OfthePassionswhichtaketheiroriginfromthebody1。Itisindecenttoexpressanystrongdegreeofthosepassionswhicharisefromacertainsituationordispositionofthebody；becausethecompany，notbeinginthesamedisposition，cannotbeexpectedtosympathizewiththem。Violenthunger，forexample，thoughuponmanyoccasionsnotonlynatural，butunavoidable，isalwaysindecent，andtoeatvoraciouslyisuniversallyregardedasapieceofillmanners。Thereis，however，somedegreeofsympathy，evenwithhunger。Itisagreeabletoseeourcompanionseatwithagoodappetite，andallexpressionsofloathingareoffensive。Thedispositionofbodywhichishabitualtoamaninhealth，makeshisstomacheasilykeeptime，ifImaybeallowedsocoarseanexpression，withtheone，andnotwiththeother。Wecansympathizewiththedistressitinthewhichexcessivehungeroccasionswhenwereadthedescriptionofjournalofasiege，orofaseavoyage。Weimagineourselvesinthesituationofthesufferers，andthencereadilyconceivethegrief，thefearandconsternation，whichmustnecessarilydistractthem。Wefeel，ourselves，somedegreeofthosepassions，andthereforesympathizewiththem:butaswedonotgrowhungrybyreadingthedescription，wecannotproperly，eveninthiscase，besaidtosympathizewiththeirhunger。
　　ItisthesamecasewiththepassionbywhichNatureunitesthetwosexes。Thoughnaturallythemostfuriousofallthepassions，allstrongexpressionsofitareuponeveryoccasionindecent，evenbetweenpersonsinwhomitsmostcompleteindulgenceisacknowledgedbyalllaws，bothhumananddivine，tobeperfectlyinnocent。Thereseems，however，tobesomedegreeofsympathyevenwiththispassion。Totalktoawomanaswewouldtoamanisimproper:itisexpectedthattheircompanyshouldinspireuswithmoregaiety，morepleasantry，andmoreattention；
　　andanintireinsensibilitytothefairsex，rendersamancontemptibleinsomemeasureeventothemen。
　　Suchisouraversionforalltheappetiteswhichtaketheiroriginfromthebody:allstrongexpressionsofthemareloathsomeanddisagreeable。Accordingtosomeancientphilosophers，thesearethepassionswhichweshareincommonwiththebrutes，andwhichhavingnoconnexionwiththecharacteristicalqualitiesofhumannature，areuponthataccountbeneathitsdignity。Buttherearemanyotherpassionswhichweshareincommonwiththebrutes，suchasresentment，naturalaffection，evengratitude，whichdonot，uponthataccount，appeartobesobrutal。Thetruecauseofthepeculiardisgustwhichweconceivefortheappetitesofthebodywhenweseetheminothermen，isthatwecannotenterintothem。Tothepersonhimselfwhofeelsthem，assoonastheyaregratified，theobjectthatexcitedthemceasestobeagreeable:evenitspresenceoftenbecomesoffensivetohim；helooksroundtonopurposeforthecharmwhichtransportedhimthemomentbefore，andhecannowaslittleenterintohisownpassionasanotherperson。Whenwehavedined，weorderthecoverstoberemoved；andweshouldtreatinthesamemannertheobjectsofthemostardentandpassionatedesires，iftheyweretheobjectsofnootherpassionsbutthosewhichtaketheiroriginfromthebody。
　　Inthecommandofthoseappetitesofthebodyconsiststhatvirtuewhichisproperlycalledtemperance。Torestrainthemwithinthosebounds，whichregardtohealthandfortuneprescribes，isthepartofprudence。Buttoconfinethemwithinthoselimits，whichgrace，whichpropriety，whichdelicacy，andmodestyrequire，istheofficeoftemperance。
　　2。Itisforthesamereasonthattocryoutwithbodilypain，howintolerablesoever，appearsalwaysunmanlyandunbecoming。Thereis，however，agooddealofsympathyevenwithbodilypain。If，ashasalreadybeenobserved，Iseeastrokeaimed，andjustreadytofallupontheleg，orarm，ofanotherperson，Inaturallyshrinkanddrawbackmyownleg，ormyownarm:andwhenitdoesfall，Ifeelitinsomemeasure，andamhurtbyitaswellasthesufferer。Myhurt，however，is，nodoubt，excessivelyslight，and，uponthataccount，ifhemakesanyviolentout-cry，asIcannotgoalongwithhim，Ineverfailtodespisehim。Andthisisthecaseofallthepassionswhichtaketheiroriginfromthebody:theyexciteeithernosympathyatall，orsuchadegreeofit，asisaltogetherdisproportionedtotheviolenceofwhatisfeltbythesufferer。
