BehindNotre-Dame，thecloisteranditsGothicgalleriesspreadouttowardsthenorth；onthesouth，thehalf-Romanpalaceofthebishop；ontheeast，thedesertpointoftheTerrain。Inthisthrongofhousestheeyealsodistinguished，bytheloftyopen-workmitresofstonewhichthencrownedtheroofitself，eventhemostelevatedwindowsofthepalace，theH？telgivenbythecity，underCharlesVI。，toJuvénaldesUrsins；alittlefartheron，thepitch-coveredshedsofthePalusMarket；instillanotherquarterthenewapseofSaint-
GermainleVieux，lengthenedin1458，withabitoftheRueauxFebves；andthen，inplaces，asquarecrowdedwithpeople；apillory，erectedatthecornerofastreet；afinefragmentofthepavementofPhilipAugustus，amagnificentflagging，groovedforthehorses’feet，inthemiddleoftheroad，andsobadlyreplacedinthesixteenthcenturybythemiserablecobblestones，calledthe"pavementoftheLeague；"adesertedbackcourtyard，withoneofthosediaphanousstaircaseturrets，suchaswereerectedinthefifteenthcentury，oneofwhichisstilltobeseenintheRuedesBourdonnais。
Lastly，attherightoftheSainte-Chapelle，towardsthewest，thePalaisdeJusticeresteditsgroupoftowersattheedgeofthewater。Thethicketsoftheking’sgardens，whichcoveredthewesternpointoftheCity，maskedtheIslandduPasseur。Asforthewater，fromthesummitofthetowersofNotre-Dameonehardlysawit，oneithersideoftheCity；theSeinewashiddenbybridges，thebridgesbyhouses。
Andwhentheglancepassedthesebridges，whoseroofswerevisiblygreen，renderedmouldybeforetheirtimebythevaporsfromthewater，ifitwasdirectedtotheleft，towardstheUniversity，thefirstedificewhichstruckitwasalarge，lowsheafoftowers，thePetit-Chàtelet，whoseyawninggatedevouredtheendofthePetit-Pont。Then，ifyourviewranalongthebank，fromeasttowest，fromtheTournelletotheTourdeNesle，therewasalongcordonofhouses，withcarvedbeams，stained-glasswindows，eachstoryprojectingoverthatbeneathit，aninterminablezigzagofbourgeoisgables，frequentlyinterruptedbythemouthofastreet，andfromtimetotimealsobythefrontorangleofahugestonemansion，plantedatitsease，withcourtsandgardens，wingsanddetachedbuildings，amidthispopulaceofcrowdedandnarrowhouses，likeagrandgentlemanamongathrongofrustics。
Therewerefiveorsixofthesemansionsonthequay，fromthehouseofLorraine，whichsharedwiththeBernardinsthegrandenclosureadjoiningtheTournelle，totheH？teldeNesle，whoseprincipaltowerendedParis，andwhosepointedroofswereinaposition，duringthreemonthsoftheyear，toencroach，withtheirblacktriangles，uponthescarletdiskofthesettingsun。
ThissideoftheSeinewas，however，theleastmercantileofthetwo。Studentsfurnishedmoreofacrowdandmorenoisetherethanartisans，andtherewasnot，properlyspeaking，anyquay，exceptfromthePontSaint-MicheltotheTourdeNesle。TherestofthebankoftheSeinewasnowanakedstrand，thesameasbeyondtheBernardins；again，athrongofhouses，standingwiththeirfeetinthewater，asbetweenthetwobridges。
Therewasagreatuproaroflaundresses；theyscreamed，andtalked，andsangfrommorningtillnightalongthebeach，andbeatagreatdealoflinenthere，justasinourday。
ThisisnottheleastofthegayetiesofParis。
TheUniversitypresentedadensemasstotheeye。Fromoneendtotheother，itwashomogeneousandcompact。Thethousandroofs，dense，angular，clingingtoeachother，composed，nearlyall，ofthesamegeometricalelement，offered，whenviewedfromabove，theaspectofacrystallizationofthesamesubstance。
Thecapriciousravineofstreetsdidnotcutthisblockofhousesintotoodisproportionateslices。Theforty-twocollegeswerescatteredaboutinafairlyequalmanner，andthereweresomeeverywhere。Theamusinglyvariedcrestsofthesebeautifuledificesweretheproductofthesameartasthesimpleroofswhichtheyovershot，andwere，actually，onlyamultiplicationofthesquareorthecubeofthesamegeometricalfigure。Hencetheycomplicatedthewholeeffect，withoutdisturbingit；completed，withoutoverloadingit。
Geometryisharmony。Somefinemansionshereandtheremademagnificentoutlinesagainstthepicturesqueatticsoftheleftbank。ThehouseofNevers，thehouseofRome，thehouseofReims，whichhavedisappeared；theH？teldeCluny，whichstillexists，fortheconsolationoftheartist，andwhosetowerwassostupidlydeprivedofitscrownafewyearsago。
ClosetoCluny，thatRomanpalace，withfineroundarches，wereoncethehotbathsofJulian。Therewereagreatmanyabbeys，ofabeautymoredevout，ofagrandeurmoresolemnthanthemansions，butnotlessbeautiful，notlessgrand。
ThosewhichfirstcaughttheeyeweretheBernardins，withtheirthreebelltowers；Sainte-Geneviève，whosesquaretower，whichstillexists，makesusregrettherest；theSorbonne，halfcollege，halfmonastery，ofwhichsoadmirableanavesurvives；thefinequadrilateralcloisteroftheMathurins；
itsneighbor，thecloisterofSaint-Benoit，withinwhosewallstheyhavehadtimetocobbleupatheatre，betweentheseventhandeightheditionsofthisbook；theCordeliers，withtheirthreeenormousadjacentgables；theAugustins，whosegracefulspireformed，aftertheTourdeNesle，theseconddenticulationonthissideofParis，startingfromthewest。
Thecolleges，whichare，infact，theintermediateringbetweenthecloisterandtheworld，holdthemiddlepositioninthemonumentalseriesbetweentheH？telsandtheabbeys，withaseverityfullofelegance，sculpturelessgiddythanthepalaces，anarchitecturelessseverethantheconvents。Unfortunately，hardlyanythingremainsofthesemonuments，whereGothicartcombinedwithsojustabalance，richnessandeconomy。
ThechurchesandtheywerenumerousandsplendidintheUniversity，andtheyweregradedtherealsoinalltheagesofarchitecture，fromtheroundarchesofSaint-JuliantothepointedarchesofSaint-Séverin，thechurchesdominatedthewhole；and，likeoneharmonymoreinthismassofharmonies，theypiercedinquicksuccessionthemultipleopenworkofthegableswithslashedspires，withopen-workbelltowers，withslenderpinnacles，whoselinewasalsoonlyamagnificentexaggerationoftheacuteangleoftheroofs。
ThegroundoftheUniversitywashilly；MountSainte-
Genevièveformedanenormousmoundtothesouth；anditwasasighttoseefromthesummitofNotre-Damehowthatthrongofnarrowandtortuousstreetsto-daytheLatinQuarter，thosebunchesofhouseswhich，spreadoutineverydirectionfromthetopofthiseminence，precipitatedthemselvesindisorder，andalmostperpendicularlydownitsflanks，nearlytothewater’sedge，havingtheair，someoffalling，othersofclamberingupagain，andallofholdingtooneanother。A
continualfluxofathousandblackpointswhichpassedeachotheronthepavementsmadeeverythingmovebeforetheeyes；itwasthepopulaceseenthusfromaloftandafar。
Lastly，intheintervalsoftheseroofs，ofthesespires，oftheseaccidentsofnumberlessedifices，whichbentandwrithed，andjaggedinsoeccentricamannertheextremelineoftheUniversity，onecaughtaglimpse，hereandthere，ofagreatexpanseofmoss-grownwall，athick，roundtower，acrenellatedcitygate，shadowingforththefortress；itwasthewallofPhilipAugustus。Beyond，thefieldsgleamedgreen；beyond，fledtheroads，alongwhichwerescatteredafewmoresuburbanhouses，whichbecamemoreinfrequentastheybecamemoredistant。Someofthesefaubourgswereimportant:therewere，first，startingfromlaTournelle，theBourgSaint-Victor，withitsonearchbridgeovertheBièvre，itsabbeywhereonecouldreadtheepitaphofLouisleGros，~epitaphiumLudoviciGrossi~，anditschurchwithanoctagonalspire，flankedwithfourlittlebelltowersoftheeleventhcenturyasimilaronecanbeseenatEtampes；itisnotyetdestroyed；next，theBourgSaint-
Marceau，whichalreadyhadthreechurchesandoneconvent；
then，leavingthemilloftheGobelinsanditsfourwhitewallsontheleft，therewastheFaubourgSaint-Jacqueswiththebeautifulcarvedcrossinitssquare；thechurchofSaint-
JacquesduHaut-Pas，whichwasthenGothic，pointed，charming；
Saint-Magloire，afinenaveofthefourteenthcentury，whichNapoleonturnedintoahayloft；Notre-DamedesChamps，wheretherewereByzantinemosaics；lastly，afterhavingleftbehind，fullinthecountry，theMonasterydesChartreux，arichedificecontemporarywiththePalaisdeJustice，withitslittlegardendividedintocompartments，andthehauntedruinsofVauvert，theeyefell，tothewest，uponthethreeRomanspiresofSaint-GermaindesPrés。TheBourgSaint-Germain，alreadyalargecommunity，formedfifteenortwentystreetsintherear；thepointedbelltowerofSaint-
