ItisbutsixmonthssincePolishPatriotism，soeffulgenttoitsowneyesinOrthodoxy，inLoveofgloriousLiberty，confederatedatBar，andgotintothatextraordinarywhirlpool，orcesspool，ofmiseriesanddeliriumswehavebeenlookingat；andnowithasissuedonabroadhighwayofprogress，——broadandprecipitous，——andwillrapidlyarriveatthegoalsetbeforeit。Allwassorapid，onthePolishandontheTurkishpart。TheblindTurks，outofmerefanaticismandheatofhumor，haverushedintothisadventure；——andgorushingforwardintoaseriesofchaoticplatitudesonthehugescale，andmeretragicaldisasters，yearafteryear，whichwouldhavebeencomical，hadtheynotbeensohideousandsanguinary:
constantandenormousblundersontheTurkpart，issuingindisastersoflikemagnitude；whichinthecourseofTwoCampaignshadquitefinishedofftheirPolishfriends，inaveryunexpectedway；andhadliketohavefinishedthemselvesoff，hadnotdrownedPolandservedasastepping—stone。
NottillMarch26th，1769，sixmonthsafterdeclaringinsuchhaste，didtheblindTurks"displaytheirBannerofMahomet，"thatis，begininearnesttoassembleandmakeready。NorweretheRussiansshininglystrategic，thoughsoonerinthefield，——aPrinceGalitzincommandingthem（anextremelypurblindperson）；
tillreplacedbyRomanzow，ouroldColbergacquaintance，whosawconsiderablybetter。Galitzin，earlyintheseason，madearushonChoczim（ChoTzim），thefirstTurkFortbeyondtheDniester；
andaltogetherfailed，——notbyTurkprowess，butbyhisownpurblindmal—arrangements（wantofammunition，wantofbread，orI
willforgetwhat）；——whichoccasionedmightygrumblingsinRussia:
tillinamonthortwo，byfavorofFortuneandblindnessoftheTurk，mattershadcomewellroundagain；andGalitzin，walkinguptoChoczimthesecondtime，foundtherewasnotaTurkintheplace，andthatChoczimwasnowhisonthoseuncommonlyeasyterms！
InsteadoffartherdetailsonsuchaWar，——theshadoworreflexofwhich，asmirroredintheAustrianmind，hasanimportancetoFriedrichandus；buttheselforsubstanceofwhichhasotherwiselittleornone，——wewillcloseherewithabitofRussiansatireonit，whichisstillworthreading。ThedateisevidentlySpring，1769；thescenewhatwearenowtreatingof:GalitzinobligedtofallbackfromChoczim；greatrumor——"WhataGalitzin；whataTurkWarhis，incontrasttothelastwehad！"[TurkWarof1736—1739，underMunnich（supra，vii。81—126）。]——noRomanzowyetappointedinhisroom。AndhereisasmallManuscript，whichwasthencirculatingfreshandnewinRussianSociety；andhassincegoneoveralltheworld（thoughmostlyinanuncertaincondition，inoldJest—Booksandthelike），asagenuinebitofCAVIAREfromthoseNorthernparts:——
MANUSCRIPTCIRCULATINGINRUSSIANSOCIETY。Galitzin，muchgrievedaboutChoczim，couldnotsleep；and，wanderingaboutinhistent，overheard，onenight，acommonsoldierrecountinghisdreamtothesentryoutsidethedoor。
"Acuriousdream，"saidthesoldier:"IdreamtIwasinabattle；
thatIgotmyheadcutoff；thatIdied；and，ofcourse，wenttoHeaven。Iknockedatthedoor:PetercamewithabunchofKeys；