　　Itisquiteotherwisewiththosepassionswhichtaketheiroriginfromtheimagination。Theframeofmybodycanbebutlittleaffectedbythealterationswhicharebroughtaboutuponthatofmycompanion:butmyimaginationismoreductile，andmorereadilyassumes，ifImaysayso，theshapeandconfigurationoftheimaginationsofthosewithwhomIamfamiliar。Adisappointmentinlove，orambition，will，uponthisaccount，callforthmoresympathythanthegreatestbodilyevil。
　　Thosepassionsarisealtogetherfromtheimagination。Thepersonwhohaslosthiswholefortune，ifheisinhealth，feelsnothinginhisbody。Whathesuffersisfromtheimaginationonly，whichrepresentstohimthelossofhisdignity，neglectfromhisfriends，contemptfromhisenemies，dependance，want，andmisery，comingfastuponhim；andwesympathizewithhimmorestronglyuponthisaccount，becauseourimaginationscanmorereadilymouldthemselvesuponhisimagination，thanourbodiescanmouldthemselvesuponhisbody。
　　Thelossofalegmaygenerallyberegardedasamorerealcalamitythanthelossofamistress。Itwouldbearidiculoustragedy，however，ofwhichthecatastrophewastoturnuponalossofthatkind。Amisfortuneoftheotherkind，howfrivoloussoeveritmayappeartobe，hasgivenoccasiontomanyafineone。
　　Nothingissosoonforgotaspain。Themomentitisgonethewholeagonyofitisover，andthethoughtofitcannolongergiveusanysortofdisturbance。Weourselvescannotthenenterintotheanxietyandanguishwhichwehadbeforeconceived。Anunguardedwordfromafriendwilloccasionamoredurableuneasiness。Theagonywhichthiscreatesisbynomeansoverwiththeword。Whatatfirstdisturbsusisnottheobjectofthesenses，buttheideaoftheimagination。Asitisanidea，therefore，whichoccasionsouruneasiness，tilltimeandotheraccidentshaveinsomemeasureeffaceditfromourmemory，theimaginationcontinuestofretandranklewithin，fromthethoughtofit。
　　Painnevercallsforthanyverylivelysympathyunlessitisaccompaniedwithdanger。Wesympathizewiththefear，thoughnotwiththeagonyofthesufferer。Fear，however，isapassionderivedaltogetherfromtheimagination，whichrepresents，withanuncertaintyandfluctuationthatincreasesouranxiety，notwhatwereallyfeel，butwhatwemayhereafterpossiblysuffer。
　　Thegoutorthetooth-ach，thoughexquisitelypainful，exciteverylittlesympathy；moredangerousdiseases，thoughaccompaniedwithverylittlepain，excitethehighest。
　　Somepeoplefaintandgrowsickatthesightofachirurgicaloperation，andthatbodilypainwhichisoccasionedbytearingtheflesh，seems，inthem，toexcitethemostexcessivesympathy。
　　Weconceiveinamuchmorelivelyanddistinctmannerthepainwhichproceedsfromanexternalcause，thanwedothatwhicharisesfromaninternaldisorder。Icanscarceformanideaoftheagoniesofmyneighbourwhenheistorturedwiththegout，orthestone；butIhavetheclearestconceptionofwhathemustsufferfromanincision，awound，orafracture。Thechiefcause，however，whysuchobjectsproducesuchviolenteffectsuponus，istheirnovelty。Onewhohasbeenwitnesstoadozendissections，andasmanyamputations，sees，everafter，alloperationsofthiskindwithgreatindifference，andoftenwithperfectinsensibility。Thoughwehavereadorseenrepresentedmorethanfivehundredtragedies，weshallseldomfeelsoentireanabatementofoursensibilitytotheobjectswhichtheyrepresenttous。
　　InsomeoftheGreektragediesthereisanattempttoexcitecompassion，bytherepresentationoftheagoniesofbodilypain。
