[57]Andmylifetime，ourJacobinsthecommunists，haveincludingintheirregisterthedistortion，thelieandslanderasaregulartooloftheirtrade。（SR）。
　　[58]Lafayette，"Mémoires，"I。467（ontheJacobinsofAugust10，1792）。"Thissect，thedestructionofwhichwasdesiredbynineteen—
　　twentiethsofFrance。"——Durand—Maillan，49。TheaversiontotheJacobinsafterJune20，1792，wasgeneral。"ThecommunesofFrance，everywhereweariedanddissatisfiedwithpopularclubs，wouldgladlyhavegotridofthem，thattheymightnolongerbeundertheircontrol。"
　　[59]ThewordsofLeclerc，adeputyoftheLyonscommitteeintheJacobinClubatParisMay12，1793。"Popularmachiavelianismmustbeestablished……EverythingimpuremustdisappearofftheFrenchsoil……Ishalldoubtlessberegardedasabrigand，butthereisonewaytogetaheadofcalumny，andthatistoexterminatethecalumniators。"
　　[60]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。204（testimonyofFran？oisLameyrie）。
　　"CollectionofauthenticdocumentsfortheHistoryoftheRevolutionatStrasbourg，"II。210（speechbyBaudot，Frimaire19，yearII。，intheJacobinclubatStrasbourg）。"Egoists，theheedless，theenemiesofliberty，theenemiesofallnatureshouldnotberegardedasherchildren。Arenotallwhoopposethepublicgood，orwhodonotshareit，inthesamecase？Letus，then，utterlydestroythem……Weretheyamillion，wouldnotonesacrificethetwenty—fourthpartofone’sselftogetridofagangrenewhichmightinfecttherestofthebody？……"Forthesereasons，theoratorthinksthateverymanwhoisnotwhollydevotedtotheRepublicmustbeputtodeath。HestatesthattheRepublicshouldatoneblowcausetheinstantdisappearanceofeveryfriendtokingsandfeudalism。——Beaulieu，"Essai，"V。200。M。
　　d’Antonellethought，"likemostoftherevolutionaryclubs，that，toconstitutearepublic，anapproximateequalityofpropertyshouldbeestablished；andtodothis，athirdofthepopulationshouldbesuppressed。"——"ThiswasthegeneralideaamongthefanaticsoftheRevolution。"——Larevellière—Lépaux，"Mémoires，"I。150"JeanBonSt。
　　André……suggestedthatforthesolidfoundationoftheRepublicinFrance，thepopulationshouldbereducedone—half。"HeisviolentlyinterruptedbyLarevellière—Lépeaux，butcontinuesandinsistsonthis。—Guffroy，deputyofthePas—de—Calais，proposedinhisjournalastilllargeramputation；hewantedtoreduceFrancetofivemillionsofinhabitants。
　　BOOKSECOND。THEFIRSTSTAGEOFTHECONQUEST。
　　CHAPTERI。
　　THEJACOBINSCOMEINTOINPOWER。—THEELECTIONSOF1791。—PROPORTION
　　OFPLACESGAINEDBYTHEM。
　　InJune，1791，andduringthefivefollowingmonths，theclassofactivecitizens[1]areconvokedtoelecttheirrepresentatives，which，asweknow，accordingtothelaw，areofeverykindanddegree。Inthefirstplace，thereare40，000membersofelectoralcollegesoftheseconddegreeand745deputies。Next，thereareone—halfoftheadministratorsof83departments，one—halfoftheadministratorsof544districts，one—halfoftheadministratorsof41，000communes，andfinally，ineachmunicipality，themayorandsyndic—attorney。Thenineachdepartmenttheyhavetoelectthepresidentofthecriminalcourtandtheprosecuting—attorney，and，throughoutFrance，officersoftheNationalGuard；inshort，almosttheentirebodyoftheagentsanddepositoriesoflegalauthority。Thegarrisonofthepubliccitadelistoberenewed，whichisthesecondandeventhethirdtimesince1789。
　　——AteachtimetheJacobinshavecreptintotheplace，insmallbands，butthistimetheyenterinlargebodies。PétionbecomesmayorofParis，Manual，syndic—attorney，andDantonthedeputyofManuel。
　　Robespierreiselectedprosecuting—attorneyincriminalcases。Theveryfirstweek，[2]136newdeputiesentertheirnamesontheclub’sregister。IntheAssemblythepartynumbersabout250members。Onpassingallthepostsofthefortressinreview，wemayestimatethebesiegersasoccupyingone—thirdofthem，andperhapsmore。Theirsiegefortwoyearshasbeencarriedonwithunerringinstinct，theextraordinaryspectaclepresentingitselfofanentirenationlegallyovercomebyatroopofinsurgents。[3]
　　I。
　　Theirsiegeoperations。——Meansusedbythemtodiscouragethemajorityofelectorsandconservativecandidates。——Frequencyofelections。—Obligationtotaketheoath。
　　Firstofall，theycleartheground，andthroughthedecreesforcedoutoftheConstituentAssembly，theykeepmostofthemajorityawayfromthepolls。——Ontheonehand，underthepretextofbetterensuringpopularsovereignty，theelectionsaresomultiplied，andheldsoneartogether，astodemandofeachactivecitizenone—sixthofhistime；suchanexactionisverygreatforhard—workingpeoplewhohaveatradeoranyoccupation，[4]whichisthecasewiththegreatmass；atallevents，withtheusefulandsaneportionofthepopulation。Accordingly，aswehaveseen，itstaysawayfromthepolls，leavingthefieldopentoidlersorfanatics。[5]——Ontheotherhand，byvirtueoftheconstitution，thecivicoath，whichincludestheecclesiasticaloath，isimposedonallelectors，for，ifanyonetakestheformerandreservesthelatter，hisvoteisthrownout:inNovember，intheDoubs，themunicipalelectionsofthirty—
　　threecommunesareinvalidatedsolelyonthispretext。[6]Notonlyfortythousandecclesiasticsarethusrenderedunsworn（insermentés），butagain，allscrupulousCatholicslosetherightofsuffrage，thesebeingbyfarthemostnumerousinArtois，DoubsandtheJura，intheLowerandUpperRhinedistrict，[7]inthetwoSévresandlaVendée，intheLowerLoire，Morbihan，FinisterreandC？tesduNord，inLozèreandArdèche，withoutmentioningthesoutherndepartments。[8]Thus，aidedbythelawwhichtheyhaverenderedimpracticable，theJacobins，ontheonehand，areridofallsensiblevotersinadvance，countingbymillions；and，ontheother，aidedbyalawwhichtheyhaverenderedintolerant，theyareridoftheCatholicvotewhichcountsbyhundredsofthousands。Onenteringtheelectorallists，consequently，thankstothisdoubleexclusion，theyfindthemselvesconfrontedbyonlythesmallestnumberofelectors。
　　II。
　　Annoyancesanddangersofpublicelections。—TheconstituentsexcludedfromtheLegislativebody。
　　Operationsmustnowbecommencedagainstthese，andafirstexpedientconsistsindeprivingthemoftheircandidates。Theobligationoftakingtheoathhasalreadypartlyprovidedforthis，inLozèrealltheofficialssendintheirresignationsratherthantaketheoath；[9]
　　herearemenwhowillnotbecandidatesatthecomingelections，fornobodycovetsaplacewhichhewasforcedtoabandon；ingeneral，thesuppressionofallpartycandidaturesiseffectedinnootherwaythanbymakingthepostofamagistratedistasteful。——TheJacobinshavesuccessfullyadheredtothisprinciplebypromotingandtakingtheleadininnumerableriotsagainsttheKing，theofficialsandtheclerks，againstnobles，ecclesiastics，corn—dealersandland—owners，againsteveryspeciesofpublicauthoritywhateveritsorigin。
　　Everywheretheauthoritiesareconstrainedtotolerateorexcusemurders，pillageandarson，or，attheveryleast，insurrectionsanddisobedience。Fortwoyearsamayorrunstheriskofbeinghungonproclaimingmartiallaw；acaptainisnotsureofhismenonmarchingtoprotectataxlevy；ajudgeonthebenchisthreatenedifhecondemnsthemarauderswhodevastatethenationalforests。Themagistrate，whosedutyitistoseethatthelawisrespected，isconstantlyobligedtostrainthelaw，orallowittobestrained；ifrefractory，asummaryblowdealtbythelocalJacobinsforceshislegalauthoritytoyieldtotheirillegaldictate，sothathehastoresignhimselftobeingeithertheiraccompliceortheirpuppet。Suchar？leisintolerabletoamanoffeelingorconscience。Hence，in1790and1791，nearlyalltheprominentandreputablemenwho，in1789，hadseatsintheH？tels—de—villes，orheldcommandintheNationalGuard，allcountry—gentlemen，chevaliersofSt。Louis，oldparliamentarians，theupperbourgeoisieandlargelanded—proprietors，retireintoprivatelifeandrenouncepublicfunctionswhicharenolongertenable。Insteadofofferingthemselvestopublicsuffragetheyavoidit，andthepartyoforder，farfromelectingthemagistracy，nolongerevenfindscandidatesforit。
