Great，however，asthisusurpationmaybe，theminority，inordertosuppressthemajority，accommodatethemselvestoit，theJacobinsinthechambermakingcommoncausewiththeJacobinsinthegalleries。
Thedisturbersshouldnotbeputout；"itwouldbeexcludingfromourdeliberations，"saysGrangeneuve，"thatwhichbelongsessentiallytothepeople。"Ononeofthedeputiesdemandingmeasurestoenforcesilence，"TornédemandsthatthepropositionbereferredtothePortugalinquisition。"Choudieu"declaresthatitcanonlyemanatefromdeputieswhoforgetthatrespectwhichisduetothepeople，theirsovereignjudge。"[35]"Theactionofthegalleries，"saysLecointe—Puyraiveaux，"isanoutburstofpatriotism。"Finally，thissameChoudieu，twistingandturningallrightsaboutwithincomparableaudacity，wishestoconferlegislativeprivilegesontheaudience，anddemandsadecreeagainstthedeputieswho，guiltyofpopularlèse—
majesté，presumetocomplainofthosewhoinsultthem。——Anotherpieceofoppressivemachinery，stillmoreenergetic，operatesoutsideontheapproachestotheAssembly。LiketheirpredecessorsoftheConstituentAssembly，themembersofthe"Right""cannotleavethebuildingwithoutencounteringthethreatsandimprecationsofenragedcrowds。Criesof’tothelantern！’greettheearsofDumolard，Vaublanc，Raucourd，andLacretelleasoftenasthoseoftheAbbéMauryandMontlosier。"[36]Afterhavinghurledabuseatthepresident，MathieuDumas，theyinsulthiswifewhohasbeenrecognizedinareservedgallery。[37]IntheTuileries，crowdsarealwaysstandingtherelisteningtothebrawlerswhodenouncesuspecteddeputiesbyname，andwoetoanyamongthemwhotakesthatpathonhiswaytothechamber！Abroadsideofinsultsgreetshimashepassesalong。Ifthedeputyhappenstobeafarmer，theyexclaim:"Lookatthatqueeroldaristocrat——anoldpeasantdogthatusedtowatchcows！"OnedayHua，ongoingupthestepsoftheTuileriesterrace，isseizedbythehairbyanoldvixenwhobidshim"Bowyourheadtoyoursovereigns，thepeople，youbastardofadeputy！"Onthe20thofJuneoneofthepatriots，whoiscrossingtheAssemblyroom，whispersinhisear，"Youscampofadeputy，you’llneverdiebutbymyhand！"Anothertime，havingdefendedthejuge—de—paixLarivière，thereawaitshimatthedoor，inthemiddleofthenight，"asetofblackguards，whocrowdaroundhimandthrusttheirfistsandcudgelsinhisface；"happily，hisfriendsDumasandDaverhoult，twomilitaryofficers，foreseeingthedanger，presenttheirpistolsandsethimfree"althoughwithsomedifficulty。"——Asthe10thofAugustdrawsnearthereismoreopenaggression。Vaublanc，forhavingdefendedLafayette，justmissesbeingcuttopiecesthreetimesonleavingtheAssembly；sixtyofthedeputiesaretreatedinthesamefashion，beingstruck，coveredwithmud，andthreatenedwithdeathiftheydaregoback。[38]——Withsuchalliesaminorityisverystrong。Thankstoitstwoagenciesofconstraintitwilldetachthevotesitneedsfromthemajorityand，eitherthroughterrororcraft，securethepassageofallthedecreesitneeds。
VI。
Parliamentarymaneuvers。——Abusesofurgency。——Voteontheprinciple。——Callbyname。—Intimidationofthe"Center。"——
Opponentsinactive。——Themajorityfinallydisposedof。
Sometimesitsucceedssurreptitiouslybyrushingthemthrough。As"thereisnoorderofthedaycirculatedbeforehand，and，inanyevent，nonewhichanybodyisobligedtoadhereto，"[39]theAssemblyiscapturedbysurprise。"Thefirstknaveamongstthe’Left，’（whichexpression，saysHua，Idonotstrikeout，becausethereweremanyamongthosegentlemen），broughtupaready—maderesolution，preparedtheeveningbeforebyaclique。Wewerenotpreparedforitanddemandedthatitshouldbereferredtoacommittee。Insteadofdoingthis，however，theresolutionwasdeclaredurgent，and，whetherwewouldornot，discussionhadtotakeplaceforthwith。"[40]——"Therewereothertacticsequallyperfidious，whichThuriot，especially，madeuseof。Thisgreatrascalgotupandproposed，notthedraftofalaw，butwhathecalledaprinciple；forinstance，adecreeshouldbepassedconfiscatingthepropertyoftheémigrés，……orthatunswornpriestsshouldbesubjecttospecialsurveillance。[41]……Inreply，hewastoldthathisprinciplewasthecoreofalaw，theverylawitself；soletitbedebatedbyreferringittoacommitteetomakeareportonit。——Notatall——thematterisurgent；acommitteemightfixthearticlesasitpleases；theyareworthlessiftheprincipleisnotcommonsense。"Throughthisexpeditiousmethoddiscussionisstifled。TheJacobinspurposelypreventtheAssemblyfromgivingthematteranyconsideration。Theycountonitsbewilderment。Inthenameofreason，theydiscardreasonasfarastheycan，andhastenavotebecausetheirdecreesdonotstanduptoanalysis。——Atothertimes，andespeciallyongrandoccasions，theycompelavote。Ingeneral，votesaregivenbythememberseithersittingdownorstandingup，and，forthefourhundreddeputiesofthe"Center，"subjecttothescoldingoftheexasperatedgalleries，itisatolerablyhardtrial。"Partofthemdonotarise，ortheyrisewiththe’Left’。"[42]Ifthe"Right"happenstohaveamajority，"thisiscontestedinbadfaithandacallofthehouseisdemanded。"Now，"thecallsofthehouse，throughanintolerableabuse，arealwayspublished；theJacobinsdeclaringthatitiswellforthepeopletoknowtheirfriendsfromtheirenemies。"Themeaningofthisisthatthislistoftheoppositionwillsoonserveasalistoftheoutlaws，onwhichthetimidarenotdisposedtoinscribethemselves。Theresultisanimmediatedefectionintheheavybattalionsofthe"Centre"；
"thisisapositivefact，"saysHua，"ofwhichwewereallwitnesses；
wealwayslostahundredvotesonthecallofthehouse。"——Towardstheendtheygiveup，andprotestnomore，exceptbystayingaway:onthe14thofJune，whentheabolishmentofthewholesystemoffeudalcreditwasbeingdealtwith，onlytheextremeleftwasattending；therestofthe"Assemblyhallwasnearlyempty"；outof497deputiesinattendance，200hadleftthesession。[43]Encouragedforamomentbytheappearanceofsomepossibleprotection，theytwiceexonerateGeneralLafayette，behindwhomtheyseeanarmy，[44]andbravethedespotsoftheAssembly，theclubs，andthestreets。But，forlackofamilitarychiefandbase，thevisiblemajorityistwiceobligedtoyield，tokeepsilent，andflyorretreatunderthedictatorshipofthevictoriousfaction，whichhasstrainedandforcedthelegislativemachineuntilithasbecomedisjointedandbrokendown。[45]
NOTES:
[1]"Correspondence（manuscript）ofBarondeSta？l，"withhisCourtinSweden。Oct。6，1791。
[2]"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。—Dumouriez，"Mémoires，"III。ch。V:"TheJacobinparty，havingbranchesalloverthecountry，useditsprovincialclubstocontroltheelections。Everycrackbrain，everyseditiousscribbler，alltheagitatorswereelected……veryfewenlightenedorprudentmen，andstillfewerofthenobles，werechosen。"——Moniteur，XII。199（meetingofApril23，1792）。SpeechM。Lecointe—Puyravaux。"Weneednotdissimulate；indeed，weareproudtosay，thatthislegislatureiscomposedofpersonswhoarenotrich。"
[3]MathieuDumas，"Mémoires，"I。521。"Theexcitementintheelectoralassemblageswasverygreat；thearistocratsandlargeland—
ownersabstainedfromcomingthere。"——CorrespondancedeMirabeauetduComtedelaMark，III。246，Oct。10，1791。"Nineteentwentiethsofthislegislaturehavenoothertransportation（turn—out）thangaloshesandumbrellas。Ithasbeenestimated，thatallthesedeputiesputtogetherdonotpossess300，000livressolidincome。ThemajorityofthemembersofthisAssemblyhavereceivednoeducationwhatever。"
[4]TheyrankasMaréchauxdecamp，agradecorrespondingtothatofbrigadier—general。TheyareDupuy—Montbrun（deceasedinMarch，1792），Descrots—d’Estrée，aweakandwornoldmanwhomhischildrenforcedintotheLegislativeAssembly，and，lastly，MathieuDumas，aconservative，andtheonlyprominentone。