Sulpicemarkedonecornerofthetown。ClosebesideitonedescriedthequadrilateralenclosureofthefairofSaint-
Germain，wherethemarketissituatedto-day；thentheabbot’spillory，aprettylittleroundtower，wellcappedwithaleadencone；thebrickyardwasfurtheron，andtheRueduFour，whichledtothecommonbakehouse，andthemillonitshillock，andthelazarhouse，atinyhouse，isolatedandhalfseen。
Butthatwhichattractedtheeyemostofall，andfixeditforalongtimeonthatpoint，wastheabbeyitself。Itiscertainthatthismonastery，whichhadagrandair，bothasachurchandasaseignory；thatabbatialpalace，wherethebishopsofPariscountedthemselveshappyiftheycouldpassthenight；thatrefectory，uponwhichthearchitecthadbestowedtheair，thebeauty，andtherosewindowofacathedral；thatelegantchapeloftheVirgin；thatmonumentaldormitory；thosevastgardens；thatportcullis；thatdrawbridge；thatenvelopeofbattlementswhichnotchedtotheeyetheverdureofthesurroundingmeadows；thosecourtyards，wheregleamedmenatarms，intermingledwithgoldencopes；——thewholegroupedandclusteredaboutthreeloftyspires，withroundarches，wellplanteduponaGothicapse，madeamagnificentfigureagainstthehorizon。
When，atlength，afterhavingcontemplatedtheUniversityforalongtime，youturnedtowardstherightbank，towardstheTown，thecharacterofthespectaclewasabruptlyaltered。
TheTown，infactmuchlargerthantheUniversity，wasalsolessofaunit。Atthefirstglance，onesawthatitwasdividedintomanymasses，singularlydistinct。First，totheeastward，inthatpartofthetownwhichstilltakesitsnamefromthemarshwhereCamulogènesentangledCaesar，wasapileofpalaces。Theblockextendedtotheverywater’sedge。FouralmostcontiguousH？tels，Jouy，Sens，Barbeau，thehouseoftheQueen，mirroredtheirslatepeaks，brokenwithslenderturrets，intheSeine。
ThesefouredificesfilledthespacefromtheRuedesNonaindières，totheabbeyoftheCelestins，whosespiregracefullyrelievedtheirlineofgablesandbattlements。Afewmiserable，greenishhovels，hangingoverthewaterinfrontofthesesumptuousH？tels，didnotpreventonefromseeingthefineanglesoftheirfa？ades，theirlarge，squarewindowswithstonemullions，theirpointedporchesoverloadedwithstatues，thevividoutlinesoftheirwalls，alwaysclearcut，andallthosecharmingaccidentsofarchitecture，whichcauseGothicarttohavetheairofbeginningitscombinationsafreshwitheverymonument。
Behindthesepalaces，extendedinalldirections，nowbroken，fencedin，battlementedlikeacitadel，nowveiledbygreattreeslikeaCarthusianconvent，theimmenseandmultiformenclosureofthatmiraculousH？teldeSaint-Pol，wheretheKingofFrancepossessedthemeansoflodgingsuperblytwoandtwentyprincesoftherankofthedauphinandtheDukeofBurgundy，withtheirdomesticsandtheirsuites，withoutcountingthegreatlords，andtheemperorwhenhecametoviewParis，andthelions，whohadtheirseparateH？telattheroyalH？tel。Letussayherethataprince’sapartmentwasthencomposedofneverlessthanelevenlargerooms，fromthechamberofstatetotheoratory，nottomentionthegalleries，baths，vapor-baths，andother"superfluousplaces，"withwhicheachapartmentwasprovided；nottomentiontheprivategardensforeachoftheking’sguests；nottomentionthekitchens，thecellars，thedomesticoffices，thegeneralrefectoriesofthehouse，thepoultry-yards，wherethereweretwenty-twogenerallaboratories，fromthebakehousestothewine-cellars；gamesofathousandsorts，malls，tennis，andridingatthering；aviaries，fishponds，menageries，stables，barns，libraries，arsenalsandfoundries。Thiswaswhataking’spalace，aLouvre，aH？teldeSaint-Polwasthen。Acitywithinacity。
Fromthetowerwhereweareplaced，theH？telSaint-Pol，almosthalfhiddenbythefourgreathousesofwhichwehavejustspoken，wasstillveryconsiderableandverymarvelloustosee。Onecouldtheredistinguish，verywell，thoughcleverlyunitedwiththeprincipalbuildingbylonggalleries，deckedwithpaintedglassandslendercolumns，thethreeH？telswhichCharlesV。hadamalgamatedwithhispalace:theH？telduPetit-Muce，withtheairybalustrade，whichformedagracefulbordertoitsroof；theH？teloftheAbbedeSaint-Maur，havingthevanityofastronghold，agreattower，machicolations，loopholes，irongratings，andoverthelargeSaxondoor，thearmorialbearingsoftheabbé，betweenthetwomortisesofthedrawbridge；theH？teloftheComted’Etampes，whosedonjonkeep，ruinedatitssummit，wasroundedandnotchedlikeacock’scomb；hereandthere，threeorfourancientoaks，formingatufttogetherlikeenormouscauliflowers；gambolsofswans，intheclearwaterofthefishponds，allinfoldsoflightandshade；manycourtyardsofwhichonebeheldpicturesquebits；theH？teloftheLions，withitslow，pointedarchesonshort，Saxonpillars，itsirongratingsanditsperpetualroar；shootingupabovethewhole，thescale-
ornamentedspireoftheAve-Maria；ontheleft，thehouseoftheProvostofParis，flankedbyfoursmalltowers，delicatelygrooved，inthemiddle；attheextremity，theH？telSaint-Pol，properlyspeaking，withitsmultipliedfa？ades，itssuccessiveenrichmentsfromthetimeofCharlesV。，thehybridexcrescences，withwhichthefancyofthearchitectshadloadeditduringthelasttwocenturies，withalltheapsesofitschapels，allthegablesofitsgalleries，athousandweathercocksforthefourwinds，anditstwoloftycontiguoustowers，whoseconicalroof，surroundedbybattlementsatitsbase，lookedlikethosepointedcapswhichhavetheiredgesturnedup。
Continuingtomountthestoriesofthisamphitheatreofpalacesspreadoutafarupontheground，aftercrossingadeepravinehollowedoutoftheroofsintheTown，whichmarkedthepassageoftheRueSaint-Antoine，theeyereachedthehouseofAngoulême，avastconstructionofmanyepochs，wheretherewereperfectlynewandverywhiteparts，whichmeltednobetterintothewholethanaredpatchonabluedoublet。Nevertheless，theremarkablypointedandloftyroofofthemodernpalace，bristlingwithcarvedeaves，coveredwithsheetsoflead，wherecoiledathousandfantasticarabesquesofsparklingincrustationsofgildedbronze，thatroof，socuriouslydamascened，dartedupwardsgracefullyfromthemidstofthebrownruinsoftheancientedifice；whosehugeandancienttowers，roundedbyagelikecasks，sinkingtogetherwitholdage，andrendingthemselvesfromtoptobottom，resembledgreatbelliesunbuttoned。BehindrosetheforestofspiresofthePalaisdesTournelles。Notaviewintheworld，eitheratChambordorattheAlhambra，ismoremagic，moreaerial，moreenchanting，thanthatthicketofspires，tinybelltowers，chimneys，weather-vanes，windingstaircases，lanternsthroughwhichthedaylightmakesitsway，whichseemcutoutatablow，pavilions，spindle-shapedturrets，or，astheywerethencalled，"tournelles，"alldifferinginform，inheight，andattitude。Onewouldhavepronounceditagiganticstonechess-board。
TotherightoftheTournelles，thattrussofenormoustowers，blackasink，runningintoeachotherandtied，asitwere，byacircularmoat；thatdonjonkeep，muchmorepiercedwithloopholesthanwithwindows；thatdrawbridge，alwaysraised；thatportcullis，alwayslowered，——istheBastille。
Thosesortsofblackbeakswhichprojectfrombetweenthebattlements，andwhichyoutakefromadistancetobecavespouts，arecannons。
Beneaththem，atthefootoftheformidableedifice，beholdthePorteSainte-Antoine，buriedbetweenitstwotowers。
BeyondtheTournelles，asfarasthewallofCharlesV。，spreadout，withrichcompartmentsofverdureandofflowers，avelvetcarpetofcultivatedlandandroyalparks，inthemidstofwhichonerecognized，byitslabyrinthoftreesandalleys，thefamousDaedalusgardenwhichLouisXI。hadgiventoCoictier。Thedoctor’sobservatoryroseabovethelabyrinthlikeagreatisolatedcolumn，withatinyhouseforacapital。Terribleastrologiestookplaceinthatlaboratory。
Thereto-dayisthePlaceRoyale。