andmadesuchrattlingthatheawokeGod；whostartedupinhaste，asking，’Whatisthematter？’’Why，’saysPeter，’thereisagreatWaronearthbetweentheRussiansandtheTurks。’’AndwhocommandsmyRussians？’saidtheSupremeBeing。’CountMunnich，’answeredPeter。’Verywell；Imaygotosleepagain！’——Butthiswasnottheendofmydream，"continuedthesoldier；"Ifellasleepanddreamtagain，theverysameasbefore，exceptthattheWarwasnotCountMunnich’s，buttheonewearenowin。Accordingly，whenGodasked，’WhocommandsmyRussians？’Peteranswered，’PrinceGalitzin。’
’Galitzin？Thengetmemyboots！’saidthe[Russian]SupremeBeing。"[W。Richardson（thenatPetersburg，TutortoExcellencyCathcart’sChildren；afterwardsProfessoratGlasgow，andamanofSomereputationinhisoldage），AnecdotesoftheRussianEmpire，inaSeriesofLetterswrittenafewyearsagofromSt。
Petersburg（London，1784），p。110:dateofthisLetteris"17thOctober，1769。"]
ChapterIV。
PARTITIONOFPOLAND。
ThesePolishphenomenawerebeginningtoawakenagooddealofattention，notallofitpleasant，onthepartofFriedrich。
Fromthefirsthehad，asusual，beenamostclear—eyedobserverofeverything；andfoundthebusiness，asappears，notoftragicalnature，butofexpensive—farcical，capabletoshakethediaphragmratherthantouchtheheartofareflectiveon—looker。HehasaconsiderablePoemonit，——WAROFTHECONFEDERATESbytitle（intheoldstyleofthePALLADION，imitatinganunattainableJEANNE
D’ARC），——considerablePoem，nowformingitselfatleisureinhisthoughts，["LAGUERREDESCONFEDERES[OEuvres，xiv。183etseq。]，finishedinNovember，1771。"]whichdecidedlytakesthatturn；andlaughsquiteloudattherabidfanaticisms，blusterousinanitiesandimbecilitiesofthesenoisyunfortunateneighbors:——oldunpleasantstyleofthePALLADIONandPUCELLE；butmuchbetterworthreading；havingagreatdealofsharpsenseinitslaughingguise，andmoreofrealHistoricalDiscernmentthanyouwillfindinanyotherBookonthatdelirioussubject。
Muchalaughing—stocktothisKinghitherto，sucha"WaroftheConfederates，"——consistingofthenoisiest，emptiestbedlamtumults，seasonedbyaproportionofhomicide，andagreatdealofbatteryandarson。Butnow，withaRussian—TurkWarspringingfromit，oralreadysprung，therearequiteseriousaspectsrisingamidthelaughable。ByTreaty，thisWaristocosttheKingeithera12，000ofAuxiliariestotheCzarina，ora72，000pounds（480，000
thalers）annually；[OEuvresdeFrederic，
vi。13。]——whichlatterhepreferstopayher，asthealternative:
notanagreeablefeatureatall；butbynomeanstheworstfeature。
SupposeitleadtoRussianconquestsontheTurk，toAustriancomplicacies，tooneknowsnotwhat，andkindletheworldroundoneagain！Inshort，wecanbelieveFriedrichwasverywillingtostandwellwithnext—doorneighborsatpresent，andbeciviltoAustriaanditsyoungKaiser’scivilities。
FIRSTINTERVIEWBETWEENFRIEDRICHANDKAISERJOSEPH
（Neisse，25th—28thAugust，1769）。
In1766，theyoungKaiser，whohaschargeoftheMilitaryDepartment，andoflittleelseintheGovernment，andisalreadyagreattraveller，andenthusiasticsoldier，madeapilgrimageovertheBohemianandSaxonBattle—fieldsoftheSeven—YearsWar。
Onsomeofthem，whetheronallIdonotknow，hesetupmemorial—