　　Throughanexcessofprecaution，itsnaturalleadershavebeenlegallydisqualified，theprincipaloffices，especiallythoseofdeputyandminister，beinginterdictedbeforehandtotheinfluentialmeninwhomwefindthelittlecommonsensegainedbytheFrenchpeopleduringthepasttwoyears。—InthemonthofJune，1779，evenaftertheirreconcilableshadpartedcompanywiththe"Right，"therestillremainedintheAssemblyabout700memberswho，adheringtotheconstitutionbutdeterminedtorepressdisorder，wouldhaveformedasensiblelegislaturehadtheybeenre—elected。Allofthese，exceptaverysmallgroupofrevolutionaries，hadlearnedsomethingbyexperience，and，inthelastdaysoftheirsession，twoseriousevents，theking’sflightandtheriotintheChampdeMars，hadmadethemacquaintedwiththedefectsoftheirmachinery。Withthisexecutiveinstrumentintheirhandsforthreemonths，theyseethatitisracked，thatthingsaretottering，andthattheythemselvesarebeingrunoverbyfanaticsandthecrowd。Theyaccordinglyattempttoputonadrag，andseveraleventhinkofretracingtheirsteps。[10]
　　TheycutloosefromtheJacobins；ofthethreeorfourhundreddeputiesontheclublistintheRueSt。Honoré[11]butsevenremain；
　　therestformattheFeuillantsadistinctoppositionclub，andattheirheadarethefirstfounders，Duport，thetwoLameths，Barnave，theauthorsoftheconstitution，allthefathersofthenewrégime。[12]InthelastdecreeoftheConstituentAssemblytheyloudlycondemntheusurpationsofpopularassociations，andnotonlyinterdicttotheseallmeddlinginadministrativeorpoliticalmatters，butlikewiseanycollectivepetitionordeputation。[13]——
　　Heremaythefriendsoforderfindcandidateswhosechancesaregood，for，duringtwoyearsandmore，eachinhisowndistrictisthemostconspicuous，thebestaccredited，andthemostinfluentialmanthere；
　　hestandswellwithhiselectorsonaccountofthepopularityoftheconstitutionhehasmade，anditisveryprobablethathisnamewouldrallytoitamajorityofvotes。—TheJacobins，however，haveforeseenthisdanger:Fourmonthsearlier，[14]withtheaidoftheCourt，whichnevermissedanopportunitytoruinitselfandeverythingelse，[15]theymadethemostofthegrudgesoftheconservativesandthewearynessoftheAssembly。Tiredanddisgusted，inafitofmistakenselflessness，theAssembly，throughenthusiasmandtakenbysurprise，passesanactdeclaringallitsmembersineligibleforelectiontothenextAssemblydismissinginadvancetheleadersofthegentlemen’sparty。
　　III。
　　Thefriendsoforderdeprivedoftherightoffreeassemblage。——
　　ViolenttreatmentoftheirclubsinParisandtheprovinces。——Legalpreventionofconservativeassociations。
　　Ifthelatter（thehonestmenoftheRight），inspiteofsomanydrawbacks，attemptastruggle，theyarearrestedattheveryfirststep。For，toenteruponanelectoralcampaign，requirespreliminarymeetingsforconferenceandtounderstandeachother，whilethefacultyofforminganassociation，whichthelawgrantsthemasaright，isactuallywithheldfromthembytheiradversaries。Asabeginning，theJacobinshootedatand"stone"themembersofthe"Right"[16]holdingtheirmeetingsintheSalonfran？aisoftheRueRoyale，and，accordingtotheprevailingrule，thepolicetribunal，"consideringthatthisassemblageisacauseofdisturbance，thatitproducesgatheringsinthestreet，thatonlyviolentmeanscanbeemployedtoprotectit，"ordersitsdissolution。[17]——TowardsthemonthofAugust，1790，asecondclubisorganized，and，thistime，composedofthewisestandmostliberalmen。MalouetandCountClermont—Tonnerreareattheheadofit。Ittakesthenameof"FriendsofaMonarchicalConstitution，"andisdesirousofrestoringpublicorderbymaintainingthereformswhichhavebeenreached。Allformalitiesonitsparthavebeencompliedwith。Therearealreadyabout800membersinParis。Subscriptionsflowintoitstreasury。Theprovincessendinnumerousadhesions，and，whatisworsethanall，breadisdistributedbythematareducedprice，bywhichthepeople，probably，willbeconciliated。Hereisacenterofopinionandinfluence，analogoustothatoftheJacobinclub，whichtheJacobinscannottolerate。[18]M。deClermont—TonnerrehavingleasedthesummerVauxhall，acaptainintheNationalGuardnotifiestheproprietorofitthatifherentsit，thepatriotsofthePalais—Royalwillmarchtoitinabody，andcloseit；fearingthatthebuildingwillbedamaged，hecancelsthelease，whilethemunicipality，whichfearsskirmishes，ordersasuspensionofthemeetings。Theclubmakesacomplaintandfollowsitup，whiletheletterofthelawissoplainthatanofficialauthorizationoftheclubisfinallygranted。ThereupontheJacobinnewspapersandstump—speakersletloosetheirfuryagainstafuturerivalthatthreatenstodisputetheirempire。Onthe23rdofJanuary，1791，Barnave，intheNationalAssembly，employingmetaphoricallanguageapttobeusedasadeath—shout，accusesthemembersofthenewclub"ofgivingthepeoplebreadthatcarriespoisonwithit。"Fourdaysafterthis，M。Clermont—Tonnerre’sdwellingisassailedbyanarmedthrong。Malouet，onleavingit，isalmostdraggedfromhiscarriage，andthecrowdaroundhimcryout，"Theregoesthebastardwhodenouncedthepeople！"—Atlength，itsfounders，who，outofconsiderationforthemunicipality，havewaitedtwomonths，hireanotherhallintheRuedesPetites—Ecuries，andonthe28thofMarchbegintheirsessions。"Onreachingit，"writesoneofthem，"wefoundamobcomposedofdrunkards，screamingboys，raggedwomen，soldiersexcitingthemon，andespeciallythosefrightfulhounds，armedwithstout，knottycudgels，twofeetlong，whichareexcellentskull—crackers。"[19]Thethingwasmadeupbeforehand。Atfirsttherewereonlythreeorfourhundredofthem，and，tenminutesafter，fiveorsixhundred；inaquarterofanhour，thereareperhapsfourthousandflockinginfromallsides；inshort，theusualmake—upofaninsurrection。"Thepeopleofthequartercertifiedthattheydidnotrecognizeoneofthefaces。"Jokes，insults，cuffs，clubbings，andsaber—cuts，——themembersoftheclub"whoagreedtocomeunarmed"beingdispersed，whileseveralareknockeddown，draggedbythehair，andadozenorfifteenmorearewounded。Tojustifytheattack，whitecockadesareshown，which，itispretended，werefoundintheirpockets。MayorBaillyarrivesonlywhenitisallover，and，asameasureof"publicorder，"themunicipalauthoritieshavetheclubofConstitutionalMonarchistsclosedforgood。
　　Owingtotheseoutragesbythefaction，withtheconnivanceoftheauthorities，othersimilarclubsaresuppressedinthesameway。Thereareagoodmanyofthem，andintheprincipaltowns——"FriendsofPeace，""FriendsoftheCountry，""FriendsoftheKing，ofPeace，andofReligion，""DefendersofReligion，Persons，andProperty"。
　　Magistratesandofficers，themostcultivatedandpolishedpeople，aregenerallymembers；inshort，theéliteoftheplace。Formerly，meetingstookplaceforconversationanddebate，and，beinglong—
　　established，theclubnaturallypassesoverfromliteraturetopolitics。——Thewatch—wordagainstalltheseprovincialclubsisgivenfromtheRueSt。Honoré。[20]"Theyarecentersofconspiracy，andmustbelookedafter"forthwith，andbeatoncetroddenout。——
　　Atonetime，asatCahors，[21]asquadoftheNationalGuard，onitsreturnfromanexpeditionagainsttheneighboringgentry，andtofinishitstaskbreaksinontheclub，"throwsitsfurnitureoutofthewindowsanddemolishesthehouse。"——Atanothertime，asatPerpignan，theexcitedmobsurroundstheclub，dancingafandango，andyellout，tothelantern！Theclub—houseissacked，whileeightyofitsmembers，coveredwithbruises，areshutupinthecitadelfortheirsafety。[22]——Atanothertime，asatAix，theJacobinclubinsultsitsadversariesontheirownpremisesandprovokesascuffle，whereuponthemunicipalitycausesthedoorsoftheassailedclubtobewalledupandissueswarrantsofarrestagainstitsmembers。——
　　Alwayspunishmentawaitsthemforwhateverviolencetheyhavetosubmitto。Theirmereexistenceseemsanoffense。AtGrenoble，theyscarcelyassemblebeforetheyaredispersed。Thefactis，theyaresuspectedof"incivism；"theirintentionsmaynotberight；inanyevent，theycauseadivisionoftheplaceintotwocamps，andthatisenough。InthedepartmentofGard，theirclubsareallbrokenup，byorderofthedepartment，because"theyarecentersofmalevolence。"AtBordeaux，themunicipality，consideringthat"alarmingreportsarecurrentofpriestsandprivilegedpersonsreturningtotown，"