[5]"CorrespondanceduBarondeSta？l，"Jan。19，1792。——GouverneurMorris（II。162，Feb。4，1792）writestoWashingtonthatM。deWarville，onthediplomaticcommittee，proposedtocedeDunkirkandCalaistoEngland，asapledgeoffidelitybyFrance，inanyengagementwhichshemightenterinto。Youcanjudge，bythis，ofthewisdomandvirtueofthefactiontowhichhebelongs——BuchezetRoux，XXX89（defenseofBrissot，Jan。5，1793）"Brissot，likeallnoisy，reckless，ambitiousmen，startedinfullblastwiththestrangestparadoxes。In1780。inhis’Recherchesphilosophiquessurledroitdepropriété，’hewroteasfollows:’If40crownssufficetomaintainexistence，thepossessionof200，000crownsisplainlyunjustandarobbery……Exclusiveownershipisaveritablecrimeagainstnature……Thepunishmentofrobberyinourinstitutionsisanactofvirtuewhichnatureherselfcommands。’"
[6]Moniteur，speechbyCambon，sittingsofFeb。2andApril20，1792。
[7]Ibid。，（sittingofApril3）。SpeechbyM。Cailliasson。Thepropertybelongingtothenation，soldandtobesold，isvaluedat2，195millions，whiletheassignatsalreadyissuedamountto2，100
millions。——Cf。MercuredeFrance，Dec。17，1791，p。201；Jan。28，1792，p。215；May19，1792，p。205。——Dumouriez，"Mémoires，"III。
296，and339，340，344，346。—"Cambon，aravinglunatic，withouteducation，humaneprinciple，orintegrity（public）ameddler，anignoramus，andverygiddy。Hetellsmethatoneresourceremainedtohim，whichis，toseizeallthecoininBelgium，alltheplatebelongingtothechurches，andallthecashdeposits……that，onruiningtheBelgians，onreducingthemtothesamestateofsufferingastheFrench，theywouldnecessarilysharetheirfatewiththem；thattheywouldthenbeadmittedmembersoftheRepublic，withtheprospectofalwaysmakingheadway，throughthesamelineofpolicy；thatthedecreeofDec。15，1792，admirablyfavoredthisand，becauseittendedtoacompletedisorganization，andthattheluckiestthingthatcouldhappentoFrancewastodisorganizeallitsneighborsandreducethemtothesamestateofanarchy。"（ThisconversationbetweenCambonandDumouriezoccursinthemiddleofJanuary，1793。）—Moniteur，XIV。758
（sittingofDec。15，1792）。ReportbyCambon。
[8]ChroniquedeParis，Sept。4，1792。"Itisasadandterriblesituationwhichforcesapeople，naturallyamiableandgenerous，totakesuchvengeance！"—Cf。theveryacutearticle，bySt。Beuve，onCondorcet，in"CauseriesduLundi，"——Hua（acolleagueofCondorcet，intheLegislativeAssembly），"Mémoires，"89。"Condorcet，inhisjournal，regularlyfalsifiedthings，withanaudacitywhichisunparelleled。Theopinionsofthe’Right’weresomutilatedandtravestiedthenextdayinhisjournal，thatwe，whohadutteredthem，couldscarcelyrecognisethem。Oncomplainingofthistohimandoncharginghimwithperfidy，thephilosopheronlysmiled。"
[9]Malouet，II。215。——Dumouriez，III。ch。V。"Theywereelectedtorepresentthenationtodefend，theysay，itsinterestsagainstaperfidiouscourt。"
[10]Moniteur，X。223（sessionofOct。26，1791）。SpeechbyM。
Fran？oisDuval。——Grandiloquenceistheorderofthedayattheveryfirstmeeting。Onthe1stofOctober，1791，twelveoldmen，marchinginprocession，goouttofetchtheconstitutionalact。"M。Camus，keeperoftherecords，withacomposedairanddowncasteyes，enterswithmeasuredsteps，"bearinginbothhandsthesacreddocumentwhichheholdsagainsthisbreast，whilethedeputiesstandupandbaretheirheads。"PeopleofFrance，"saysanorator，"citizensofParis，allgenerousFrenchmen，andyou，ourfellowcitizens——virtuous，intelligentwomen，bringingyourgentleinfluenceintothesanctuaryofthelaw——beholdtheguaranteeofpeacewhichthelegislaturepresentstoyou！"——Weseemtobewitnessingthelastactofanopera。
[11]Ibid。，XII。230（sessionsofApril26andMay5）。ReportandspeechbyFran？oisdeNantes。Thewholespeech，acomictreasurefromthebeginningtotheend，oughttohavebeenquoted:"Tellme，pontiffofRome，whatyoursentimentswillbewhenyouwelcomeyourworthyandfaithfulco—operators？……Ibeholdyoursacredhands，readytolaunchthosepontificalthunderbolts，which，etc……LetthebrazierofSc？volabebroughtin，and，withouroutstretchedpalmsabovetheburningcoals，wewillshowthatthereisnospeciesoftorture，notormentwhichcanexciteafrownonthebrowofhimwhomtheloveofcountryexaltsabovehumanity！"——Supposethat，justatthismoment，alightedcandlehadbeenplacedunderhishand！
[12]Moniteur，XI。179（sessionofJan。20，1792）。—Ibid。，216
（sessionofJan。24）。—XII。426（May9）。
[13]Ibid。，XII。479（sessionofMay24）。—XIII。71（sessionofJuly7，speechbyLasource）。—Cf。XIV。301（sessionofJuly31）aquotationfromVoltairebroughtinforthesuppressionoftheconvents。
[14]Moniteur。SpeechbyAubertDubayer，sessionofAug。30。
[15]SpeechbyChaumette，procureurofthecommune，tothenewlymarried。（Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。408）。
[16]Theclasstowhichtheybelongedhasbeenportrayed，tothelife，byM。Roye—Collard（Sainte—Beuve，"NouveauxLundis，"IV。263）:"A
younglawyeratParis，atfirstreceivedinafewhousesontheIleSt。Louis，hesoonwithdrewfromthisinferiorworldofattorneysandpettyfoggers，whosetoneoppressedhim。Theverythoughtoftheimpressionthisgallantandintenselyvulgarmediocritymadeuponhim，stillinspireddisgust。Hemuchpreferredtotalkwithlongshoremen，ifneedbe，thanwiththesescentedlimbsofthelaw。"
[17]EtienneDumont，"Mémoires，"40。——MercuredeFrance，Nov。19，1791；Feb。11andMarch3，1792。（articlesbyMalletduPan）。
[18]Moniteur，Dec。17（examinationatthebarofthehouseofRauch，apretendedlaborcontractor，whomtheyareobligedtosendoffacquitted）。Rauchtellsthem:"Ihavenomoney，andcannotfindaplacewhereIcansleepatlessthan6sous，becauseIpeeinthebed。"——Moniteur，XII。574。（sessionofJune4），reportbyChabot:"A
peddlerfromMortagne，saysthatadomesticcomingfromCoblentztoldhimthattherewasatroopabouttocarryoffthekingandpoisonhim，soastothrowtheodiumofitontheNationalAssembly。"BernassaisdePoitierswrites:"Abravecitizentoldmelastevening:’Ihavebeentoseeaservant—girl，livingwithanoble。Sheassuredmethathermasterwasgoingto—nighttoParis，tojointhe30，000，who，inaboutamonth，meanttocutthethroatsoftheNationalAssemblyandsetfiretoeverycornerofParis！’"—"M。Gerard，asaddleratAmiens，writestousthatLouisXVIistobeaidedinhisflightby5，000relays，andthatafterwardstheyaregoingtofirered—hotbulletsontheNationalAssembly。"
[19]MercuredeFrance，Nov。5，1791（sessionofOct。25）。——Ibid。，Dec。23。—Moniteur，XII。192（sessionofApril21，1792）。——XII。447
（addresstotheFrench，byClootz）:"Godbroughtorderoutofprimitivechaos；theFrenchwillbringorderoutoffeudalchaos。Godismighty，andmanifestedhiswill；wearemighty，andwewillmanifestourwill……Themoreextensivetheseatofwarthesooner，andmorefortunately，willthesuitofplebeiansagainstthenoblesbedecided……Werequireenemies，……Savoy，Tuscany，andquickly，quickly！"
[20]Cf。Moniteur，XI。192（sittingofJan。22，1792）。"M。Burnet，chaplainofthenationalguard，presentshimselfatthebarofthehousewithanEnglishwoman，namedLydiaKirkham，andthreesmallchildren，oneofwhichisinherarms。M。Burnetannouncesthatsheishiswifeandthatthechildinherarmsisthefruitoftheiraffection。Afterreferringtotheforceofnaturalsentimentswhichhecouldnotresist，thepetitionerthuscontinues:’Oneday，Imetoneofthosesacredquestioners。Unfortunateman，saidhe，ofwhatareyouguilty？Ofthischild，sir；andIhavemarriedthiswoman，whoisaProtestant，andherreligionhasnothingtodowithmine……Deathormywife！Suchisthecrythatnaturenowandalwayswill，inspiremewith。"—ThepetitionerreceivesthehonorsoftheAssembly。—（Ibid。，XII369）。
[21]Thegrotesqueisoftenthatofafarce。"M。Piorry，inthenameofpoor；butvirtuouscitizens，tenderstwopairsofbuckles，withthismotto:’Theyhaveservedtoholdtheshoe—strapsonmyfeet；theywillservetoreduceunderthem，withtheimprintandcharacteroftruth，alltyrantsleaguedagainsttheconstitution’（Moniteur，XII。
457，sessionofMay21）"—Ibid。，XIII。249（sessionofJuly25）。"A
youngcitoyenneofferstocombat，inperson，againsttheenemiesofhercountry；"andthepresident，withagallantair，replies:"Maderathertosoothe，thantocombattyrants，youroffer，etc。"
