Meanwhile，heheardthedreadfulpealabovehishead，thediabolicallaughterofthevagabonds，andthevoiceofTrouillefousaying，——
　　"Pickmeupthatknave，andhanghimwithoutceremony。"
　　Herose。Theyhadalreadydetachedthemanikintomakeroomforhim。
　　Thethievesmadehimmountthestool，Clopincametohim，passedtheropeabouthisneck，and，tappinghimontheshoulder，——
　　"Adieu，myfriend。Youcan’tescapenow，evenifyoudigestedwiththepope’sguts。"
　　Theword"Mercy！"diedawayuponGringoire’slips。Hecasthiseyesabouthim；buttherewasnohope:allwerelaughing。
　　"Bellevignedel’Etoile，"saidtheKingofThunestoanenormousvagabond，whosteppedoutfromtheranks，"climbuponthecrossbeam。"
　　Bellevignedel’Etoilenimblymountedthetransversebeam，andinanotherminute，Gringoire，onraisinghiseyes，beheldhim，withterror，seateduponthebeamabovehishead。
　　"Now，"resumedClopinTrouillefou，"assoonasIclapmyhands，you，AndrytheRed，willflingthestooltothegroundwithablowofyourknee；you，Fran？oisChante-Prune，willclingtothefeetoftherascal；andyou，Bellevigne，willflingyourselfonhisshoulders；andallthreeatonce，doyouhear？"
　　Gringoireshuddered。
　　"Areyouready？"saidClopinTrouillefoutothethreethieves，whoheldthemselvesinreadinesstofalluponGringoire。Amomentofhorriblesuspenseensuedforthepoorvictim，duringwhichClopintranquillythrustintothefirewiththetipofhisfoot，somebitsofvineshootswhichtheflamehadnotcaught。"Areyouready？"herepeated，andopenedhishandstoclap。Onesecondmoreandallwouldhavebeenover。
　　Buthepaused，asthoughstruckbyasuddenthought。
　　"Onemoment！"saidhe；"Iforgot！Itisourcustomnottohangamanwithoutinquiringwhetherthereisanywomanwhowantshim。Comrade，thisisyourlastresource。Youmustwedeitherafemalevagabondorthenoose。"
　　Thislawofthevagabonds，singularasitmaystrikethereader，remainsto-daywrittenoutatlength，inancientEnglishlegislation。See_Burington’sObservations_。
　　Gringoirebreathedagain。Thiswasthesecondtimethathehadreturnedtolifewithinanhour。Sohedidnotdaretotrusttoittooimplicitly。
　　"Holà！"criedClopin，mountedoncemoreuponhiscask，"holà！women，females，isthereamongyou，fromthesorceresstohercat，awenchwhowantsthisrascal？Holà，ColettelaCharonne！ElisabethTrouvain！SimoneJodouyne！
　　MariePiédebou！ThonnelaLongue！BérardeFanouel！MichelleGenaille！ClaudeRonge-oreille！MathurineGirorou！——Holà！
　　Isabeau-la-Thierrye！Comeandsee！Amanfornothing！
　　Whowantshim？"
　　Gringoire，nodoubt，wasnotveryappetizinginthismiserablecondition。Thefemalevagabondsdidnotseemtobemuchaffectedbytheproposition。Theunhappywretchheardthemanswer:"No！no！hanghim；there’llbethemorefunforusall！"
　　Nevertheless，threeemergedfromthethrongandcametosmellofhim。Thefirstwasabigwench，withasquareface。
　　Sheexaminedthephilosopher’sdeplorabledoubletattentively。
　　Hisgarmentwasworn，andmorefullofholesthanastoveforroastingchestnuts。Thegirlmadeawryface。"Oldrag！"shemuttered，andaddressingGringoire，"Let’sseeyourcloak！"
　　"Ihavelostit，"repliedGringoire。"Yourhat？""Theytookitawayfromme。""Yourshoes？""Theyhavehardlyanysolesleft。""Yourpurse？""Alas！"stammeredGringoire，"I
　　havenotevenasou。""Letthemhangyou，then，andsay’Thankyou！’"retortedthevagabondwench，turningherbackonhim。
　　Thesecond，——old，black，wrinkled，hideous，withanuglinessconspicuousevenintheCourdesMiracles，trottedroundGringoire。
　　Healmosttrembledlestsheshouldwanthim。Butshemumbledbetweenherteeth，"He’stoothin，"andwentoff。
　　Thethirdwasayounggirl，quitefresh，andnottoougly。
　　"Saveme！"saidthepoorfellowtoher，inalowtone。Shegazedathimforamomentwithanairofpity，thendroppedhereyes，madeaplaitinherpetticoat，andremainedinindecision。
　　Hefollowedallthesemovementswithhiseyes；itwasthelastgleamofhope。"No，"saidtheyounggirl，atlength，"no！GuillaumeLonguejouewouldbeatme。"Sheretreatedintothecrowd。
　　"Youareunlucky，comrade，"saidClopin。
　　Thenrisingtohisfeet，uponhishogshead。"Noonewantshim，"heexclaimed，imitatingtheaccentofanauctioneer，tothegreatdelightofall；"noonewantshim？once，twice，threetimes！"and，turningtowardsthegibbetwithasignofhishand，"Gone！"
　　Bellevignedel’Etoile，AndrytheRed，Fran？oisChante-Prune，steppeduptoGringoire。
　　Atthatmomentacryaroseamongthethieves:"LaEsmeralda！
　　LaEsmeralda！"
　　Gringoireshuddered，andturnedtowardsthesidewhencetheclamorproceeded。
　　Thecrowdopened，andgavepassagetoapureanddazzlingform。
　　Itwasthegypsy。
　　"LaEsmeralda！"saidGringoire，stupefiedinthemidstofhisemotions，bytheabruptmannerinwhichthatmagicwordknottedtogetherallhisreminiscencesoftheday。
　　Thisrarecreatureseemed，evenintheCourdesMiracles，toexerciseherswayofcharmandbeauty。Thevagabonds，maleandfemale，rangedthemselvesgentlyalongherpath，andtheirbrutalfacesbeamedbeneathherglance。
　　Sheapproachedthevictimwithherlightstep。HerprettyDjalifollowedher。Gringoirewasmoredeadthanalive。Sheexaminedhimforamomentinsilence。
　　"Youaregoingtohangthisman？"shesaidgravely，toClopin。
　　"Yes，sister，"repliedtheKingofThunes，"unlessyouwilltakehimforyourhusband。"
　　Shemadeherprettylittlepoutwithherunderlip。"I’lltakehim，"saidshe。
　　Gringoirefirmlybelievedthathehadbeeninadreameversincemorning，andthatthiswasthecontinuationofit。
　　Thechangewas，infact，violent，thoughagratifyingone。
　　Theyundidthenoose，andmadethepoetstepdownfromthestool。Hisemotionwassolivelythathewasobligedtositdown。
　　TheDukeofEgyptbroughtanearthenwarecrock，withoututteringaword。ThegypsyofferedittoGringoire:"Flingitontheground，"saidshe。
　　Thecrockbrokeintofourpieces。
　　"Brother，"thensaidtheDukeofEgypt，layinghishandsupontheirforeheads，"sheisyourwife；sister，heisyourhusbandforfouryears。Go。"
　　CHAPTERVII。
　　ABRIDALNIGHT。
　　Afewmomentslaterourpoetfoundhimselfinatinyarchedchamber，verycosy，verywarm，seatedatatablewhichappearedtoasknothingbetterthantomakesomeloansfromalarderhangingnearby，havingagoodbedinprospect，andalonewithaprettygirl。Theadventuresmackedofenchantment。Hebeganseriouslytotakehimselfforapersonageinafairytale；hecasthiseyesabouthimfromtimetotimetotime，asthoughtoseeifthechariotoffire，harnessedtotwo-wingedchimeras，whichalonecouldhavesorapidlytransportedhimfromTartarustoParadise，werestillthere。Attimes，also，hefixedhiseyesobstinatelyupontheholesinhisdoublet，inordertoclingtoreality，andnotlosethegroundfromunderhisfeetcompletely。Hisreason，tossedaboutinimaginaryspace，nowhungonlybythisthread。
　　Theyounggirldidnotappeartopayanyattentiontohim；
　　shewentandcame，displacedastool，talkedtohergoat，andindulgedinapoutnowandthen。Atlastshecameandseatedherselfnearthetable，andGringoirewasabletoscrutinizeherathisease。