　　prohibitsallreunions，exceptthatoftheJacobinclub。——Thus，"underasystemoflibertyofthemostexaltedkind，inthepresenceofthefamousDeclarationoftheRightsofManwhichlegitimateswhateverisnotunlawful，"andwhichpostulatesequalityastheprincipleoftheFrenchconstitution，whoeverisnotaJacobinisexcludedfromcommonrights。Anintolerantclubsetsitselfupasaholychurch，andproscribesotherswhichhavenotreceivedfromit"orthodoxbaptism，civicinspiration，andtheaptitudeoflanguages。"
　　Toheralonebelongstherightofassemblage，andtherightofmakingproselytes。Conservative，thoughtfulmeninalltownsthroughoutthekingdomareforbiddentoformelectoralcommittees，topossessatribune，afund，subscribersandadherents，tocasttheweightoftheirnamesandcommonstrengthintothescaleofpublicopinion，togatheraroundtheirpermanentnucleusthescatteredmultitudeofsensiblepeople，whowouldliketoescapefromtheRevolutionwithoutfallingbackintotheancientrégime。Letthemwhisperamongstthemselvesincorners，andtheymaystillbetolerated，butwoetothemiftheywouldleavetheirlonelyretreattoactinconcert，tocanvassvoters，andsupportacandidate。Uptothedayofvotingtheymustremaininthepresenceoftheircombined，active，andobstreperousadversaries，scattered，inert，andmute。
　　IV。
　　Turmoiloftheelectionsof1790。——Electionsin1791。——EffectoftheKing’sflight。——Domiciliaryvisits。——Montagneduringtheelectoralperiod。
　　Willtheyatleastbeabletovotefreelyonthatday？Theyarenotsureofit，and，judgingbyoccurrencesduringthepastyear，itisdoubtful。——InApril，1790，atBoisd’Aisy，inBurgundy，M。deBoisd’Aisy，adeputy，whohadreturnedfromParistodeposithisvote，[23]
　　waspubliclymenaced。Hewasinformedthatnoblesandpriestsmusttakenopartmtheelections，whilemanywereheardtosay，inhishearing，thatinordertopreventthisitwouldbebettertohanghim。
　　Notfaroff；atSte。Colombe，M。deViteauxwasdrivenoutoftheelectoralassembly，andthenputtodeathafterthreehoursoftorture。ThesamethingoccurredatSemur；twogentlemenwereknockeddownwithclubsandstones，anothersavedhimselfwithdifficulty，andacurédiedafterbeingstabbedsixtimes。——Awarningforpriestsandforgentlemen:theyhadbetternotvote，andthesamegoodadvicemaybegiventodealersingrain，toland—owners，andeveryothersuspectedperson。Forthisisthedayonwhichthepeoplerecovertheirsovereignty；theviolentbelievethattheyhavetherighttodoexactlywhatsuitsthem，nothingbeingmorenaturalthantoexcludecandidatesinadvancewhoaredistrusted，orelectorswhodonotvoteastheyoughtto。——AtVilleneuve—St。—Georges，nearParis，[24]abarrister，amanofaustereandenergeticcharacter，isabouttobeelectedjudgebythedistrictelectors；theproletariat，however，mistrustajudgelikelytocondemnmarauders，andfortyorfiftyvagabondscollecttogetherunderthewindowsandcryout:"Wedon’twanthimelected。"ThecuréofCrosne，presidentoftheelectoralassembly，informstheminvainthattheassembledelectorsrepresent90communes，nearly100，000inhabitants，andthat"40personsshouldnotprevailagainst100，000。Shoutsredoubleandtheelectorsrenouncetheircandidate。—AtPau，patriotsamongthemilitia[25]
　　forciblyreleaseoneoftheirimprisonedleaders，circulatealistforproscriptions，attackapoll—tellerwiththeirfistsandafterwardswithsabers，untiltheproscribedhidethemselvesaway；onthefollowingday"nobodyisdisposedtoattendtheelectoralassembly。"—
　　—Thingsaremuchworsein1791。InthemonthofJune，justatthetimeoftheopeningoftheprimarymeetings，thekinghasfledtoVarennes，theRevolutionseemscompromised，civilwarandaforeignwarloomuponthehorizonliketwoghosts；theNationalGuardhadeverywheretakenuparms，andtheJacobinsweremakingthemostoftheuniversalpanicfortheirownadvantage。Todisputetheirvotesisnolongerthequestion；itisnotwelltobevisible:amongsomanyturbulentgatheringsapopularexecutionissoonover。Thebestthingnowforroyalists，constitutionalists，conservativesandmoderatesofeverykind，forthefriendsoflawandoforder，istostayathome——
　　toohappyiftheymaybeallowedtoremainthere，towhichthearmedrabbleagrees；ontheconditionoffrequentlypayingthemvisits。
　　Considertheirsituationduringthewholeoftheelectoralperiod，inacalmdistrict，andjudgeoftherestofFrancebythiscornerofit。
　　AtMortagne，[26]asmalltownof6，000souls，thelaudablespiritof1789stillexisteduptothejourneytoVarennes。Amongthefortyorfiftynoblefamilieswereagoodmanyliberals。Here，aselsewhereamongthegentry，theclergyandthemiddleclass，thephilosophiceducationoftheeighteenthcenturyhadrevivedtheoldprovincialspiritofinitiative，andtheentireupperclasshadzealouslyandgratuitouslyundertakenthepublicdutieswhichitalonecouldperformwell。Districtpresidents，mayors，andmunicipalofficers，wereallchosenfromamongecclesiasticsandthenobles；thethreeprincipalofficersoftheNationalGuardwerechevaliersofSt。Louis，whileothergradeswerefilledbytheleadingpeopleofthecommunity。Thushadthefreeelectionsplacedauthorityinthehandsofthesociallysuperior，theneworderofthingsrestingonthelegitimatehierarchyofconditions，educations，andcapacities。—Butforsixmonthstheclub，formedoutof"adozenhot—headed，turbulentfellows，underthepresidencyandinthehandsofacertainRattier，formerlyacook，"
　　workeduponthepopulationandtheruraldistricts。ImmediatelyonthereceiptofthenewsoftheKing’sflight，theJacobins"giveoutthatnoblesandpriestshadsuppliedhimwithmoneyforhisdeparture，tobringaboutacounter—revolution。"Onefamilyhadgivensuchanamount，andanothersomuch；therewasnodoubtaboutit；theprecisefiguresaregiven，andgivenforeachfamilyaccordingtoitsknownresources。——Forthwith，"theprincipalclubbists，associatedwiththedubiouspartoftheNationalGuard，"spreadthroughthestreetsinsquads:thehousesofthenoblesandofothersuspectedpersonsareinvaded。All"m.kanbaapp点com"thearms，"guns，pistols，swords，hunting—knives，andsword—canes，"arecarriedoff。Everyholeandcornerisransacked；
　　theymaketheinmatesopen，ortheyforceopen，secretariesandclothes—pressesinsearchofammunition，thesearchextending"eventotheladies’toilette—tables"。Bywayofprecaution"theybreaksticksofpomatumintwo，presumingthatmusket—ballsareconcealedinthem，andtheytakeawayhair—powderunderthepretextthatitiseithercoloredormaskedgunpowder。"Then，withoutdisbanding，thetroopbetakesitselftotheenvironsandintothecountry，whereitoperateswiththesamepromptnessinthechateaux，sothat"inonedayallhonestcitizens，thosewiththemostpropertyandfurnituretoprotect，areleftwithoutarmsatthemercyofthefirstrobberthatcomesalong。"Allreputedaristocratsaredisarmed。Assuchareconsideredthosewho"disapproveoftheenthusiasmoftheday，orwhodonotattendtheclub，orwhoharboranyunswornecclesiastic，"and，firstofall，"theofficersoftheNationalGuardwhoarenobles，beginningwiththecommanderandhisentirestaff。"——Thelatterallowtheirswordstobetakenwithoutresistance，andwithaforbearanceandpatrioticspiritofwhichtheirbrethreneverywherefurnishanexample"theyareobligingenoughtoremainattheirpostssoasnottodisorganizethearmy，hopingthatthisfrenzywillsooncometoanend，"contentingthemselveswithmakingtheircomplainttothedepartment。——Butinvainthedepartmentorderstheirarmstoberestoredtothem。TheclubbistsrefusetogivethemupsolongasthekingrefusestoaccepttheConstitution；meanwhiletheydonothesitatetosaythat"attheveryfirstgunonthefrontier，theywillcutthethroatsofallthenoblesandunswornpriests。"——AftertheroyaloathtotheConstitutionistaken，thedepartmentagaininsists，butnoattentionispaidtoit。Onthecontrary，theNationalGuard，draggingcannonsalongwiththem，purposelystationthemselvesbeforethemansionsoftheunarmedgentry；theladiesoftheirfamiliesarefollowedinthestreetsbyurchinswhosing？AIRA[27]intheirfaces，and，inthefinalrefrain，theymentionthembynameandpromisethemthelantern；"notoneofthemcouldinviteadozenofhisfriendstosupperwithoutincurringtheriskofanuproar。"——Onthestrengthofthis，theoldchiefsoftheNationalGuardresign，andtheJacobinsturntheopportunitytoaccount。