Inothertimesandamongmenimbuedwithadifferentbodyofpreconceptionsthislineisnotdrawnpreciselyaswedrawitto-day。Inthesavageorthebarbarianschemeoflifeitisdrawninadifferentplaceandinanotherway。Inallcommunitiesunderthebarbarianculturethereisanalertandpervadingsenseofantithesisbetweentwocomprehensivegroupsofphenomena，inoneofwhichbarbarianmanincludeshimself，andintheother，hisvictual。Thereisafeltantithesisbetweeneconomicandnon-economicphenomena，butitisnotconceivedinthemodernfashion；itliesnotbetweenmanandbrutecreation，butbetweenanimateandinertthings。
　　Itmaybeanexcessofcautionatthisdaytoexplainthatthebarbariannotionwhichitishereintendedtoconveybytheterm“animate“isnotthesameaswouldbeconveyedbytheword“living“。Thetermdoesnotcoveralllivingthings，anditdoescoveragreatmanyothers。Suchastrikingnaturalphenomenonasastorm，adisease，awaterfall，arerecognisedas“animate“；
　　whilefruitsandherbs，andeveninconspicuousanimals，suchashouse-flies，maggots，lemmings，sheep，arenotordinarilyapprehendedas“animate“exceptwhentakencollectively。Ashereusedthetermdoesnotnecessarilyimplyanindwellingsoulorspirit。Theconceptincludessuchthingsasintheapprehensionoftheanimisticsavageorbarbarianareformidablebyvirtueofarealorimputedhabitofinitiatingaction。Thiscategorycomprisesalargenumberandrangeofnaturalobjectsandphenomena。Suchadistinctionbetweentheinertandtheactiveisstillpresentinthehabitsofthoughtofunreflectingpersons，anditstillprofoundlyaffectstheprevalenttheoryofhumanlifeandofnaturalprocesses；butitdoesnotpervadeourdailylifetotheextentorwiththefar-reachingpracticalconsequencesthatareapparentatearlierstagesofcultureandbelief。
　　Tothemindofthebarbarian，theelaborationandutilisationofwhatisaffordedbyinertnatureisactivityonquiteadifferentplanefromhisdealingswith“animate“thingsandforces。Thelineofdemarcationmaybevagueandshifting，butthebroaddistinctionissufficientlyrealandcogenttoinfluencethebarbarianschemeoflife。Totheclassofthingsapprehendedasanimate，thebarbarianfancyimputesanunfoldingofactivitydirectedtosomeend。Itisthisteleologicalunfoldingofactivitythatconstitutesanyobjectorphenomenonan“animate“fact。Wherevertheunsophisticatedsavageorbarbarianmeetswithactivitythatisatallobtrusive，heconstruesitintheonlytermsthatarereadytohand——thetermsimmediatelygiveninhisconsciousnessofhisownactions。
　　Activityis，therefore，assimilatedtohumanaction，andactiveobjectsareinsofarassimilatedtothehumanagent。Phenomenaofthischaracter——especiallythosewhosebehaviourisnotablyformidableorbaffling——havetobemetinadifferentspiritandwithproficiencyofadifferentkindfromwhatisrequiredindealingwithinertthings。Todealsuccessfullywithsuchphenomenaisaworkofexploitratherthanofindustry。Itisanassertionofprowess，notofdiligence。
　　Undertheguidanceofthisnaivediscriminationbetweentheinertandtheanimate，theactivitiesoftheprimitivesocialgrouptendtofallintotwoclasses，whichwouldinmodernphrasebecalledexploitandindustry。Industryiseffortthatgoestocreateanewthing，withanewpurposegivenitbythefashioninghandofitsmakeroutofpassive“brute“material；whileexploit，sofarasitresultsinanoutcomeusefultotheagent，istheconversiontohisownendsofenergiespreviouslydirectedtosomeotherendbyanotheragent。Westillspeakof“brutematter“whichsomethingofthebarbarian’srealisationofaprofoundsignificanceintheterm。
　　Thedistinctionbetweenexploitanddrudgerycoincideswithadifferencebetweenthesexes。Thesexesdiffer，notonlyinstatureandmuscularforce，butperhapsevenmoredecisivelyintemperament，andthismustearlyhavegivenrisetoacorrespondingdivisionoflabour。Thegeneralrangeofactivitiesthatcomeundertheheadofexploitfallstothemalesasbeingthestouter，moremassive，bettercapableofasuddenandviolentstrain，andmorereadilyinclinedtoselfassertion，activeemulation，andaggression。Thedifferenceinmass，inphysiologicalcharacter，andintemperamentmaybeslightamongthemembersoftheprimitivegroup；itappears，infact，toberelativelyslightandinconsequentialinsomeofthemorearchaiccommunitieswithwhichweareacquainted——asforinstancethetribesoftheAndamans。