Aswehavejustsaid，thequarterofthepalace，ofwhichwehavejustendeavoredtogivethereadersomeideabyindicatingonlythechiefpoints，filledtheanglewhichCharlesV。’swallmadewiththeSeineontheeast。ThecentreoftheTownwasoccupiedbyapileofhousesforthepopulace。
Itwasthere，infact，thatthethreebridgesdisgorgedupontherightbank，andbridgesleadtothebuildingofhousesratherthanpalaces。Thatcongregationofbourgeoishabitations，pressedtogetherlikethecellsinahive，hadabeautyofitsown。Itiswiththeroofsofacapitalaswiththewavesofthesea，——theyaregrand。Firstthestreets，crossedandentangled，formingahundredamusingfiguresintheblock；
aroundthemarket-place，itwaslikeastarwithathousandrays。
TheRuesSaint-DenisandSaint-Martin，withtheirinnumerableramifications，roseoneaftertheother，liketreesintertwiningtheirbranches；andthenthetortuouslines，theRuesdelaPlatrerie，delaVerrerie，delaTixeranderie，etc。，meanderedoverall。Therewerealsofineedificeswhichpiercedthepetrifiedundulationsofthatseaofgables。AttheheadofthePontauxChangeurs，behindwhichonebeheldtheSeinefoamingbeneaththewheelsofthePontauxMeuniers，therewastheChalelet，nolongeraRomantower，asunderJuliantheApostate，butafeudaltowerofthethirteenthcentury，andofastonesohardthatthepickaxecouldnotbreakawaysomuchasthethicknessofthefistinaspaceofthreehours；therewastherichsquarebelltowerofSaint-
JacquesdelaBoucherie，withitsanglesallfrothingwithcarvings，alreadyadmirable，althoughitwasnotfinishedinthefifteenthcentury。Itlacked，inparticular，thefourmonsters，which，stillperchedto-dayonthecornersofitsroof，havetheairofsomanysphinxeswhoarepropoundingtonewParistheriddleoftheancientParis。Rault，thesculptor，onlyplacedtheminpositionin1526，andreceivedtwentyfrancsforhispains。TherewastheMaison-aux-Piliers，thePillarHouse，openinguponthatPlacedeGrèveofwhichwehavegiventhereadersomeidea；therewasSaint-Gervais，whichafront"ingoodtaste"hassincespoiled；Saint-Méry，whoseancientpointedarcheswerestillalmostroundarches；
Saint-Jean，whosemagnificentspirewasproverbial；thereweretwentyothermonuments，whichdidnotdisdaintoburytheirwondersinthatchaosofblack，deep，narrowstreets。
Addthecrossesofcarvedstone，morelavishlyscatteredthroughthesquaresthaneventhegibbets；thecemeteryoftheInnocents，whosearchitecturalwallcouldbeseeninthedistanceabovetheroofs；thepilloryoftheMarkets，whosetopwasvisiblebetweentwochimneysoftheRuedelaCossonnerie；theladderoftheCroix-du-Trahoir，initssquarealwaysblackwithpeople；thecircularbuildingsofthewheatmart；thefragmentsofPhilipAugustus’sancientwall，whichcouldbemadeouthereandthere，drownedamongthehouses，itstowersgnawedbyivy，itsgatesinruins，withcrumblinganddeformedstretchesofwall；thequaywithitsthousandshops，anditsbloodyknacker’syards；theSeineencumberedwithboats，fromthePortauFointoPort-l’Evêque，andyouwillhaveaconfusedpictureofwhatthecentraltrapeziumoftheTownwaslikein1482。
Withthesetwoquarters，oneofH？tels，theotherofhouses，thethirdfeatureofaspectpresentedbythecitywasalongzoneofabbeys，whichbordereditinnearlythewholeofitscircumference，fromtherisingtothesettingsun，and，behindthecircleoffortificationswhichhemmedinParis，formedasecondinteriorenclosureofconventsandchapels。Thus，immediatelyadjoiningtheparkdesTournelles，betweentheRueSaint-AntoineandtheVielleRueduTemple，therestoodSainte-Catherine，withitsimmensecultivatedlands，whichwereterminatedonlybythewallofParis。BetweentheoldandthenewRueduTemple，therewastheTemple，asinistergroupoftowers，lofty，erect，andisolatedinthemiddleofavast，battlementedenclosure。BetweentheRueNeuve-du-
TempleandtheRueSaint-Martin，therewastheAbbeyofSaint-Martin，inthemidstofitsgardens，asuperbfortifiedchurch，whosegirdleoftowers，whosediademofbelltowers，yieldedinforceandsplendoronlytoSaint-GermaindesPrés。BetweentheRueSaint-MartinandtheRueSaint-
Denis，spreadtheenclosureoftheTrinité。
Lastly，betweentheRueSaint-Denis，andtheRueMontorgueil，stoodtheFilles-Dieu。Ononeside，therottingroofsandunpavedenclosureoftheCourdesMiraclescouldbedescried。Itwasthesoleprofaneringwhichwaslinkedtothatdevoutchainofconvents。
Finally，thefourthcompartment，whichstretcheditselfoutintheagglomerationoftheroofsontherightbank，andwhichoccupiedthewesternangleoftheenclosure，andthebanksoftheriverdownstream，wasafreshclusterofpalacesandH？telspressedcloseaboutthebaseoftheLouvre。TheoldLouvreofPhilipAugustus，thatimmenseedificewhosegreattowerralliedaboutitthreeandtwentychieftowers，nottoreckonthelessertowers，seemedfromadistancetobeenshrinedintheGothicroofsoftheH？teld’Alen？on，andthePetit-Bourbon。Thishydraoftowers，giantguardianofParis，withitsfourandtwentyheads，alwayserect，withitsmonstroushaunches，loadedorscaledwithslates，andallstreamingwithmetallicreflections，terminatedwithwonderfuleffecttheconfigurationoftheTowntowardsthewest。
Thusanimmenseblock，whichtheRomanscalled~iusula~，orisland，ofbourgeoishouses，flankedontherightandtheleftbytwoblocksofpalaces，crowned，theonebytheLouvre，theotherbytheTournelles，borderedonthenorthbyalonggirdleofabbeysandcultivatedenclosures，allamalgamatedandmeltedtogetherinoneview；uponthesethousandsofedifices，whosetiledandslatedroofsoutlineduponeachothersomanyfantasticchains，thebelltowers，tattooed，fluted，andornamentedwithtwistedbands，ofthefourandfortychurchesontherightbank；myriadsofcrossstreets；forboundaryononeside，anenclosureofloftywallswithsquaretowersthatoftheUniversityhadroundtowers；ontheother，theSeine，cutbybridges，andbearingonitsbosomamultitudeofboats；
beholdtheTownofParisinthefifteenthcentury。
Beyondthewalls，severalsuburbanvillagespressedcloseaboutthegates，butlessnumerousandmorescatteredthanthoseoftheUniversity。BehindtheBastillethereweretwentyhovelsclusteredroundthecurioussculpturesoftheCroix-FaubinandtheflyingbuttressesoftheAbbeyofSaint-
AntoinedesChamps；thenPopincourt，lostamidwheatfields；
thenlaCourtille，amerryvillageofwine-shops；thehamletofSaint-Laurentwithitschurchwhosebelltower，fromafar，seemedtoadditselftothepointedtowersofthePorteSaint-
Martin；theFaubourgSaint-Denis，withthevastenclosureofSaint-Ladre；beyondtheMontmartreGate，theGrange-
Batelière，encircledwithwhitewalls；behindit，withitschalkyslopes，Montmartre，whichhadthenalmostasmanychurchesaswindmills，andwhichhaskeptonlythewindmills，forsocietynolongerdemandsanythingbutbreadforthebody。Lastly，beyondtheLouvre，theFaubourgSaint-
Honoré，alreadyconsiderableatthattime，couldbeseenstretchingawayintothefields，andPetit-Bretagnegleaminggreen，andtheMarchéauxPourceauxspreadingabroad，inwhosecentreswelledthehorribleapparatususedforboilingcounterfeiters。BetweenlaCourtilleandSaint-Laurent，youreyehadalreadynoticed，onthesummitofaneminencecrouchingamiddesertplains，asortofedificewhichresembledfromadistancearuinedcolonnade，mounteduponabasementwithitsfoundationlaidbare。ThiswasneitheraParthenon，noratempleoftheOlympianJupiter。ItwasMontfau？on。
Now，iftheenumerationofsomanyedifices，summaryaswehaveendeavoredtomakeit，hasnotshatteredinthereader’smindthegeneralimageofoldParis，aswehaveconstructedit，wewillrecapitulateitinafewwords。Inthecentre，theislandoftheCity，resemblingastoformanenormoustortoise，andthrowingoutitsbridgeswithtilesforscales；likelegsfrombeneathitsgrayshellofroofs。Ontheleft，themonolithictrapezium，firm，dense，bristling，oftheUniversity；ontheright，thevastsemicircleoftheTown，muchmoreintermixedwithgardensandmonuments。Thethreeblocks，city，university，andtown，marbledwithinnumerablestreets。Acrossall，theSeine，"foster-motherSeine，"