Incontemptofthelawthewholebodyofofficersisrenewed，and，aspeaceablefolksdarenotdeposittheirvotes，thenewstaff"iscomposedofmaniacs，takenforthemostpart，fromthelowestclass。"Withthispurgedmilitiatheclubexpelsnuns，drivesoffunswornpriests，organizesexpeditionsintheneighborhood，andgoessofarastopurifysuspectedmunicipalities。[28]——Somanyactsofviolencecommittedintownandcountry，rendertownandcountryuninhabitable，andfortheéliteoftheproprietyowners，orforwell—bredpersons，thereisnolongeranyasylumbutParis。Afterthefirstdisarmamentsevenoreightfamiliestakerefugethere，andadozenorfifteenmorejointhemafterathreatofhavingtheirthroatscut；afterthereligiouspersecution，unswornecclesiastics，therestofthenobles，andcountlessothertownspeople，"evenwithlittlemeans，"betakethemselvesthereinamass。There，atleast，oneislostinthecrowd；oneisprotectedbyanincognitoagainsttheoutragesofthecommonalty；onecanlivethereasaprivateindividual。Intheprovincesevencivilrightsdonotexist；howcouldanyonethereexercisepoliticalrights？"Allhonestcitizensarekeptawayfromtheprimarymeetingsbythreatsormaltreatment……Theelectoralbattlefieldisleftforthosewhopayforty—fivesousoftaxes，morethanone—halfofthembeingregisteredonthepoorlist。"—Thustheelectionsaredecidedbeforehand！Theformercookistheonewhoauthorizesorcreatescandidatures，andontheelectionofthedepartmentdeputiesatthecountytown，theelectorselectedare，likehimself，trueJacobins。[29]
　　V。
　　IntimidationandwithdrawaloftheConservatives。——PopularoutbreaksinBurgundy，Lyonnais，Provence，andthelargecities。——ElectoralproceedingsoftheJacobins；examplesatAix，Dax，andMontpellier。——
　　Agitatorsgounpunishes——Denunciationsbyname。——Manoeuvreswiththepeasantry。——GeneraltacticsoftheJacobins。
　　SuchisthepressureunderwhichvotingtakesplaceinFranceduringthesummerandfallof1791。Domiciliaryvisits[30]anddisarmamenteverywhereforcenoblesandecclesiastics，landedproprietorsandpeopleofculture，toabandontheirhomes，toseekrefugeinthelargetownsandtoemigrate，[31]or，atleast，confinethemselvesstrictlytoprivatelife，toabstainfromallpropaganda，fromeverycandidature，andfromallvoting。Itwouldbemadnesstobeseeninsomanycantonswheresearchesendinariot；inBurgundyandtheLyonnais，wherecastlesaresacked，whereagedgentlemenaremauledandleftfordead，whereM。deGuillinhasjustbeenassassinatedandcuttopieces；atMarseilles，whereconservativepartyleadersareimprisoned，wherearegimentofSwissguardsunderarmsscarcelysufficestoenforcetheverdictofthecourtwhichsetsthematliberty，where，ifanyindiscreetpersonopposesJacobinresolutionshismouthisclosedbybeingnotifiedthathewillbeburiedalive；atToulon，wheretheJacobinsshootdownallconservativesandtheregulartroops，whereM。deBeaucaire，captaininthenavy，iskilledbyashotintheback，wheretheclub，supportedbytheneedy，bysailors，bynavvies，and"vagabondpeddlers，"maintainsadictatorshipbyrightofconquest；atBrest，atTulle，atCahors，whereatthisverymomentgentlemenandofficersaremassacredinthestreet。Itisnotsurprisingthathonestpeopleturnawayfromtheballot—boxasfromacenterofcut—throats。——Nevertheless，letthemcomeiftheylike；itwillbeeasytogetridofthem。AtAix，theassessorwhosedutyitistoreadtheelectors’namesisinformedthat"thenamesshouldbecalledoutbyanunsulliedmouth，that，beinganaristocratandfanatical，hecouldneitherspeaknorvote，"and，withoutfurtherceremony，theyputhimoutoftheroom。[32]Theprocessisanadmirableoneforconvertingaminorityintoamajorityandyethereisanother，stillmoreeffective。——AtDax，theFeuillants，takingthetitleof"FriendsoftheFrenchConstitution，"havesplitupwiththeJacobins，[33]and，moreover，theyinsistonexcludingfromtheNationalGuard"foreignerswithoutpropertyorposition，"thepassivecitizenswhoareadmittedintoitinspiteofthelaw，whousurptherightofvotingandwho"dailyaffronttranquilinhabitants。"
　　Consequently，onelectionday，inthechurchwheretheprimarymeetingisheld，twooftheFeuillants，Laurède，formerlycollectorofthevingtièmes，，andBrunache，aglazier，proposetoexcludeanintruder，aservantonwages。TheJacobinsatoncerushforward。Laurèdeispressedbackontheholy—waterbasinandwoundedonthehead；ontryingtoescapeheisseizedbythehair，throwndown，piercedinthearmwithabayonet，putinprison，andBrunachealongwithhim。Eightdaysafterwards，atthesecondmeetingnonearepresentbutJacobins；
　　naturally，"theyareallelected"。Theyformthenewmunicipality，which，notwithstandingtheordersofthedepartment，notonlyrefusestoliberatethetwoprisoners，butthrowsthemintoadungeon。——AtMontpellier，thedelayintheoperationisgreater，butitisonlythemorecomplete。Thevotesaredeposited，theballot—boxesclosedandsealedupandtheconservativesobtainamajority。ThereupontheJacobinclub，withtheSocietyofthe"iron—clubs，"callingitselftheExecutivepower，betakethemselvesinforcetothesectionalmeetings，burnoneoftheballots，usefirearmsandkilltwomen。TorestoreorderthemunicipalitystationseachcompanyoftheNationalGuardatitscaptain’sdoor，Themoderatesamongthemnaturallyobeyorders，buttheviolentpartydonot。Theyoverrunthetown，numberingabout2，000inhabitants，enterthehouses，killthreemeninthestreetorintheirdomiciles，andforcetheadministrativebodytosuspenditselectoralassemblies。Inadditiontothistheyrequirethedisarmament"ofthearistocrats，"andthisnotbeingdonesoonenough，theykillanartisanwhoiswalkinginthestreetwithhismother，cutoffhishead，bearitaloftintriumph，andsuspenditinfrontofhisdwelling。Theauthoritiesarenowconvincedandaccordinglydecreeadisarmament，andthevictorsparadethestreetsinabody。Inexuberanceorasaprecaution，theyfire，astheypassalong，atthewindowsofsuspectedhousesandhappentokillanadditionalmanandwoman。Duringthethreefollowingdayssixhundredfamiliesemigrate，whiletheauthoritiesreportthateverythingisgoingonwell，andthatorderisrestored。"Theelections，"theysay，"arenowproceedinginthequietestmannersincetheill—intentionedvoluntarilykeepingawayfromthem，alargenumberhavingleftthetown。"[34]Avoidiscreatedaroundtheballot—boxandthisiscalledtheunanimityofvoters。——Theeffectofsuchassassinationsisgreatandonlyafewarerequired；especiallywhentheygounpunished，whichisalwaysthecase。HenceforthallthattheJacobinshavetodoistothreaten；peoplenolongerresistthemfortheyknowthatitcoststoomuchtofacethemdown。Theydonotcaretoattendelectoralmeetingswheretheymeetinsultanddanger；theyacknowledgedefeatatthestart。HavenottheJacobinsirresistiblearguments，withouttakingblowsintoaccount？AtParis，[35]Maratinthreesuccessivenumbersofhispaperhasjustdenouncedbyname"therascalsandthieves"whocanvassforelectoralnominations，notthenoblesandpriestsbutordinarycitizens，lawyers，architects，physicians，jewellers，stationers，printers，upholsterersandotherartisans，eachnamebeinggiveninfullwiththeprofessions，addressesandoneofthefollowingqualifications，"hypocrite（tartufe），immoral，dishonest，bankrupt，informer，usurer，cheat，"nottomentionothersthatIcannotwritedown。Itmustbenotedthatthisslanderouslistmaybecomeaproscriptivelist，andthatineverytownandvillageinFrancesimilarlistsareconstantlydrawnupandcirculatedbythelocaldub，whichenablesustojudgewhetherthestrugglebetweenitanditsadversariesisafairone。—Astoruralelectors，ithassuitablemeansforpersuadingthem，especiallyintheinnumerablecantonsravagedorthreatenedbythejacqueries，（country—
　　riots）or，forexample，inCorrèze，where"thewholedepartmentissmatteredwithinsurrectionsanddevastation’s，andwherenobodytalksofanythingbutofhangingtheofficerswhoservepapers。"[36]
　　Through—outtheelectoraloperationsthesittingsofthedubarepermanent；"itselectorsareincessantlysummonedtoitsmeetings；"