　　Youhavebeenachild，reader，andyouwould，perhaps，beveryhappytobeonestill。Itisquitecertainthatyouhavenot，morethanonceandformypart，Ihavepassedwholedays，thebestemployedofmylife，atitfollowedfromthickettothicket，bythesideofrunningwater，onasunnyday，abeautifulgreenorbluedragon-fly，breakingitsflightinabruptangles，andkissingthetipsofallthebranches。
　　Yourecollectwithwhatamorouscuriosityyourthoughtandyourgazewereriveteduponthislittlewhirlwind，hissingandhummingwithwingsofpurpleandazure，inthemidstofwhichfloatedanimperceptiblebody，veiledbytheveryrapidityofitsmovement。Theaerialbeingwhichwasdimlyoutlinedamidthisquiveringofwings，appearedtoyouchimerical，imaginary，impossibletotouch，impossibletosee。
　　Butwhen，atlength，thedragon-flyalightedonthetipofareed，and，holdingyourbreaththewhile，youwereabletoexaminethelong，gauzewings，thelongenamelrobe，thetwoglobesofcrystal，whatastonishmentyoufelt，andwhatfearlestyoushouldagainbeholdtheformdisappearintoashade，andthecreatureintoachimera！Recalltheseimpressions，andyouwillreadilyappreciatewhatGringoirefeltoncontemplating，beneathhervisibleandpalpableform，thatEsmeraldaofwhom，uptothattime，hehadonlycaughtaglimpse，amidstawhirlwindofdance，song，andtumult。
　　Sinkingdeeperanddeeperintohisrevery:"Sothis，"
　　hesaidtohimself，followinghervaguelywithhiseyes，"islaEsmeralda！acelestialcreature！astreetdancer！somuch，andsolittle！’Twasshewhodealtthedeath-blowtomymysterythismorning，’tisshewhosavesmylifethisevening！Myevilgenius！Mygoodangel！Aprettywoman，onmyword！andwhomustneedslovememadlytohavetakenmeinthatfashion。Bytheway，"saidhe，risingsuddenly，withthatsentimentofthetruewhichformedthefoundationofhischaracterandhisphilosophy，"Idon’tknowverywellhowithappens，butIamherhusband！"
　　Withthisideainhisheadandinhiseyes，hesteppeduptotheyounggirlinamannersomilitaryandsogallantthatshedrewback。
　　"Whatdoyouwantofme？"saidshe。
　　"Canyouaskme，adorableEsmeralda？"repliedGringoire，withsopassionateanaccentthathewashimselfastonishedatitonhearinghimselfspeak。
　　Thegypsyopenedhergreateyes。"Idon’tknowwhatyoumean。"
　　"What！"resumedGringoire，growingwarmerandwarmer，andsupposingthat，afterall，hehadtodealmerelywithavirtueoftheCourdesMiracles；"amInotthine，sweetfriend，artthounotmine？"
　　And，quiteingenuously，heclaspedherwaist。
　　Thegypsy’scorsageslippedthroughhishandsliketheskinofaneel。Sheboundedfromoneendofthetinyroomtotheother，stoopeddown，andraisedherselfagain，withalittleponiardinherhand，beforeGringoirehadevenhadtimetoseewhencetheponiardcame；proudandangry，withswellinglipsandinflatednostrils，hercheeksasredasanapiapple，*andhereyesdartinglightnings。Atthesametime，thewhitegoatplaceditselfinfrontofher，andpresentedtoGringoireahostilefront，bristlingwithtwoprettyhorns，gildedandverysharp。Allthistookplaceinthetwinklingofaneye。
　　*Asmalldessertapple，brightredononesideandgreenish-
　　whiteontheother。
　　Thedragon-flyhadturnedintoawasp，andaskednothingbetterthantosting。
　　Ourphilosopherwasspeechless，andturnedhisastonishedeyesfromthegoattotheyounggirl。"HolyVirgin！"hesaidatlast，whensurprisepermittedhimtospeak，"herearetwoheartydames！"
　　Thegypsybrokethesilenceonherside。
　　"Youmustbeaveryboldknave！"
　　"Pardon，mademoiselle，"saidGringoire，withasmile。"Butwhydidyoutakemeforyourhusband？"
　　"ShouldIhaveallowedyoutobehanged？"
　　"So，"saidthepoet，somewhatdisappointedinhisamoroushopes。"Youhadnootherideainmarryingmethantosavemefromthegibbet？"
　　"AndwhatotherideadidyousupposethatIhad？"
　　Gringoirebithislips。"Come，"saidhe，"IamnotyetsotriumphantinCupido，asIthought。Butthen，whatwasthegoodofbreakingthatpoorjug？"
　　MeanwhileEsmeralda’sdaggerandthegoat’shornswerestilluponthedefensive。
　　"MademoiselleEsmeralda，"saidthepoet，"letuscometoterms。Iamnotaclerkofthecourt，andIshallnotgotolawwithyouforthuscarryingadaggerinParis，intheteethoftheordinancesandprohibitionsofM。theProvost。
　　Nevertheless，youarenotignorantofthefactthatNoelLescrivainwascondemned，aweekago，topaytenParisiansous，forhavingcarriedacutlass。Butthisisnoaffairofmine，andIwillcometothepoint。Isweartoyou，uponmyshareofParadise，nottoapproachyouwithoutyourleaveandpermission，butdogivemesomesupper。"
　　Thetruthis，Gringoirewas，likeM。Despreaux，"notveryvoluptuous。"Hedidnotbelongtothatchevalierandmusketeerspecies，whotakeyounggirlsbyassault。Inthematteroflove，asinallotheraffairs，hewillinglyassentedtotemporizingandadjustingterms；andagoodsupper，andanamiabletête-a-têteappearedtohim，especiallywhenhewashungry，anexcellentinterludebetweentheprologueandthecatastropheofaloveadventure。
　　Thegypsydidnotreply。Shemadeherdisdainfullittlegrimace，drewupherheadlikeabird，thenburstoutlaughing，andthetinyponiarddisappearedasithadcome，withoutGringoirebeingabletoseewherethewaspconcealeditssting。
　　Amomentlater，therestooduponthetablealoafofryebread，asliceofbacon，somewrinkledapplesandajugofbeer。Gringoirebegantoeateagerly。Onewouldhavesaid，tohearthefuriousclashingofhisironforkandhisearthenwareplate，thatallhislovehadturnedtoappetite。
　　Theyounggirlseatedoppositehim，watchedhiminsilence，visiblypreoccupiedwithanotherthought，atwhichshesmiledfromtimetotime，whilehersofthandcaressedtheintelligentheadofthegoat，gentlypressedbetweenherknees。
　　Acandleofyellowwaxilluminatedthissceneofvoracityandrevery。
　　Meanwhile，thefirstcravingsofhisstomachhavingbeenstilled，Gringoirefeltsomefalseshameatperceivingthatnothingremainedbutoneapple。
　　"Youdonoteat，MademoiselleEsmeralda？"
　　Sherepliedbyanegativesignofthehead，andherpensiveglancefixeditselfuponthevaultoftheceiling。
　　"Whatthedeuceisshethinkingof？"thoughtGringoire，staringatwhatshewasgazingat；"’tisimpossiblethatitcanbethatstonedwarfcarvedinthekeystoneofthatarch，whichthusabsorbsherattention。Whatthedeuce！Icanbearthecomparison！"
　　Heraisedhisvoice，"Mademoiselle！"
　　Sheseemednottohearhim。
　　Herepeated，stillmoreloudly，"MademoiselleEsmeralda！"
　　Troublewasted。Theyounggirl’smindwaselsewhere，andGringoire’svoicehadnotthepowertorecallit。Fortunately，thegoatinterfered。Shebegantopullhermistressgentlybythesleeve。
　　"Whatdostthouwant，Djali？"saidthegypsy，hastily，asthoughsuddenlyawakened。
　　"Sheishungry，"saidGringoire，charmedtoenterintoconversation。
　　Esmeraldabegantocrumblesomebread，whichDjaliategracefullyfromthehollowofherhand。
　　Moreover，Gringoiredidnotgivehertimetoresumeherrevery。Hehazardedadelicatequestion。
　　"Soyoudon’twantmeforyourhusband？"
　　Theyounggirllookedathimintently，andsaid，"No。"
　　"Foryourlover？"wentonGringoire。
　　Shepouted，andreplied，"No。"
　　"Foryourfriend？"pursuedGringoire。
　　Shegazedfixedlyathimagain，andsaid，afteramomentaryreflection，"Perhaps。"