stones；oneofwhichyoustillseeonthefieldofLobositz；——ofanotheronPragfield，andofreverentsalutationbyArtillerytothememoryofSchwerinthere，weheardlongago。ComingtoTorgauonthiserrand，theKaiser，throughhisBerlinMinister，hadsignifiedhis"particulardesiretomakeacquaintancewiththeKinginreturning；"towhichtheKingwasreadywiththereadiest；——
onlythatKaunitzandtheKaiserinn，intheinterim，judgeditimproper，andstoppedit。"ThereportedInterviewisnottotakeplace，"FriedrichwarnstheNewspapers；"havingbeengivenup，thoughonlyfromcourtesy，onsomepointsofceremonial。"
["FRIEDRICHTOONEOFHISFOREIGNAMBASSADORS"（thecommonwayofannouncinginNewspapers）:Preuss，iv。22n。]
TheyoungKaiserfeltalittlehuffed；andsignifiedtoFriedrichthathewouldfindatimetomakegoodthisbitofuncivility，whichhispedagogueshadforceduponhim。Andnow，afterthreeyears，August，1769，onoccasionoftheSilesianReviews，theKaiseristocomeacrossfromhisBohemianbusinesses，andactuallyvisithim:InterviewtobeatNeisse，25thAugust，1769，forthreedays。OfcoursetheKingwaspunctual，everybodywaspunctual，gladandcordialafterasort，——noceremony，theKaiser，officiallyincognito，isamereGrafvonFalkenstein，cometoseehisMajesty’sReviews。TherecamewithhimfourorfiveGenerals，Loudononeofthem；Lacyhadpreceded:Friedrichisinthepalaceoftheplace，readyandexpectant。WithFriedrichare:PrinceHenri；PrinceofPrussia；MargrafofAnspach:Friedrich’sNephew（LadyCraven’sMargraf，theoneremnantnowleftthere）；andsomeGeneralsandMilitaryfunctionaries，Seidlitzthenotablestfigureofthese。Andso，FRIDAY，AUGUST25th，shortlyafternoon——ButthefollowingTwoLetters，byanEye—witness，willbepreferable；
andindeedaretheonlyrealNarrativethatcanbegiven:——
No。1。ENGINEERLEFEBVRETOPERPETUALSECRETARYFORMEY
（atBerlin）。
"NEISSE，26th[partly25th]August，1769。
"MYMOSTWORTHYFRIEND，—ImakehastetoinformyouoftheKaiser’sarrivalhereatNeisse，thisday，25thAugust，1769，atoneintheafternoon。TheKinghadspentthemorninginaproofManoeuvre，makingrehearsaloftheManoeuvrethatwastobe。WhentheKaiserwasreportedjustcoming，theKingwenttothewindowofthegrandEpiscopalSaloon，andseeinghimalightfromhiscarriage，turnedroundandsaid，’JEL’AIVU（Ihaveseenhim）。’HisMajestythenwenttoreceivehimonthegrandstaircase[hadhardlydescendedthreeorfoursteps]，wheretheyembraced；andthenhisMajestyledbythehandhisaugustGuestintotheApartmentsdesignedforhim，whichwereallstandingopenandready，"——which，however，theaugustGuestwillnotoccupyexceptwithagratefulimagination，beingforthepresentincognito，mereGrafvonFalkenstein，andjudgingthatTHETHREE—KINGSInnwillbesuitabler。
"ArrivedintheApartments，theyembracedanew；andsattalkingtogetherforanhourandhalf。——
[Thetalk，unknowntoLefebvre，beganinthisstrain。KAISER:"Nowaremywishesfulfilled，sinceIhavethehonortoembracethegreatestofKingsandSoldiers。"KING:"Ilookuponthisdayasthefairestofmylife；foritwillbecometheepochofunitingTwoHouseswhichhavebeenenemiestoolong，andwhosemutualinterestsrequirethattheyshouldstrengthen，notweakenoneanother。"KAISER:"ForAustriathereisnoSilesiafarther。"[Preuss，v。23；OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。25，26。]Talk，itappears，lastedanhourandhalf。]