[22]Moniteur，XL576（sessionofMarch6）；XII。237，314，368
（sessionsofApril27，May5and14）。
[23]MercuredeFrance。Sept。19，1791，Feb。11，andMarch3，1792。——
BuchezetRoux，XVI185（sessionofJuly26，1792）。
[24]"MémoiresdeMalletduPan，"1433（tableauofthethreeparties，withspecialinformation）。
[25]BuchezetRoux，XII。348（letterbythedeputyChéron，presidentoftheFeuillantsClub）。ThedeputiesoftheLegislativeAssembly，registeredattheFeuillantsClub，number264besidesalargenumberofdeputiesintheConstituentAssembly。——AccordingtoMalletduPantheso—calledIndependentsnumber250。
[26]Thesefiguresareverifiedbydecisiveballottings（Mortimer—
Ternauz，II。205，348。）
[27]Moniteur，XII。393（sessionofMay15，speechbyIsnard）:"TheConstituentAssemblyonlyhalfdareddowhatithadthepowertodo。
Ithasleftinthefieldofliberty，evenaroundtheveryrootsoftheyoungconstitutionaltree，theoldrootsofdespotismandofthearistocracy……Ithasboundustothetrunkoftheconstitutionaltree，likepowerlessvictimsgivenuptotherageoftheirenemies。"—
—EtienneDumontsawtrulytheeducationaldefectspeculiartotheparty。Hesays，aproposofMadameRoland:"Ifoundinhertoomuchofthatdistrustfuldespotismwhichbelongstoignoranceoftheworld……Whatherintellectualdevelopmentlackedwasagreaterknowledgeoftheworldandintercoursewithmenofsuperiorjudgmenttoherown。
Rolandhimselfhadlittleintellectualbreadth，whileallthosewhofrequentedherhouseneverroseabovetheprejudicesofthevulgar。"
[28]"Souvenirs"，byPASQUIER（Etienne—Dennis，duc），chancelierdeFrance。inVIvolumes，LibrariePlon，Paris1893。
[29]MadamedeStael，"ConsiderationssurlaRévolutionFran？aise，IIIrdpart，ch。III。—MadamedeSta？lconversedwiththemandjudgesthemaccordingtotheshrewdperceptionsofawomanoftheworld。
[30]Louvet，"Mémoires"32。"Ibelongedtotheboldphilosopherswho，beforetheendof1791，lamentedthefateofagreatnation，compelledtostophalf—wayinthecareeroffreedom，"and，onpage38——"A
ministerofjusticewasneeded。Thefourministers（Roland，Servane，etc。）"casttheireyesonme……Duranthonwaspreferredtome。Thiswasthefirstmistakeoftherepublicanparty。Itpaiddearforit。
Thatmistakecostmycountryagooddealofbloodandmanytears。"
Lateron，hethinksthathehasthequalificationsforambassadortoConstantinople。
[31]Buzot，"Mémoires"（Ed。Dauban），pp。31，39。"Bornwithaproudandindependentspiritwhichneverbowedatanyone’scommand，howcouldI
accepttheideaofamanbeingheldsacred？Withmyheartandheadpossessedbythegreatbeingsoftheancientrepublics，whoarethegreatesthonortothehumanspecies，Ipracticedtheirmaximsfrommyearliestyears，andnourishedmyselfonastudyoftheirvirtues……
Thepretendednecessityofamonarchy……couldnotamalgamate，inmymind，withthegrandandnobleconceptionsformedbyme，ofthedignityofthehumanspecies。Hopedeceivedme，itistrue，butmyerrorwastooglorioustoallowmetorepentofit。"—Self—
admirationislikewisethementalsubstratumofMadameRoland，Roland，Pétion，Barbaroux，Louvet，etc。，（seetheirwritings）。MalletduPanwellsays:"OnreadingthememoirsofMadameRoland，onedetectstheactress，rehearsingforthestage。"——Rolandisanadministrativepuppetandwould—beorator，whosewifepullsthestrings。Thereisanodd，dullstreakinhim，peculiarlyhisown。Forexample，in1787
（GuillondeMontléon，"HistoiredelavilledeLyon，pendantlaRévolution，"1。58），heproposestoutilizethedead，byconvertingthemintooilandphosphoricacid。In1788，heproposestotheVillefrancheAcademytoinquire"whetheritwouldnotbetothepublicadvantagetoinstitutetribunalsfortryingthedead？"inimitationoftheEgyptians。InhisreportofJan。5，1792，hegivesaplanforestablishingpublicfestivals，"inimitationoftheSpartans，"andtakesforamotto，Nonomnismoriar（BarondeGirardot，"RolandandMadameRoland"。I。83，185）
[32]Politicalclubunitingmoderateandconstitutionalmonarchists。
Theygottheirnicknamebecausetheyheldtheirmeetingsintheoldconventformerlyusedbythefeullants，abranchofCistercianswho，ledbyLaBarrière，brokeawayin1577。TheFeuillantClubwasdissolvedin1791。（SR）。
[33]Moniteur，XI。61（sessionofJan7，1792）。—Ibid。，204（Jan。
25）；281（Feb。1）；310（Feb。4）；318（Feb。6）；343（Feb。9）；487（Feb。
26）。—XII。22（April2）。Reportsofallthesessionsmustbereadtoappreciatetheforceofthepressure。See，especially，thesessionsofApril9and16，May15and29，June8，9，15，and25，July1，2，5，9，11，17，18，and21，and，afterthisdate，allthesessions。—
Lacretelle，"DixAnsd’Epreuves，"p。78—81。"TheLegislativeAssemblyservedundertheJacobinClubwhilekeepingupacounterfeitairofindependence。TheprogresswhichfearhadmadeintheFrenchcharacterwasverygreat，atatimewheneverythingwaspitchedinthehaughtiestkey……Themajority，asfarasintentionsgo，wasfortheconservatives；theactualmajoritywasfortherepublicans。"
[34]Moniteur，XIII。212，sessionofJuly22。
[35]Moniteur，XII。22，sessionofApril2。—Mortimer—Ternaux，II。
95。—Moniteur，XIII。222，sessionofJuly22。
[36]Lacretelle，"DixAnsd’Epreuves，"80。
[37]MathieuDumas，"Mémoires，"II。88（Feb。23）。—Hua，"Mémoires"
d’unAvocatauParliamentdeParis，"106，121，134，154。Moniteur，XIII。212（sessionofJuly21），speechbyM。———"Theavenuestothisbuildingaredailybesetwithahordeofpeoplewhoinsulttherepresentativesofthenation。"
[38]DeVaublanc，"Mémoires，"344。—Moniteur，XIII。368（lettersandspeechesofdeputies，sessionofAug。9）。
[39]Hua，115。——Ibid。，90。3outof4deputiesofSeine—et—OisewereJacobins。"Wemetonceaweektotalkovertheaffairsofthedepartment。Wewereobligedtodriveoutthevagabondswho，evenatthetable，talkedofnothingbutkilling。"
[40]Moniteur，XII。702。Forexample，onthe19thofJune，1792，onamotionunexpectedlyproposedbyCondorcet，thatthedepartmentsbeauthorizedtoburnalltitles（tonobility）inthevariousdepots。——
Adoptedatonce，andunanimously。
[41]LaterStalinandhissuccessorsshouldinvesttheUnitedNationsandotherinternationalorganizationstoindirectlyproposeandensuretheacceptanceofanewconventionofhumanrights，children’srights，therightsofrefugeesetc。InmanycasesthesebecamethebaseofnationallegislationwhichisnowgivingtroubletomanyoftheWesterndemocracies。（SR）。
[42]Hua，114。
[43]Moniteur，XII。664。—MercuredeFrance，June23，1792。
[44]Hua，141。——MathieuDumas，II。399:"ItisremarkablethatLafonddeLadébat，oneofourtrustiestfriends，waselectedpresidentonthe23rdofJuly，1792。ThisshowsthatthemajorityoftheAssemblywasstillsound；butitwasonlybroughtaboutbyasecretvoteinthechoiceofcandidates。Thesamemenwhoobeyedtheirconsciences，throughasentimentofjusticeandofpropriety，couldnotfacethedangerwhichsurroundedtheminthethreatsofthefactionswhentheywerecalledupontovotebyrisingorsitting。"
[45]Thisdescriptionandothersofthesameperiodhaveundoubtedlybeenstudiedcarefullybythousandsofsocialistsandpoliticalhopefulswho，inanycase，madeuseofsimilartacticstotakeoverthousandsofgoverningcommittees，institutionsandorganizations。
（SR）。
CHAPTERIII。
I。
PolicyoftheAssembly。—StateofFranceattheendof1791。—
PowerlessnessoftheLaw。