　　This"perhaps，"sodeartophilosophers，emboldenedGringoire。
　　"Doyouknowwhatfriendshipis？"heasked。
　　"Yes，"repliedthegypsy；"itistobebrotherandsister；twosoulswhichtouchwithoutmingling，twofingersononehand。"
　　"Andlove？"pursuedGringoire。
　　"Oh！love！"saidshe，andhervoicetrembled，andhereyebeamed。"Thatistobetwoandtobebutone。Amanandawomanmingledintooneangel。Itisheaven。"
　　Thestreetdancerhadabeautyasshespokethus，thatstruckGringoiresingularly，andseemedtohiminperfectkeepingwiththealmostorientalexaltationofherwords。
　　Herpure，redlipshalfsmiled；hersereneandcandidbrowbecametroubled，atintervals，underherthoughts，likeamirrorunderthebreath；andfrombeneathherlong，drooping，blackeyelashes，thereescapedasortofineffablelight，whichgavetoherprofilethatidealserenitywhichRaphaelfoundatthemysticpointofintersectionofvirginity，maternity，anddivinity。
　　Nevertheless，Gringoirecontinued，——
　　"Whatmustonebethen，inordertopleaseyou？"
　　"Aman。"
　　"AndI——"saidhe，"what，then，amI？"
　　"Amanhasahemletonhishead，aswordinhishand，andgoldenspursonhisheels。"
　　"Good，"saidGringoire，"withoutahorse，noman。Doyouloveanyone？"
　　"Asalover？——"
　　"Yes。"
　　Sheremainedthoughtfulforamoment，thensaidwithapeculiarexpression:"ThatIshallknowsoon。"
　　"Whynotthisevening？"resumedthepoettenderly。"Whynotme？"
　　Shecastagraveglanceuponhimandsaid，——
　　"Icanneverloveamanwhocannotprotectme。"
　　Gringoirecolored，andtookthehint。Itwasevidentthattheyounggirlwasalludingtotheslightassistancewhichhehadrenderedherinthecriticalsituationinwhichshehadfoundherselftwohourspreviously。Thismemory，effacedbyhisownadventuresoftheevening，nowrecurredtohim。Hesmotehisbrow。
　　"Bytheway，mademoiselle，Ioughttohavebegunthere。
　　Pardonmyfoolishabsenceofmind。HowdidyoucontrivetoescapefromtheclawsofQuasimodo？"
　　Thisquestionmadethegypsyshudder。
　　"Oh！thehorriblehunchback，"saidshe，hidingherfaceinherhands。Andsheshudderedasthoughwithviolentcold。
　　"Horrible，intruth，"saidGringoire，whoclungtohisidea；
　　"buthowdidyoumanagetoescapehim？"
　　LaEsmeraldasmiled，sighed，andremainedsilent。
　　"Doyouknowwhyhefollowedyou？"beganGringoireagain，seekingtoreturntohisquestionbyacircuitousroute。
　　"Idon’tknow，"saidtheyounggirl，andsheaddedhastily，"butyouwerefollowingmealso，whywereyoufollowingme？"
　　"Ingoodfaith，"respondedGringoire，"Idon’tknoweither。"
　　Silenceensued。Gringoireslashedthetablewithhisknife。
　　Theyounggirlsmiledandseemedtobegazingthroughthewallatsomething。Allatonceshebegantosinginabarelyarticulatevoice，——
　　~Quandolaspintadasaves，Mudasestan，ylatierra~——*
　　*Whenthegay-plumagedbirdsgrowweary，andtheearth——
　　Shebrokeoffabruptly，andbegantocaressDjali。
　　"That’saprettyanimalofyours，"saidGringoire。
　　"Sheismysister，"sheanswered。
　　"Whyareyoucalled’laEsmeralda？’"askedthepoet。
　　"Idonotknow。"
　　"Butwhy？"
　　Shedrewfromherbosomasortoflittleoblongbag，suspendedfromherneckbyastringofadrézarachbeads。Thisbagexhaledastrongodorofcamphor。Itwascoveredwithgreensilk，andboreinitscentrealargepieceofgreenglass，inimitationofanemerald。
　　"Perhapsitisbecauseofthis，"saidshe。
　　Gringoirewasonthepointoftakingthebaginhishand。
　　Shedrewback。
　　"Don’ttouchit！Itisanamulet。Youwouldinjurethecharmorthecharmwouldinjureyou。"
　　Thepoet’scuriositywasmoreandmorearoused。
　　"Whogaveittoyou？"
　　Shelaidonefingeronhermouthandconcealedtheamuletinherbosom。Hetriedafewmorequestions，butshehardlyreplied。
　　"Whatisthemeaningofthewords，’laEsmeralda？’"
　　"Idon’tknow，"saidshe。
　　"Towhatlanguagedotheybelong？"
　　"TheyareEgyptian，Ithink。"
　　"Isuspectedasmuch，"saidGringoire，"youarenotanativeofFrance？"
　　"Idon’tknow。"
　　"Areyourparentsalive？"
　　Shebegantosing，toanancientair，——
　　~Monpèreestoiseau，Mamèreestoiselle。
　　B
　　Jepassel’eausansnacelle，Jepassel’eausansbateau，Mamèreestoiselle，Monpèreestoiseau~。*
　　*Myfatherisabird，mymotherisabird。Icrossthewaterwithoutabarque，Icrossthewaterwithoutaboat。
　　Mymotherisabird，myfatherisabird。
　　"Good，"saidGringoire。"AtwhatagedidyoucometoFrance？"
　　"WhenIwasveryyoung。"
　　"AndwhentoParis？"
　　"Lastyear。AtthemomentwhenwewereenteringthepapalgateIsawareedwarblerflitthroughtheair，thatwasattheendofAugust；Isaid，itwillbeahardwinter。"
　　"Soitwas，"saidGringoire，delightedatthisbeginningofaconversation。"Ipasseditinblowingmyfingers。Soyouhavethegiftofprophecy？"
　　Sheretiredintoherlaconicsagain。
　　"IsthatmanwhomyoucalltheDukeofEgypt，thechiefofyourtribe？"
　　"Yes。"
　　"Butitwashewhomarriedus，"remarkedthepoettimidly。
　　Shemadehercustomaryprettygrimace。
　　"Idon’tevenknowyourname。"
　　"Myname？Ifyouwantit，hereitis，——PierreGringoire。"
　　"Iknowaprettierone，"saidshe。
　　"Naughtygirl！"retortedthepoet。"Nevermind，youshallnotprovokeme。Wait，perhapsyouwilllovememorewhenyouknowmebetter；andthen，youhavetoldmeyourstorywithsomuchconfidence，thatIoweyoualittleofmine。Youmustknow，then，thatmynameisPierreGringoire，andthatIamasonofthefarmerofthenotary’sofficeofGonesse。
　　MyfatherwashungbytheBurgundians，andmymotherdisembowelledbythePicards，atthesiegeofParis，twentyyearsago。Atsixyearsofage，therefore，Iwasanorphan，withoutasoletomyfootexceptthepavementsofParis。IdonotknowhowIpassedtheintervalfromsixtosixteen。Afruitdealergavemeaplumhere，abakerflungmeacrustthere；
　　intheeveningIgotmyselftakenupbythewatch，whothrewmeintoprison，andthereIfoundabundleofstraw。Allthisdidnotpreventmygrowingupandgrowingthin，asyousee。
　　InthewinterIwarmedmyselfinthesun，undertheporchoftheH？teldeSens，andIthoughtitveryridiculousthatthefireonSaintJohn’sDaywasreservedforthedogdays。Atsixteen，Iwishedtochooseacalling。Itriedallinsuccession。
　　Ibecameasoldier；butIwasnotbraveenough。Ibecameamonk；butIwasnotsufficientlydevout；andthenI’mabadhandatdrinking。Indespair，Ibecameanapprenticeofthewoodcutters，butIwasnotstrongenough；Ihadmoreofaninclinationtobecomeaschoolmaster；’tistruethatIdidnotknowhowtoread，butthat’snoreason。Iperceivedattheendofacertaintime，thatIlackedsomethingineverydirection；andseeingthatIwasgoodfornothing，ofmyownfreewillIbecameapoetandrhymester。Thatisatradewhichonecanalwaysadoptwhenoneisavagabond，andit’sbetterthanstealing，assomeyoungbrigandsofmyacquaintanceadvisedmetodo。OnedayImetbyluck，DomClaudeFrollo，thereverendarchdeaconofNotre-Dame。Hetookaninterestinme，anditistohimthatIto-dayoweitthatIamaveritablemanofletters，whoknowsLatinfromthe~deOfficiis~
　　ofCicerotothemortuologyoftheCelestineFathers，andabarbarianneitherinscholastics，norinpolitics，norinrhythmics，thatsophismofsophisms。IamtheauthoroftheMysterywhichwaspresentedto-daywithgreattriumphandagreatconcourseofpopulace，inthegrandhallofthePalaisdeJustice。