Butsosoonasadifferentiationoffunctionhaswellbegunonthelinesmarkedoutbythisdifferenceinphysiqueandanimus，theoriginaldifferencebetweenthesexeswillitselfwiden。Acumulativeprocessofselectiveadaptationtothenewdistributionofemploymentswillsetin，especiallyifthehabitatorthefaunawithwhichthegroupisincontactissuchastocallforaconsiderableexerciseofthesturdiervirtues。Thehabitualpursuitoflargegamerequiresmoreofthemanlyqualitiesofmassiveness，agility，andferocity，anditcanthereforescarcelyfailtohastenandwidenthedifferentiationoffunctionsbetweenthesexes。Andsosoonasthegroupcomesintohostilecontactwithothergroups，thedivergenceoffunctionwilltakeonthedevelopedformofadistinctionbetweenexploitandindustry。
　　Insuchapredatorygroupofhuntersitcomestobetheable-bodiedmen’sofficetofightandhunt。Thewomendowhatotherworkthereistodo——othermemberswhoareunfitforman’sworkbeingforthispurposeclassedwithwomen。Butthemen’shuntingandfightingarebothofthesamegeneralcharacter。Bothareofapredatorynature；thewarriorandthehunteralikereapwheretheyhavenotstrewn。Theiraggressiveassertionofforceandsagacitydiffersobviouslyfromthewomen’sassiduousanduneventfulshapingofmaterials；itisnottobeaccountedproductivelabourbutratheranacquisitionofsubstancebyseizure。Suchbeingthebarbarianman’swork，initsbestdevelopmentandwidestdivergencefromwomen’swork，anyeffortthatdoesnotinvolveanassertionofprowesscomestobeunworthyoftheman。Asthetraditiongainsconsistency，thecommonsenseofthecommunityerectsitintoacanonofconduct；
　　sothatnoemploymentandnoacquisitionismorallypossibletotheselfrespectingmanatthisculturalstage，exceptsuchasproceedsonthebasisofprowess——forceorfraud。Whenthepredatoryhabitoflifehasbeensettleduponthegroupbylonghabituation，itbecomestheable-bodiedman’saccreditedofficeinthesocialeconomytokill，todestroysuchcompetitorsinthestruggleforexistenceasattempttoresistoreludehim，toovercomeandreducetosubserviencethosealienforcesthatassertthemselvesrefractorilyintheenvironment。Sotenaciouslyandwithsuchnicetyisthistheoreticaldistinctionbetweenexploitanddrudgeryadheredtothatinmanyhuntingtribesthemanmustnotbringhomethegamewhichhehaskilled，butmustsendhiswomantoperformthatbaseroffice。
　　Ashasalreadybeenindicated，thedistinctionbetweenexploitanddrudgeryisaninvidiousdistinctionbetweenemployments。Thoseemploymentswhicharetobeclassedasexploitareworthy，honourable，noble；otheremployments，whichdonotcontainthiselementofexploit，andespeciallythosewhichimplysubservienceorsubmission，areunworthy，debasing，ignoble。Theconceptofdignity，worth，orhonour，asappliedeithertopersonsorconduct，isoffirst-rateconsequenceinthedevelopmentofclassesandofclassdistinctions，anditisthereforenecessarytosaysomethingofitsderivationandmeaning。Itspsychologicalgroundmaybeindicatedinoutlineasfollows。
　　Asamatterofselectivenecessity，manisanagent。Heis，inhisownapprehension，acentreofunfoldingimpulsiveactivity——“teleological“activity。Heisanagentseekingineveryacttheaccomplishmentofsomeconcrete，objective，impersonalend。
　　Byforceofhisbeingsuchanagentheispossessedofatasteforeffectivework，andadistasteforfutileeffort。Hehasasenseofthemeritofserviceabilityorefficiencyandofthedemeritoffutility，waste，orincapacity。Thisaptitudeorpropensitymaybecalledtheinstinctofworkmanship。Whereverthecircumstancesortraditionsoflifeleadtoanhabitualcomparisonofonepersonwithanotherinpointofefficiency，theinstinctofworkmanshipworksoutinanemulativeorinvidiouscomparisonofpersons。Theextenttowhichthisresultfollowsdependsinsomeconsiderabledegreeonthetemperamentofthepopulation。Inanycommunitywheresuchaninvidiouscomparisonofpersonsishabituallymade，visiblesuccessbecomesanendsoughtforitsownutilityasabasisofesteem。Esteemisgainedanddispraiseisavoidedbyputtingone’sefficiencyinevidence。
　　Theresultisthattheinstinctofworkmanshipworksoutinanemulativedemonstrationofforce。
