fronttostrengthentheentrance。Agoodmanyoftheseeavesareprovidedwithanopeningforventilation，andsomeskilfulcontrivanceswereresortedtoforkeepingoutwater。Insidewefinddifferentfloors，shelves，andcrocketscutinthechalk，andonthefloorsM。deBayepickedupshells，ornaments，andflints，whichwerelyingjustwheretheirownershadleftthem。VerydifferentisallthisfromtheVezerecaves，andeverythingprovesanundeniableimprovementintheconditionsoflife。
　　Themostinterestingofalltheobjectsfoundinthesecavesare，however，thecarvings；butfewdatefromNeolithictimes，andsomearchaeologistshavearguedfromtheirabsenceinfavorofthedisplacementeverywhereofoldracesbytheincursionofnew-corners。Someofthesecarvingsrepresenthaftedhatchets，theflintbeingpaintedblacktomaketheraiseddesignstandoutbetter。Othersrepresenthumanfigures。IntheCoizardCave，forinstance，wasfoundaroughlyoutlinedrepresentationofawomanwithaprominentnose，eyesindicatedbyblackdots，highlydevelopedbreasts，butnolowerlimbs。Anecklaceadornsherthroat，andapendanthangingfromthisnecklaceiscoloredyellow。Onthepassageleadingtothedoorisengravedanotherfigurewhichwasoriginallymoreaccuratelydrawnthantheothers，butisnotinsuchgoodpreservation。IntheCourjonnetCaveweseeawomanwithabird’sbead；shewasprobablyoneoftheLARESPENATES，theprotectorsofthedomestichearth。WemeetwiththissamegoddessatSantorin，andatTroy，andontheshoresoftheVistula，whichisaveryinterestingethnologicalfact。
　　Theobjectsfoundinthesepulchralcavesareimportant，andincludedanumberofarrow-headswithtransversecuttingedges。Thereisnodoubtabouttheiruse；theyhavebeenpickedupinblackearth，incontactwithhumanbones，thedecompositionofthesoftpartsofwhichcausedthemtofalloutofthemortalwoundtheyhadinflicted。Withthesearrow-headswerefoundflintknives，largeslopedscrapers，polishers，andbonestilettos，thefemoraofaruminantwithapig’stoothfixedontoeachend，hoesmadeofstaghorn，beadsandpendantsmadeofbone，shell，schist，quartz，andaragonite，withtheteethofbears，boars，wolves，andfoxes，allpiercedwithholes。Someoftheshellantischistbeadswerespreaduponthesurfaceoftheskull，andperhapsformedanetorRESILLE，suchasthatalreadyreferredtoasfoundatBaousse-Rousse。
　　Forcenturiesthisoccupationofcavescontinued，offeringastheydidashelterthatwasdryandwarminwinter，andcoolinsummer。HomertellsusthattheCyclopslivedontheheightsofthemountainsandinthedepthsofthecaves，[113]andPrometheussaysthat，likethefeebleant，mendweltindeepsubterraneancaves，wherethesunneverpenetrated。[114]
　　WhilstthemenofthePetit-Morinvalleyhollowedoutcaves，orenlargedthosemadebynature，otherstookrefugeinbutsmadeofdriedclayandinterlacedbranches，orintentsoftheskinsoftheanimalstheyhadslain，and，thoughthesefragiledwellingshavedisappeared，leavingnotrace，thereyetremainindelibleevidencesofthepresenceofmanysuccessivegenerations。Everywherethroughouttheworldwefindheapsofrubbish，consistingchieflyoftheshellsofmolluscaandcrustacea，brokenbones，flakesofflint，andfragmentsofstoneandboneimplements，coveringvastareasandoftenrisingtoaconsiderableheight。
　　Notuntilourowndaydidtheserubbishheapsattractattention，anditwasreservedtoourowngeneration，sointerestedinallthatrelatestothepast，torecognizetheirtruesignificance。Steenstrupnoticed，inthenorthofEurope，thatthesemoundsconsistednearlyentirelyoftheshellsofediblespecies，suchastheoyster，mussel，andLITTORINALITTOREA；thattheywereallthoseofadultspecimens，butnotallsubjecttosimilarconditionsofexistenceornativetothesamewaters。Thekitchen-middings，orheapsofkitchenrefuse——
　　suchwasthenamegiventotheseshell-mounds——couldnothavebeenthenaturaldepositsleftbythewavesafterstorms，forinthatcasetheywouldhavebeenmixedwithquantitiesofsandandpebbles。Theconclusionisinevitable，thatmanalonecouldhavepileduptheseaccumulations，whichweretherefuseflungawaydaybydayafterhismeals。Theexcavationofthekitchen-middingsconfirmedinaremarkablemannertheopinionofSteenstrup，andeverywhereanumberofimportantobjectswerediscovered。Inseveralplacestheoldhearthswerebroughttolight。Theyconsistedofflatstones，onwhichwerepilesofcinders，withfragmentsofwoodandcharcoal。Itwasnowfinallyprovedthatthesemoundsoccupiedthesiteofancientsettlements，theinhabitantsofwhichrarelyleftthecoast，andfedchieflyonthemolluscawhichaboundedinthewatersoftheNorthSea。