　　Ihavealsomadeabookwhichwillcontainsixhundredpages，onthewonderfulcometof1465，whichsentonemanmad。Ihaveenjoyedstillothersuccesses。Beingsomewhatofanartillerycarpenter，IlentahandtoJeanMangue’sgreatbombard，whichburst，asyouknow，onthedaywhenitwastested，onthePontdeCharenton，andkilledfourandtwentycuriousspectators。YouseethatIamnotabadmatchinmarriage。Iknowagreatmanysortsofveryengagingtricks，whichIwillteachyourgoat；forexample，tomimictheBishopofParis，thatcursedPhariseewhosemillwheelssplashpassers-bythewholelengthofthePontauxMeuniers。
　　Andthenmymysterywillbringmeinagreatdealofcoinedmoney，iftheywillonlypayme。Andfinally，Iamatyourorders，Iandmywits，andmyscienceandmyletters，readytolivewithyou，damsel，asitshallpleaseyou，chastelyorjoyously；husbandandwife，ifyouseefit；brotherandsister，ifyouthinkthatbetter。"
　　Gringoireceased，awaitingtheeffectofhisharangueontheyounggirl。Hereyeswerefixedontheground。
　　"’Phoebus，’"shesaidinalowvoice。Then，turningtowardsthepoet，"’Phoebus’，——whatdoesthatmean？"
　　Gringoire，withoutexactlyunderstandingwhattheconnectioncouldbebetweenhisaddressandthisquestion，wasnotsorrytodisplayhiserudition。Assuminganairofimportance，hereplied，——
　　"ItisaLatinwordwhichmeans’sun。’"
　　"Sun！"sherepeated。
　　"Itisthenameofahandsomearcher，whowasagod，"
　　addedGringoire。
　　"Agod！"repeatedthegypsy，andtherewassomethingpensiveandpassionateinhertone。
　　Atthatmoment，oneofherbraceletsbecameunfastenedandfell。Gringoirestoopedquicklytopickitup；whenhestraightenedup，theyounggirlandthegoathaddisappeared。
　　Heheardthesoundofabolt。Itwasalittledoor，communicating，nodoubt，withaneighboringcell，whichwasbeingfastenedontheoutside。
　　"Hassheleftmeabed，atleast？"saidourphilosopher。
　　Hemadethetourofhiscell。Therewasnopieceoffurnitureadaptedtosleepingpurposes，exceptatolerablylongwoodencoffer；anditscoverwascarved，toboot；whichaffordedGringoire，whenhestretchedhimselfoutuponit，asensationsomewhatsimilartothatwhichMicromégaswouldfeelifheweretoliedownontheAlps。
　　"Come！"saidhe，adjustinghimselfaswellaspossible，"I
　　mustresignmyself。Buthere’sastrangenuptialnight。’Tisapity。Therewassomethinginnocentandantediluvianaboutthatbrokencrock，whichquitepleasedme。"
　　BOOKTHIRD。
　　CHAPTERI。
　　NOTRE-DAME。
　　ThechurchofNotre-DamedeParisisstillnodoubt，amajesticandsublimeedifice。But，beautifulasithasbeenpreservedingrowingold，itisdifficultnottosigh，nottowaxindignant，beforethenumberlessdegradationsandmutilationswhichtimeandmenhavebothcausedthevenerablemonumenttosuffer，withoutrespectforCharlemagne，wholaiditsfirststone，orforPhilipAugustus，wholaidthelast。
　　Onthefaceofthisagedqueenofourcathedrals，bythesideofawrinkle，onealwaysfindsascar。~Tempusedax，homoedacior*~；whichIshouldbegladtotranslatethus:
　　timeisblind，manisstupid。
　　*Timeisadevourer；man，moreso。
　　Ifwehadleisuretoexaminewiththereader，onebyone，thediversetracesofdestructionimprintedupontheoldchurch，time’ssharewouldbetheleast，theshareofmenthemost，especiallythemenofart，sincetherehavebeenindividualswhoassumedthetitleofarchitectsduringthelasttwocenturies。
　　And，inthefirstplace，tociteonlyafewleadingexamples，therecertainlyarefewfinerarchitecturalpagesthanthisfa？ade，where，successivelyandatonce，thethreeportalshollowedoutinanarch；thebroideredanddentatedcordonoftheeightandtwentyroyalniches；theimmensecentralrosewindow，flankedbyitstwolateralwindows，likeapriestbyhisdeaconandsubdeacon；thefrailandloftygalleryoftrefoilarcades，whichsupportsaheavyplatformaboveitsfine，slendercolumns；andlastly，thetwoblackandmassivetowerswiththeirslatepenthouses，harmoniouspartsofamagnificentwhole，superposedinfivegiganticstories；——developthemselvesbeforetheeye，inamassandwithoutconfusion，withtheirinnumerabledetailsofstatuary，carving，andsculpture，joinedpowerfullytothetranquilgrandeurofthewhole；avastsymphonyinstone，sotospeak；thecolossalworkofonemanandonepeople，alltogetheroneandcomplex，liketheIliadsandtheRomanceros，whosesisteritis；prodigiousproductofthegroupingtogetherofalltheforcesofanepoch，where，uponeachstone，oneseesthefancyoftheworkmandisciplinedbythegeniusoftheartiststartforthinahundredfashions；asortofhumancreation，inaword，powerfulandfecundasthedivinecreationofwhichitseemstohavestolenthedoublecharacter，——variety，eternity。
　　Andwhatweheresayofthefa？ademustbesaidoftheentirechurch；andwhatwesayofthecathedralchurchofParis，mustbesaidofallthechurchesofChristendomintheMiddleAges。Allthingsareinplaceinthatart，self-created，logical，andwellproportioned。Tomeasurethegreattoeofthefootistomeasurethegiant。
　　Letusreturntothefa？adeofNotre-Dame，asitstillappearstous，whenwegopiouslytoadmirethegraveandpuissantcathedral，whichinspiresterror，soitschroniclesassert:~quoemolesuaterroremincutitspectantibus~。
　　Threeimportantthingsareto-daylackinginthatfa？ade:
　　inthefirstplace，thestaircaseofelevenstepswhichformerlyraiseditabovethesoil；next，thelowerseriesofstatueswhichoccupiedthenichesofthethreeportals；andlastlytheupperseries，ofthetwenty-eightmostancientkingsofFrance，whichgarnishedthegalleryofthefirststory，beginningwithChildebert，andendingwithPhillipAugustus，holdinginhishand"theimperialapple。"
　　Timehascausedthestaircasetodisappear，byraisingthesoilofthecitywithaslowandirresistibleprogress；but，whilethuscausingtheelevenstepswhichaddedtothemajesticheightoftheedifice，tobedevoured，onebyone，bytherisingtideofthepavementsofParis，——timehasbestoweduponthechurchperhapsmorethanithastakenaway，foritistimewhichhasspreadoverthefa？adethatsombrehueofthecenturieswhichmakestheoldageofmonumentstheperiodoftheirbeauty。
　　Butwhohasthrowndownthetworowsofstatues？whohasleftthenichesempty？whohascut，intheverymiddleofthecentralportal，thatnewandbastardarch？whohasdaredtoframethereinthatcommonplaceandheavydoorofcarvedwood，àlaLouisXV。，besidethearabesquesofBiscornette？
　　Themen，thearchitects，theartistsofourday。
　　Andifweentertheinterioroftheedifice，whohasoverthrownthatcolossusofSaintChristopher，proverbialformagnitudeamongstatues，asthegrandhallofthePalaisdeJusticewasamonghalls，asthespireofStrasbourgamongspires？
　　Andthosemyriadsofstatues，whichpeopledallthespacesbetweenthecolumnsofthenaveandthechoir，kneeling，standing，equestrian，men，women，children，kings，bishops，gendarmes，instone，inmarble，ingold，insilver，incopper，inwaxeven，——whohasbrutallysweptthemaway？
　　Itisnottime。
　　Andwhosubstitutedfortheancientgothicaltar，splendidlyencumberedwithshrinesandreliquaries，thatheavymarblesarcophagus，withangels’headsandclouds，whichseemsaspecimenpillagedfromtheVal-de-GraceortheInvalides？