Ifthedeputieswho，onthe1stofOctober，1791，sosolemnlyandenthusiasticallysworetotheConstitution，hadbeenwillingtoopentheireyes，theywouldhaveseenthisConstitutionconstantlyviolated，bothinitsletterandspirit，overtheentireterritory。Asusual，andthroughthevanityofauthorship，M。Thouret，thelastpresidentoftheConstituentAssembly，had，inhisfinalreport，hiddendisagreeabletruthunderneathpompousanddelusivephrases；butitwasonlynecessarytolookoverthemonthlyrecordtoseewhether，asguaranteedbyhim，"thedecreeswerefaithfullyexecutedinallpartsoftheempire。"——"Whereisthisfaithfulexecutiontobefound？"inquiresMalletduPan。[1]"IsitatToulon，inthemidstofthedeadandwounded，shotintheveryfaceoftheamazedmunicipalityandDirectory？IsitatMarseilles，wheretwoprivateindividualsareknockeddownandmassacredasaristocrats，"underthepretext"thattheysoldtochildrenpoisonedsugar—plumswithwhichtobeginacounter—revolution？"IsitatArles，"againstwhich4，000menfromMarseilles，dispatchedbytheclub，areatthismomentmarching？"IsitatBayeux，"wherethesieurFauchetagainstwhomawarrantforarrestisout，besidesbeingunderthebanofpoliticaldisability，hasjustbeenelecteddeputytotheLegislativeAssembly？"IsitatBlois，"wherethecommandant，doomedtodeathforhavingtriedtoexecutethesedecrees，isforcedtosendawayaloyalregimentandsubmittolicentioustroops？"IsitatN？mes，"wheretheDauphinyregiment，onleavingthetownbytheMinister’sorders，isorderedbythepeople"andtheclub"todisobeytheMinisterandremain？"Isitinthoseregimentswhoseofficers，withpistolsattheirbreasts，areobligedtoleaveandgiveplacetoamateurs？IsitatToulouse，"where，attheendofAugust，theadministrativeauthoritiesorderallunswornprieststoleavethetowninthreedays，andwithdrawtoadistanceoffourleagues？"IsitintheoutskirtsofToulouse，"where，onthe28thofAugust，amunicipalofficerishungatastreet—lampafteranaffraywithguns？"IsitatParis，where，onthe25thofSeptember，theIrishcollege，vainlyprotectedbyaninternationaltreaty，hasjustbeenassailedbythemob；whereCatholics，listeningtotheorthodoxmass，aredrivenoutanddraggedtotheauthorizedmassinthevicinity；whereonewomanistornfromtheconfessional，andanotherfloggedwithalltheirmight？[2]
Thesetroubles，itissaid，aretransient；ontheConstitutionbeingproclaimed，orderwillreturnofitself。Verywell，theConstitutionisvoted，acceptedbytheKing，proclaimed，andentrustedtotheLegislativeAssembly。LettheLegislativeAssemblyconsiderwhatisdoneinthefirstfewweeks。IntheeightdepartmentsthatsurroundParis，thereareriotsoneverymarket—day；farmsareinvadedandthecultivatorsofthesoilareransomedbybandsofvagabonds；themayorofMelunisriddledwithballsanddraggedoutfromthehandsofthemobstreamingwithblood。[3]AtBelfort，ariotforthepurposeofretainingaconvoyofcoin，andthecommissioneroftheUpper—Rhineindangerofdeath；atBouxvillers，ownersofpropertyattackedbypoorNationalGuards，andbythesoldiersofSalm—Salm，housesbrokenintoandcellarspillaged；atMirecourt，aflockofwomenbeatingdrums，and，forthreedays，holdingtheH？tel—de—Villeinastateofsiege。—
—OnedayRochefortisinastateofinsurrection，andtheworkmenoftheharborcompelthemunicipalitytounfurltheredflag。[4]Onthefollowingday，itisLille，thepeopleofwhich，"unwillingtoexchangeitsmoneyandassignatsforpaper—rags，calledbilletsdeconfiance，gatherintomobsandthreaten，whileawholegarrisonisnecessarytopreventanexplosion。"Onthe16thofOctober，itisAvignoninthepowerofbandits，withtheabominablebutcheryoftheGlacière。Onthe5thofNovember，atCaen，thereareeighty—twogentlemen，townsmenandartisans，knockeddownanddraggedtoprison，forhavingofferedtheirservicestothemunicipalityasspecialconstables。Onthe14thofNovember，atMontpellier，theroughstriumph；eightmenandwomenarekilledinthestreetsorintheirhouses，andallconservativesaredisarmedorputtoflight。BytheendofOctober，itisagiganticcolumnofsmokeandflameshootingupwardsuddenlyfromweektoweekandspreadingeverywhere，growing，ontheothersideoftheAtlantic，intocivilwarinSt。Domingo，wherewildbeastsareletlooseagainsttheirkeepers；50，000blackstakethefield，and，attheoutset，1，000whitesareassassinated，15，000Negroesslain，200sugar—millsdestroyedanddamagedonetotheamountof600，000，000；"acolonyofitselfaloneworthtenprovinces，isalmostannihilated。"[5]AtParis，Condorcetisbusywritinginhisjournalthat"thisnewsisnotreliable，therebeingnoobjectinitbuttocreateaFrenchempirebeyondtheseasfortheKing，wheretherewillbemastersandslaves。"AcorporaloftheParisNationalGuard，onhisownauthority，orderstheKingtoremainindoors，fearingthathemayescape，andforbidsasentineltolethimgooutafternineo’clockintheevening；[6]attheTuileries，stump—speakersintheopenairdenouncearistocratsandpriests；atthePalais—Royal，thereisapandemoniumofpubliclustandincendiaryspeeches。[7]
Therearecentersofriotinallquarters，"asmanyrobberiesastherearequarter—hours，andnorobberspunished；nopolice；overcrowdedcourts；moredelinquentsthanthereareprisonstoholdthem；nearlyalltheprivatemansionsclosed；theannualconsumptioninthefaubourgSt。Germainalonediminishedby250millions；20，000thieves，withbrandedbacks，idlingawaytimeinhousesofbadrepute，atthetheaters，inthePalais—Royal，attheNationalAssembly，andinthecoffee—houses；thousandsofbeggarsinfestingthestreets，crossways，andpublicsquares。Everywhereanimageofthedeepestpovertywhichisnotcallingforone’spityasitisaccompaniedwithinsolence。
Swarmsoftatteredvendorsareofferingallsortsofpaper—money，issuedbyanybodythatchosetoputitincirculation，cutupintobits，sold，given，andcomingbackinrags，foulerthanthemiserablecreatureswhodealinit。"[8]Outof700，000inhabitantsthereare100，000ofthepoor，ofwhich60，000haveflockedinfromthedepartments；[9]amongthemare30，000needyartisansfromthenationalworkshops，dischargedandsenthomeintheprecedingmonthofJune，butwho，returningthreemonthslater，areagainswallowedupinthegreatsinkofvagabondage，hurlingtheirfloatingmassagainstthecrazyedificeofpublicauthorityandfurnishingtheforcesofsedition。——AtParis，andintheprovinces，disobedienceexiststhroughoutthehierarchy。Directoriescountermandministerialorders。
Here，municipalitiesbravethecommandsoftheirDirectory；there，communitiesorderaroundtheirmayorwithadrawnsword。Elsewhere，soldiersandsailorsputtheirofficersunderarrest。Theaccusedinsultthejudgeonthebenchandforcehimtocancelhisverdict；
mobstaxorplunderwheatinthemarket；NationalGuardspreventitsdistribution，orseizeitinthestorehouses。Thereisnosecurityforproperty，lives，orconsciences。ThemajorityofFrenchmenaredeprivedoftheirrighttoworshipintheirownfaith，andofvotingattheelections。Thereisnosafety，dayornight，fortheéliteofthenation，forecclesiasticsandthegentry，forarmyandnavyofficers，forrichmerchantsandlargelandedproprietors；noprotectioninthecourts，noincomefrompublicfunds；denunciationsabound，expulsions，banishmentstotheinterior，attacksonprivatehouses；thereisnorightoffreeassemblage，eventoenforcethelawundertheordersoflegalauthorities。[10]Opposedtothis，andincontrastwithit，istheprivilegeandimmunityofasectformedintoapoliticalcorporation，"whichextendsitsfiliationsoverthewholekingdom，andevenabroad；whichhasitsowntreasury，itscommittees，anditsby—laws；whichrulesthegovernment，whichjudgesjustice，"[11]andwhich，fromthecapitaltothehamlet，usurpsordirectstheadministration。Liberty，equality，andthemajestyofthelawexistnowhere，exceptinwords。OfthethreethousanddecreesgivenbirthtobytheConstituentAssembly，themostlauded，thosethebestsetoffbyaphilosophicbaptism，formamassofstillbornabortionsofwhichFranceistheburying—ground。Thatwhichreallysubsistsunderneaththefalseappearancesofright，proclaimedandsworntooverandoveragain，is，ontheonehand，anoppressionoftheupperandcultivatedclasses，fromwhichalltherightsofmanarewithdrawn，and，ontheotherhand，thetyrannyofthefanaticalandbrutalrabblewhichassumestoitselfalltherightsofsovereignty。
II。
TheAssemblyhostiletotheoppressedandfavoringoppressors。——
Decreesagainstthenoblesandclergy。——Amnestyfordeserters，convicts，andbandits。——Anarchicalandlevelingmaxims。
