Theclayeysoilformedbythedisintegrationofthemicaschistandtrapisthefavoritesoilforthecoffee；anditisonthesemountainsides，andotherspossessingasimilarredclaysoil，thatthisplanthaspropagateditselfsowidelyThemeadow-landsadjacenttotheSenzaandCoanzabeingunderlaidbythatmarlytufawhichaboundstowardthecoast，andcontainingthesameshells，showthat，previoustotheelevationofthatsideofthecountry，thisregionpossessedsomedeeply-indentedbays。
　　28THSEPTEMBER，KALUNGWEMBOWewerestillonthesamepathbywhichwehadcome，and，therebeingnomosquitoes，wecouldnowbetterenjoythesceneryRangesofhillsoccupybothsidesofourpath，andthefinelevelroadisadornedwithabeautifulredflowernamedBolcamariaThemarketsorsleeping-placesarewellsuppliedwithprovisionsbygreatnumbersofwomen，everyoneofwhomisseenspinningcottonwithaspindleanddistaff，exactlylikethosewhichwereinuseamongtheancientEgyptiansAwomanisscarcelyeverseengoingtothefields，thoughwithapotonherhead，achildonherback，andthehoeoverhershoulder，butsheisemployedinthisway。
　　Thecottonwasbroughttothemarketforsale，andIboughtapoundforapennyThiswasthepricedemanded，andprobablydoublewhattheyaskfromeachotherWesawthecottongrowingluxuriantlyallaroundthemarket-placesfromseedsdroppedaccidentally。
　　Itisseenalsoaboutthenativehuts，and，sofarasIcouldlearn，itwastheAmericancotton，soinfluencedbyclimateastobeperennial。
　　Wemetintheroadnativespassingwithbundlesofcops，orspindlesfullofcottonthread，andthesetheywerecarryingtootherpartstobewovenintoclothThewomenarethespinners，andthemenperformtheweavingEachwebisabout5feetlong，and15or18incheswide。
　　Theloomisofthesimplestconstruction，beingnothingbuttwobeamsplacedoneovertheother，thewebstandingperpendicularly。
　　Thethreadsofthewebareseparatedbymeansofathinwoodenlath，andthewoofpassedthroughbymeansofthespindleonwhichithasbeenwoundinspinning。
　　ThemodeofspinningandweavinginAngola，and，indeed，throughoutSouthCentralAfrica，issoverylikethesameoccupationsinthehandsoftheancientEgyptians，thatIintroduceawoodcutfromtheinterestingworkofSirGardnerWilkinsonThelowerfiguresareengagedinspinningintherealAfricanmethod，andtheweaversintheleft-handcornerhavetheirwebintheAngolesefashion。*
　　*Unfortunately，thiswoodcutcannotberepresentedinthisASCIItext。
　　Thecaptionreads，`AncientSpinningandWeaving，perpetuatedinAfricaatthepresentdayFromWilkinson’s“AncientEgyptians“，p85，86。’
　　Theweb，orclothontheloom，mentioned，hastheverticalthreads，orthewarp，hanging，perhapsfivefeet，fromahorizontalbeam。
　　ThewoofispassedthroughfromsidetosideAL。，1997。
　　Numbersofotherarticlesarebroughtforsaletothesesleeping-places。
　　ThenativesmithstherecarryontheirtradeIboughttenverygoodtable-knives，madeofcountryiron，fortwopenceeach。
　　Laborisextremelycheap，forIwasassuredthatevencarpenters，masons，smiths，etc。，mightbehiredforfourpenceaday，andagriculturistswouldgladlyworkforhalfthatsum。*
　　*Inorderthatthereadermayunderstandthesocialpositionofthepeopleofthiscountry，IheregivethecensusofthedistrictofGolungoAltofortheyear1854，thoughthenumbersareevidentlynotallfurnished：