　　WhostupidlysealedthatheavyanachronismofstoneintheCarlovingianpavementofHercandus？WasitnotLouisXIV。，fulfillingtherequestofLouisXIII。？
　　Andwhoputthecold，whitepanesintheplaceofthosewindows，"highincolor，"whichcausedtheastonishedeyesofourfatherstohesitatebetweentheroseofthegrandportalandthearchesoftheapse？Andwhatwouldasub-chanterofthesixteenthcenturysay，onbeholdingthebeautifulyellowwash，withwhichourarchiepiscopalvandalshavedesmearedtheircathedral？Hewouldrememberthatitwasthecolorwithwhichthehangmansmeared"accursed"
　　edifices；hewouldrecalltheH？telduPetit-Bourbon，allsmearedthus，onaccountoftheconstable’streason。"Yellow，afterall，ofsogoodaquality，"saidSauval，"andsowellrecommended，thatmorethanacenturyhasnotyetcausedittoloseitscolor。"Hewouldthinkthatthesacredplacehadbecomeinfamous，andwouldflee。
　　Andifweascendthecathedral，withoutmentioningathousandbarbarismsofeverysort，——whathasbecomeofthatcharminglittlebelltower，whichresteduponthepointofintersectionofthecross-roofs，andwhich，nolessfrailandnolessboldthanitsneighboralsodestroyed，thespireoftheSainte-Chapelle，burieditselfinthesky，fartherforwardthanthetowers，slender，pointed，sonorous，carvedinopenwork。
　　Anarchitectofgoodtasteamputatedit1787，andconsidereditsufficienttomaskthewoundwiththatlarge，leadenplaster，whichresemblesapotcover。
　　’TisthusthatthemarvellousartoftheMiddleAgeshasbeentreatedinnearlyeverycountry，especiallyinFrance。
　　Onecandistinguishonitsruinsthreesortsoflesions，allthreeofwhichcutintoitatdifferentdepths；first，time，whichhasinsensiblynotcheditssurfacehereandthere，andgnawediteverywhere；next，politicalandreligiousrevolution，which，blindandwrathfulbynature，haveflungthemselvestumultuouslyuponit，tornitsrichgarmentofcarvingandsculpture，burstitsrosewindows，brokenitsnecklaceofarabesquesandtinyfigures，tornoutitsstatues，sometimesbecauseoftheirmitres，sometimesbecauseoftheircrowns；
　　lastly，fashions，evenmoregrotesqueandfoolish，which，sincetheanarchicalandsplendiddeviationsoftheRenaissance，havefollowedeachotherinthenecessarydecadenceofarchitecture。Fashionshavewroughtmoreharmthanrevolutions。
　　Theyhavecuttothequick；theyhaveattackedtheveryboneandframeworkofart；theyhavecut，slashed，disorganized，killedtheedifice，informasinthesymbol，initsconsistencyaswellasinitsbeauty。Andthentheyhavemadeitover；apresumptionofwhichneithertimenorrevolutionsatleasthavebeenguilty。Theyhaveaudaciouslyadjusted，inthenameof"goodtaste，"uponthewoundsofgothicarchitecture，theirmiserablegewgawsofaday，theirribbonsofmarble，theirpomponsofmetal，averitableleprosyofegg-shapedornaments，volutes，whorls，draperies，garlands，fringes，stoneflames，bronzeclouds，pudgycupids，chubby-
　　cheekedcherubim，whichbegintodevourthefaceofartintheoratoryofCatherinedeMedicis，andcauseittoexpire，twocenturieslater，torturedandgrimacing，intheboudoiroftheDubarry。
　　Thus，tosumupthepointswhichwehavejustindicated，threesortsofravagesto-daydisfigureGothicarchitecture。
　　Wrinklesandwartsontheepidermis；thisistheworkoftime。Deedsofviolence，brutalities，contusions，fractures；
　　thisistheworkoftherevolutionsfromLuthertoMirabeau。
　　Mutilations，amputations，dislocationofthejoints，"restorations"；thisistheGreek，Roman，andbarbarianworkofprofessorsaccordingtoVitruviusandVignole。ThismagnificentartproducedbytheVandalshasbeenslainbytheacademies。Thecenturies，therevolutions，whichatleastdevastatewithimpartialityandgrandeur，havebeenjoinedbyacloudofschoolarchitects，licensed，sworn，andboundbyoath；
　　defacingwiththediscernmentandchoiceofbadtaste，substitutingthe~chicorées~ofLouisXV。fortheGothiclace，forthegreatergloryoftheParthenon。Itisthekickoftheassatthedyinglion。Itistheoldoakcrowningitself，andwhich，toheapthemeasurefull，isstung，bitten，andgnawedbycaterpillars。
　　HowfaritisfromtheepochwhenRobertCenalis，comparingNotre-DamedeParistothefamoustempleofDianaatEphesus，*somuchlaudedbytheancientpagans*，whichErostatus*has*immortalized，foundtheGallictemple"moreexcellentinlength，breadth，height，andstructure。"*
　　*_HistoireGallicane_，liv。II。PeriodeIII。fo。130，p。1。
　　Notre-Dameisnot，moreover，whatcanbecalledacomplete，definite，classifiedmonument。ItisnolongeraRomanesquechurch；norisitaGothicchurch。Thisedificeisnotatype。Notre-DamedeParishasnot，liketheAbbeyofTournus，thegraveandmassiveframe，thelargeandroundvault，theglacialbareness，themajesticsimplicityoftheedificeswhichhavetheroundedarchfortheirprogenitor。Itisnot，liketheCathedralofBourges，themagnificent，light，multiform，tufted，bristlingefflorescentproductofthepointedarch。Impossibletoclassitinthatancientfamilyofsombre，mysteriouschurches，lowandcrushedasitwerebytheroundarch，almostEgyptian，withtheexceptionoftheceiling；allhieroglyphics，allsacerdotal，allsymbolical，moreloadedintheirornaments，withlozengesandzigzags，thanwithflowers，withflowersthanwithanimals，withanimalsthanwithmen；
　　theworkofthearchitectlessthanofthebishop；firsttransformationofart，allimpressedwiththeocraticandmilitarydiscipline，takingrootintheLowerEmpire，andstoppingwiththetimeofWilliamtheConqueror。ImpossibletoplaceourCathedralinthatotherfamilyoflofty，aerialchurches，richinpaintedwindowsandsculpture；pointedinform，boldinattitude；communalandbourgeoisaspoliticalsymbols；free，capricious，lawless，asaworkofart；secondtransformationofarchitecture，nolongerhieroglyphic，immovableandsacerdotal，butartistic，progressive，andpopular，whichbeginsatthereturnfromthecrusades，andendswithLouisIX。Notre-DamedeParisisnotofpureRomanesque，likethefirst；norofpureArabianrace，likethesecond。
　　Itisanedificeofthetransitionperiod。TheSaxonarchitectcompletedtheerectionofthefirstpillarsofthenave，whenthepointedarch，whichdatesfromtheCrusade，arrivedandplaceditselfasaconqueroruponthelargeRomanesquecapitalswhichshouldsupportonlyroundarches。Thepointedarch，mistresssincethattime，constructedtherestofthechurch。Nevertheless，timidandinexperiencedatthestart，itsweepsout，growslarger，restrainsitself，anddaresnolongerdartupwardsinspiresandlancetwindows，asitdidlateron，insomanymarvellouscathedrals。OnewouldsaythatitwereconsciousofthevicinityoftheheavyRomanesquepillars。
　　However，theseedificesofthetransitionfromtheRomanesquetotheGothic，arenolesspreciousforstudythanthepuretypes。Theyexpressashadeoftheartwhichwouldbelostwithoutthem。Itisthegraftofthepointedupontheroundarch。