InvaindothehonestmenoftheAssemblyprotestagainstthisscandalandthisoverthrow。TheAssembly，guidedandforcedbytheJacobins，willonlyamendthelawtodamntheoppressedandtoauthorizetheiroppressors。——WithoutmakinganydistinctionbetweenarmedassemblagesatCoblentz，whichithadarighttopunish，andrefugees，threetimesasnumerous，oldmen，womenandchildren，somanyindifferentandinoffensivepeople，notmerelynoblesbutplebeians，[12]wholeftthesoilonlytoescapepopularoutrages，itconfiscatesthepropertyofallemigrantsandordersthistobesold。[13]Throughthenewrestrictionofthepassport，thosewhoremainaretiedtotheirdomiciles，theirfreedomofmovement，evenintheinterior，beingsubjecttothedecisionofeachJacobinmunicipality。[14]Itcompletestheirruinbydeprivingthemwithoutindemnityofallincomefromtheirrealestate，ofalltheseignorialrightswhichtheConstituentAssemblyhaddeclaredtobelegitimate。[15]Itabolishes，asfarasitcan，theirhistoryandtheirpast，byburninginthepublicdepotstheirgenealogicaltitles。[16]——Toallunswornecclesiastics，two—thirdsoftheFrenchclergy，itwithholdsbread，thesmallpensionallowedthemforfood，whichistheransomoftheirconfiscatedpossessions；[17]itdeclaresthem"suspectedofrevoltagainstthelawandofbadintentionsagainstthecountry；"itsubjectsthemtospecialsurveillance；itauthorizestheirexpulsionwithouttrialbylocalrulersincaseofdisturbances；itdecreesthatinsuchcasestheyshallbebanished。[18]Itsuppresses"allsecularcongregationsofmenandwomenecclesiasticorlaic，eventhosewhollydevotedtohospitalservicewilltakeawayfrom600，000childrenthemeansoflearningtoreadandwrite。"[19]Itlaysinjunctionsontheirdress；itplacesepiscopalpalacesinthemarketforsale，alsothebuildingsstilloccupiedbymonksandnuns。[20]ItwelcomeswithroundsofapplauseamarriedpriestwhointroduceshiswifetotheAssembly。——NotonlyistheAssemblydestructivebutitisinsulting；theauthorsofeachdecreepassedbyitaddtoitsthunderbolttherattlinghailoftheirownabuseandslander。
"Children，"saysadeputy，"havethepoisonofaristocracyandfanaticisminjectedintothembythecongregations。"[21]
"Purgetheruraldistrictsoftheverminwhichisdevouringthem！"—
"Everybodyknows，"saysIsnard，"thatthepriestisascowardlyasheisvindictive……LetthesepestiferousfellowsbesentbacktoRomanandItalianlazarettos……Whatreligionisthatwhich，initsnature，isunsocialandrebelliousinprinciple？"
Whetherunsworn，whetherimmigrantsactuallyorinfeeling，"largeproprietors，richmerchants，falseconservatives，"[22]arealloutspokenconspiratorsorconcealedenemies。Allpublicdisastersareimputedtothem。"Thecauseofthetroubles，"saysBrissot，[23]"whichlaywastethecolonies，istheinfernalvanityofthewhiteswhohavethreetimesviolatedanengagementwhichtheyhavethreetimessworntomaintain。"Scarcityofworkandshortcropsareaccountedforthroughtheircunningmalevolence。
"Alargenumberofrichmen，"saysFran？oisdeNantes，[24]"allowtheirpropertytorundownandtheirfieldstoliefallow，soastoenjoyseeingthesufferingofthepeople。"
Franceisdividedintotwoparties，ontheonehand，thearistocracytowhichisattributedeveryvice，and，ontheotherhand，thepeopleonwhomisconferredeveryvirtue。[25]
"Thedefenseofliberty，"saysLamarque，[26]"isbaselyabandonedeverydaybytherichandbytheformernobility，whoputonthemaskofpatriotismonlytocheatus。Itisnotinthisclass，butonlyinthatofcitizenswhoaredisdainfullycalledthepeople，thatwefindpurebeings，thoseardentsoulsreallyworthyofliberty。"——Onestepmoreandeverythingwillbepermittedtothevirtuousagainstthewicked；ifmisfortunebefallsthearistocratssomuchtheworseforthem。Thoseofficerswhoarestoned，M。delaJailleandothers，"wouldn’ttheydobetternottodeservebeingsacrificedtopopularfury？"[27]Isnardexclaimsinthetribune，"itisthelong—continuedimmunityenjoyedbycriminalswhichhasrenderedthepeopleexecutioners。Yes，anangrypeople，likeanangryGod，isonlytoooftentheterriblesupplementofsilentlaws。"[28]——Inotherwordscrimesarejustifiedandassassinationsstillprovokedagainstthosewhohavebeenassassinatedforthepasttwoyears。
Byaforcedconclusion，ifthevictimsarecriminals，theirexecutionersarehonest，andtheAssembly，whichrigorouslyproceedsagainsttheformer，reservesallitsindulgenceforthelatter。Itreinstatesthenumerousdeserterswhoabandonedtheirflagsprevioustothe1stofJanuary，1789；[29]itallowsthemthreesousperleaguemileage，andbringsthembacktotheirhomesortotheirregimentstobecome，alongwiththeirbrethrenwhosedesertionismorerecent，eitherleadersorrecruitsforthemob。ItreleasesfromthegalleysthefortySwissguardsofChateaurouxwhomtheirowncantonsdesiredtohavekeptthere；itpermitsthese"’martyrstoLiberty"topromenadethestreetsofParisinatriumphalcar；[30]itadmitsthemtothebarofthehouse，and，takingaformalvoteonit，extendstothemthehonorsofthesession。[31]Finally，asifitweretheirspecialbusinesstoletlooseonthepublicthemostferociousandfoulestoftherabble，itamnestiesJourdan，Mainvielle，Duprat，andRaphel，fugitiveconvicts，jail—birds，thecondottieriofalllandsassumingthetitleof"thebravebrigandsofAvignon，"andwho，foreighteenmonths，havepillagedandplunderedtheComtat[32]；itstopsthetrial，almostover，oftheGlacièrebutchers；ittoleratesthereturnoftheseasvictors，[33]andtheirinstallationbytheirownactintheplacesofthefugitivemagistrates，allowingAvignontobetreatedasaconqueredcity，and，henceforth，tobecometheirpreyandtheirbooty。Thisisawillfulrestorationofthevermintothesocialbody，and，inthisfeverishbody，nothingisoverlookedthatwillincreasethefever。Themostanarchicalanddeleteriousmaximsemanate，likemiasma，fromtheAssemblybenches。Thereductionofthingstoanabsolutelevelisadoptedasaprinciple；"equalityofrights，"saysLamarque，[34]"istobemaintainedonlybytendingsteadilytoanequalityoffortunes；"thistheoryispracticallyappliedonallsidessincetheproletariatispillagingallwhoownproperty。——"Letthecommunalpossessionsbepartitionedamongthecitizensofthesurroundingvillages，"saysFran？oisdeNantes，"inaninverseratiototheirfortunes，andlethimwhohastheleastinheritancetakethelargestshareinthedivisions。"[35]Conceivetheeffectofthismotionreadateveningtopeasantswhoareatthisverymomentclaimingtheirlord’sforestfortheircommune。M。Corneilleprohibitsanytaxtobeleviedforthepublictreasuryonthewagesofmanuallabor，becausenature，andnotsociety，givesusthe"righttolive。"[36]Ontheotherhand，heconfersonthepublictreasurytherightoftakingthewholeofanincome，becauseitissociety，andnotnature，whichinstitutespublicfunds；hence，accordingtohim，thepoormajoritymustberelievedofalltaxation，andalltaxesmustfallontherichminority。Thesystemiswell—timedandtheargumentaptforconvincingindigentorstraitenedtax—payers，namely，therefractorymajority，thatitstaxesarejust，andthatitshouldnotrefusetobetaxed。—
"Underthereignofliberty，"saysPresidentDaverhoult，[37]"thepeoplehavetherighttoinsistnotmerelyonsubsistence，butagainonplentyandhappiness。"[38]
Accordingly，beinginastateofpovertytheyhavebeenbetrayed。——
"ElevatedtotheheightachievedbytheFrenchpeople，"saysanotherpresident，"itlooksdownuponthetempestsunderitsfeet。"[39]Thetempestisathandandburstsoveritshead。War，likeablackcloud，risesabovethehorizon，overspreadsthesky，thundersandwrapsFrancefilledwithexplosivematerialsinacircleoflightening，anditistheAssemblywhich，throughthegreatestofitsmistakes，drawsdowntheboltonthenation’shead。
III。
War。——Dispositionofforeignpowers。——TheKing’sdislikes。——
ProvocationoftheGirondins。——Datesandcausesoftherupture。
Itmighthavebeenturnedasidewithalittleprudence。Twoprincipalgrievanceswerealleged，onebyFranceandtheotherbytheEmpire。——