　　ateachofthese"themainquestionisthedestructionoffish—pondsandrentals，theirprincipalspeakerssummingitallupbysayingthatnoneoughttobepaid。"Themajorityofelectors，composedofrustics，arefoundtobesensitivetospeecheslikethis；allitscandidatesareobligedtoexpressthemselvesagainstfishpondsandrentals；itsdeputiesandthepublicprosecutingattorneyarenominatedonthisprofessionoffaith；inotherwords，tobeelected，theJacobinspromisetogreedytenantstheincomesandpropertyoftheirowners。——Wealreadyseeintheproceedingsbywhichtheysecureone—thirdoftheofficesin1791thegermofthemethodsbywhichtheywillsecurethewholeofthemin1792；inthisfirstelectoralcampaigntheiractsindicatenotmerelytheirmaximsandpolicybut，again，thecondition，education，spiritandcharacterofthemenwhomtheyplaceinpowerlocallyaswellasatthecapital。
　　NOTES:
　　[1]LawofMay28，29，1791（accordingtoofficialstatements，thetotalofactivecitizensamountedto4，288，360）。——LawsofJuly23，Sept。12，Sept。29，1791。——BuchezetRoux，XII。310。
　　[2]BucherCtRoux，XII。33。——Mortimer—Ternaux，"HistoiredelaTerreur，"II。205，348。——Sauzay，II。ch。XVIII——AIbertBabeau，I。
　　ch。XX。
　　[3]Leninrepeatedthisperformancein1917andStalinattemptedtodothesameintherestoftheWorld。（SR）……
　　[4]Thefollowingletter，byCamilleDesmoulins（April3，1792），showsatoncethetimeconsumedbypublicaffairs，thesortofattractiontheyhad，andthekindofmenwhichtheydivertedfromtheirbusiness。
　　"Ihavegonebacktomyoldprofessionofthelaw，towhichIgivenearlyallthetimewhichmymunicipalorelectoralfunctions，andtheJacobins（club），allowme——thatistosay，verylittle。Itisverydisagreeabletometocomedowntopleadingbourgeoiscasesafterhavingmanagedinterestsofsuchimportance，andtheaffairsofthegovernment，inthefaceofallEurope。"
　　[5]Icannothelpbutthinkofthewillfulproliferationofidlefunctionaries，pensionersandotherreceiversofpublicfundswhichtodayvoteforthepartywhichrepresentstheirinterests。（SR。）
　　[6]Sauzay，II。83—89and123。AresolutionoftheinhabitantsofChalèze，who，headedbytheirmunicipalofficers，declarethemselvesunanimously"non—conformists，"anddemand"therightofusingatemplefortheexerciseoftheirreligiousopinions，belongingtothemandbuiltwiththeircontributions"Onthestrengthofthis，themunicipalofficersofChalèzearesoundlyratedbythedistrictadministration，whichthusstateswhatprinciplesare:"Liberty，indefinitefortheprivateindividual，mustberestrictedforthepublicmanwhoseopinionsmustconformtothelaw:otherwise，……hemustrenounceallpublicfunctions。"
　　[7]ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，253（letterofthedepartmentdirectory，April7，1792）。"Onthe25thofJanuary，inourreporttotheNationalAssembly，westatedthealmostgeneraloppositionwhichtheexecutionofthelawsrelatingtotheclergyhasfoundinthisdepartment……nine—tenths，atleast，oftheCatholicsrefusingtorecognizetheswornpriests。Theteachers，influencedbytheiroldcurésorvicars，arewillingtotakethecivicoath，buttheyrefusetorecognizetheirlegitimatepastorsandattendtheirservices。Weare，therefore，obligedtoremovethem，andtolookoutforotherstoreplacethem。Thecitizensofalargenumberofthecommunes，persistingintrustingthese，willlendnoassistancewhatevertotheelectionofthenewones；theresultis，thatweareobliged，inselectingthesepeople，toreferthemattertopersonswhomwescarcelyknow，andwhoarescarcelybetterknowntothedirectoriesofthedistrict。Astheyareelectedagainstthewillofthecitizens，theydonotgaintheirconfidence，anddrawtheirsalariesfromthecommunetreasury，withoutanyadvantagetopublicinstruction，"
　　[8]MercuredeFrance，Sep。3，1791。"Therightofattendingprimarymeetingsisthatofeverycitizenwhopaysataxofthreelivres；
　　owingtotheviolencetowhichopinionsaresubject，morethanone—
　　halfoftheFrencharecompelledtostayawayfromthesereunions，whichareabandonedtopersonswhohavetheleastinterestinmaintainingpublicorderandinsecuringstablelaws，withtheleastproperty，andwhopaythefewesttaxes。"
　　[9]"TheFrenchRevolution，"Vol。I。p。182andfollowingpages。
　　[10]"CorrespondenceofM。deSta？l"（manuscript），Swedishambassador，withhiscourt，Sept4，1791。"Thechangeinthewayofthinkingofthedemocratsisextraordinary；theynowseemconvincedthatitisimpossibletomaketheConstitutionwork。Barnave，tomyownknowledge，hasdeclaredthattheinfluenceofassembliesinthefutureshouldbelimitedtoacouncilofnotables，andthatallpowershouldbeinthegovernment"
　　[11]Ibid。LetterofJuly17，1791。"AllthemembersoftheAssembly，withtheexceptionofthreeorfour，havepassedaresolutiontoseparatefromtheJacobins；theynumberabout3oo。"——ThesevendeputieswhoremainattheJacobinClub，areRobespierre，Pétion，Grégoire，Buzot，Coroller，andAbbéRoyer。
　　[12]"LesFeuillants"WasapoliticalclubconsistingofconstitutionalmonarchistswhoheldtheirmeetingsintheformerFeuillantsmonasteryinParisfrom1791to1792。（SR）。
　　[13]DecreeofSept29，30，1791，withreportandinstructionsoftheCommitteeontheConstitution。
　　[14]DecreeofMay17，1791。——Malouet，XII。161。’Therewasnothinglefttousbuttomakeonegreatmistake，whichwedidnotfailtodo。"
　　[15]Afewmonthsafterthis，ontheelectionofamayorforParis，thecourtvotedagainstLafayette，andforPétion[16]M。deMontlosier，"Mémoires，"II。309。"Asfarasconcernsmyself，truthcompelsmetosay，thatIwasstuckontheheadbythreecarrotsandtwocabbagesonly。"——Archivesoftheprefectureofpolice（decisionsofthepolicecourt，May15，1790）。Moniteur，V。
　　427。"Thepromptattendanceofthemembersatthehourofmeeting，inspiteofthehootingandmurmuringsofthecrowd，seemedtoconvincethepeoplethatthiswasyetanotherconspiracyagainstliberty。"
　　[17]Thisiswhatis，todayin1998，takingplacewheneveranypoliticalfaction，dislikedbytheSocialists，trytoarrangeameeting。（SR）。
　　[18]Malout，II。50。—MercuredeFrance，Jan。7，Feb。5，andApril9，1791（letterofamemberoftheMonarchicalClub[19]Ferrières，II。222。"TheJacobinClubsentfiveorsixhundredtrustymen，armedwithclubs，"besides"aboutahundrednationalguards，andsomeofthePalais—Royalprostitutes。"
　　[20]JournaldesAmisdelaConstitution。"LetteroftheCafé
　　National！ClubatBordeaux，Jan。20，1791。——Lettersofthe"FriendsoftheConstitution，"atBrivesandCambray，Jan。19，1791。
　　[21]"TheFrenchRevolution，"I。pp。243，324。
　　[22]MercuredeFrance，Dec。18，1790，Jan。17，June8，andJuly14，1791。——Moniteur，VI。697。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，193。
　　LetterfromtheDirectoryofthedepartmentofAveyron，April20，1792。Narrativeofeventsaftertheendof1790。——May22，1791，theclubof"TheFriendsofOrderandPeace"isburnedbytheJacobins，thefirelastingallnightandapartofthenextday。（OfficialreportoftheDirectoryofMilhau，May22，1791）。
　　[23]"TheFrenchRevolution，"I。256，307。
　　[24]MercuredeFrance，Dec。14，1790（letterfromVilleneuve—St。—
　　Georges，Nov。29）。
　　[25]"ArchivesNationales，"II。1，453。CorrespondenceofM。Bercheny。
　　LetterfromPau，Feb。7，1790。"Noonehasanyideaoftheactualstateofthings，inthisoncedelightfultown。Peoplearecuttingeachother’sthroats。Fourduelshavetakenplacewithin48hours，andtenoradozengoodcitizenshavebeenobligedtohidethemselvesforthreedayspast"
　　[26]"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，249。MemorialontheactualconditionofthetownanddistrictofMortagne，departmentofOrne（November，1791）。
　　[27]Revolutionarysongwiththerefrain:"Lesaristocrates，àlalanterne，touslesaristocratesonlespendra"（allthearistocratswillhang）。（SR）
　　[28]Onthe15thofAugust，1791，themother—superioroftheH？tel—
　　Dieuhospitalisforciblycarriedoffandplacedinatavern，halfaleaguefromthetown，whiletherestofthenunsaredrivenoutandreplacedbyeightyounggirlsfromthetown。Amongothermotivesthatrequirenoticeisthehostilityoftwopharmacistsbelongingtotheclub；intheHotel—Dieuthenuns，keepingapharmacyfromwhichtheysolddrugsatcostandtherebybroughtthemselvesintocompetitionwiththetwopharmacists。
　　[29]Cf。"ArchivesNationales，"DXXIX。13。LetterofthemunicipalofficersandnotablesofChampceuiltotheadministratorsofSeine—et—
