksofthePersianscommandedbyMegabasus。AlonzodeOjeda，thecompanionofAmerigoVespucci，speaksofavillageconsistingoftwentylargehousesbuiltonpilesinthemidstofalake，towhichhegavethenameofVenezuelainhonorofVenice，hisnativetown。WemeetwithpiledwellingsinourowndayintheCelebes，inNewGuinea，inJava，atMindanao，andintheCarolineIslands。SirRichardBurtonsawpiledwellingsatDahomey，CaptainCamerononthelakesofCentralAfrica，andtheBishopofLabuantellsusthatthehousesoftheDayaksarebuiltonloftyplatformsontheshoresofrivers。TheaccountsofhistoriansandtravellershelpustounderstandaliketheanodeofconstructionoftheLakeStationsandthekindoflifeledbytheirinhabitants。
　　TheLakedwellingsofSwitzerlandmaybeassignedtothreedifferentperiods。ThatofChavannes，onLakeBienne，belongstotheearliesttype。Thehatchetsfoundaresmall，scarcelypolished，andalwaysofnativerock，suchasserpentine，diorite，orsaussurite；thepotteryiscoarse，mixedwithgrainsofsandorbitsofquartz；thebottomsofthevasesarethick，andnotracesofornamentationcanbemadeout。Thepile-dwellingsofthesecondperiod，suchasthoseofLocrasandLatringen，showconsiderableprogress；thehatchets，someofwhichareverylarge，arewellmade。Severalofthemareofnephrite，chloromelanite，andjade；andtheirnumber，ascomparedwiththoseinmineralsnativetoSwitzerland，variesfromfivetoeightpercent。Hereandthereinrareinstanceswefindafewcopperorbronzelamellaeamongstthepiles。Thepotteryisnowoffinerclay，betterkneaded；andornamentation，includingchevrons，wolves’
　　teeth，andmammillateddesigns，ismorecommon。Thehandle，however，isstillamereprojection。Thethirdperiod，whichwemaydatefromthetransitionfromstonetobronze，islargelyrepresented；copperweaponsandtoolsarealreadynumerous，andbronzeisbeginningtooccur。Thestonehatchetsandhammersareskilfullypierced，andwoodenorhornimplementsareoftenfound。Thevasesareofvariousshapes，allprovidedwithhandles，andarecoveredwithornaments，somemadewiththefingersofthepotter，otherswiththehelpofatwigorsomefinestring。Ontheotherhand，therearenohatchetsofforeignrock；
　　commerceandintercoursewithpeopleatadistancehadceased，oratleastbecomerarer。Thetoolsarefixedintohandlesofstaghorn，whicharefoundineverystageofmanufacture。ThepersonalpropertyoftheLakeDwellersincludedbeadnecklaces，pendants，buttons，needles，andhorncombs。Theteethofanimalsservedasamulets，andthebonesthatwereofdensermaterialthanbornwereusedasjavelin-orarrow-heads。Thearrowsweregenerallyoftriangularshapeandnotbarbed。[120]
　　ThedistancefromtheshoreofthemostancientoftheLakedwellingsvariesfrom131to298feet。Graduallymenbegantotakegreaterandgreaterprecautionsagainstdanger，andthemostrecentstationsare656to984feetfromthebanksofthelake。ThepilesoftheStoneagearefromeleventotwelveinchesindiameter；thoseofthelaterepochsaresmaller。Theyarepointedattheends，andhardenedbyfire。Whenthepileshadbeendrivenintothebottomofthelake，aplatformwaslaidonthemsolidenoughtobeartheweightofthebuts。Thisplatformwasmadeofbeamslaiddownhorizontally，andboundtogetherbyinterlacedbranches。Twomodesofconstructioncaneasilybedistinguished。Inonetheplatformswereupheldbynumerouspiles，tenyardslong，firmlydrivenintothemud。ThisishowthePFAHLBAUTEN，PALAFITTES，orpiledwellingssituatedinshallowwatersweregenerallyputtogether。Inothercasesitseemedeasiertoraisethesoilroundthepiles，thantodrivethemintothehardrockwhichformedthebedofthelake。Carewasthentakentoconsolidatethem，andkeeptheminpositionwithblocksofstone，clay，andtiersofpiles。KellergivestotheselatterthenameofPACKWERBAUTEN，andotherGermanarchaeologistscallthemSTEINBERGEN。
　　Themeandepthofthewatersinthosepartsofthelakesformerlyoccupiedbythepiledwellingsisfromthirteentosixteenfeet，andwecanstillmakeoutthepileswhenthewateriscalmandclear。Wornthoughtheymaybe，theirtopsstillemergeataheightvaryingfromonetothreefeetabovethemudatthebottomofthelake。Theirnumberwasoriginallyconsiderable，anditisestimatedthattherewerefortythousandatWangen，andahundredthousandatRobenhausen。Theareaoccupiedbythestationsvariesconsiderably；accordingtoTroyon，thatatWangenwassevenhundredpaceslongbyonehundredandtwentybroad。BaronvonMayenfischexploredseventeensitesintheLakeofConstance，theareaofwhichvariesfromthreetofouracres。AtInkwylisalittleartificialislandaboutforty-eightfeetindiameter。TheLakedwellingofMorges，whichwasstillinhabitedintheBronzeage，coversanareaoftwelvehundredfeetlongbyameanwidthofonehundredandfifty。Itis，however，uselesstoenumeratethevariouscalculationsthathavebeenmade，astheyarefoundedonnothingbutmoreorlessprobableguesswork。