Ontheonehand，andveryjustly，Francecomplainedofthegatheringofémigré’s，whichtheEmperorandElectorstoleratedagainstitonthefrontier。Inthefirstplace，however，afewthousandgentlemen，withouttroopsorstores，andnearlywithoutmoney，[40]werehardlytobefeared，and，besidesthis，longbeforethedecisivehourcamethesetroopsweredispersed，atoncebytheEmperorinhisowndominions，and，fifteendaysafterwards，bytheElectorofTrèvesinhiselectorate。[41]——Ontheotherhand，accordingtotreaties，theGermanprinces，whoownedestatesinAlsace，madeclaimsforthefeudalrightsabolishedontheirFrenchpossessionsandtheDietforbadethemtoaccepttheofferedindemnity。But，asfarastheDietisconcerned，nothingwaseasiernormorecustomarythantoletnegotiationsdragalong，therebeingnoriskorinconvenienceattendingthesuitas，duringthedelay，theclaimantsremainedempty—
handed。——If，now，behindtheostensiblemotives，therealintentionsaresoughtfor，itiscertainthat，uptoJanuary，1792，theintentionsofAustriawerepacific。ThegrantsmadetotheComted’Artois，intheDeclarationofPilnitz，weremerelyacourt—
sprinklingofholy—water，thesemblanceofanillusorypromiseandsubjecttoaEuropeanconcertofaction，thatistosay，annulledbeforehandbyanindefinitepostponement，whilethispretendedleagueofsovereignsisatonce"placedbythepoliticiansintheclassofaugustcomedies。[42]"Farfromtakinguparmsagainst"NewFrance"inthenameofoldFrance，theemperorLeopoldandhisprimeministerKaunitz，weredelightedtoseetheconstitutioncompletedandacceptedbytheKing；it"gotthemoutofanembarrassingposition，"[43]andPrussiaaswell。Intherunningofgovernments，politicaladvantageisthegreatincentiveandbothpowersneededalltheirforcesinanotherdirection，inPoland。Oneforretarding，andtheotherforacceleratingthedivisionofthiscountry，andboth，whenthepartitiontookplace，togetenoughforthemselvesandpreventRussiafromgettingtoomuch。——ThesovereignsofPrussiaandAustria，accordingly，didnothaveanyideaofsavingLouisXVI，norofconductingtheémigrésback，norofconqueringFrenchprovinces。Ifanythingwastobeexpectedfromthemonaccountofpersonalill—will，therewasnofearoftheirarmedintervention。——InFranceitisnottheKingwhourgesarupture；heknowstoowellthatthehazardsofwarwillplacehimandhisdependentsinmortaldanger。Secretlyaswellaspublicly，inwritingtotheémigrés，hiswishesaretobringthembackortorestrainthem。InhisprivatecorrespondenceheasksoftheEuropeanpowersnotphysicalbutmoralaid，theexternalsupportofacongresswhichwillpermitmoderatemen，thepartisansoforder，allownersofproperty，toraisetheirheadsandrallyaroundthethroneandthelawsagainstanarchy。Inhisministerialcorrespondenceeveryprecautionistakennottotouchofforletsomeonetouchoffanexplosion。Atthecriticalmomentofthediscussion[44]heentreatsthedeputies，throughM。Delessart，hisMinisterofForeignAffairs，toweightheirwordsandespeciallynottosendademandcontaininga"deadline。"Heresists，asfarashispassivenatureallowshim，totheverylast。Onbeingforcedtodeclarewarherequiresbeforehandthesignedadviceofallhisministers。Hedoesnotutterthefatalwords，untilhe，"withtearsinhiseyes"andinthemostdirestraits，isdraggedonbyanAssemblyqualifyingallcautionastreasonandwhichhasjustdispatchedM。
Delessarttoappear，underacapitalcharge，beforethesupremecourtatOrléans。
ItistheAssemblythenwhichlaunchesthedisabledshipontheroaringabyssesofanunknownsea，withoutarudderandleakingateveryseam。Italoneslipsthecablewhichhelditinportandwhichtheforeignpowersneitherdarednordesiredtosever。Here，again，theGirondistsaretheleadersandholdtheaxe；sincethelastofOctobertheyhavegraspeditandstruckrepeatedblows。[45]——Asanexception，theextremeJacobins，Couthon，Collotd’Herbois，Danton，Robespierre，donotsidewiththem。Robespierre，whoatfirstproposedtoconfinetheEmperor"withinthecircleofPopilius，"[46]fearstheplacingoftoogreatapowerintheKing’shands，and，growingmistrustful，preachesdistrust。——Butthegreatmassoftheparty，ledbyclamorouspublicopinion，impelsonthetimidmarchinginfront。Ofthemanythingsofwhichknowledgeisnecessarytoconductsuccessfullysuchacomplexanddelicateaffair，theyknownothing。
Theyareignorantaboutcabinets，courts，populations，treaties，precedents，timelyformsandrequisitestyle。TheirguideandcounselorinforeignrelationsisBrissotwhosepre—eminenceisbasedontheirignoranceandwho，exaltedintoastatesman，becomesforafewmonthsthemostconspicuousfigureinEurope。[47]TowhateverextentaEuropeancalamitymaybeattributedtoanyoneman，thisoneistobeattributedtohim。Itisthiswretch，borninapastry—cook’sshop，broughtupinanattorney’soffice，formerlyapoliceagentat150francspermonth，onceinleaguewithscandal—mongersandblack—
mailers，[48]apenny—a—liner，busybody，andmeddler，who，withthehalf—informationofanomad，scrapsofnewspaperideasandreading—
roomlore，[49]addedtohisscribblingsasawriterandhisclubdeclamation，directsthedestiniesofFranceandstartsawarinEuropewhichistodestroysixmillionsoflives。Intheatticwherehiswifeiswashinghisshirts，heenjoysrebukingrulersand，onthe20thofOctober，inthetribune，[50]hebeginsbyinsultingthirtyforeignsovereigns。Suchkeen，intenseenjoymentisthestuffonwhichthenewfanaticismdailyfeedsitself。MadameRolandherselfdelights，withevidentcomplacency，init，somethingwhichcanbeseeninthetwofamouslettersinwhich，withasupercilioustone，shefirstinstructstheKingandnextthePope。[51]Brissot，atbottom，regardshimselfasaLouisXIV，andexpresslyinvitestheJacobinstoimitatethehaughtywaysoftheGreatMonarch。[52]——Tothetactlessnessoftheintruder，andthetouchinessoftheparvenu，wecanaddtherigidityofthesectarian。TheJacobins，inthenameofabstractrights，denyhistoricrights；theyimposefromabove，andbyforce，thattruthofwhichtheyaretheapostles，andallowthemselveseveryprovocationwhichtheyprohibittoothers。
"LetustellEurope，"criesIsnard，[53]"thattenmillionsofFrenchmen，armedwiththesword，withthepen，withreason，witheloquence，might，ifprovoked，changethefaceoftheworldandmaketyrantstrembleontheirthronesofclay。"
"Whereverathroneexists，"saysHéraultdeSéchelles，"thereisanenemy。"[54]
"Anhonestpeacebetweentyrannyandliberty，"saysBrissot，"isimpossible。OurConstitutionisaneternalanathematoabsolutemonarchs……Itplacesthemontrial，itpronouncesjudgmentonthem；itseemstosaytoeach:to—morrowthouhaveceasedtobeorshaltbekingonlythroughthepeople……Warisnowanationalbenefit，andnottohavewaristheonlycalamitytobedreaded。"[55]
"Telltheking，"saysGensonné，"thatthewarisamust，thatpublicopiniondemandsit，thatthesafetyoftheempiremakesitalaw。"[56]
"Thestatewearein，"concludesVergniaud，"isaveritablestateofdestructionthatmayleadustodisgraceanddeath。Sothentoarms！
toarms！Citizens，freemen，defendyourliberty，confirmthehopesofthatofthehumanrace……Losenottheadvantageofyourposition。
Attacknowthatthereiseverysignofcompletesuccess……Thespiritsofpastgenerationsseemtomecrowdingintothistempletoconjureyou，inthenameoftheevilswhichslaveryhadcompelledthemtoendure，toprotectthefuturegenerationswhosedestiniesareinyourhands！Letthisprayerbegranted！BeforthefutureanewProvidence！Allyyourselveswitheternaljustice！"[57]
AmongtheMarseillesspeakersthereisnolongeranyroomforseriousdiscussion。Brissot，inreplytotheclaimmadebytheEmperoronbehalfoftheprinces’propertyinAlsatia，repliesthat"thesovereigntyofthepeopleisnotboundbythetreatiesoftyrants。"[58]Astothegatheringsoftheémigrés，theEmperorhavingyieldedonthispoint，hewillyieldontheothers。[59]LethimformallyrenounceallcombinationsagainstFrance。
"Iwantwaronthe10thofFebruary，"saysBrissot，"unlesswehavereceivedhisrenunciation。"
Noexplanations；itissatisfactionwewant；"torequiresatisfactionistoputtheEmperoratourmercy。"[60]TheAssembly，soeagertostartthequarrel，usurpstheKing’srighttotakethefirststepandformallydeclareswar，fixingthedate。[61]——Thedieisnowcast。