assaysFatherDuBreul，blockedwithislands，bridges，andboats。Allaboutanimmenseplain，patchedwithathousandsortsofcultivatedplots，sownwithfinevillages。Ontheleft，Issy，Vanvres，Vaugirarde，Montrouge，Gentilly，withitsroundtoweranditssquaretower，etc。；ontheright，twentyothers，fromConflanstoVille-l’Evêque。Onthehorizon，aborderofhillsarrangedinacircleliketherimofthebasin。Finally，farawaytotheeast，Vincennes，anditssevenquadrangulartowerstothesouth，Bicêtreanditspointedturrets；tothenorth，Saint-Denisanditsspire；tothewest，SaintCloudanditsdonjonkeep。SuchwasthePariswhichtheravens，wholivedin1482，beheldfromthesummitsofthetowersofNotre-Dame。
Nevertheless，Voltairesaidofthiscity，that"beforeLouisXIV。，itpossessedbutfourfinemonuments":thedomeoftheSorbonne，theVal-de-Grace，themodernLouvre，andI
knownotwhatthefourthwas——theLuxembourg，perhaps。
Fortunately，Voltairewastheauthorof"Candide"inspiteofthis，andinspiteofthis，heis，amongallthemenwhohavefollowedeachotherinthelongseriesofhumanity，theonewhohasbestpossessedthediabolicallaugh。Moreover，thisprovesthatonecanbeafinegenius，andyetunderstandnothingofanarttowhichonedoesnotbelong。DidnotMoliereimaginethathewasdoingRaphaelandMichael-Angeloaverygreathonor，bycallingthem"thoseMignardsoftheirage？"
LetusreturntoParisandtothefifteenthcentury。
Itwasnotthenmerelyahandsomecity；itwasahomogeneouscity，anarchitecturalandhistoricalproductoftheMiddleAges，achronicleinstone。Itwasacityformedoftwolayersonly；theRomanesquelayerandtheGothiclayer；
fortheRomanlayerhaddisappearedlongbefore，withtheexceptionoftheHotBathsofJulian，whereitstillpiercedthroughthethickcrustoftheMiddleAges。AsfortheCelticlayer，nospecimenswereanylongertobefound，evenwhensinkingwells。
Fiftyyearslater，whentheRenaissancebegantominglewiththisunitywhichwassosevereandyetsovaried，thedazzlingluxuryofitsfantasiesandsystems，itsdebasementsofRomanroundarches，Greekcolumns，andGothicbases，itssculpturewhichwassotenderandsoideal，itspeculiartasteforarabesquesandacanthusleaves，itsarchitecturalpaganism，contemporarywithLuther，Paris，wasperhaps，stillmorebeautiful，althoughlessharmonioustotheeye，andtothethought。
Butthissplendidmomentlastedonlyforashorttime；theRenaissancewasnotimpartial；itdidnotcontentitselfwithbuilding，itwishedtodestroy；itistruethatitrequiredtheroom。ThusGothicPariswascompleteonlyforamoment。Saint-
JacquesdelaBoucheriehadbarelybeencompletedwhenthedemolitionoftheoldLouvrewasbegun。
Afterthat，thegreatcitybecamemoredisfiguredeveryday。
GothicParis，beneathwhichRomanPariswaseffaced，waseffacedinitsturn；butcananyonesaywhatParishasreplacedit？
ThereistheParisofCatherinedeMedicisattheTuileries；*——theParisofHenriII。，attheH？teldeVille，twoedificesstillinfinetaste；——theParisofHenriIV。，atthePlaceRoyale:fa？adesofbrickwithstonecorners，andslatedroofs，tri-coloredhouses；——theParisofLouisXIII。，attheVal-de-
Grace:acrushedandsquatarchitecture，withvaultslikebasket-handles，andsomethingindescribablypot-belliedinthecolumn，andthicksetinthedome；——theParisofLouisXIV。，intheInvalides:grand，rich，gilded，cold；——theParisofLouisXV。，inSaint-Sulpice:volutes，knotsofribbon，clouds，vermicelliandchiccoryleaves，allinstone；——theParisofLouisXVI。，inthePantheon:SaintPeterofRome，badlycopiedtheedificeisawkwardlyheapedtogether，whichhasnotamendeditslines；——theParisoftheRepublic，intheSchoolofMedicine:apoorGreekandRomantaste，whichresemblestheColiseumortheParthenonastheconstitutionoftheyearIII。，resemblesthelawsofMinos，——itiscalledinarchitecture，"theMessidor"**taste；——theParisofNapoleoninthePlaceVendome:thisoneissublime，acolumnofbronzemadeofcannons；——theParisoftheRestoration，attheBourse:averywhitecolonnadesupportingaverysmoothfrieze；thewholeissquareandcosttwentymillions。
*Wehaveseenwithsorrowmingledwithindignation，thatitistheintentiontoincrease，torecast，tomakeover，thatistosay，todestroythisadmirablepalace。ThearchitectsofourdayhavetooheavyahandtotouchthesedelicateworksoftheRenaissance。Westillcherishahopethattheywillnotdare。
Moreover，thisdemolitionoftheTuileriesnow，wouldbenotonlyabrutaldeedofviolence，whichwouldmakeadrunkenvandalblush——itwouldbeanactoftreason。TheTuileriesisnotsimplyamasterpieceoftheartofthesixteenthcentury，itisapageofthehistoryofthenineteenth。Thispalacenolongerbelongstotheking，buttothepeople。Letusleaveitasitis。Ourrevolutionhastwicesetitssealuponitsfront。Ononeofitstwofa？ades，therearethecannon-ballsofthe10thofAugust；
ontheother，theballsofthe29thofJuly。Itissacred。
Paris，April1，1831。Notetothefifthedition。
**ThetenthmonthoftheFrenchrepublicancalendar，fromthe19thofJunetothe18thofJuly。
Toeachofthesecharacteristicmonumentsthereisattachedbyasimilarityoftaste，fashion，andattitude，acertainnumberofhousesscatteredaboutindifferentquartersandwhichtheeyesoftheconnoisseureasilydistinguishesandfurnisheswithadate。Whenoneknowshowtolook，onefindsthespiritofacentury，andthephysiognomyofaking，evenintheknockeronadoor。
TheParisofthepresentdayhasthen，nogeneralphysiognomy。Itisacollectionofspecimensofmanycenturies，andthefinesthavedisappeared。Thecapitalgrowsonlyinhouses，andwhathouses！
AttherateatwhichParisisnowproceeding，itwillrenewitselfeveryfiftyyears。
Thusthehistoricalsignificanceofitsarchitectureisbeingeffacedeveryday。Monumentsarebecomingrarerandrarer，andoneseemstoseethemgraduallyengulfed，bythefloodofhouses。OurfathershadaParisofstone；oursonswillhaveoneofplaster。
SofarasthemodernmonumentsofnewParisareconcerned，wewouldgladlybeexcusedfrommentioningthem。Itisnotthatwedonotadmirethemastheydeserve。TheSainte-GenevièveofM。SoufflotiscertainlythefinestSavoycakethathaseverbeenmadeinstone。ThePalaceoftheLegionofHonorisalsoaverydistinguishedbitofpastry。
ThedomeofthewheatmarketisanEnglishjockeycap，onagrandscale。ThetowersofSaint-Sulpicearetwohugeclarinets，andtheformisasgoodasanyother；thetelegraph，contortedandgrimacing，formsanadmirableaccidentupontheirroofs。
Saint-Rochhasadoorwhich，formagnificence，iscomparableonlytothatofSaint-Thomasd’Aquin。Ithas，also，acrucifixioninhighrelief，inacellar，withasunofgildedwood。Thesethingsarefairlymarvellous。ThelanternofthelabyrinthoftheJardindesPlantesisalsoveryingenious。
AsforthePalaceoftheBourse，whichisGreekastoitscolonnade，Romanintheroundarchesofitsdoorsandwindows，oftheRenaissancebyvirtueofitsflattenedvault，itisindubitablyaverycorrectandverypuremonument；theproofisthatitiscrownedwithanattic，suchaswasneverseeninAthens，abeautiful，straightline，gracefullybrokenhereandtherebystovepipes。Letusaddthatifitisaccordingtorulethatthearchitectureofabuildingshouldbeadaptedtoitspurposeinsuchamannerthatthispurposeshallbeimmediatelyapparentfromthemereaspectofthebuilding，onecannotbetoomuchamazedatastructurewhichmightbeindifferently——thepalaceofaking，achamberofcommunes，atown-hall，acollege，ariding-school，anacademy，awarehouse，acourt-house，amuseum，abarracks，asepulchre，atemple，oratheatre。However，itisanExchange。Anedificeoughttobe，moreover，suitabletotheclimate。Thisoneisevidentlyconstructedexpresslyforourcoldandrainyskies。
IthasaroofalmostasflatasroofsintheEast，whichinvolvessweepingtheroofinwinter，whenitsnows；andofcourseroofsaremadetobeswept。Asforitspurpose，ofwhichwejustspoke，itfulfilsittoamarvel；itisabourseinFranceasitwouldhavebeenatempleinGreece。Itistruethatthearchitectwasatagooddealoftroubletoconcealtheclockface，whichwouldhavedestroyedthepurityofthefinelinesofthefa？ade；but，ontheotherhand，wehavethatcolonnadewhichcirclesroundtheedificeandunderwhich，ondaysofhighreligiousceremony，thetheoriesofthestock-brokersandthecourtiersofcommercecanbedevelopedsomajestically。
Theseareverysuperbstructures。Letusaddaquantityoffine，amusing，andvariedstreets，liketheRuedeRivoli，andIdonotdespairofParispresentingtotheeye，whenviewedfromaballoon，thatrichnessofline，thatopulenceofdetail，thatdiversityofaspect，thatgrandiosesomethinginthesimple，andunexpectedinthebeautiful，whichcharacterizesachecker-board。