　　Philoctetescriesoutandfaintsfromtheextremityofhissufferings。HippolytusandHerculesarebothintroducedasexpiringundertheseveresttortures，which，itseems，eventhefortitudeofHerculeswasincapableofsupporting。Inallthesecases，however，itisnotthepainwhichinterestsus，butsomeothercircumstances。Itisnotthesorefoot，butthesolitude，ofPhilocteteswhichaffectsus，anddiffusesoverthatcharmingtragedy，thatromanticwildness，whichissoagreeabletotheimagination。TheagoniesofHerculesandHippolytusareinterestingonlybecauseweforeseethatdeathistobetheconsequence。Ifthoseheroesweretorecover，weshouldthinktherepresentationoftheirsufferingsperfectlyridiculous。Whatatragedywouldthatbeofwhichthedistressconsistedinacolic。
　　Yetnopainismoreexquisite。Theseattemptstoexcitecompassionbytherepresentationofbodilypain，mayberegardedasamongthegreatestbreachesofdecorumofwhichtheGreektheatrehassettheexample。
　　Thelittlesympathywhichwefeelwithbodilypainisthefoundationoftheproprietyofconstancyandpatienceinenduringit。Theman，whoundertheseveresttorturesallowsnoweaknesstoescapehim，ventsnogroan，giveswaytonopassionwhichwedonotentirelyenterinto，commandsourhighestadmiration。Hisfirmnessenableshimtokeeptimewithourindifferenceandinsensibility。Weadmireandentirelygoalongwiththemagnanimouseffortwhichhemakesforthispurpose。Weapproveofhisbehaviour，andfromourexperienceofthecommonweaknessofhumannature，wearesurprised，andwonderhowheshouldbeabletoactsoastodeserveapprobation。Approbation，mixedandanimatedbywonderandsurprise，constitutesthesentimentwhichisproperlycalledadmiration，ofwhich，applauseisthenaturalexpression，ashasalreadybeenobserved。
　　OfthosePassionswhichtaketheiroriginfromaparticularturnorhabitoftheImaginationEvenofthepassionsderivedfromtheimagination，thosewhichtaketheiroriginfromapeculiarturnorhabitithasacquired，thoughtheymaybeacknowledgedtobeperfectlynatural，are，however，butlittlesympathizedwith。Theimaginationsofmankind，nothavingacquiredthatparticularturn，cannotenterintothem；andsuchpassions，thoughtheymaybeallowedtobealmostunavoidableinsomepartoflife，arealways，insomemeasure，ridiculous。Thisisthecasewiththatstrongattachmentwhichnaturallygrowsupbetweentwopersonsofdifferentsexes，whohavelongfixedtheirthoughtsupononeanother。Ourimaginationnothavingruninthesamechannelwiththatofthelover，wecannotenterintotheeagernessofhisemotions。Ifourfriendhasbeeninjured，wereadilysympathizewithhisresentment，andgrowangrywiththeverypersonwithwhomheisangry。Ifhehasreceivedabenefit，wereadilyenterintohisgratitude，andhaveaveryhighsenseofthemeritofhisbenefactor。Butifheisinlove，thoughwemaythinkhispassionjustasreasonableasanyofthekind，yetweneverthinkourselvesboundtoconceiveapassionofthesamekind，andforthesamepersonforwhomhehasconceivedit。Thepassionappearstoeverybody，butthemanwhofeelsit，entirelydisproportionedtothevalueoftheobject；andlove，thoughitispardonedinacertainagebecauseweknowitisnatural，isalwayslaughedat，becausewecannotenterintoit。Allseriousandstrongexpressionsofitappearridiculoustoathirdperson；andthoughalovermaybegoodcompanytohismistress，heissotonobodyelse。Hehimselfissensibleofthis；andaslongashecontinuesinhissobersenses，endeavourstotreathisownpassionwithrailleryandridicule。Itistheonlystyleinwhichwecaretohearofit；becauseitistheonlystyleinwhichweourselvesaredisposedtotalkofit。Wegrowwearyofthegrave，pedantic，andlong-sentencedloveofCowleyandPetrarca，whoneverhavedonewithexaggeratingtheviolenceoftheirattachments；butthegaietyofOvid，andthegallantryofHorace，arealwaysagreeable。