"Theywantwar，"saystheEmperor，"andtheyshallhaveit。"
AustriaimmediatelyformsanalliancewithPrussia，threatened，likeherself，withrevolutionarypropaganda。[62]BysoundingthealarmbellestheJacobins，mastersoftheAssembly，havesucceededinbringingaboutthat"monstrousalliance，"and，fromdaytoday，thisalarmsoundsthelouder。Oneyearmore，thankstothispolicy，andFrancewillhaveallEuropeforanenemyandasitsonlyfriend，theRegencyofAlgiers，whoseinternalsystemofgovernmentisaboutthesameasherown。
IV。
Secretmotivesoftheleaders。——Theircontrolcompromisedbypeace。
——Discontentoftherichandcultivatedclass。——Formationandincreaseofthepartyoforder。——TheKingandthispartyreconciled。
Behindtheircarmagnoles[63]wecandetectadesignwhichtheywillavowlateron。
"WewerealwaysobstructedbytheConstitution，"Brissotistosay，"andnothingbutwarcoulddestroytheConstitution。"[64]
Diplomaticwrongs，consequently，ofwhichtheymakeparade，aresimplypretexts；iftheyurgewaritisforthepurposeofoverthrowingthelegalorderofthingswhichannoysthem；theirrealobjectistheconquestsofpower，asecondinternalrevolution，theapplicationoftheirsystemandafinalstateofequality。——Concealedbehindthemisthemostpoliticandabsoluteoftheorists，aman"whosegreatartistheattainmentofhisendswithoutshowinghimself，thepreparationofothersforfar—sightedviewsofwhichtheyhavenosuspicion，andthatofspeakingbutlittleinpublicandactinginsecret。"[65]ThismanisSieyès，"theleaderofeverythingwithoutseemingtoleadanything。"[66]AsinfatuatedasRousseauwithhisownspeculations，butasunscrupulousandasclear—sightedasMacchiavelliintheselectionofpracticalmeans，hewas，is，andwillbe，indecisivemoments，theconsultingcounselofradicaldemocracy。
"Hispridetoleratesnosuperiority。Hecausesnobilitytobeabolishedbecauseheisnotanoble；becausehedoesnotpossessallhewilldestroyall。HisfundamentaldoctrinefortheconsolidationoftheRevolutionis，thatitisindispensabletochangereligionandtochangethedynasty。"
Now，hadpeacebeenmaintainedallthiswasimpossible；moreovertheascendanceofthepartywascompromised。Entireclassesthathadadheredtothepartywhenitlaunchedinsurrectionagainsttheprivileged，brokeloosefromitnowthatinsurrectionwasdirectedagainstthem；amongthoughtfulmenandamongthosewithproperty，mostweredisgustedwithanarchy，andlikewisedisgustedwiththeabettorsofit。Manyadministrators，magistratesandfunctionariesrecentlyelected，loudlycomplainedoftheirauthoritybeingsubjecttothemob。Manycultivators，manufacturersandmerchantshavebecomesilentlyexasperatedatthefruitsoftheirlaborandeconomybeingsurrenderedatdiscretiontorobbersandtheindigent。Itwashardfortheflour—dealersofEtampesnottodaresendawaytheirwheat，tobeobligedtosupplycustomersatnight，totrembleintheirownhouses，andtoknowthatiftheywentout—doorstheyriskedtheirlives。[67]
ItwashardforwholesalegrocersinParistoseetheirwarehousesinvaded，theirwindowssmashed，theirbagsofcoffeeandboxesofsugarvaluedatalowprice，parceledoutandcarriedawaybyoldhagsortakengratisbyscampswhoranoffandsoldthemattheotherendofthestreet。[68]Itwashardinallplacesforthefamiliesoftheoldbourgeoisie，fortheformerlyprominentmenineachtownandvillage，fortheeminentineachart，professionortrade，forreputableandwell—to—dopeople，inshort，forthemajorityofmenwhohadagoodroofovertheirheadsandagoodcoatontheirbacks，toundergotheillegaldominationofacrowdledbyafewhundredordozensofstump—speakersandfirebrands。——Already，inthebeginningof1792，thisdissatisfactionwassogreatastobedenouncedinthetribuneandinthepress。Isnard[69]railedagainst"thatmultitudeoflargeproperty—holders，thoseopulentmerchants，thosehaughty，wealthypersonageswho，advantageouslyplacedinthesocialamphitheater，areunwillingtohavetheirseatschanged。"Thebourgeoisie，"wrotePétion，[70]"thatnumerousclassfreeofanyanxiety，isseparatingitselffromthepeople；itconsidersitselfabovethem，……theyarethesoleobjectofitsdistrust。Itiseverywherehauntedbytheoneideathattherevolutionisawarbetweenthosewhohaveandthosewhohavenot。"——Itabstains，indeed，fromtheelections，itkeepsawayfrompatrioticclubs，itdemandstherestorationoforderandthereignoflaw；itralliestoitself"themultitudeofconservative，timidpeople，forwhomtranquilityistheprimenecessity，"andespecially，whichisstillmoreserious，itchargesthedisturbancesupontheirveritableauthors。Withsuppressedindignationandamassofundisputedevidence，AndréChénier，amanoffeeling，startsupinthemidstofthesilentcrowdandopenlytearsoffthemaskfromtheJacobins。[71]
Hebringsintofulllightthedailysophismbywhichamob，"somehundredsofidlersgatheredinagardenoratatheater，areimpudentlycalledthepeople。"Heportraysthose"threeorfourthousandusurpersofnationalsovereigntywhomtheiroratorsandwritersdailyintoxicatewithgrosserincensethananyadulationofferedtotheworstofdespots；"thoseassemblieswhere"aninfinitelysmallnumberofFrenchappearslarge，becausetheyareunitedandyell；"thatParisclubfromwhichhonest，industrious，intelligentpeoplehadwithdrawnonebyonetogiveplacetointriguersindebt，topersonsoftarnishedreputations，tothehypocritesofpatriotism，totheloversofuproar，toabortivetalents，tocorruptedintellects，tooutcastsofeverykindanddegreewho，unabletomanagetheirownbusiness，indemnifythemselvesbymanagingthatofthepublic。Heshowshow，aroundthecentralfactoryanditstwelvehundredbranchesofinsurrection，thetwelvehundredaffiliatedclubs，which，"holdingeachother’shands，formasortofelectricchainaroundallFrance"andgivingitashockateverytouchfromthecenter；theirconfederation，installedandenthroned，isnotonlyasaStatewithintheState，butratherasasovereignStateinavassalState；summoningtheiradministrativebodiestotheirbar，judicialverdictssetasidethroughtheirintervention，privateindividualssearched，assessedandcondemnedthroughtheirverdicts。
Allthisconstitutesasteady，systematicdefenseofinsubordinationandrevolt；as，"underthenameofhoardingandmonopoly，commerceandindustryaredescribedasmisdemeanors；"propertyisunsettledandeveryrichmanrenderedsuspicious，"talentandintegritysilenced。"
Inshort，apublicconspiracymadeagainstsocietyintheverynameofsociety，"whilethesacredsymboloflibertyismadeuseofasaseal"
toexemptafewtyrantsfrompunishment。SuchaprotestsaidaloudwhatmostFrenchmenmutteredtothemselves，andfrommonthtomonth，graverexcessesexitedgreatercensure。
"Anarchyexists[72]toadegreescarcelytobeparalleled，wrotetheambassadoroftheUnitedStates。Thehorrorandapprehension，whichthelicentiousassociationshaveuniversallyinspired，aresuchthatthereisreasontobelievethatthegreatmassoftheFrenchpopulationwouldconsiderevendespotismablessing，ifaccompaniedwiththatsecuritytopersonsandproperty，experiencedevenundertheworstgovernmentsinEurope。"
Anotherobserver，notlesscompetent，[73]says:
"itisplaintomyeyesthatwhenLouisXVI。finallysuccumbed，hehadmorepartisansinFrancethantheyearprevious，atthetimeofhisflighttoVarennes。"
Thetruthofthis，indeed，wasfrequentlyverifiedattheendof1791
andbeginningof1792，byvariousinvestigations。[74]"Eighteenthousandofficersofeverygrade，electedbytheconstitutionalists，seventy—onedepartmentadministrationsoutofeighty—two，mostofthetribunals，[75]alltradersandmanufacturers，everychiefandalargeportionoftheNationalGuardofParis，"inshort，theéliteofthenation，andamongcitizensgenerally，thegreatmajoritywholivedfromdaytodaywereforhim，andforthe"Right"oftheAssemblyagainstthe"Left"。Ifinternaltroublehadnotbeencomplicatedbyexternaldifficulties，therewouldhavebeenachangeinopinion，andthistheKingexpected。InacceptingtheConstitution，hethoughtthatitsdefectswouldberevealedinpracticaloperationandthattheywouldleadtoareform。InthemeantimehescrupulouslyobservedtheConstitution，and，throughinterestaswellasconscience，kepthisoathtotheletter。"ThemostfaithfulexecutionoftheConstitution，"