However，admirableastheParisofto-daymayseemtoyou，reconstructtheParisofthefifteenthcentury，callitupbeforeyouinthought；lookattheskyathwartthatsurprisingforestofspires，towers，andbelfries；spreadoutinthecentreofthecity，tearawayatthepointoftheislands，foldatthearchesofthebridges，theSeine，withitsbroadgreenandyellowexpanses，morevariablethantheskinofaserpent；
projectclearlyagainstanazurehorizontheGothicprofileofthisancientParis。Makeitscontourfloatinawinter’smistwhichclingstoitsnumerouschimneys；drownitinprofoundnightandwatchtheoddplayoflightsandshadowsinthatsombrelabyrinthofedifices；castuponitarayoflightwhichshallvaguelyoutlineitandcausetoemergefromthefogthegreatheadsofthetowers；ortakethatblacksilhouetteagain，enlivenwithshadowthethousandacuteanglesofthespiresandgables，andmakeitstartoutmoretoothedthanashark’sjawagainstacopper-coloredwesternsky，——andthencompare。
Andifyouwishtoreceiveoftheancientcityanimpressionwithwhichthemodernonecannolongerfurnishyou，climb——onthemorningofsomegrandfestival，beneaththerisingsunofEasterorofPentecost——climbuponsomeelevatedpoint，whenceyoucommandtheentirecapital；andbepresentatthewakeningofthechimes。Behold，atasignalgivenfromheaven，foritisthesunwhichgivesit，allthosechurchesquiversimultaneously。Firstcomescatteredstrokes，runningfromonechurchtoanother，aswhenmusiciansgivewarningthattheyareabouttobegin。Then，allatonce，behold！——foritseemsattimes，asthoughtheearalsopossessedasightofitsown，——behold，risingfromeachbelltower，somethinglikeacolumnofsound，acloudofharmony。First，thevibrationofeachbellmountsstraightupwards，pureand，sotospeak，isolatedfromtheothers，intothesplendidmorningsky；then，littlebylittle，astheyswelltheymelttogether，mingle，arelostineachother，andamalgamateinamagnificentconcert。
Itisnolongeranythingbutamassofsonorousvibrationsincessantlysentforthfromthenumerousbelfries；floats，undulates，bounds，whirlsoverthecity，andprolongsfarbeyondthehorizonthedeafeningcircleofitsoscillations。
Nevertheless，thisseaofharmonyisnotachaos；greatandprofoundasitis，ithasnotlostitstransparency；youbeholdthewindingsofeachgroupofnoteswhichescapesfromthebelfries。Youcanfollowthedialogue，byturnsgraveandshrill，ofthetrebleandthebass；youcanseetheoctavesleapfromonetowertoanother；youwatchthemspringforth，winged，light，andwhistling，fromthesilverbell，tofall，brokenandlimpingfromthebellofwood；youadmireintheirmidsttherichgamutwhichincessantlyascendsandre-ascendsthesevenbellsofSaint-Eustache；youseelightandrapidnotesrunningacrossit，executingthreeorfourluminouszigzags，andvanishinglikeflashesoflightning。YonderistheAbbeyofSaint-Martin，ashrill，crackedsinger；herethegruffandgloomyvoiceoftheBastille；attheotherend，thegreattoweroftheLouvre，withitsbass。Theroyalchimeofthepalacescattersonallsides，andwithoutrelaxation，resplendenttrills，uponwhichfall，atregularintervals，theheavystrokesfromthebelfryofNotre-Dame，whichmakesthemsparkleliketheanvilunderthehammer。AtintervalsyoubeholdthepassageofsoundsofallformswhichcomefromthetriplepealofSaint-GermainedesPrés。Then，again，fromtimetotime，thismassofsublimenoisesopensandgivespassagetothebeatsoftheAveMaria，whichburstsforthandsparkleslikeanaigretteofstars。Below，intheverydepthsoftheconcert，youconfusedlydistinguishtheinteriorchantingofthechurches，whichexhalesthroughthevibratingporesoftheirvaultedroofs。
Assuredly，thisisanoperawhichitisworththetroubleoflisteningto。Ordinarily，thenoisewhichescapesfromParisbydayisthecityspeaking；bynight，itisthecitybreathing；
inthiscase，itisthecitysinging。Lendanear，then，tothisconcertofbelltowers；spreadoverallthemurmurofhalfamillionmen，theeternalplaintoftheriver，theinfinitebreathingsofthewind，thegraveanddistantquartetteofthefourforestsarrangeduponthehills，onthehorizon，likeimmensestacksoforganpipes；extinguish，asinahalfshade，allthatistoohoarseandtooshrillaboutthecentralchime，andsaywhetheryouknowanythingintheworldmorerichandjoyful，moregolden，moredazzling，thanthistumultofbellsandchimes；——thanthisfurnaceofmusic，——thanthesetenthousandbrazenvoiceschantingsimultaneouslyintheflutesofstone，threehundredfeethigh，——thanthiscitywhichisnolongeranythingbutanorchestra，——thanthissymphonywhichproducesthenoiseofatempest。
BOOKFOURTH。
CHAPTERI。
GOODSOULS。
Sixteenyearsprevioustotheepochwhenthisstorytakesplace，onefinemorning，onQuasimodoSunday，alivingcreaturehadbeendeposited，aftermass，inthechurchofNotre-
Dame，onthewoodenbedsecurelyfixedinthevestibuleontheleft，oppositethatgreatimageofSaintChristopher，whichthefigureofMessireAntoinedesEssarts，chevalier，carvedinstone，hadbeengazingatonhiskneessince1413，whentheytookitintotheirheadstooverthrowthesaintandthefaithfulfollower。Uponthisbedofwooditwascustomarytoexposefoundlingsforpubliccharity。Whoevercaredtotakethemdidso。Infrontofthewoodenbedwasacopperbasinforalms。
ThesortoflivingbeingwhichlayuponthatplankonthemorningofQuasimodo，intheyearoftheLord，1467，appearedtoexcitetoahighdegree，thecuriosityofthenumerousgroupwhichhadcongregatedaboutthewoodenbed。Thegroupwasformedforthemostpartofthefairsex。Hardlyanyonewasthereexceptoldwomen。
Inthefirstrow，andamongthosewhoweremostbentoverthebed，fourwerenoticeable，who，fromtheirgray~cagoule~，asortofcassock，wererecognizableasattachedtosomedevoutsisterhood。Idonotseewhyhistoryhasnottransmittedtoposteritythenamesofthesefourdiscreetandvenerabledamsels。TheywereAgneslaHerme，JehannedelaTarme，HenriettelaGaultière，GauchèrelaViolette，allfourwidows，allfourdamesoftheChapelEtienneHaudry，whohadquittedtheirhousewiththepermissionoftheirmistress，andinconformitywiththestatutesofPierred’Ailly，inordertocomeandhearthesermon。
However，ifthesegoodHaudrietteswere，forthemoment，complyingwiththestatutesofPierred’Ailly，theycertainlyviolatedwithjoythoseofMicheldeBrache，andtheCardinalofPisa，whichsoinhumanlyenjoinedsilenceuponthem。
"Whatisthis，sister？"saidAgnestoGauchère，gazingatthelittlecreatureexposed，whichwasscreamingandwrithingonthewoodenbed，terrifiedbysomanyglances。
"Whatistobecomeofus，"saidJehanne，"ifthatisthewaychildrenaremadenow？"
"I’mnotlearnedinthematterofchildren，"resumedAgnes，"butitmustbeasintolookatthisone。"
"’Tisnotachild，Agnes。"
"’Tisanabortionofamonkey，"remarkedGauchère。
"’Tisamiracle，"interposedHenriettelaGaultière。
"Then，"remarkedAgnes，"itisthethirdsincetheSundayofthe~Loetare~:for，inlessthanaweek，wehadthemiracleofthemockerofpilgrimsdivinelypunishedbyNotre-Damed’Aubervilliers，andthatwasthesecondmiraclewithinamonth。"
"Thispretendedfoundlingisarealmonsterofabomination，"
resumedJehanne。
"Heyellsloudenoughtodeafenachanter，"continuedGauchère。
"Holdyourtongue，youlittlehowler！"
"TothinkthatMonsieurofReimssentthisenormitytoMonsieurofParis，"addedlaGaultière，claspingherhands。
"Iimagine，"saidAgneslaHerme，"thatitisabeast，ananimal，——thefruitof——aJewandasow；somethingnotChristian，inshort，whichoughttobethrownintothefireorintothewater。"
"Ireallyhope，"resumedlaGaultière，"thatnobodywillapplyforit。"
"Ah，goodheavens！"exclaimedAgnes；"thosepoornursesyonderinthefoundlingasylum，whichformsthelowerendofthelaneasyougototheriver，justbesideMonseigneurthebishop！whatifthislittlemonsterweretobecarriedtothemtosuckle？I’drathergivesucktoavampire。"
"HowinnocentthatpoorlaHermeis！"resumedJehanne；"don’tyousee，sister，thatthislittlemonsterisatleastfouryearsold，andthathewouldhavelessappetiteforyourbreastthanforaturnspit。"