——"TheKaiser[continuesourEngineer]
hadbroughtwithhimthePrinceofSachsen—Teschen[hisaugustBrother—in—law，DukeofTeschen，sonofthelatePolishMajestyoffamousmemory]:afterwardstherecameFeldmarschallLacy，GrafvonDietrichstein，GeneralvonLoudon，"andthreeothersofnoaccounttous。"AttheKing’stableweretheKaiser，thePrinceofPrussia[dissoluteyoungHeir—Apparent，ofthepolygamoustendency]，PrinceHenri，theMargrafofAnspach[King’sNephew，unfortunateLady—
CravenMargraf，ultimatelyofHammersmithvicinity]；theaboveGeneralsoftheAustriansuite，andGeneralsSeidlitzandTauentzien。TherestoftheCourtwasattwoothertables。"OfthedinneritselfanOutsideIndividualwillsaynothing。
"TheKaiser，havingexpresslyrequestedtheKingtolethimlodgeinanInn（THREEKINGS），underthenameofGrafvonFalkenstein，wouldnotgointothecarriagewhichhadstoodexpresslyreadytoconducthimthither。Hepreferredwalkingonfoot[theloftilyscornfulIncognito]inspiteoftherain；itwaslikealieutenantofinfantrysteppingoutofhisquarters。Somemomentsafter，theKingwenttovisithim；andtheyremainedtogetherfrom5intheeveningtill8。Itwasthoughttheywouldbepresent（ASSISTER）ataComicOperawhichwastobeplayed:butafterwaitingtill7
o’clock，thepeoplereceivedorderstogoonwiththePiece；"——bothMajestiesdidafterwardslookin；butfindingitbad，soonwenttheirwayagain。（MAJORLEFEBVRESTOPSWRITINGFORTHENIGHT。）
"Thismorning，26th，theManoeuvre[rehearsedyesterday]hasbeenperformedbeforeboththeirMajesties；thetroops，bywayoffinish，filingpasttheminthehighestorder。TheKaiseraccompaniedtheKingtohisabode；afterwhichhereturnedtohisown。ThisisallthenewsIhaveto—day:thesequelbynextPost[apparentlyaweekhence）。Iam，andshalleverbe，——yourtrueFriend，LEFEBVRE。"
No。2。SAMETOSAME。
"NEISSE，2dSeptember，1769。
"MONSIEURANDDEARESTFRIEND，——Wehad，asyouheard，ourfirstManoeuvreonSaturday，26th，inpresenceoftheKaiserandtheKing，andofthewholeCourtofeach。ThateveningtherewasOpera；
whichtheirMajestieshonoredbyattending。SundaywasourSecondManoeuvre；OPERETTEintheevening。Monday，28th，wasourlastManoeuvre；attheendofwhichthetwoMajesties，withoutalightingfromhorseback，embracedeachother；andparted，protestingmutuallythemostconstantandinviolablefriendship。OnetooktheroadforBreslau；theotherthatofKonigsgratz。AllthetimetheKaiserwashere，theyhavebeencontinuallytalkingtogether，andexhibitingthetenderestfriendship，——fromwhichIcannotbutthinktherewillbenefitresult。
"IamalmostinthemindofcomingtopassthisWinteratBerlin；
thatImayhavethepleasureofembracingyou，——perhapsascordiallyasKingandKaiserhere。Iam，andshallalwaysbe，withallmyheart，——yourverygoodFriend，"LEFEBVRE。"
[Formey，Souvenirsd’unCitoyen，ii。
145—148。]