　　Thesepeoplepossess300idol-houses，600sheep，5000goats，500oxen，398gardens，25，120hearthsTheauthoritiesfindgreatdifficultyingettingthepeopletofurnishacorrectaccountoftheirnumbers。
　　Thiscensusisquotedmerelyforthepurposeofgivingageneralideaoftheemploymentsoftheinhabitants。
　　ThefollowingistakenfromthecensusofIcolloiBengo，andisaddedforasimilarreason：
　　3232livingwithoutthemarriagetieAllthosewhohavenotbeenmarriedbyapriestaresodistinguished。
　　Thecattleinthedistrictare：10asses，401oxen，492cows，3933sheep，1699goats，909swine；andasanannualtaxisleviedofsixpenceperheadonallstock，itisprobablethatthereturnsarelessthanthereality。
　　Beinganxioustoobtainsomemoreknowledgeofthisinterestingcountryanditsancientmissionaryestablishmentsthanthelineofroutebywhichwehadcomeafforded，IresolvedtovisitthetownofMassangano，whichissituatedtothesouthofGolungoAlto，andattheconfluenceoftheriversLucallaandCoanzaThisledmetopassthroughthedistrictofCazengo，whichisratherfamousfortheabundanceandexcellenceofitscoffeeExtensivecoffeeplantationswerefoundtoexistonthesidesoftheseveralloftymountainsthatcomposethisdistrictTheywerenotplantedbythePortuguese。
　　TheJesuitandothermissionariesareknowntohavebroughtsomeofthefineoldMochaseed，andthesehavepropagatedthemselvesfarandwide；hencetheexcellenceoftheAngolacoffee。
　　Somehaveassertedthat，asnewplantationswereconstantlydiscoveredevenduringtheperiodofourvisit，thecoffee-treewasindigenous；
　　butthefactthatpine-apples，bananas，yams，orange-trees，custardapple-trees，pitangas，guavas，andotherSouthAmericantrees，werefoundbymeinthesamelocalitieswiththerecently-discoveredcoffee，wouldseemtoindicatethatallforeigntreesmusthavebeenintroducedbythesameagencyItisknownthattheJesuitsalsointroducedmanyothertreesforthesakeoftheirtimberaloneNumbersofthesehavespreadoverthecountry，somehaveprobablydiedout，andothersfailedtospread，likealonelyspecimenwhichstandsinwhatwastheBotanicGardenofLoanda，and，thoughmostusefulinyieldingasubstituteforfrankincense，istheonlyoneofthekindinAfrica。
　　Acircumstancewhichwouldfacilitatetheextensivepropagationofthecoffeeontheproperclaysoilisthis：Theseed，whenburiedbeneaththesoil，generallydies，whilethatwhichissownbroadcast，withnocoveringexcepttheshadeofthetrees，vegetatesreadilyTheagentinsowinginthiscaseisabird，whicheatstheouterrind，andthrowsthekernelonthegroundThisplantcannotbearthedirectraysofthesun；
　　consequently，whenanumberofthetreesarediscoveredintheforest，allthatisnecessaryistoclearawaythebrushwood，andleaveasmanyofthetallforest-treesaswillaffordgoodshadetothecoffee-plantsbelowThefortunatediscovererhasthenaflourishingcoffeeplantation。
　　Thisdistrict，smallthoughitbe，havingonlyapopulationof13，822，ofwhomtenonlyarewhite，neverthelessyieldsanannualtributetothegovernmentofthirteenhundredcottoncloths，each5feetby18or20inches，oftheirowngrowthandmanufacture。
　　AccompaniedbythecommandantofCazengo，whowaswellacquaintedwiththispartofthecountry，IproceededinacanoedowntheRiverLucallatoMassanganoThisriverisabout85yardswide，andnavigableforcanoesfromitsconfluencewiththeCoanzatoaboutsixmilesabovethepointwhereitreceivestheLuinhaNearthislatterpointstandthestrong，massiveruinsofanironfoundry，erectedinthetimes1768andbytheorderofthefamousMarquisofPombal。