The"littlemonster"weshouldfinditdifficultourselvestodescribehimotherwise，was，infact，notanew-bornchild。Itwasaveryangularandverylivelylittlemass，imprisonedinitslinensack，stampedwiththecipherofMessireGuillaumeChartier，thenbishopofParis，withaheadprojecting。Thatheadwasdeformedenough；onebeheldonlyaforestofredhair，oneeye，amouth，andteeth。Theeyewept，themouthcried，andtheteethseemedtoaskonlytobeallowedtobite。Thewholestruggledinthesack，tothegreatconsternationofthecrowd，whichincreasedandwasrenewedincessantlyaroundit。
DameAloisedeGondelaurier，arichandnoblewoman，whoheldbythehandaprettygirlaboutfiveorsixyearsofage，anddraggedalongveilabout，suspendedtothegoldenhornofherheaddress，haltedasshepassedthewoodenbed，andgazedforamomentatthewretchedcreature，whilehercharminglittledaughter，Fleur-de-LysdeGondelaurier，spelledoutwithhertiny，prettyfinger，thepermanentinscriptionattachedtothewoodenbed:"Foundlings。"
"Really，"saidthedame，turningawayindisgust，"Ithoughtthattheyonlyexposedchildrenhere。"
Sheturnedherback，throwingintothebasinasilverflorin，whichrangamongtheliards，andmadethepoorgoodwivesofthechapelofEtienneHaudryopentheireyes。
Amomentlater，thegraveandlearnedRobertMistricolle，theking’sprotonotary，passed，withanenormousmissalunderonearmandhiswifeontheotherDamoiselleGuillemettelaMairesse，havingthusbyhissidehistworegulators，——spiritualandtemporal。
"Foundling！"hesaid，afterexaminingtheobject；"found，apparently，onthebanksoftheriverPhlegethon。"
"Onecanonlyseeoneeye，"observedDamoiselleGuillemette；
"thereisawartontheother。"
"It’snotawart，"returnedMasterRobertMistricolle，"itisaneggwhichcontainsanotherdemonexactlysimilar，whobearsanotherlittleeggwhichcontainsanotherdevil，andsoon。"
"Howdoyouknowthat？"askedGuillemettelaMairesse。
"Iknowitpertinently，"repliedtheprotonotary。
"Monsieurleprotonotare，"askedGauchère，"whatdoyouprognosticateofthispretendedfoundling？"
"Thegreatestmisfortunes，"repliedMistricolle。
"Ah！goodheavens！"saidanoldwomanamongthespectators，"andthatbesidesourhavinghadaconsiderablepestilencelastyear，andthattheysaythattheEnglisharegoingtodisembarkinacompanyatHarfleur。"
"PerhapsthatwillpreventthequeenfromcomingtoParisinthemonthofSeptember，"interposedanother；"tradeissobadalready。"
"Myopinionis，"exclaimedJehannedelaTarme，"thatitwouldbebetterfortheloutsofParis，ifthislittlemagicianwereputtobedonafagotthanonaplank。"
"Afine，flamingfagot，"addedtheoldwoman。
"Itwouldbemoreprudent，"saidMistricolle。
Forseveralminutes，ayoungpriesthadbeenlisteningtothereasoningoftheHaudriettesandthesentencesofthenotary。Hehadasevereface，withalargebrow，aprofoundglance。Hethrustthecrowdsilentlyaside，scrutinizedthe"littlemagician，"andstretchedouthishanduponhim。Itwashightime，forallthedevoteeswerealreadylickingtheirchopsoverthe"fine，flamingfagot。"
"Iadoptthischild，"saidthepriest。
Hetookitinhiscassockandcarrieditoff。Thespectatorsfollowedhimwithfrightenedglances。Amomentlater，hehaddisappearedthroughthe"RedDoor，"whichthenledfromthechurchtothecloister。
Whenthefirstsurprisewasover，JehannedelaTarmebentdowntotheearoflaGaultière，——
"Itoldyouso，sister，——thatyoungclerk，MonsieurClaudeFrollo，isasorcerer。"
CHAPTERII。
CLAUDEFROLLO。
Infact，ClaudeFrollowasnocommonperson。
Hebelongedtooneofthosemiddle-classfamilieswhichwerecalledindifferently，intheimpertinentlanguageofthelastcentury，thehigh~bourgeoise~orthepettynobility。ThisfamilyhadinheritedfromthebrothersPacletthefiefofTirechappe，whichwasdependentupontheBishopofParis，andwhosetwenty-onehouseshadbeeninthethirteenthcenturytheobjectofsomanysuitsbeforetheofficial。Aspossessorofthisfief，ClaudeFrollowasoneofthetwenty-sevenseigneurskeepingclaimtoamanorinfeeinParisanditssuburbs；andforalongtime，hisnamewastobeseeninscribedinthisquality，betweentheH？teldeTancarville，belongingtoMasterFran？oisLeRez，andthecollegeofTours，intherecordsdepositedatSaintMartindesChamps。
ClaudeFrollohadbeendestinedfrominfancy，byhisparents，totheecclesiasticalprofession。HehadbeentaughttoreadinLatin；hehadbeentrainedtokeephiseyesonthegroundandtospeaklow。Whilestillachild，hisfatherhadcloisteredhiminthecollegeofTorchiintheUniversity。
Thereitwasthathehadgrownup，onthemissalandthelexicon。
Moreover，hewasasad，grave，seriouschild，whostudiedardently，andlearnedquickly；heneverutteredaloudcryinrecreationhour，mixedbutlittleinthebacchanalsoftheRueduFouarre，didnotknowwhatitwasto~darealapasetcapilloslaniare~，andhadcutnofigureinthatrevoltof1463，whichtheannalistsregistergravely，underthetitleof"ThesixthtroubleoftheUniversity。"HeseldomralliedthepoorstudentsofMontaiguonthe~cappettes~fromwhichtheyderivedtheirname，orthebursarsofthecollegeofDormansontheirshavedtonsure，andtheirsurtoutparti-coloredofbluish-green，blue，andvioletcloth，~azurinicolorisetbruni~，assaysthecharteroftheCardinaldesQuatre-Couronnes。
Ontheotherhand，hewasassiduousatthegreatandthesmallschoolsoftheRueSaintJeandeBeauvais。ThefirstpupilwhomtheAbbédeSaintPierredeVal，atthemomentofbeginninghisreadingoncanonlaw，alwaysperceived，gluedtoapillaroftheschoolSaint-Vendregesile，oppositehisrostrum，wasClaudeFrollo，armedwithhishornink-bottle，bitinghispen，scribblingonhisthreadbareknee，and，inwinter，blowingonhisfingers。ThefirstauditorwhomMessireMilesd’Isliers，doctorindecretals，sawarriveeveryMondaymorning，allbreathless，attheopeningofthegatesoftheschooloftheChef-Saint-Denis，wasClaudeFrollo。Thus，atsixteenyearsofage，theyoungclerkmighthaveheldhisown，inmysticaltheology，againstafatherofthechurch；incanonicaltheology，againstafatherofthecouncils；inscholastictheology，againstadoctorofSorbonne。
Theologyconquered，hehadplungedintodecretals。Fromthe"MasterofSentences，"hehadpassedtothe"CapitulariesofCharlemagne；"andhehaddevouredinsuccession，inhisappetiteforscience，decretalsupondecretals，thoseofTheodore，BishopofHispalus；thoseofBouchard，BishopofWorms；thoseofYves，BishopofChartres；nextthedecretalofGratian，whichsucceededthecapitulariesofCharlemagne；
thenthecollectionofGregoryIX。；thentheEpistleof~Superspecula~，ofHonoriusIII。Herenderedclearandfamiliartohimselfthatvastandtumultuousperiodofcivillawandcanonlawinconflictandatstrifewitheachother，inthechaosoftheMiddleAges，——aperiodwhichBishopTheodoreopensin618，andwhichPopeGregoryclosesin1227。
Decretalsdigested，heflunghimselfuponmedicine，ontheliberalarts。Hestudiedthescienceofherbs，thescienceofunguents；hebecameanexpertinfeversandincontusions，insprainsandabcesses。Jacquesd’Esparswouldhavereceivedhimasaphysician；RichardHellain，asasurgeon。
Healsopassedthroughallthedegreesoflicentiate，master，anddoctorofarts。Hestudiedthelanguages，Latin，Greek，Hebrew，atriplesanctuarythenverylittlefrequented。Hiswasaveritablefeverforacquiringandhoarding，inthematterofscience。Attheageofeighteen，hehadmadehiswaythroughthefourfaculties；itseemedtotheyoungmanthatlifehadbutonesoleobject:learning。
Itwastowardsthisepoch，thattheexcessiveheatofthesummerof1466causedthatgrandoutburstoftheplaguewhichcarriedoffmorethanfortythousandsoulsinthevicomtyofParis，andamongothers，asJeandeTroyesstates，"MasterArnoul，astrologertotheking，whowasaveryfineman，bothwiseandpleasant。"TherumorspreadintheUniversitythattheRueTirechappewasespeciallydevastatedbythemalady。ItwastherethatClaude’sparentsresided，inthemidstoftheirfief。Theyoungscholarrushedingreatalarmtothepaternalmansion。Whenheenteredit，hefoundthatbothfatherandmotherhaddiedontheprecedingday。
Averyyoungbrotherofhis，whowasinswaddlingclothes，wasstillaliveandcryingabandonedinhiscradle。ThiswasallthatremainedtoClaudeofhisfamily；theyoungmantookthechildunderhisarmandwentoffinapensivemood。
Uptothatmoment，hehadlivedonlyinscience；henowbegantoliveinlife。
ThiscatastrophewasacrisisinClaude’sexistence。