　　Notre-DamedeParisis，inparticular，acuriousspecimenofthisvariety。Eachface，eachstoneofthevenerablemonument，isapagenotonlyofthehistoryofthecountry，butofthehistoryofscienceandartaswell。Thus，inordertoindicatehereonlytheprincipaldetails，whilethelittleRedDooralmostattainstothelimitsoftheGothicdelicacyofthefifteenthcentury，thepillarsofthenave，bytheirsizeandweight，gobacktotheCarlovingianAbbeyofSaint-GermaindesPrés。Onewouldsupposethatsixcenturiesseparatedthesepillarsfromthatdoor。Thereisnoone，noteventhehermetics，whodoesnotfindinthesymbolsofthegrandportalasatisfactorycompendiumoftheirscience，ofwhichtheChurchofSaint-JacquesdelaBoucheriewassocompleteahieroglyph。Thus，theRomanabbey，thephilosophers’church，theGothicart，Saxonart，theheavy，roundpillar，whichrecallsGregoryVII。，thehermeticsymbolism，withwhichNicolasFlamelplayedthepreludetoLuther，papalunity，schism，Saint-GermaindesPrés，Saint-JacquesdelaBoucherie，——allaremingled，combined，amalgamatedinNotre-Dame。Thiscentralmotherchurchis，amongtheancientchurchesofParis，asortofchimera；ithastheheadofone，thelimbsofanother，thehaunchesofanother，somethingofall。
　　Werepeatit，thesehybridconstructionsarenottheleastinterestingfortheartist，fortheantiquarian，forthehistorian。
　　Theymakeonefeeltowhatadegreearchitectureisaprimitivething，bydemonstratingwhatisalsodemonstratedbythecyclopeanvestiges，thepyramidsofEgypt，thegiganticHindoopagodasthatthegreatestproductsofarchitecturearelesstheworksofindividualsthanofsociety；rathertheoffspringofanation’seffort，thantheinspiredflashofamanofgenius；thedepositleftbyawholepeople；theheapsaccumulatedbycenturies；theresidueofsuccessiveevaporationsofhumansociety，——inaword，speciesofformations。
　　Eachwaveoftimecontributesitsalluvium，eachracedepositsitslayeronthemonument，eachindividualbringshisstone。Thusdothebeavers，thusdothebees，thusdomen。Thegreatsymbolofarchitecture，Babel，isahive。
　　Greatedifices，likegreatmountains，aretheworkofcenturies。
　　Artoftenundergoesatransformationwhiletheyarepending，~pendentoperainterrupta~；theyproceedquietlyinaccordancewiththetransformedart。Thenewarttakesthemonumentwhereitfindsit，incrustsitselfthere，assimilatesittoitself，developsitaccordingtoitsfancy，andfinishesitifitcan。
　　Thethingisaccomplishedwithouttrouble，withouteffort，withoutreaction，——followinganaturalandtranquillaw。Itisagraftwhichshootsup，asapwhichcirculates，avegetationwhichstartsforthanew。Certainlythereismatterhereformanylargevolumes，andoftentheuniversalhistoryofhumanityinthesuccessiveengraftingofmanyartsatmanylevels，uponthesamemonument。Theman，theartist，theindividual，iseffacedinthesegreatmasses，whichlackthenameoftheirauthor；humanintelligenceistheresummedupandtotalized。Timeisthearchitect，thenationisthebuilder。
　　NottoconsiderhereanythingexcepttheChristianarchitectureofEurope，thatyoungersisterofthegreatmasonriesoftheOrient，itappearstotheeyesasanimmenseformationdividedintothreewell-definedzones，whicharesuperposed，theoneupontheother:theRomanesquezone*，theGothiczone，thezoneoftheRenaissance，whichwewouldgladlycalltheGreco-Romanzone。TheRomanlayer，whichisthemostancientanddeepest，isoccupiedbytheroundarch，whichreappears，supportedbytheGreekcolumn，inthemodernandupperlayeroftheRenaissance。Thepointedarchisfoundbetweenthetwo。Theedificeswhichbelongexclusivelytoanyoneofthesethreelayersareperfectlydistinct，uniform，andcomplete。ThereistheAbbeyofJumiéges，thereistheCathedralofReims，thereistheSainte-CroixofOrleans。Butthethreezonesmingleandamalgamatealongtheedges，likethecolorsinthesolarspectrum。Hence，complexmonuments，edificesofgradationandtransition。OneisRomanatthebase，Gothicinthemiddle，Greco-Romanatthetop。Itisbecauseitwassixhundredyearsinbuilding。Thisvarietyisrare。Thedonjonkeepofd’Etampesisaspecimenofit。Butmonumentsoftwoformationsaremorefrequent。ThereisNotre-DamedeParis，apointed-archedifice，whichisimbeddedbyitspillarsinthatRomanzone，inwhichareplungedtheportalofSaint-Denis，andthenaveofSaint-GermaindesPrés。Thereisthecharming，half-Gothicchapter-houseofBocherville，wheretheRomanlayerextendshalfwayup。ThereisthecathedralofRouen，whichwouldbeentirelyGothicifitdidnotbathethetipofitscentralspireinthezoneoftheRenaissance。**
　　*Thisisthesamewhichiscalled，accordingtolocality，climate，andraces，Lombard，Saxon，orByzantine。Therearefoursisterandparallelarchitectures，eachhavingitsspecialcharacter，butderivedfromthesameorigin，theroundarch。
　　~Faciesnonomnibusuna，Nodiversatamen，qualem~，etc。
　　Theirfacesnotallalike，noryetdifferent，butsuchasthefacesofsistersoughttobe。
　　**Thisportionofthespire，whichwasofwoodwork，ispreciselythatwhichwasconsumedbylightning，in1823。
　　However，alltheseshades，allthesedifferences，donotaffectthesurfacesofedificesonly。Itisartwhichhaschangeditsskin。TheveryconstitutionoftheChristianchurchisnotattackedbyit。Thereisalwaysthesameinternalwoodwork，thesamelogicalarrangementofparts。
　　Whatevermaybethecarvedandembroideredenvelopeofacathedral，onealwaysfindsbeneathit——inthestateofagerm，andofarudimentattheleast——theRomanbasilica。
　　Itiseternallydevelopeduponthesoilaccordingtothesamelaw。Thereare，invariably，twonaves，whichintersectinacross，andwhoseupperportion，roundedintoanapse，formsthechoir；therearealwaysthesideaisles，forinteriorprocessions，forchapels，——asortoflateralwalksorpromenadeswheretheprincipalnavedischargesitselfthroughthespacesbetweenthepillars。Thatsettled，thenumberofchapels，doors，belltowers，andpinnaclesaremodifiedtoinfinity，accordingtothefancyofthecentury，thepeople，andart。
　　Theserviceofreligiononceassuredandprovidedfor，architecturedoeswhatshepleases。Statues，stainedglass，rosewindows，arabesques，denticulations，capitals，bas-reliefs，——shecombinesalltheseimaginingsaccordingtothearrangementwhichbestsuitsher。Hence，theprodigiousexteriorvarietyoftheseedifices，atwhosefoundationdwellssomuchorderandunity。Thetrunkofatreeisimmovable；thefoliageiscapricious。
　　CHAPTERII。
　　ABIRD’S-EYEVIEWOFPARIS。
　　Wehavejustattemptedtorestore，forthereader’sbenefit，thatadmirablechurchofNotre-DamedeParis。Wehavebrieflypointedoutthegreaterpartofthebeautieswhichitpossessedinthefifteenthcentury，andwhichitlacksto-day；
　　butwehaveomittedtheprincipalthing，——theviewofPariswhichwasthentobeobtainedfromthesummitsofitstowers。
　　Thatwas，infact，——when，afterhavinglonggropedone’swayupthedarkspiralwhichperpendicularlypiercesthethickwallofthebelfries，oneemerged，atlastabruptly，upononeoftheloftyplatformsinundatedwithlightandair，——thatwas，infact，afinepicturewhichspreadout，onallsidesatonce，beforetheeye；aspectacle~suigeneris~，ofwhichthoseofourreaderswhohavehadthegoodfortunetoseeaGothiccityentire，complete，homogeneous，——afewofwhichstillremain，NuremberginBavariaandVittoriainSpain，——canreadilyformanidea；orevensmallerspecimens，providedthattheyarewellpreserved，——VitréinBrittany，NordhauseninPrussia。