　　Oise，concerningelections，June17，1791。——Similarletters，fromvariousotherparishes，amongthemthatofCharcon，June16:"Theyhavethehonortoinformyouthat，atthetimeoftheprecedingprimarymeetings，theywereexposedtothegreatestdanger；thatthecuréofCharcon，theirpastor，wasrepeatedlystabbedwithabayonet，themarksofwhichhewillcarrytohisgrave。Themayor，andseveralotherinhabitantsofCharcon，escapedthesameperilwithdifficulty。"
　　—Ibid。，lettersfromtheadministratorsofHautes—AlpestotheNationalAssembly（September，1791），onthedisturbancesintheelectoralassemblyofGap，August29，1791。
　　[30]Policesearchesofprivatehomes。（SR）。
　　[31]"TheFrenchRevolution，"pp。159，160，310，323，324。—
　　Lauvergne，"HistoiredudépartementduVar，"（August23）。
　　[32]’"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，198，depositionofVérand—Icard，anelectoratArles，Sep。8，1791。—Ibid。，F7，3，195。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheTarascondistrict，Dec。8，1791。TwopartiesconfronteachotheratthemunicipalelectionsofBarbantane，oneheadedbytheAbbéChabaud，brotherofoneoftheAvignonbrigands，composedofthreeorfourtownsmen，andof"themostimpoverishedinthecountry，"andtheother，threetimesasnumerous，comprisingalltheland—owners，thesubstantialmétayersandartisans，andall"whoaremostinterestedinagoodadministration"Thequestionis，whethertheAbbéChabaudistobemayor。TheelectionstookplaceDec。5th，1791。Hereistheofficialreportoftheactingmayor:mayor:"We，PierreFontaine，mayor，addressedtherioters，toinducethemtokeepthepeace。Atthisverymoment，thesaidClaudeGontier，aliasBaoque，struckuswithhisfistonthelefteye，whichbruisedusconsiderably，andonaccountofwhichwearealmostblind，and，conjointlywithothers，jumpeduponus，threwusdown，anddraggedusbythehair，continuingtostrikeus，frominfrontofthechurchdoor，tillwecameinfrontofthedoora，thetownhall。"
　　[33]Ibid。，F7，3，229。LettersofM。deLaurède，June18，1791；fromthedirectoryofthedepartment，June8，July31，andSept。22，1791；
　　fromthemunicipality，July15，1791。Themunicipality"leavesthereleaseoftheprisonersinsuspense，"forsixmonths，because，itsays，thepeopleisdisposedto"insurrectioniseagainsttheirdischarge。"—Letterofmanyofthenationalguard，statingthatthefactionsformonlyapartofit。
　　[34]MercuredeFrance，Dec。10，1791，letterfromMontpellier，datedNov。17，1791。——"ArchivesNationales，"F7，3，223。Extractsfromletters，ontheincidentsofOct。9and12，1791。PetitionbyMessrs。
　　ThériandDevon，Nov。17，1791。LetteraddressedthemtotheMinister，Oct。25。LettersofM。Dupin，syndicalattorneyofthedepartment，totheMinister，Nov。14and15，andDec。26，1791（withofficialreports）。——Amongthoseassassinatedonthe14thand15thofNovember，wefindajeweler，anattorney，acarpenter，andadyer。
　　"ThispainfulScene，"writesthesyndicattorney，"hasrestoredquiettothetown。"
　　[35]BuchezetRoux，X。223（1’AmiduPeuple，June17，19，21，1791）
　　[36]"’ArchivesNationales，’F7，3204。letterbyM。MelondeTradou，royalcommissaryatTulle，Sept。8，1791
　　CHAPTERII。
　　I。
　　CompositionoftheLegislativeAssembly。——SocialrankoftheDeputies。Theirinexperience，incompetence，andprejudices。
　　Ifitbetruethatanationshouldberepresentedbyitssuperiormen，FrancewasstrangelyrepresentedduringtheRevolution。FromoneAssemblytoanotherweseethelevelsteadilydeclining；especiallyisthefallverygreatfromtheConstituenttotheLegislativeAssembly。
　　Theactorsentitledtoperformwithdrawjustastheybegintounderstandtheirparts；andyetmore，theyhaveexcludedthemselvesfromthetheatre，whilethestageissurrenderedtotheirsubstitutes。
　　"TheprecedingAssembly，"writesanambassador，[1]"containedmenofgreattalent，largefortune，andhonorablename，acombinationwhichhadanimposingeffectonthepeople，althoughviolentlyopposedtopersonaldistinctions。TheactualAssemblyisbutlittlemorethanacounciloflawyers，gottogetherfromeverytownandvillageinFrance。"
　　Inactualfact，outof745deputies，indeed，"400lawyersbelong，forthemostpart，tothedregsoftheprofession"；thereareabouttwentyconstitutionalpriests，"asmanypoetsandliterarymenofbutlittlereputation，almostallwithoutanyfortune，"thegreaternumberbeinglessthanthirtyyearsold，sixtybeinglessthantwenty—six，[2]
　　nearlyallofthemtrainedintheclubsandthepopularassemblies"。
　　Thereisnotonenobleorprelatebelongingtotheancientrégime，nogreatlandedproprietor，[3]noheadofaservice，noeminentspecialistindiplomacy，infinance，intheadministrativeormilitaryarts。Butthreegeneralofficersarefoundthere，andtheseareofthelowerrank，[4]oneofthemhavingheldhisappointmentbutthreemonths，andtheothertwobeingwhollyunknown。——AttheheadofthediplomaticcommitteestandsBrissot，itinerantjournalist，latelytravelingaboutinEnglandandtheUnitedStates。Heissupposedtobecompetentintheaffairsofbothworlds；inrealityheisoneofthosepresuming，threadbare，talkativefellows，who，livinginagarret，lectureforeigncabinetsandreconstructallEurope。Things，tothem，seemtobeaseasilyworkedoutaswordsandsentences:oneday，[5]toenticetheEnglishintoanalliancewithFrance，Brissotproposestoplacetwotowns，DunkirkandCalais，intheirhandsassecurity；
　　anotherday，heproposes"tomakeadescentonSpain，and，atthesametime，tosendafleettoconquerMexico。"——TheleadingmemberonthecommitteeonfinancesisCambon，amerchantfromMontpellier，agoodaccountant，who，atalaterperiod，istosimplifyaccountingandregulatetheGrandLivreofthepublicdebt，whichmeanspublicbankruptcy。Mean—while，hehastensthisonwithallhismightbyencouragingtheAssemblytoundertaketheruinousandterriblewarthatistolastfortwenty—threeyears；accordingtohim，"thereismoremoneythanisneededforit。"[6]Inactualfact，theguaranteeofassignatsisusedupandthetaxesdonotcomein。Theyliveonlyonthepapermoneytheyissue。Theassignatslosefortypercentum，andtheascertaineddeficitfor1792isfourhundredmillions。[7]ButthisrevolutionaryfinancierreliesupontheconfiscationswhichheinstigatesinFrance，andwhicharetobesetagoinginBelgium；hereliesallhisinvention，asystematicrobberyonagrandscalewithinandwithoutthekingdom。
　　Astothelegislatorsandmanufacturersofconstitutions，wehaveCondorcet，acold—bloodedfanaticandsystematicleveler，satisfiedthatamathematicalmethodsuitsthesocialsciencesfedonabstractions，blindedbyformul？，andthemostchimericalofpervertedintellects。Neverwasamanversedinbooksmoreignorantofmankind；
　　neverdidaloverofscientificprecisionbettersucceedinchangingthecharacteroffacts。Itwashewho，twodaysbeforethe20thofJune，amidstthemostbrutalpublicexcitement，admired"thecalmness"
　　andrationalityofthemultitude；"consideringthewaypeopleinterpretevents，itmightbesupposedthattheyhadgivensomehoursofeachdaytothestudyofanalysis。"Itishewho，twodaysafterthe20thofJune，extolledtheredcapinwhichtheheadofLouisXVI。
　　hadbeenmuffled。"Thatcrownisasgoodasanyother。MarcusAureliuswouldnothavedespisedit。"[8]——Suchisthediscernmentandpracticaljudgmentoftheleaders；fromtheseonecanformanopinionoftheflock。Itconsistsofnovicesarrivingfromtheprovincesandbringingwiththemtheprinciplesandprejudicesofthenewspaper。Soremotefromthecenter，havingnoknowledgeofgeneralaffairsoroftheirunity，theyaretwoyearsbehindtheirbrethrenoftheConstituentAssembly。TheyaredescribedinthefollowingmannerbyMalouet，[9]
　　"Mostofthem，withouthavingdecidedagainstamonarchy，haddecidedagainstthecourt，thearistocracy，andtheclergy，everimaginingconspiraciesandbelievingthatdefenseconsistedsolelyinattack。
　　Therewerestillmanymenoftalentamongthem，butwithnoexperience；theyevenlackedthatwhichwehadobtained。Ourpatriotdeputies，ingreatpart，wereawareoftheirerrors；thenoviceswerenot，theywerereadytobeginalloveragain。"