　　Duringthatprimitivephaseofsocialdevelopment，whenthecommunityisstillhabituallypeaceable，perhapssedentary，andwithoutadevelopedsystemofindividualownership，theefficiencyoftheindividualcanbeshownchieflyandmostconsistentlyinsomeemploymentthatgoestofurtherthelifeofthegroup。Whatemulationofaneconomickindthereisbetweenthemembersofsuchagroupwillbechieflyemulationinindustrialserviceability。Atthesametimetheincentivetoemulationisnotstrong，noristhescopeforemulationlarge。
　　Whenthecommunitypassesfrompeaceablesavagerytoapredatoryphaseoflife，theconditionsofemulationchange。Theopportunityandtheincentivetoemulateincreasegreatlyinscopeandurgency。Theactivityofthemenmoreandmoretakesonthecharacterofexploit；andaninvidiouscomparisonofonehunterorwarriorwithanothergrowscontinuallyeasierandmorehabitual。Tangibleevidencesofprowess——trophies——findaplaceinmen’shabitsofthoughtasanessentialfeatureoftheparaphernaliaoflife。Booty，trophiesofthechaseoroftheraid，cometobeprizedasevidenceofpre-eminentforce。
　　Aggressionbecomestheaccreditedformofaction，andbootyservesasprimafacieevidenceofsuccessfulaggression。Asacceptedatthisculturalstage，theaccredited，worthyformofself-assertioniscontest；andusefularticlesorservicesobtainedbyseizureorcompulsion，serveasaconventionalevidenceofsuccessfulcontest。Therefore，bycontrast，theobtainingofgoodsbyothermethodsthanseizurecomestobeaccountedunworthyofmaninhisbestestate。Theperformanceofproductivework，oremploymentinpersonalservice，fallsunderthesameodiumforthesamereason。Aninvidiousdistinctioninthiswayarisesbetweenexploitandacquisitionontheotherhand。Labouracquiresacharacterofirksomenessbyvirtueoftheindignityimputedtoit。
　　Withtheprimitivebarbarian，beforethesimplecontentofthenotionhasbeenobscuredbyitsownramificationsandbyasecondarygrowthofcognateideas，“honourable“seemstoconnotenothingelsethatassertionofsuperiorforce。“Honourable“is“formidable“；“worthy“is“prepotent“。Ahonorificactisinthelastanalysislittleifanythingelsethanarecognisedsuccessfulactofaggression；andwhereaggressionmeansconflictwithmenandbeasts，theactivitywhichcomestobeespeciallyandprimarilyhonourableistheassertionofthestronghand。Thenaive，archaichabitofconstruingallmanifestationsofforceintermsofpersonalityor“willpower“greatlyfortifiesthisconventionalexaltationofthestronghand。Honorificepithets，invogueamongbarbariantribesaswellasamongpeoplesofamoreadvanceculture，commonlybearthestampofthisunsophisticatedsenseofhonour。Epithetsandtitlesusedinaddressingchieftains，andinthepropitiationofkingsandgods，verycommonlyimputeapropensityforoverbearingviolenceandanirresistibledevastatingforcetothepersonwhoistobepropitiated。Thisholdstruetoanextentalsointhemorecivilisedcommunitiesofthepresentday。Thepredilectionshowninheraldicdevicesforthemorerapaciousbeastsandbirdsofpreygoestoenforcethesameview。
　　Underthiscommon-sensebarbarianappreciationofworthorhonour，thetakingoflife——thekillingofformidablecompetitors，whetherbruteorhuman——ishonourableinthehighestdegree。Andthishighofficeofslaughter，asanexpressionoftheslayer’sprepotence，castsaglamourofworthovereveryactofslaughterandoverallthetoolsandaccessoriesoftheact。Armsarehonourable，andtheuseofthem，eveninseekingthelifeofthemeanestcreaturesofthefields，becomesahonorificemployment。Atthesametime，employmentinindustrybecomescorrespondinglyodious，and，inthecommon-senseapprehension，thehandlingofthetoolsandimplementsofindustryfallsbeneaththedignityofable-bodiedmen。Labourbecomesirksome。
　　Itishereassumedthatinthesequenceofculturalevolutionprimitivegroupsofmenhavepassedfromaninitialpeaceablestagetoasubsequentstageatwhichfightingistheavowedandcharacteristicemploymentofthegroup。Butitisnotimpliedthattherehasbeenanabrupttransitionfromunbrokenpeaceandgood-willtoalaterorhigherphaseoflifeinwhichthefactofcombatoccursforthefirsttime。Neitherisitimpliedthatallpeacefulindustrydisappearsonthetransitiontothepredatoryphaseofculture。Somefighting，itissafetosay，wouldbemetwithatanyearlystageofsocialdevelopment。
　　Fightswouldoccurwithmoreorlessfrequencythroughsexualcompetition。Theknownhabitsofprimitivegroups，aswellasthehabitsoftheanthropoidapes，arguetothateffect，andtheevidencefromthewell-knownpromptingsofhumannatureenforcesthesameview。