　　Thewholeofthebuildingswereconstructedofstone，cementedwithoilandlimeThedamforwater-powerwasmadeofthesamematerials，and27feethighThishadbeenbrokenthroughbyaflood，andsolidblocks，manyyardsinlength，werecarrieddownthestream，affordinganinstructiveexampleofthetransportingpowerofwater。
　　Therewasnothingintheappearanceoftheplacetoindicateunhealthiness；
　　buteightSpanishandSwedishworkmen，beingbroughthitherforthepurposeofinstructingthenativesintheartofsmeltingiron，soonfellvictimstodiseaseand“irregularities“Theeffortofthemarquistoimprovethemodeofmanufacturingironwasthusrenderedabortive。
　　Laborandsubsistenceare，however，soverycheapthatalmostanyamountofworkcanbeexecuted，atacostthatrendersexpensiveestablishmentsunnecessary。
　　Apartyofnativeminersandsmithsisstillkeptintheemploymentofthegovernment，who，workingtherichblackmagneticironore，produceforthegovernmentfrom480to500barsofgoodmalleableironeverymonthTheyaresupportedbytheappropriationofafewthousandsofasmallfresh-waterfish，called“Cacusu“，aportionofthetaxlevieduponthefishermenoftheCoanzaThisfishissomuchrelishedinthecountrythatthosewhodonotwishtoeatthemcaneasilyconvertthemintomoney。
　　ThecommandantofthedistrictofMassangano，forinstance，hasarighttoadishofthreehundredeverymorning，aspartofhissalary。
　　Shell-fisharealsofoundintheCoanza，andthe“Peixemulher“，orwoman-fishofthePortuguese，whichisprobablyaManatee。
　　ThebanksoftheLucallaareverypretty，wellplantedwithorange-trees，bananas，andthepalm`ElaeisGuineensis’whichyieldstheoilofcommerce。
　　Largeplantationsofmaize，manioc，andtobaccoareseenalongbothbanks，whichareenlivenedbythefrequentappearanceofnativehousesimbosomedindenseshadygroves，withlittleboysandgirlsplayingaboutthemThebanksaresteep，thewaterhavingcutoutitsbedindarkredalluvialsoilBeforeeverycottageasmallstageiserected，towhichtheinhabitantsmaydescendtodrawwaterwithoutdangerfromthealligatorsSomehavealittlepalisademadeinthewaterforsafetyfromthesereptiles，andothersusetheshellofthefruitofthebaobab-treeattachedtoapoleabouttenfeetlong，withwhich，whilestandingonthehighbank，theymaydrawwaterwithoutfearofaccident。
　　Manyclimbingplantsrunuptheloftysilk，cotton，andbaobabtrees，andhangtheirbeautifulflowersingayfestoonsonthebranches。
　　AsweapproachMassangano，thelandonbothbanksoftheLucallabecomesverylevel，andlargeportionsareleftmarshyaftertheannualfloods；
　　butallisveryfertileAsanillustrationofthestrengthofthesoil，Imaystatethatwesawtobacco-plantsingardensneartheconfluenceeightfeethigh，andeachplanthadthirty-sixleaves，whichwereeighteenincheslongbysixoreightinchesbroad。
　　ButitisnotapastoraldistrictInourdescentweobservedthetsetse，andconsequentlythepeoplehadnodomesticanimalssavegoats。
　　WefoundthetownofMassanganoonatongueofratherhighland，formedbytheleftbankoftheLucallaandrightbankoftheCoanza，andreceivedtruePortuguesehospitalityfromSenhorLubata。
　　Thetownhasmorethanathousandinhabitants；thedistricthas28，063，withonly315slavesItstandsonamoundofcalcareoustufa，containinggreatnumbersoffossilshells，themostrecentofwhichresemblethosefoundinthemarlytufaclosetothecoast。