　　Moreover，theyhavetheirownpoliticalbent，fornearlyallofthemareupstartsofthenewrégime。Wefindintheirranks264departmentadministrators，109districtadministrators，125justicesandprosecuting—attorneys，68mayorsandtownofficers，besidesabouttwentyofficersoftheNationalGuard，constitutionalbishopsandcurés。Thewholeamountingto566oftheelectedfunctionaries，who，forthepasttwentymonths，havecarriedonthegovernmentunderthedirectionoftheirelectors。Wehaveseenhowthiswasdoneandunderwhatconditions，withwhatcompliancesandwithwhatcomplicity，withwhatdeferencetoclamorousopinion，withwhatdocilityinthepresenceofrioters，withwhatsubmissiontotheordersofthemob，withwhatadelugeofsentimentalphrasesandcommonplaceabstractions。SenttoParisasdeputies，throughthechoiceortolerationoftheclubs，theybearalongwiththemtheirpoliticsandtheirrhetoric。Theresultisanassemblageofnarrow，perverted，hasty，inflatedandfeebleminds；ateachdailysession，twentyword—
　　millsturntonopurpose，thegreatestofpublicpowersatoncebecomingamanufactoryofnonsense，aschoolofextravagancies，andatheatrefordeclamation。
　　II。
　　DegreeandqualityoftheirintelligenceandCulture。
　　Isitpossiblethatseriousmencouldhavelistenedtosuchweirdnonsenseuntilthebitterend？
　　"Iamatillerofthesoil，"[10]saysonedeputy，"Inowdarespeakoftheantiquenobilityofmyplow。Ayokeofoxenonceconstitutedthepure，incorruptiblelegalworthiesbeforewhommygoodancestorsexecutedtheircontracts，theauthenticityofwhich，farbetterrecordedonthesoilthanonflimsyparchment，isprotectedfromanyspeciesofrevolutionwhatever。"
　　Isitconceivablethatthereporterofalaw，thatisabouttoexileorimprisonfortythousandpriests，shouldemployinanargumentsuchsillybombastasthefollowing？[11]
　　"Ihaveseenintheruraldistrictsthehymenealtorchdiffusingonlypaleandsomberrays，or，transformedintotheflambeauxoffuries，thehideousskeletonofsuperstitionseatedevenonthenuptialcouch，placedbetweennatureandthewedded，andarresting，etc……OhRome，artthousatisfied？ArtthouthenlikeSaturn，towhomfreshholocaustsweredailyimperative？……Depart，yecreatorsofdiscord！Thesoiloflibertyiswearyofbearingyou。WouldyebreathetheatmosphereoftheAventinemount？Thenationalshipisalreadypreparedforyou。Ihearontheshoretheimpatientcriesofthecrew；Iseethebreezesoflibertyswellingitssails。LikeTelemachus，yewillgoforthonthewaterstoseekyourfather；butneverwillyouhavetodreadtheSicilianrocks，northeseductionsofaEucharis。"
　　Courtesiesofpedants，rhetoricalpersonifications，andtheinvectiveofmaniacsistheprevailingtone。Thesamedefectcharacterizesthebestspeeches，namely，anoverexcitedbrain，apassionforhigh—
　　soundingterms，theconstantuseofstiltsandanincapacityforseeingthingsastheyareandofsodescribingthem。Menoftalent，Isnard，Guadet，Vergniaudhimself，arecarriedawaybyhollowsonorousphraseslikeashipwithtoomuchcanvasforitsballast。Theirmindsarestimulatedbysouvenirsoftheirschoollessons，themodernworldrevealingitselftothemonlythroughtheirLatinreminiscences。——
　　Fran？oisdeNantesisexasperatedatthepope"whoholdsinservitudetheposterityofCatoandofSc？vola。"——IsnardproposestofollowtheexampleoftheRomansenatewhich，toallaydiscordathome，gotupanoutsidewar:betweenoldRomeandFranceof1792，indeed，thereisastrikingresemblance。——RouxinsiststhattheEmperor（ofAustria）shouldgivesatisfactionbeforethe1stofMarch；"inacaselikethistheRomanpeoplewouldhavefixedthetermofdelay；whyshouldn’ttheFrenchpeoplefixone？……""ThecircleofPopilius"
　　shouldbedrawnaroundthosepetty，hesitatingGermanprinces。WhenmoneyisneededtoestablishcampsaroundParisandthelargetowns，Lasourceproposestodisposeofthenationalforestsandisamazedatanyobjectiontothemeasure。"C？sar’ssoldiers，"heexclaims，"believingthatanancientforestinGaulwassacred，darednotlaytheaxetoit；arewetosharetheirsuperstitiousrespect？"[12]———
　　Addtothiscollegiatelorethephilosophicdregsdepositedinallmindsbythegreatsophisttheninvogue。Larivièrereadsinthetribune[13]thatpageofthe"ContratSocial，"whereRousseaudeclaresthatthesovereignmaybanishmembers"ofanunsocialreligion，"andpunishwithdeath"onewho，havingpubliclyrecognizedthedogmasofcivilreligion，actsasifhedidnotbelieveinthem。"Onwhich，anotherhissingparrot，M。Filassier，exclaims，"IputJ。J。
　　Rousseau’spropositionintotheformofamotionanddemandavoteonit。"——Inlikemanneritisproposedtograntveryyounggirlstherightofmarryinginspiteoftheirparentsbystating，accordingtothe"NouvelleHéloise"
　　"thatagirlthirteenorfourteenyearsoldbeginstosighfortheunionwhichnaturedictates。Shestrugglesbetweenpassionandduty，sothat，ifshetriumphs，shebecomesamartyr，somethingthatisrareinnature。Itmayhappenthatayoungpersonprefersthesereneshameofdefeattoawearisomeeightyearlongstruggle。"
　　Divorceisinauguratedto"preserveinmatrimonythathappypeaceofmindwhichrendersthesentimentslivelier。"[14]Henceforththiswillnolongerbeachainbut"theacquittanceofanagreeabledebtwhicheverycitizenowestohiscountry……Divorceistheprotectingspiritofmarriage。"[15]
　　Onabackgroundofclassicpedantry，withonlyvagueandnarrownotionsofordinaryinstruction，lackingexactandsubstantialinformation，flowobscenitiesandenlargedcommonplacesenvelopedinamythologicalgauze，spoutinginlongtiradesasmaximsfromtherevolutionarymanual。Suchisthesuperficialcultureandverbalargumentationfromwhichvulgaranddangerousingredientstheintelligenceofthenewlegislatorsisformed。[16]
　　III。
　　Aspectsoftheirsessions。——Scenesanddisplayattheclub。——Co—
　　operationofspectators。
　　Fromthiswecanimaginewhattheirsessionswere。"Morein—coherentandespeciallymorepassionatethanthoseoftheConstituentAssembly"[17]theypresentthesamebutintensifiedcharacteristics。
　　Theargumentisweaker，theinvectivemoreviolent，andthedogmatismmoreintemperate。Inflexibilitydegeneratesintoinsolence，prejudiceintofanaticism，andnear—sightednessintoblindness。Disorderbecomesatumultandconstantdinanuproar。Suppose，saysaneye—
　　witness，"aclassroomwithhundredsofpupilsquarrelingandeveryinstantonthepointofseizingeachotherbythehair。Theirdressneglected，theirattitudesangry，withsuddentransitionsfromshoutingtohooting……isasighthardtoimagineandtowhichnothingcanbecompared。"
　　Itlacksnothingformakingitaclubofthelowestspecies。Here，inadvance，wecontemplatethewaysofthefuturerevolutionaryinquisition。Theywelcomeburlesquedenunciations；enterintopettypoliceinvestigations；weighthetittle—tattleofportersandthegossipofservant—girls；devoteanall—nightsessiontothesecretsofadrunkard。[18]Theyenterontheirofficialreportandwithoutanydisapproval，thepetitionofM。Huré，"livingatPont—sur—Yonne，who，overhisownsignature，offersonehundredfrancsandhisarmtobecomeakilleroftyrants。"Repeatedandmultipliedhurrahsandapplausewiththefelicitationsofthepresidentisthesanctionofscandalousorridiculousprivatemisconductseekingtodisplayitselfunderthecoverofpublicauthority。AnacharsisClootz，"aMascarilleofficiallystamped，"whoproposesageneralwarandwhohawksaboutmapsofEuropecutupinadvanceintodepartmentsbeginningwithSavoy，BelgiumandHolland"andthusonwardtothePolarSea，"isthankedandgivenaseatonthebenchesoftheAssembly。[19]
　　ComplimentsaremadetotheVicarofSainte—MargueriteandhiswifeisgivenaseatintheAssemblyandwho，introducing"hisnewfamily，"
　　thundersagainstclericalcelibacy。[20]Crowdsofmenandwomenarepermittedtotraversethehalllettingoutpoliticalcries。Everysortofindecent，childishandseditiousparadeisadmittedtothebarofthehouse。[21]To—dayitconsistsof"citoyennesofParis，"desirousofbeingdrilledinmilitaryexercisesandofhavingfortheircommandants"formerFrenchguardsmen；"to—morrowchildrencomeandexpresstheirpatriotismwith"touchingsimplicity，"regrettingthat"theirtremblingfeetdonotpermitthemtomarch，no，flyagainstthetyrants；"nexttothesecomeconvictsoftheChateau—Vieuxescortedbyanoisycrowd；atanothertimetheartillerymenofParis，athousandinnumber，withdrumsbeating；delegatesfromtheprovinces，thefaubourgsandtheclubscomeconstantly，withtheirfuriousharangues，andimperiousremonstrances，theirexactions，theirthreatsandtheirsummonses。——Intheintervalsbetweenthelouderracketacontinuoushubbubisheardintheclatterofthetribunes。[22]Ateachsession"therepresentativesarechaffedbythespectators；thenationinthegalleryisjudgeofthenationonthefloor；"itinterferesinthedebates，silencesthespeakers，insultsthepresidentandordersthereporterofabilltoquitthetribune。Oneinterruption，orasimplemurmur，isnotall；therearetwenty，thirty，fiftyinanhour，clamoring，stamping，yellsandpersonalabuse。Aftercountlessuselessentreaties，afterrepeatedcallstoorder，"receivedwithhooting，"