　　TheParisofthreehundredandfiftyyearsago——theParisofthefifteenthcentury——wasalreadyagiganticcity。WeParisiansgenerallymakeamistakeastothegroundwhichwethinkthatwehavegained，sinceParishasnotincreasedmuchoverone-thirdsincethetimeofLouisXI。Ithascertainlylostmoreinbeautythanithasgainedinsize。
　　Parishaditsbirth，asthereaderknows，inthatoldislandoftheCitywhichhastheformofacradle。Thestrandofthatislandwasitsfirstboundarywall，theSeineitsfirstmoat。Parisremainedformanycenturiesinitsislandstate，withtwobridges，oneonthenorth，theotheronthesouth；
　　andtwobridgeheads，whichwereatthesametimeitsgatesanditsfortresses，——theGrand-Chateletontherightbank，thePetit-Chateletontheleft。Then，fromthedateofthekingsofthefirstrace，Paris，beingtoocribbedandconfinedinitsisland，andunabletoreturnthither，crossedthewater。Then，beyondtheGrand，beyondthePetit-Chatelet，afirstcircleofwallsandtowersbegantoinfringeuponthecountryonthetwosidesoftheSeine。Somevestigesofthisancientenclosurestillremainedinthelastcentury；to-day，onlythememoryofitisleft，andhereandthereatradition，theBaudetsorBaudoyergate，"PorteBagauda"。
　　Littlebylittle，thetideofhouses，alwaysthrustfromtheheartofthecityoutwards，overflows，devours，wearsaway，andeffacesthiswall。PhilipAugustusmakesanewdikeforit。HeimprisonsParisinacircularchainofgreattowers，bothloftyandsolid。Fortheperiodofmorethanacentury，thehousespressuponeachother，accumulate，andraisetheirlevelinthisbasin，likewaterinareservoir。Theybegintodeepen；theypilestoryuponstory；theymountuponeachother；theygushforthatthetop，likealllaterallycompressedgrowth，andthereisarivalryastowhichshallthrustitsheadaboveitsneighbors，forthesakeofgettingalittleair。Thestreetglowsnarroweranddeeper，everyspaceisoverwhelmedanddisappears。ThehousesfinallyleapthewallofPhilipAugustus，andscatterjoyfullyovertheplain，withoutorder，andallaskew，likerunaways。Theretheyplantthemselvessquarely，cutthemselvesgardensfromthefields，andtaketheirease。Beginningwith1367，thecityspreadstosuchanextentintothesuburbs，thatanewwallbecomesnecessary，particularlyontherightbank；CharlesV。
　　buildsit。ButacitylikeParisisperpetuallygrowing。Itisonlysuchcitiesthatbecomecapitals。Theyarefunnels，intowhichallthegeographical，political，moral，andintellectualwater-shedsofacountry，allthenaturalslopesofapeople，pour；wellsofcivilization，sotospeak，andalsosewers，wherecommerce，industry，intelligence，population，——allthatissap，allthatislife，allthatisthesoulofanation，filtersandamassesunceasingly，dropbydrop，centurybycentury。
　　SoCharlesV。’swallsufferedthefateofthatofPhilipAugustus。Attheendofthefifteenthcentury，theFaubourgstridesacrossit，passesbeyondit，andrunsfarther。Inthesixteenth，itseemstoretreatvisibly，andtoburyitselfdeeperanddeeperintheoldcity，sothickhadthenewcityalreadybecomeoutsideofit。Thus，beginningwiththefifteenthcentury，whereourstoryfindsus，Parishadalreadyoutgrownthethreeconcentriccirclesofwallswhich，fromthetimeofJuliantheApostate，existed，sotospeak，ingermintheGrand-ChateletandthePetit-Chatelet。Themightycityhadcracked，insuccession，itsfourenclosuresofwalls，likeachildgrowntoolargeforhisgarmentsoflastyear。UnderLouisXI。，thisseaofhouseswasseentobepiercedatintervalsbyseveralgroupsofruinedtowers，fromtheancientwall，likethesummitsofhillsinaninundation，——likearchipelagosoftheoldParissubmergedbeneaththenew。
　　SincethattimeParishasundergoneyetanothertransformation，unfortunatelyforoureyes；butithaspassedonlyonemorewall，thatofLouisXV。，thatmiserablewallofmudandspittle，worthyofthekingwhobuiltit，worthyofthepoetwhosungit，——
　　~LemurmurantParisrendParismurmurant~。*
　　*ThewallwallingParismakesParismurmur。
　　Inthefifteenthcentury，Pariswasstilldividedintothreewhollydistinctandseparatetowns，eachhavingitsownphysiognomy，itsownspecialty，itsmanners，customs，privileges，andhistory:theCity，theUniversity，theTown。TheCity，whichoccupiedtheisland，wasthemostancient，thesmallest，andthemotheroftheothertwo，crowdedinbetweenthemlikemaywebepardonedthecomparisonalittleoldwomanbetweentwolargeandhandsomemaidens。TheUniversitycoveredtheleftbankoftheSeine，fromtheTournelletotheTourdeNesle，pointswhichcorrespondintheParisofto-day，theonetothewinemarket，theothertothemint。ItswallincludedalargepartofthatplainwhereJulianhadbuilthishotbaths。ThehillofSainte-Genevièvewasenclosedinit。
　　TheculminatingpointofthissweepofwallswasthePapalgate，thatistosay，nearthepresentsiteofthePantheon。
　　TheTown，whichwasthelargestofthethreefragmentsofParis，heldtherightbank。Itsquay，brokenorinterruptedinmanyplaces，ranalongtheSeine，fromtheTourdeBillytotheTourduBois；thatistosay，fromtheplacewherethegranarystandsto-day，tothepresentsiteoftheTuileries。
　　Thesefourpoints，wheretheSeineintersectedthewallofthecapital，theTournelleandtheTourdeNesleontheright，theTourdeBillyandtheTourduBoisontheleft，werecalledpre-eminently，"thefourtowersofParis。"TheTownencroachedstillmoreextensivelyuponthefieldsthantheUniversity。
　　TheculminatingpointoftheTownwallthatofCharlesV。
　　wasatthegatesofSaint-DenisandSaint-Martin，whosesituationhasnotbeenchanged。
　　Aswehavejustsaid，eachofthesethreegreatdivisionsofPariswasatown，buttoospecialatowntobecomplete，acitywhichcouldnotgetalongwithouttheothertwo。Hencethreeentirelydistinctaspects:churchesaboundedintheCity；palaces，intheTown；andcolleges，intheUniversity。Neglectingheretheoriginalities，ofsecondaryimportanceinoldParis，andthecapriciousregulationsregardingthepublichighways，wewillsay，fromageneralpointofview，takingonlymassesandthewholegroup，inthischaosofcommunaljurisdictions，thattheislandbelongedtothebishop，therightbanktotheprovostofthemerchants，theleftbanktotheRector；overallruledtheprovostofParis，aroyalnotamunicipalofficial。TheCityhadNotre-Dame；theTown，theLouvreandtheH？teldeVille；theUniversity，theSorbonne。
　　TheTownhadthemarketsHalles；thecity，theHospital；
　　theUniversity，thePré-aux-Clercs。Offencescommittedbythescholarsontheleftbankweretriedinthelawcourtsontheisland，andwerepunishedontherightbankatMontfau？on；
　　unlesstherector，feelingtheuniversitytobestrongandthekingweak，intervened；foritwasthestudents’privilegetobehangedontheirowngrounds。
　　Thegreaterpartoftheseprivileges，itmaybenotedinpassing，andthereweresomeevenbetterthantheabove，hadbeenextortedfromthekingsbyrevoltsandmutinies。Itisthecourseofthingsfromtimeimmemorial；thekingonlyletsgowhenthepeopletearaway。Thereisanoldcharterwhichputsthematternaively:aproposoffidelity:~Civibusfidelitasinreges，quoetamenaliquotiesseditionibusinterrypta，multapeperitprivileyia~。