Orphaned，theeldest，headofthefamilyattheageofnineteen，hefelthimselfrudelyrecalledfromthereveriesofschooltotherealitiesofthisworld。Then，movedwithpity，hewasseizedwithpassionanddevotiontowardsthatchild，hisbrother；asweetandstrangethingwasahumanaffectiontohim，whohadhithertolovedhisbooksalone。
Thisaffectiondevelopedtoasingularpoint；inasoulsonew，itwaslikeafirstlove。Separatedsinceinfancyfromhisparents，whomhehadhardlyknown；cloisteredandimmured，asitwere，inhisbooks；eageraboveallthingstostudyandtolearn；exclusivelyattentiveuptothattime，tohisintelligencewhichbroadenedinscience，tohisimagination，whichexpandedinletters，——thepoorscholarhadnotyethadtimetofeeltheplaceofhisheart。
Thisyoungbrother，withoutmotherorfather，thislittlechildwhichhadfallenabruptlyfromheavenintohisarms，madeanewmanofhim。HeperceivedthattherewassomethingelseintheworldbesidesthespeculationsoftheSorbonne，andtheversesofHomer；thatmanneededaffections；thatlifewithouttendernessandwithoutlovewasonlyasetofdry，shrieking，andrendingwheels。Only，heimagined，forhewasattheagewhenillusionsareasyetreplacedonlybyillusions，thattheaffectionsofbloodandfamilywerethesoleonesnecessary，andthatalittlebrothertolovesufficedtofillanentireexistence。
Hethrewhimself，therefore，intotheloveforhislittleJehanwiththepassionofacharacteralreadyprofound，ardent，concentrated；thatpoorfrailcreature，pretty，fair-
haired，rosy，andcurly，——thatorphanwithanotherorphanforhisonlysupport，touchedhimtothebottomofhisheart；
andgravethinkerashewas，hesettomeditatinguponJehanwithaninfinitecompassion。Hekeptwatchandwardoverhimasoversomethingveryfragile，andveryworthyofcare。
Hewasmorethanabrothertothechild；hebecameamothertohim。
LittleJehanhadlosthismotherwhilehewasstillatthebreast；Claudegavehimtoanurse。BesidesthefiefofTirechappe，hehadinheritedfromhisfatherthefiefofMoulin，whichwasadependencyofthesquaretowerofGentilly；
itwasamillonahill，nearthechateauofWinchestreBicêtre。Therewasamiller’swifetherewhowasnursingafinechild；itwasnotfarfromtheuniversity，andClaudecarriedthelittleJehantoherinhisownarms。
Fromthattimeforth，feelingthathehadaburdentobear，hetooklifeveryseriously。Thethoughtofhislittlebrotherbecamenotonlyhisrecreation，buttheobjectofhisstudies。
HeresolvedtoconsecratehimselfentirelytoafutureforwhichhewasresponsibleinthesightofGod，andnevertohaveanyotherwife，anyotherchildthanthehappinessandfortuneofhisbrother。Therefore，heattachedhimselfmorecloselythanevertotheclericalprofession。Hismerits，hislearning，hisqualityofimmediatevassaloftheBishopofParis，threwthedoorsofthechurchwideopentohim。Attheageoftwenty，byspecialdispensationoftheHolySee，hewasapriest，andservedastheyoungestofthechaplainsofNotre-Damethealtarwhichiscalled，becauseofthelatemasswhichissaidthere，~altarepigrorum~。
There，plungedmoredeeplythaneverinhisdearbooks，whichhequittedonlytorunforanhourtothefiefofMoulin，thismixtureoflearningandausterity，sorareathisage，hadpromptlyacquiredforhimtherespectandadmirationofthemonastery。Fromthecloister，hisreputationasalearnedmanhadpassedtothepeople，amongwhomithadchangedalittle，afrequentoccurrenceatthattime，intoreputationasasorcerer。
Itwasatthemomentwhenhewasreturning，onQuasimododay，fromsayinghismassattheAltaroftheLazy，whichwasbythesideofthedoorleadingtothenaveontheright，neartheimageoftheVirgin，thathisattentionhadbeenattractedbythegroupofoldwomenchatteringaroundthebedforfoundlings。
Thenitwasthatheapproachedtheunhappylittlecreature，whichwassohatedandsomenaced。Thatdistress，thatdeformity，thatabandonment，thethoughtofhisyoungbrother，theideawhichsuddenlyoccurredtohim，thatifheweretodie，hisdearlittleJehanmightalsobeflungmiserablyontheplankforfoundlings，——allthishadgonetohisheartsimultaneously；agreatpityhadmovedinhim，andhehadcarriedoffthechild。
Whenheremovedthechildfromthesack，hefounditgreatlydeformed，inverysooth。Thepoorlittlewretchhadawartonhislefteye，hisheadplaceddirectlyonhisshoulders，hisspinalcolumnwascrooked，hisbreastboneprominent，andhislegsbowed；butheappearedtobelively；andalthoughitwasimpossibletosayinwhatlanguagehelisped，hiscryindicatedconsiderableforceandhealth。Claude’scompassionincreasedatthesightofthisugliness；andhemadeavowinhishearttorearthechildfortheloveofhisbrother，inorderthat，whatevermightbethefuturefaultsofthelittleJehan，heshouldhavebesidehimthatcharitydoneforhissake。Itwasasortofinvestmentofgoodworks，whichhewaseffectinginthenameofhisyoungbrother；itwasastockofgoodworkswhichhewishedtoamassinadvanceforhim，incasethelittlerogueshouldsomedayfindhimselfshortofthatcoin，theonlysortwhichisreceivedatthetoll-barofparadise。
Hebaptizedhisadoptedchild，andgavehimthenameofQuasimodo，eitherbecausehedesiredtherebytomarktheday，whenhehadfoundhim，orbecausehewishedtodesignatebythatnametowhatadegreethepoorlittlecreaturewasincomplete，andhardlysketchedout。Infact，Quasimodo，blind，hunchbacked，knock-kneed，wasonlyan"almost。"
CHAPTERIII。
~IMMANISPECORISCUSTOS，IMMANIORIPSE~。
Now，in1482，Quasimodohadgrownup。HehadbecomeafewyearspreviouslythebellringerofNotre-Dame，thankstohisfatherbyadoption，ClaudeFrollo，——whohadbecomearchdeaconofJosas，thankstohissuzerain，MessireLouisdeBeaumont，——whohadbecomeBishopofParis，atthedeathofGuillaumeChartierin1472，thankstohispatron，OlivierLeDaim，barbertoLouisXI。，kingbythegraceofGod。
SoQuasimodowastheringerofthechimesofNotre-Dame。
Inthecourseoftimetherehadbeenformedacertainpeculiarlyintimatebondwhichunitedtheringertothechurch。
Separatedforeverfromtheworld，bythedoublefatalityofhisunknownbirthandhisnaturaldeformity，imprisonedfromhisinfancyinthatimpassabledoublecircle，thepoorwretchhadgrownusedtoseeingnothinginthisworldbeyondthereligiouswallswhichhadreceivedhimundertheirshadow。
Notre-Damehadbeentohimsuccessively，ashegrewupanddeveloped，theegg，thenest，thehouse，thecountry，theuniverse。
Therewascertainlyasortofmysteriousandpre-existingharmonybetweenthiscreatureandthischurch。When，stillalittlefellow，hehaddraggedhimselftortuouslyandbyjerksbeneaththeshadowsofitsvaults，heseemed，withhishumanfaceandhisbestiallimbs，thenaturalreptileofthathumidandsombrepavement，uponwhichtheshadowoftheRomanesquecapitalscastsomanystrangeforms。
Lateron，thefirsttimethathecaughthold，mechanically，oftheropestothetowers，andhungsuspendedfromthem，andsetthebelltoclanging，itproduceduponhisadoptedfather，Claude，theeffectofachildwhosetongueisunloosedandwhobeginstospeak。
Itisthusthat，littlebylittle，developingalwaysinsympathywiththecathedral，livingthere，sleepingthere，hardlyeverleavingit，subjecteveryhourtothemysteriousimpress，hecametoresembleit，heincrustedhimselfinit，sotospeak，andbecameanintegralpartofit。Hissalientanglesfittedintotheretreatinganglesofthecathedralifwemaybeallowedthisfigureofspeech，andheseemednotonlyitsinhabitantbutmorethanthat，itsnaturaltenant。Onemightalmostsaythathehadassumeditsform，asthesnailtakesontheformofitsshell。Itwashisdwelling，hishole，hisenvelope。
Thereexistedbetweenhimandtheoldchurchsoprofoundaninstinctivesympathy，somanymagneticaffinities，somanymaterialaffinities，thatheadheredtoitsomewhatasatortoiseadherestoitsshell。Theroughandwrinkledcathedralwashisshell。
Itisuselesstowarnthereadernottotakeliterallyallthesimileswhichweareobligedtoemployheretoexpressthesingular，symmetrical，direct，almostconsubstantialunionofamanandanedifice。Itisequallyunnecessarytostatetowhatadegreethatwholecathedralwasfamiliartohim，aftersolongandsointimateacohabitation。Thatdwellingwaspeculiartohim。IthadnodepthstowhichQuasimodohadnotpenetrated，noheightwhichhehadnotscaled。Heoftenclimbedmanystonesupthefront，aidedsolelybytheunevenpointsofthecarving。Thetowers，onwhoseexteriorsurfacehewasfrequentlyseenclambering，likealizardglidingalongaperpendicularwall，thosetwogigantictwins，solofty，somenacing，soformidable，possessedforhimneithervertigo，norterror，norshocksofamazement。