　　afteradozen"regulationsthataremade，revised，countermandedandpostedup"asifbettertoprovetheimpotenceofthelaw，oftheauthoritiesandoftheAssemblyitself，theusurpationsoftheseintruderskeeponincreasing。Theyhaveshoutedfortenmonths"Downwiththecivillist！Downwiththeministerials！Downwiththosecurs！
　　Silence，slaves！’Onthe26thofJuly，Brissothimselfistoappearlukewarmandbestruckonthefacewithtwoplums。"Threeorfourhundredindividualswithouteitherproperty，title，ormeansofsubsistence……havebecometheauxiliaries，petitionersandumpiresofthelegislature，"theirpaidviolencecompletelydestroyingwhateverisstillleftoftheAssembly’sreason。[23]
　　IV。
　　TheParties。—The"Right。"—"Center。"—The"Left。"—OpinionsandsentimentsoftheGirondins。—TheirAlliesoftheextreme"left。"
　　Inanassemblythuscomposedandsurrounded，itiseasytoforeseeonwhichsidethebalancewillturn。——ThroughthemeshesoftheelectoralnetwhichtheJacobinshavespreadoverthewholecountry，aboutonehundredwell—meaningindividualsofthecommonrun，tolerablysensibleandsufficientlyresolute，MathieuDumas，Dumolard，Becquet，Gorguereau，Vaublanc，Beugnot，Girardin，Ramond，Jaucourt，wereabletopassandformthepartyofthe"Right。"[24]Theyresisttoasgreatanextentaspossible，andseemtohaveobtainedamajority。——For，ofthefourhundreddeputieswhohavetheirseatsinthecenter，onehundredandsixty—fourareinscribedontherollswiththemattheFeuillantsclub，whiletherest，underthetitleof"Independents，"pretendtobeofnoparty。[25]Besides，thewholeofthesefourhundred，throughmonarchicaltraditions，respecttheKing；
　　timidandsensible，violenceisrepugnanttothem。TheydistrusttheJacobins，dreadwhatisunknown，desiretobeloyaltotheConstitutionandtoliveinpeace。Nevertheless，thepompousdogmasoftherevolutionarycatechismstillhavetheirprestigewiththem；theycannotcomprehendhowtheConstitutionwhichtheylikeproducestheanarchywhichtheydetest；theyare"foolishenoughtobemoantheeffectswhileswearingtomaintaintheircauses；totallydeficientinspirit，inunionandinboldness，"theyfloatbackwardsandforwardsbetweencontradictorydesires，whiletheirpredispositiontoordermerelyawaitsthesteadyimpulsionofavigorouswilltoturnitintheoppositedirection。——Onsuchdocilematerialthe"Left"canworkeffectively。Itcomprises，indeed，butonehundredandthirty—sixregisteredJacobinsandaboutahundredotherswho，inalmostallcases，votewiththeparty；[26]rigidityofopinion，however，morethancompensatesforlackofnumbers。InthefrontrowareGuadet，Brissot，Gensonné，Veygniaud，Ducos，andCondorcet，thefuturechiefsoftheGirondists，allofthemlawyersorwriterscaptivatedbydeductivepolitics，absoluteintheirconvictionsandproudoftheirfaith。Accordingtothemprinciplesaretrueandmustbeappliedwithoutreservation；[27]whoeverwouldstophalf—wayiswantingincourageorintelligence。Asforthemselvestheirmindsaremadeuptopushthrough。Withtheself—confidenceofyouthandoftheoriststheydrawtheirownconclusionsandhugthemselveswiththeirstrongbeliefinthem。"Thesegentlemen，"saysakeenobserver，[28]
　　"professedgreatdisdainfortheirpredecessors，theConstituents，treatingthemasshort—sightedandprejudicedpeopleincapableofprofitingbycircumstances。"
　　"Totheobservationsofwisdom，anddisinterestedwisdom，[29]theyrepliedwithascornfulsmile，indicativeofthearidityproceedingfromself—conceit。Oneexhaustedhimselfinremindingthemofeventsandindeducingcausesfromthese；onepassedinturnfromtheorytoexperienceandfromexperiencetotheorytoshowthemtheiridentityand，whentheycondescendedtoreplyitwastodenythebestauthenticatedfactsandcontesttheplainestobservationsbyopposingtotheseafewtritemaximsalthougheloquentlyexpressed。Eachregardedtheotherasiftheyalonewereworthyofbeingheard，eachencouragingtheotherwiththeideathatallresistancetotheirwayoflookingatthingswaspusillanimity。"
　　Intheirowneyestheyalonearecapableandtheyalonearepatriotic。
　　BecausetheyhavereadRousseauandMably，becausetheirtongueisuntiedandtheirpenflowing，becausetheyknowhowtohandletheformul？ofbooksandreasonoutanabstractproposition，theyfancythattheyarestatesmen。[30]BecausetheyhavereadPlutarchand"LeJeuneAnacharsis，"becausetheyaimtoconstructaperfectsocietyoutofmetaphysicalconceptions，becausetheyareinafermentaboutthecomingmillennium，theyimaginethemselvessomanyexaltedspirits。
　　Theyhavenodoubtwhateveronthesetwopointsevenaftereverythinghasfalleninthroughtheirblunders，evenaftertheirobliginghandsaresulliedbythefoulgraspofrobberswhomtheywerethefirsttoinstigate，andbythatofexecutionersofwhichtheyarepartnersincomplicity。[31]Tothisextentisself—conceittheworstofsophists。
　　Convincedoftheirsuperiorenlightenmentandofthepurityoftheirsentiments，theyputforththetheorythatthegovernmentshouldbeintheirhands。ConsequentlytheylayholdofitintheLegislativebodyinwaysthataregoingtoturnagainstthemintheConvention。Theyacceptforalliestheworstdemagoguesoftheextreme"Left，"Chabot，Couthon，Merlin，Bazière，Thuriot，Lecointre，andoutsideofit，Danton，Robespierre，Marathimself，allthelevelersanddestroyerswhomtheythinkofusetothem，butofwhomtheythemselvesaretheinstruments。Themotionstheymakemustpassatanycostand，toensurethis，theyletlooseagainsttheiradversariesthelow，yelpingmobwhichothers，stillmorefactious，willto—morrowletlooseonthem。
　　V。
　　Theirmeansofaction。——DispersionoftheFeuillants’club。——
　　PressureofthetribunesontheAssembly。——Streetmobs。
　　Thus，forthesecondtime，thepretendedfreedomfightersseekpowerbyboldlyemployingforce。——TheybeginbysuppressingthemeetingsoftheFeuillantsclub。[32]Thecustomaryriotisinstigatedagainstthese，whereuponensuetumult，violentoutcriesandscuffles；mayorPétioncomplainsofhisposition"betweenopinionandlaw，"andletsthingstaketheircourse；finally，theFeuillantsareobligedtoevacuatetheirplaceofmeeting。——InsidetheAssemblytheyareabandonedtotheinsolenceofthegalleries。Invaindotheygetexasperatedandprotest。Ducastel，referringtothedecreeoftheConstituentAssembly，whichforbidsanymanifestationofapprobationordisapprobation，isgreetedwithmurmurs。Heinsistsonthedecreebeingreadattheopeningofeachsession，and"themurmursbeginagain。"[33]"Isitnotscandalous，"saysVaublanc，"thatthenation’srepresentativesspeakingfromthetribunearesubjecttohootingslikethosebestoweduponanactoronthestage！"whereuponthegalleriesgivehimthreeroundsmore。"Willposteritybelieve，"saysQuatremère，"thatactsconcerningthehonor，thelives，andthefortunesofcitizensshouldbesubject，likegamesinthearena，totheapplauseandhissesofthespectators！""Cometothepoint！"shoutthegalleries。"Ifever，"resumesQuatremère，"themostimportantofjudicialacts（anactofcapitalindictment）canbeexposedtothisscandalousprostitutionofapplauseandmenaces……""Themurmursbreakoutafresh。"——Everytimethatasanguinaryorincendiarymeasureistobecarried，themostfuriousandprolongedclamorstopstheutteranceofitsopponents:"Downwiththespeaker！Sendthereporterofthatbilltoprison！Down！Down！Sometimesonlyabouttwentyofthedeputieswillapplaudorhootwiththegalleries，andsometimesitistheentireAssemblywhichisinsulted。Fistsarethrustinthepresident’sface。Allthatnowremainsis"tocalldownthegalleriesonthefloortopassdecrees，"whichpropositionisironicallymadebyoneofthe"Right。"[34]