　　Thefortstandsonthesouthsideofthetown，onahighperpendicularbankoverhangingtheCoanzaThisriverishereanoblestream，aboutahundredandfiftyyardswide，admittingnavigationinlargecanoesfromthebaratitsmouthtoCambambe，somethirtymilesabovethistown。
　　There，afinewaterfallhindersfartherascentTenortwelvelargecanoesladenwithcountryproducepassMassanganoeverydayFourgalleonswereconstructedhereaslongagoas1650，whichmusthavebeenofgoodsize，fortheycrossedtheoceantoRioJaneiro。
　　Massanganodistrictiswelladaptedforsugarandrice，whileCambambeisaverysuperiorfieldforcotton；butthebaratthemouthoftheCoanzawouldpreventtheapproachofasteamerintothisdesirableregion，thoughasmallonecouldplyonitwitheasewhenonceinItisprobablethattheobjectsofthosewhoattemptedtomakeacanalfromCalumbotoLoandawerenotmerelytosupplythatcitywithfreshwater，buttoaffordfacilitiesfortransportationTheremainsofthecanalshowittohavebeenmadeonascalesuitedfortheCoanzacanoes。
　　ThePortuguesebegananotheronasmallerscalein1811，and，afterthreeyears’labor，hadfinishedonly6000yards。
　　Nothinggreatorusefulwilleverbeeffectedheresolongasmencomemerelytogetrich，andthenreturntoPortugal。
　　ThelatitudeofthetownandfortofMassanganois9d37’46“S。，beingnearlythesameasthatofCassangeThecountrybetweenLoandaandthispointbeingcomparativelyflat，arailroadmightbeconstructedatsmallexpense。
　　ThelevelcountryisprolongedalongthenorthbankoftheCoanzatotheedgeoftheCassangebasin，andarailwaycarriedthitherwouldbeconvenientforthetransportoftheproductsoftherichdistrictsofCassange，PungoAndongo，Ambaca，Cambambe，GolungoAlto，Cazengo，Muchima，andCalumbo；inaword，thewholeofAngolaandindependenttribesadjacenttothiskingdom。
　　ThePortuguesemerchantsgenerallylooktoforeignenterpriseandtotheirowngovernmentforthemeansbywhichthisameliorationmightbeeffected；but，asIalwaysstatedtothemwhenconversingonthesubject，foreigncapitalistswouldneverruntherisk，unlesstheysawtheAngolesedoingsomethingforthemselves，andthelawssoalteredthatthesubjectsofothernationsshouldenjoythesameprivilegesinthecountrywiththemselves。
　　ThegovernmentofPortugalhasindeedshownawiseandliberalpolicybyitspermissionforthealienationofthecrownlandsinAngola；
　　butthelawgivingiteffectissofencedroundwithlimitations，andsodelugedwithverbiage，thattoplainpeopleitseemsanythingbutastraightforwardlicensetoforeignerstobecome`bonafide’landholdersandcultivatorsofthesoilAtpresentthetollspaidonthedifferentlinesofroadsforferriesandbridgesareequaltotheinterestoflargesumsofmoney，thoughbutasmallamounthasbeenexpendedinmakingavailableroads。
　　TherearetwochurchesandahospitalinruinsatMassangano；
　　andtheremainsoftwoconventsarepointedout，oneofwhichissaidtohavebeenanestablishmentofblackBenedictines，which，ifsuccessful，consideringthematerialsthebrethrenhadtoworkon，musthavebeenalaboriousundertakingThereisneitherpriestnorschoolmasterinthetown，butIwaspleasedtoobserveanumberofchildrentaughtbyoneoftheinhabitants。
　　ThecultivatedlandsattachedtoalltheseconventualestablishmentsinAngolaarenowrentedbythegovernmentofLoanda，andthitherthebishoplatelyremovedallthegoldandsilvervesselsbelongingtothem。