　　Theseprimevalraces，howeversavagetheymayhavebeen，werenotwantinginintelligence。TheearliestinhabitantsofRussiaplacedtheirdwellingsnearriversabovethehighestflood-levelknowntoorforeseenbythem。TheScandinaviansweremostpreciseintheorientationoftheirhomes，andM。deQuatrefagespointsoutthatthekitchen-middingofSoelagerissetagainstahillinthebestpositionforprotectingthosewholivednearitfromthenorthwinds，whicharesotryinginthesedistrictsonaccountoftheirviolence。AtHavelse，saysSirJohnLubbock，thesettlementwasonratherhigherground，and，thoughclosetotheshore，wasquitebeyondthereachofthewaves。TheEnglishvisitorshadanexcavationmadewhilsttheywerepresent，andintwoorthreehourstheyobtainedaboutahundredfragmentsofbone，manyrudeflakes，slingstones，andfragmentsofflint，togetherwithsomeroughaxesoftheordinaryshell-moundtype。TheexcavationsatMeilgaardalittlelaterbythesameexplorerswereevenmorefruitfulinresults。
　　ScandinaviadoesnotappeartohavebeenoccupiedinthePaleolithicperiod，andthemostancientfactsconcerningitonlydatefromtheexpeditionsoftheRomansagainsttheTeutons，andourknowledgeevenofthemisveryincomplete。[115]WearestillignorantofmuchwhichmayhavebeenknowntotheCarthaginiansandthePhoenicians。ItispossiblethatintheremotedaysundernoticetheScandinavianswereignorantoftheartoftillingtheground，forsofarnocerealoragriculturalproductofanykindhasbeendiscovered，northebonesofanydomesticanimal，exceptindeedthoseofthedog，whichmay，however，havebeenstillinawildstate。Amongstthebonescollectedfromthekitchen-middings，thoseofthestag，thekid，andtheboararemuchthemostnumerous。Thebear，theurns，thewildcat，theotter，theporpoise，theseal，andthesmallmammals，themarten，thewater-ratandthemouse，havealsobeenfound。AtHavelsewerecollectedmorethan3，500mammalbones，amongstwhichdonotoccurthoseofthemusk-ox，thereindeer，theelk，orthemarmot；theirabsencebearingwitnesstoamoretemperateclimatethanthatofthepresentdayintheregionsundernotice。Thestagantlersfoundbelongtoeveryseasonoftheyear，fromwhichwemayconcludethatthepeopleofthesedistricts，likethecave-menofthePyrenees，hadgivenupanomadlifeandremainedathomealltheyearround，livinginthedwellingstheyhadbuiltupontheshoresofthesea。
　　Amongstthebirdsfound，wemaymentionthelargepenguin，nowextinct，themoor-fowl，whichfedentirelyonpinebuds，andseveralspeciesofclucksandgeese；whilstamongstthefishweretheherring，thecod，thedab，andtheeel。ThenumerousrelicsofcheloniaprovetheexistenceofnumbersoftheturtletribeintheNorthSea。
　　Agreatvarietyofobjects，mostofthemofacoarsetype，havebeenfoundbeneaththekitchen-middings；metalsarehowevercompletelyabsent，anditisprobablethattheywerequiteunknowntotheScandinaviansforseveralcenturiesaftertheirarrivalinthecountry。
　　Itiseasytoquotesimilarfactsinothercountries。In1877，CountOuvarofmentioned，attheArchaeologicalCongressatKazan，somekitchen-middingsneartheOka，alittleriverflowingintotheVolganearNijni-Novgorod。InexcavatingsomeBOUGRYS，orlittlemoundsofsandoverlookingthevalley，hediscoveredamongstthelayersofalluvium，successivedepositsofcindersandfragmentsofcharcoal，whichappeartohavebeentheremainsofafire。Alittlelowerdowninanotherdepositwerefragmentsofpottery，stoneweaponsandimplements，andanimmensenumberofshells。Judgingfromtheserelicsoftheirdailylife，thisnumerouspopulationmusthavefedexclusivelyonfishandmollusca，forexcavationsbroughttolightbutfewmammalbones。Themolluscawereallofspeciesthatonlyliveinsaltwater。FromthisweknowthatthewaveswashedtheshoresnearthisBOUGRY，andthatamilderclimateprobablyprevailedintheseregions，makinglifemoresupportable。