　　Excavationsshowthatthebutsthatrosefromtheplatformsweremadeofwattleandhurdle-work。Indifferentplacescalcinedandagglutinatedfragmentshavebeenpickedup，andpiecesofclaywhichhadservedasfacing。Thehousetowhichtheyhadbelongedhadbeendestroyedbyfire，andtheclay，hardenedintheflames，hadresistedthedisintegratingactionofthewater。Ononesidethisclayissmooth，andontheotheritstillretainsthemarksoftheinterlacedbranches，whichhadhelpedtoformtheinnerwalls。SomeofthesemarksaresoclearandregularthatTroyon，noticingthewaytheycurve，wasabletoassertthatthebutswerecircular，andthattheyvariedindiameterfromtentofifteenfeet。
　　ArecentdiscoveryatSchussenreidWurtemberggivescompletenesstoourknowledgeoftheSwissLakedwellings。Inthemidstofapeat-bogrisesabutknownasaKNUPPELBAU，whichissupposedtodatefromtheStoneage。Itisofrectangularform，andisdividedintotwocompartmentscommunicatingwitheachotherbyafoot-bridgeconsistingofthreebeamslaidsidebyside。Thefloorsofthisbutaremadeofroundedwood，andthewallsofpilessplitinhalf。Excavationshavebroughttolightseveralfloors，oneabovetheother，anddividedbythicklayersofclay。TherisingofthelevelofthepeatdoubtlesscompelledtheLakeDwellertoaddbydegreestotheheightofhishouse。
　　TheProto-Helvetianracewerewell-developedmen，andthebonesthathavebeencollectedshowthattheywerenotatallwantinginsymmetryofformorincranialcapacity。Thecraniafoundaredistinctlydolichocephalous，andtheirownershadevidentlyattainedtonosmalldegreeofcultureandoftechnicalskill。Judgingfromthelengthofthefemorafound，thoughitmustbeaddedthattheyaremostlythoseofwomen，theancientLakeDwellerswerenotsotallasthepresentinhabitantsofEurope。Thesmallnessofthehandlesoftheirweaponsandtoolspointstothesameconclusion。[121]
　　ThoughtheimportanceandnumberofthediscoveriesmadeinSwitzerlandrenderittheclassiclandofLakeStations，itisnottheonlycountryinwhichtheyhavebeenfound。TheyhavebeenmadeoutintheLagoMaggioreandinthelakesofVarese，Peschiera，andGardainLombardy；inLakeSalpiintheCapitanata，andinotherpartsofItaly。Judgingfromtheobjectsrecoveredfromthesestations，theybelongedpartlytotheStoneandpartlytotheBronzeage。
　　ThepiledwellingofLagozzaisoneofthemostinterestingknowntous。Itformsalongsquare，facingdueeast，andcoversanareaoftwothousandsixhundredyards，nowcompletelyovergrownwithpeatsixandahalffeetthick。Amongstthepostsstillstandingcanbemadeoutanumberofhalf-burntplanks，whichareprobablytheremainsoftheplatform。Oneofthepostswasstillcoveredwithbark，anditwaseasytorecognizethesilverbirchBETULAALBA。Otherpostsconsistedofthetrunksofresinoustrees，suchasthePINUSPICEA，thePINUSSYLVESTRIS，andthelarch，whichnowonlygrowintheloftyAlpinevalleys。AmongsttheindustrialobjectsfoundintheLagozzapiledwellingwerepolishedstonehatchets，hammers，polishersofhardstone，knife-blades，flintscrapers，andsevenoreightarrowswithtransversecuttingedges，aformrareinItaly。
　　Castelfranco，[122]fromwhomweborrowthesedetails，hasalso，intheexcavationshesuperintended，pickedupanumberofearthenwarespindle-whorlswithaholeinthemiddle，amulets，andnumerouspiecesofpottery，somefineandsomecoarse，accordingtothepurposeforwhichtheywereintended。Thefirstmouldhadinmostcasesbeencoveredoverwithalayerofveryfineclayspreaduponitwiththeaidofakindofboasting-chisel。Wemayalsomentionabonecomb。ThecombsfoundinSwissLakedwellingsareofhorn9withtheexceptionofonefromLocrasofyewwood。
　　WhatchieflydistinguishestheLagozzapiledwelling，however，istheabsenceofthebones，teeth，orhornsofanimals，andalsooffish-hooks，harpoons，ornets，sothatwemustconcludethattheinhabitantsdidnothuntorfish，thattheydidnotbreeddomesticanimals，andwereprobablyvegetarians。TheresearchesofProfessorSordelliconfirmthishypothesis；fromamongsttheobjectstakenfromthepeatherecognizedtwokindsofcornTRITICUM
　　VULGAREANTIQUORUMandTRITICUMVULAGEREHIBERNUM，six-rowedbarleyHORDEUMHEXASTICHUM，mosses，ferns，flax，theIndianpoppyPAPAVER