　　Inthefifteenthcentury，theSeinebathedfiveislandswithinthewallsofParis:Louviersisland，wheretherewerethentrees，andwherethereisnolongeranythingbutwood；l’ileauxVaches，andl’ileNotre-Dame，bothdeserted，withtheexceptionofonehouse，bothfiefsofthebishop——intheseventeenthcentury，asingleislandwasformedoutofthesetwo，whichwasbuiltuponandnamedl’ileSaint-Louis——，lastlytheCity，andatitspoint，thelittleisletofthecowtender，whichwasafterwardsengulfedbeneaththeplatformofthePont-Neuf。TheCitythenhadfivebridges:threeontheright，thePontNotre-Dame，andthePontauChange，ofstone，thePontauxMeuniers，ofwood；twoontheleft，thePetitPont，ofstone，thePontSaint-Michel，ofwood；allloadedwithhouses。
　　TheUniversityhadsixgates，builtbyPhilipAugustus；
　　therewere，beginningwithlaTournelle，thePorteSaint-
　　Victor，thePorteBordelle，thePortePapale，thePorteSaint-
　　Jacques，thePorteSaint-Michel，thePorteSaint-Germain。
　　TheTownhadsixgates，builtbyCharlesV。；beginningwiththeTourdeBillytheywere:thePorteSaint-Antoine，thePorteduTemple，thePorteSaint-Martin，thePorteSaint-Denis，thePorteMontmartre，thePorteSaint-Honoré。Allthesegateswerestrong，andalsohandsome，whichdoesnotdetractfromstrength。Alarge，deepmoat，withabriskcurrentduringthehighwaterofwinter，bathedthebaseofthewallroundParis；theSeinefurnishedthewater。Atnight，thegateswereshut，theriverwasbarredatbothendsofthecitywithhugeironchains，andParisslepttranquilly。
　　Fromabird’s-eyeview，thesethreeburgs，theCity，theTown，andtheUniversity，eachpresentedtotheeyeaninextricableskeinofeccentricallytangledstreets。Nevertheless，atfirstsight，onerecognizedthefactthatthesethreefragmentsformedbutonebody。Oneimmediatelyperceivedthreelongparallelstreets，unbroken，undisturbed，traversing，almostinastraightline，allthreecities，fromoneendtotheother；
　　fromNorthtoSouth，perpendicularly，totheSeine，whichboundthemtogether，mingledthem，infusedthemineachother，pouredandtransfusedthepeopleincessantly，fromonetotheother，andmadeoneoutofthethree。ThefirstofthesestreetsranfromthePorteSaint-Martin:itwascalledtheRueSaint-JacquesintheUniversity，RuedelaJuiverieintheCity，RueSaint-MartinintheTown；itcrossedthewatertwice，underthenameofthePetitPontandthePontNotre-
　　Dame。Thesecond，whichwascalledtheRuedelaHarpeontheleftbank，RuedelaBarilleriéintheisland，RueSaint-
　　Denisontherightbank，PontSaint-MichelononearmoftheSeine，PontauChangeontheother，ranfromthePorteSaint-MichelintheUniversity，tothePorteSaint-DenisintheTown。However，underallthesenames，therewerebuttwostreets，parentstreets，generatingstreets，——thetwoarteriesofParis。Alltheotherveinsofthetriplecityeitherderivedtheirsupplyfromthemoremptiedintothem。
　　Independentlyofthesetwoprincipalstreets，piercingParisdiametricallyinitswholebreadth，fromsidetoside，commontotheentirecapital，theCityandtheUniversityhadalsoeachitsowngreatspecialstreet，whichranlengthwisebythem，paralleltotheSeine，cutting，asitpassed，atrightangles，thetwoarterialthoroughfares。Thus，intheTown，onedescendedinastraightlinefromthePorteSaint-AntoinetothePorteSaint-Honoré；intheUniversityfromthePorteSaint-VictortothePorteSaint-Germain。Thesetwogreatthoroughfaresintersectedbythetwofirst，formedthecanvasuponwhichreposed，knottedandcrowdedtogetheroneveryhand，thelabyrinthinenetworkofthestreetsofParis。Intheincomprehensibleplanofthesestreets，onedistinguishedlikewise，onlookingattentively，twoclustersofgreatstreets，likemagnifiedsheavesofgrain，oneintheUniversity，theotherintheTown，whichspreadoutgraduallyfromthebridgestothegates。
　　Sometracesofthisgeometricalplanstillexistto-day。
　　Now，whataspectdidthiswholepresent，when，asviewedfromthesummitofthetowersofNotre-Dame，in1482？
　　Thatweshalltrytodescribe。
　　Forthespectatorwhoarrived，panting，uponthatpinnacle，itwasfirstadazzlingconfusingviewofroofs，chimneys，streets，bridges，places，spires，belltowers。Everythingstruckyoureyeatonce:thecarvedgable，thepointedroof，theturretssuspendedattheanglesofthewalls；thestonepyramidsoftheeleventhcentury，theslateobelisksofthefifteenth；theround，baretowerofthedonjonkeep；thesquareandfrettedtowerofthechurch；thegreatandthelittle，themassiveandtheaerial。Theeyewas，foralongtime，whollylostinthislabyrinth，wheretherewasnothingwhichdidnotpossessitsoriginality，itsreason，itsgenius，itsbeauty，——nothingwhichdidnotproceedfromart；beginningwiththesmallesthouse，withitspaintedandcarvedfront，withexternalbeams，ellipticaldoor，withprojectingstories，totheroyalLouvre，whichthenhadacolonnadeoftowers。Butthesearetheprincipalmasseswhichwerethentobedistinguishedwhentheeyebegantoaccustomitselftothistumultofedifices。
　　Inthefirstplace，theCity——"TheislandoftheCity，"asSauvalsays，who，inspiteofhisconfusedmedley，sometimeshassuchhappyturnsofexpression，——"theislandofthecityismadelikeagreatship，stuckinthemudandrunagroundinthecurrent，nearthecentreoftheSeine。"
　　Wehavejustexplainedthat，inthefifteenthcentury，thisshipwasanchoredtothetwobanksoftheriverbyfivebridges。Thisformofashiphadalsostrucktheheraldicscribes；foritisfromthat，andnotfromthesiegebytheNormans，thattheshipwhichblazonstheoldshieldofParis，comes，accordingtoFavynandPasquier。Forhimwhounderstandshowtodecipherthem，armorialbearingsarealgebra，armorialbearingshaveatongue。ThewholehistoryofthesecondhalfoftheMiddleAgesiswritteninarmorialbearings，——thefirsthalfisinthesymbolismoftheRomanchurches。Theyarethehieroglyphicsoffeudalism，succeedingthoseoftheocracy。
　　ThustheCityfirstpresenteditselftotheeye，withitssterntotheeast，anditsprowtothewest。Turningtowardstheprow，onehadbeforeoneaninnumerableflockofancientroofs，overwhicharchedbroadlythelead-coveredapseoftheSainte-Chapelle，likeanelephant’shaunchesloadedwithitstower。Onlyhere，thistowerwasthemostaudacious，themostopen，themostornamentedspireofcabinet-maker’sworkthateverlettheskypeepthroughitsconeoflace。InfrontofNotre-Dame，andverynearathand，threestreetsopenedintothecathedralsquare，——afinesquare，linedwithancienthouses。Overthesouthsideofthisplacebentthewrinkledandsullenfa？adeoftheH？telDieu，anditsroof，whichseemedcoveredwithwartsandpustules。Then，ontherightandtheleft，toeastandwest，withinthatwalloftheCity，whichwasyetsocontracted，rosethebelltowersofitsoneandtwentychurches，ofeverydate，ofeveryform，ofeverysize，fromthelowandwormeatenbelfryofSaint-DenisduPas~CarcerGlaueini~totheslenderneedlesofSaint-PierreauxBoeufsandSaint-Landry。