Toseethemsogentleunderhishand，soeasytoscale，onewouldhavesaidthathehadtamedthem。Bydintofleaping，climbing，gambollingamidtheabyssesofthegiganticcathedralhehadbecome，insomesort，amonkeyandagoat，liketheCalabrianchildwhoswimsbeforehewalks，andplayswiththeseawhilestillababe。
Moreover，itwasnothisbodyalonewhichseemedfashionedaftertheCathedral，buthismindalso。Inwhatconditionwasthatmind？Whatbenthaditcontracted，whatformhaditassumedbeneaththatknottedenvelope，inthatsavagelife？Thisitwouldbehardtodetermine。Quasimodohadbeenbornone-eyed，hunchbacked，lame。Itwaswithgreatdifficulty，andbydintofgreatpatiencethatClaudeFrollohadsucceededinteachinghimtotalk。Butafatalitywasattachedtothepoorfoundling。BellringerofNotre-Dameattheageoffourteen，anewinfirmityhadcometocompletehismisfortunes:thebellshadbrokenthedrumsofhisears；
hehadbecomedeaf。Theonlygatewhichnaturehadleftwideopenforhimhadbeenabruptlyclosed，andforever。
Inclosing，ithadcutofftheonlyrayofjoyandoflightwhichstillmadeitswayintothesoulofQuasimodo。Hissoulfellintoprofoundnight。Thewretchedbeing’smiserybecameasincurableandascompleteashisdeformity。Letusaddthathisdeafnessrenderedhimtosomeextentdumb。
For，inordernottomakeotherslaugh，theverymomentthathefoundhimselftobedeaf，heresolveduponasilencewhichheonlybrokewhenhewasalone。HevoluntarilytiedthattonguewhichClaudeFrollohadtakensomuchpainstounloose。
Hence，itcameabout，thatwhennecessityconstrainedhimtospeak，histonguewastorpid，awkward，andlikeadoorwhosehingeshavegrownrusty。
IfnowweweretotrytopenetratetothesoulofQuasimodothroughthatthick，hardrind；ifwecouldsoundthedepthsofthatbadlyconstructedorganism；ifitweregrantedtoustolookwithatorchbehindthosenon-transparentorganstoexploretheshadowyinteriorofthatopaquecreature，toelucidatehisobscurecorners，hisabsurdno-thoroughfares，andsuddenlytocastavividlightuponthesoulenchainedattheextremityofthatcave，weshould，nodoubt，findtheunhappyPsycheinsomepoor，cramped，andrickettyattitude，likethoseprisonersbeneaththeLeadsofVenice，whogrewoldbentdoubleinastoneboxwhichwasbothtoolowandtooshortforthem。
Itiscertainthatthemindbecomesatrophiedinadefectivebody。Quasimodowasbarelyconsciousofasoulcastinhisownimage，movingblindlywithinhim。Theimpressionsofobjectsunderwentaconsiderablerefractionbeforereachinghismind。Hisbrainwasapeculiarmedium；theideaswhichpassedthroughitissuedforthcompletelydistorted。Thereflectionwhichresultedfromthisrefractionwas，necessarily，divergentandperverted。
Henceathousandopticalillusions，athousandaberrationsofjudgment，athousanddeviations，inwhichhisthoughtstrayed，nowmad，nowidiotic。
Thefirsteffectofthisfatalorganizationwastotroubletheglancewhichhecastuponthings。Hereceivedhardlyanyimmediateperceptionofthem。Theexternalworldseemedmuchfartherawaytohimthanitdoestous。
Thesecondeffectofhismisfortunewastorenderhimmalicious。
Hewasmalicious，infact，becausehewassavage；hewassavagebecausehewasugly。Therewaslogicinhisnature，asthereisinours。
Hisstrength，soextraordinarilydeveloped，wasacauseofstillgreatermalevolence:"~Maluspuerrobustus~，"saysHobbes。
Thisjusticemust，howeverberenderedtohim。Malevolencewasnot，perhaps，innateinhim。Fromhisveryfirststepsamongmen，hehadfelthimself，lateronhehadseenhimself，spewedout，blasted，rejected。Humanwordswere，forhim，alwaysarailleryoramalediction。Ashegrewup，hehadfoundnothingbuthatredaroundhim。Hehadcaughtthegeneralmalevolence。Hehadpickeduptheweaponwithwhichhehadbeenwounded。
Afterall，heturnedhisfacetowardsmenonlywithreluctance；hiscathedralwassufficientforhim。Itwaspeopledwithmarblefigures，——kings，saints，bishops，——whoatleastdidnotburstoutlaughinginhisface，andwhogazeduponhimonlywithtranquillityandkindliness。Theotherstatues，thoseofthemonstersanddemons，cherishednohatredforhim，Quasimodo。Heresembledthemtoomuchforthat。
Theyseemedrather，tobescoffingatothermen。Thesaintswerehisfriends，andblessedhim；themonsterswerehisfriendsandguardedhim。Soheheldlongcommunionwiththem。Hesometimespassedwholehourscrouchingbeforeoneofthesestatues，insolitaryconversationwithit。Ifanyonecame，hefledlikealoversurprisedinhisserenade。
Andthecathedralwasnotonlysocietyforhim，buttheuniverse，andallnaturebeside。Hedreamedofnootherhedgerowsthanthepaintedwindows，alwaysinflower；noothershadethanthatofthefoliageofstonewhichspreadout，loadedwithbirds，inthetuftsoftheSaxoncapitals；ofnoothermountainsthanthecolossaltowersofthechurch；ofnootheroceanthanParis，roaringattheirbases。
Whathelovedaboveallelseinthematernaledifice，thatwhicharousedhissoul，andmadeitopenitspoorwings，whichitkeptsomiserablyfoldedinitscavern，thatwhichsometimesrenderedhimevenhappy，wasthebells。Helovedthem，fondledthem，talkedtothem，understoodthem。
Fromthechimeinthespire，overtheintersectionoftheaislesandnave，tothegreatbellofthefront，hecherishedatendernessforthemall。Thecentralspireandthetwotowersweretohimasthreegreatcages，whosebirds，rearedbyhimself，sangforhimalone。Yetitwastheseverybellswhichhadmadehimdeaf；butmothersoftenlovebestthatchildwhichhascausedthemthemostsuffering。
Itistruethattheirvoicewastheonlyonewhichhecouldstillhear。Onthisscore，thebigbellwashisbeloved。Itwasshewhomhepreferredoutofallthatfamilyofnoisygirlswhichbustledabovehim，onfestivaldays。ThisbellwasnamedMarie。Shewasaloneinthesoutherntower，withhersisterJacqueline，abelloflessersize，shutupinasmallercagebesidehers。ThisJacquelinewassocalledfromthenameofthewifeofJeanMontagu，whohadgivenittothechurch，whichhadnotpreventedhisgoingandfiguringwithouthisheadatMontfau？on。Inthesecondtowerthereweresixotherbells，and，finally，sixsmalleronesinhabitedthebelfryoverthecrossing，withthewoodenbell，whichrangonlybetweenafterdinneronGoodFridayandthemorningofthedaybeforeEaster。SoQuasimodohadfifteenbellsinhisseraglio；butbigMariewashisfavorite。
Noideacanbeformedofhisdelightondayswhenthegrandpealwassounded。Atthemomentwhenthearchdeacondismissedhim，andsaid，"Go！"hemountedthespiralstaircaseoftheclocktowerfasterthananyoneelsecouldhavedescendedit。Heenteredperfectlybreathlessintotheaerialchamberofthegreatbell；hegazedatheramoment，devoutlyandlovingly；thenhegentlyaddressedherandpattedherwithhishand，likeagoodhorse，whichisabouttosetoutonalongjourney。Hepitiedherforthetroublethatshewasabouttosuffer。Afterthesefirstcaresses，heshoutedtohisassistants，placedinthelowerstoryofthetower，tobegin。Theygraspedtheropes，thewheelcreaked，theenormouscapsuleofmetalstartedslowlyintomotion。
Quasimodofolloweditwithhisglanceandtrembled。Thefirstshockoftheclapperandthebrazenwallmadetheframeworkuponwhichitwasmountedquiver。Quasimodovibratedwiththebell。
"Vah！"hecried，withasenselessburstoflaughter。However，themovementofthebasswasaccelerated，and，inproportionasitdescribedawiderangle，Quasimodo’seyeopenedalsomoreandmorewidely，phosphoricandflaming。Atlengththegrandpealbegan；thewholetowertrembled；
woodwork，leads，cutstones，allgroanedatonce，fromthepilesofthefoundationtothetrefoilsofitssummit。ThenQuasimodoboiledandfrothed；hewentandcame；hetrembledfromheadtofootwiththetower。Thebell，furious，runningriot，presentedtothetwowallsofthetoweralternatelyitsbrazenthroat，whenceescapedthattempestuousbreath，whichisaudibleleaguesaway。Quasimodostationedhimselfinfrontofthisopenthroat；hecrouchedandrosewiththeoscillationsofthebell，breathedinthisoverwhelmingbreath，gazedbyturnsatthedeepplace，whichswarmedwithpeople，twohundredfeetbelowhim，andatthatenormous，brazentonguewhichcame，secondaftersecond，tohowlinhisear。