　　VirchowhasrecognizedontheshoresofLakeBurtneekinGermany，akitchen-middingbelongingtotheearliestNeolithictimes，perhapseventothecloseofthePalaeolithicperiod。Hetherepickedupsomestoneandboneimplements，andnoticesontheonehandtheabsenceofthereindeer，andontheother，asinScandinavia，thatofdomesticanimals。Butinthiscase，thehomeofthelivingbecamethetombofthedead，andnumerousskeletonslaybesidetheabandonedhearths。SimilardiscoverieshavebeenmadeinPortugal；
　　shell-heapshavingbeenfoundthirty-fivetofortymilesfromthecoast，andfromsixty-fivetoeightyfeetabovethesea-level。Herealsoexcavationshavebroughttolightseveraldifferenthearths；
　　andinmanyofthemostancientkitchen-middingsinthevalleyoftheTigriswerefoundcrouchingskeletons，provingthatheretoothehomehadbecomethetomb。[116]
　　SimilardepositsarebynomeansrareinFrance。M。duChatelliermentionsoneinBrittany，whichheestimatesas325cubicfeetinsize。Fromitbehastakenspear-andarrow-heads，knivesandscrapers，somehighlyfinished，othersbutroughlycutandoftenwithscarcelyanyshapeatall。Thepopulationwasevidentlyichthyophagous，tojudgebythevastaccumulationsofshellsofscallops，oysters，limpets，pectens，andothermollusca。Thefewanimalbonesarethoseofthestag，thebear，andcertainwadingbirds。
　　AtCanche，nearEtaples，hasbeenevadeoutaseriesofmoundsformingasemicirclesomeeighthundredandfiftyfeetinextent。Thesemoundsaremadeupofsuccessivelayersofshellsandcharcoal，therelicsofsuccessiveoccupations。Lastlywemustmentionakitchen-middingsituatedatthemouthoftheSomme，whichiseighthundredandtwentyfeetlongbyaboutonehundredwide。Itconsistsprincipallyofshellsofadultspecies，withwhicharemixedfragmentsofcoarseblackpotteryandnumerousgoatandsheepbones，thelatterbearingwitnesstoamorerecentdatethanthatofthekitchen-middingsofScandinaviaorofGermany。
　　ThroughoutEuropesimilarfactsarecomingtolight。EvansmentionsheapsofshellsonthecoastsofEngland。ChantrespeaksofothersnearLakeGotchaiintheCaucasus，andNordenskioldofothersatCapeNorth，towhichhewishestorestoreitstruenameofJokaipi。HesassthesemoundsareexactlylikethoseofDenmark。
　　Itis，however，chieflyinAmericathattheseheapsattractattention，fortherehugeshell-moundsstretchalongthecoastinNewfoundland，NovaScotia，Massachusetts，Louisiana，California，andNicaragua。WemeetwiththemagainneartheOrinocoandtheMississippi，intheAleutianIslands，andintheGuianas，inBrazilandinPatagonia，onthecoastsofthePacificasonthoseoftheAtlantic。Owingtothedarkercolorofthevegetationgrowingonthem，theshell-heapsofTierradelFuegoareseenfromafarbythenavigator。Foralongtimethetruecharacterofthesemoundswasnotknown，andtheywereattributedtonaturalcauses，suchastheemergenceoftheancientcoast-linefromthesea，anditwasnotuntillatelythatitwasdiscoveredthattheyweretheworkofmen。
　　Someofthesekitchen-middingsareofgreatsize。SirCharlesLyelldescribesoneonSt。Simon’sIsland，atthemouthoftheAltamahaGeorgia，whichcoverstenacresofgroundandvariesinheightfromfivetotenfeet。Itconsistedalmostentirelyofoystershells。InAmerica，asinEurope，excavationsbroughttolighthatchets，flints，arrows，andfragmentsofpottery。Anotherofthesemounds，neartheSt。JohnRiver，consists，asdoesthatvisitedbyLyell，ofoystershells，andisofextraordinarydimensions，beingthreehundredfeetlong，andthoughtheexactwidthcannotbemadeout，iscertainlyseveralhundredfeetacross。Putnam[117]givesanaccountoftheexcavationofoneofthesemoundsformedofshellsoftheMYA，VENUS，PECTEN，BUCCINUM，andNATICAgenera。Itstretchedalongthesea-coastforadistanceofseveralhundredfeet，itwasfromfourtofivefeetthick，andpenetratedsomedistancebelowthesurfaceoftheground。Thevalveshadbeenopenedwiththeaidofheat，andtheanimalbonesfoundwiththeshellshadbeenbrokenwithheavyhammerswhichwerefoundinthekitchen-midding。Thebonesincludedthoseofthestag，thewolf，andthefox。Fisheswerealsorepresentedbyremainsofthecod，theplaice，andcheloniabyturtleshells。Somebirdboneswerealsofound，andtheknives，arrow-andspear-heads，scrapers，etc。，werealloftherudestworkmanship。Mr。PhelpshassuperintendedyetmoreimportantexcavationsatDamariscotta[118]andallalongthecoasttothemonthofthePenobscot。Inthelowestlayershemadeoutancienthearths，andfoundnumerousfragmentsof