hesaidtooneofhisministers，"isthesurestwaytomakethenationseethechangesthatoughttobemadeinit。"[76]——Inotherwords，hecountedonexperience，anditisveryprobablethatiftherehadbeennothingtointerferewithexperience，hiscalculationswouldhavefinallychosenbetweenthedefendersoforderandtheinstigatorsofdisorder。Itwouldhavedecidedforthemagistratesagainsttheclubs，forthepoliceagainstrioters，forthekingagainstthemob。Inoneortwoyearsmoreitwouldhavelearnedthatarestorationoftheexecutivepowerwasindispensableforsecuringtheexecutionofthelaws；thatthechiefofpolice，withhishandstied，couldnotdohisduty；thatitwasundoubtedlywisetogivehimhisorders，butthatifhewastobeofanyuseagainstknavesandfools，hishandsshouldfirstbesetfree。
V。
Effectsofthewaronthecommonpeople。——Itsalarmsandfury。——Thesecondrevolutionaryoutburstanditscharacteristics。——AllianceoftheGirondistswiththemob。——Theredcapandpikes。——Universalsubstitutionofgovernmentbyforceforgovernmentbylaw。
Justthecontrarywithwar；theaspectofthingschanges，andthealternativeistheotherway。Itisnolongerachoicebetweenorderanddisorder，butbetweenthenewandtheoldregime，for，behindforeignopponentsonthefrontier，therestandtheémigrés。Thecommotionisterrible，especiallyamongstthelowerclasseswhichmainlyborethewholeweightoftheoldestablishment；amongthemillionswholivebythesweatoftheirbrow，artisans，smallfarmers，métayers，day—laborersandsoldiers，alsothesmugglersofsaltandotherarticles，poachers，vagabonds，beggarsandhalf—beggars，who，taxed，plundered，andharshlytreatedforcenturies，havetoendure，fromfathertoson，poverty，oppressionanddisdain。Theyknowthroughtheirownexperiencethedifferencebetweentheirlateandtheirpresentcondition。Theyhaveonlytofallbackonpersonalknowledgetoreviveintheirimaginationstheenormousroyal，ecclesiastical，andseignorialtaxes，thedirecttaxofeighty—onepercent。，thebailiffsincharge，theseizuresandthehusbandryservice，theinquisitionofexcisemen，ofinspectorsofthesalttax，winetax（ratsdecave）andgame—keepers，theravagesofwildbirdsandofpigeons，theextortionsofthecollectorandhisclerk，thedelayandpartialityinobtainingjustice，therashnessandbrutalityofthepolice，thekicksandcuffsoftheconstabulary，thepoorwretchesgatheredlikeheapsofdirtandfilth，thepromiscuousness，theover—
crowding，thefilthandthestarvationoftheprisons。[77]Theyhavesimplytoopentheireyestoseetheirimmensedeliverance；alldirectorindirecttaxesforthepasttwoyearslegallyabolishedorpracticallysuppressed，beerattwopenniesapot，wineatsix，pigeonsintheirmeat—safes，gameontheirturn—spits，thewoodofthenationalforestsintheirlofts，thegendarmerietimid，thepoliceabsent，inmanyplacesthecropsalltheirs，theownernotdaringtoclaimhisshare，thejudgeavoidingcondemningthem，theconstablerefusingtoservepapersonthem，privilegesrestoredintheirfavor，thepublicauthoritiescringingtothecrowdsandyieldingtotheirexactions，remainingquietorunarmedinthefaceoftheirmisdeeds，theiroutragesexcusedortolerated，theirsuperiorgoodsenseanddeepfeelinglaudedinthousandsofspeeches，thejacketandtheblouseconsideredassymbolsofpatriotism，andsupremacyintheStateclaimedforthesans—culottes[78]inthenametheirmeritsandtheirvirtues。——Andnowtheoverthrowofallthisisannouncedtothem，aleagueagainstthemofforeignkings，theemigrantsinarms，aninvasionimminent，theCroatsandPandoursinthefield，hordesofmercenariesandbarbarianscrowdingdownonthemagaintoputtheminchains。——Fromtheworkshoptothecottagethererollsalongaformidableoutburstofanger，accompaniedwithnationalsongs，denouncingtheplotsoftyrantsandsummoningthepeopletoarms。[79]
ThisisthesecondwaveoftheRevolution，fastswellingandroaring，lessgeneralthanthefirst，sinceitbearsalongwithitbutlittlemorethanthelowerclass，buthigherandmuchmoredestructive。
Notonly，indeed，isthemassnowlaunchedforthcoarseandcrude，butanewsentimentanimatesit，theforceofwhichisincalculable，thatofplebeianpride，thatofthepoorman，thesubject，who，suddenlyerectafteragesofdebasement，relishes，farbeyondhishopesandunstintedly，thedelightsofequality，independence，anddominion。
"FifteenmillionswhiteNegroes，"saysMalletduPan，[80]worsefed，moremiserablethanthoseofSt。Domingo，likethemrebelledandfreedfromallauthoritybytheirrevolt，accustomedlikethem，throughthirtymonthsoflicense，torulingoverallthatisleftoftheirformermasters，proudlikethemoftherestorationoftheircasteandexultingintheirhornyhands。Onemayimaginetheirtransportsofrageonhearingthetrumpet—blastwhichawakensthem，showingthemonthehorizonthereturningplanters，bringingwiththemnewwhipsandheaviermanacles？——Nothingismoredistrustfulthansuchasentimentinsuchbreasts——quicklyalarmed，readytostrike，readyforanyactofviolence，blindlycredulous，headlongandeasilyimpelled，notmerelyagainstrealenemiesontheoutside，butatfirstagainstimaginaryenemiesontheinside，[81]butalsoagainsttheKing，theministers，thegentry，priests，parliamentarians，orthodoxCatholics；
againstalladministratorsandmagistratesimprudentenoughtohaveappealedtothelaw；
allmanufacturers，merchants，andownersofpropertywhocondemndisorder；
thewealthywhoseegotismkeepsthemathome；
allthosewhoarewell—off，well—bredandwell—dressed。
Theyareallundersuspicionbecausetheyhavelostbythenewregime，orbecausetheyhavenotadopteditsways。——SuchisthecolossalbrutewhichtheGirondinsintroduceintothepoliticalarena。[82]Forsixmonthstheyshakeredflagsbeforeitseyes，goaditon，workitupintoarageanddriveitforwardbydecreesandproclamations，*againsttheiradversariesandagainstitskeepers，*againstthenoblesandtheclergy，*againstaristocratsinsideFranceincomplicitywiththoseofCoblentz，*against"theAustriancommittee"theaccompliceofAustria，*againsttheKing，whosecautiontheytransformintotreachery，*againstthewholegovernmenttowhichtheyimputetheanarchytheyexcite，andthewarofwhichtheythemselvesaretheinstigators。[83]
Thusover—excitedandtopsy—turvy，theproletariatrequireonlyarmsandarallying—point。TheGirondinsfurnishboth。Throughastrikingcoincidence，onewhichshowsthattheplanwasconcerted，[84]theystartthreepoliticalenginesatthesametime。Justatthemomentwhen，throughtheirdeliberatesaber—rattling，theymadewarinevitable，theyinventedpopularinsigniaandarmedthepoor。AttheendofJanuary，1792，almostduringoneweek，theyannouncedtheirultimatumtoAustriausingafixeddeadline，theyadoptedtheredwoolencapandbeganthemanufactureofpikes。——Itisevidentthatpikesareofnouseintheopenfieldagainstcannonandaregulararmy；accordinglytheareintendedforuseintheinteriorandintowns。Letthenational—guardwhocanpayforhisuniform，andtheactivecitizenwhosethreefrancsofdirecttaxgiveshimaprivilege，owntheirguns；thestevedore，themarket—porter，thelodger，thepassivecitizen，whosepovertyexcludesthemfromvotingmusthavetheirpikes，and，intheseinsurrectionarytimes，aballotisnotworthagoodpikewieldedbybrawnyarms。——Themagistrateinhisrobesmayissueanysummonshepleases，butitwillberammeddownhisthroat，and，lestheshouldbeindoubtofthisheismadetoknowitbeforehand。"TheRevolutionbeganwithpikesandpikeswillfinishit。"[85]"Ah，"saytheregularsoftheTuileriesgardens，"ifthegoodpatriotsoftheChampsdeMarsonlyhadhadpikeslikethesetheblue—coats（Lafayette’sguards）wouldnothavehadsuchagoodhand！"