TheLefebvrethatwriteshereisthesamewhowassettomanagethelastSiegeofSchweidnitz，byGlobesofCompressionandotherfineinventions；andalmostwentoutofhiswitsbecausehecouldnotdoit。Anexpertingeniouscreature；skilfulasanengineer；hadbeenbroughtintoFriedrich’sservicebythelateBalbi，duringBalbi’sascendency（whichendedatOlmutzlongago）。AtSchweidnitz，andoftenelsewhere，Friedrich，whohadanesteemforpoorLefebvre，wasgoodtohim；andtreatedhisexcitabilitieswithasofthand，notarough。OnceatNeisse（1771，secondyearaftertheseLetters），onlookingroundattheworksdonesincelastreview，insightofalltheGarrisonheembracedLefebvre，whilecommendinghisexcellentperformance；whichfilledthepoorsoulwithanowunimaginablejoy。
"HELAS，"saysFormey，"thepoorGentlemanwrotetomeofhisendlesssatisfaction；andhowhehopedtogetthroughhisbuilding，andretireonhalf—paythisveryseason，thenceforthtobelongtotheAcademyandme；hehadbeenMemberfortwentyyearspast。"
Withthisview，thinksFormey，hemostlikelyhastenedonhisbuildingstoofast:certainitis，abarrackhewasbuildingtumbledsuddenly，andsomeworkmenperishedintheruins。
"EnemiesatCourtsuggested，"ortheaccidentitselfsuggestedwithoutanyenemy，"Hasnothebeenplayingfalse，usingcheapbadmaterials？"——andFriedrichorderedhimarrestinhisownApartments，tillthequestionwereinvestigated。ExcitableLefebvrewasliketolosehiswits，almosttoleapoutofhisskin。
"Oneeveningatsupper，hemanagedtosmuggleawayaknife；and，inthecourseofthenight，gavehimselfsixteenstabswithit；
whichatlengthsufficed。TheKingsaid，’HehasusedhimselfworsethanIshouldhavedone；’andwasverysorry。"OfLefebvre’sscientificstructures，globesofcompressionandtherest，Iknownotwhetheranythingisleft；theaboveTwoNotes，thrownofftoFormey，wereaccidentallyahit，and，inthegreatblank，maylastalongwhile。
TheKingfoundthisyoungKaiseraveryprettyman；andcouldhavelikedhimconsiderably，hadtheirmutualpositionspermitted。
"Hehadafranknessofmannerwhichseemednaturaltohim，"saystheKing；"inhisamiablecharacter，gayetyandgreatvivacitywereprominentfeatures。"Byaccidentalchinks，however，onesaw"anambitionbeyondmeasure"burningintheinteriorofthisyoungman，[OEuvresdeFrederic，（inMemoiresde1763jusqu’a1775，aChapterwhichyieldsthebriefest，andtheonecompletelyintelligibleaccountweyethaveofthoseaffairs），vi。25。]——letanoldKingbewary。Athreedays，clearly，tobemarkedinchalk；radiantoutwardlytoboth；toacertaindepth，sincere；anduncommonlypleasantforthetime。
KingandKaiserwereseenwalkingaboutarminarm。AtoneoftheReviewsaNotewasbroughttoFriedrich:hereadit，aNotefromherImperialMajesty；andhandingittoKaiserJoseph，kisseditfirst。Atparting，hehadgivenJoseph，bywayofkeepsake，acopyofMarechaldeSaxe’sREVERIES（astrangeMilitaryFarrago，dictated，Ishouldthink，underopium["MESREVERIES；OUVRAGE
POSTHUME，par"&c。（2vols。4to:AmsterdametLeipzig，1757）。]）:
thisBooklaycontinuallythereafterontheKaiser’snight—table；
andwasfoundthereathisdeath，Twenty—oneyearshence，——notapageofitread，theleavesallstickingtogetherundertheirbrightgilding。[Preuss，iv。24n。]
Itwaslongbelieved，bypersonscapableofseeingintomillstones，that，undercoverofthisNeisseInterview，therewereimportantPoliticalnegotiationsandconsultingscarriedon；——thathere，andinaSecondIntervieworReturn—Visit，ofwhichpresently，laytherealfoundationofthePolishCatastrophe。WhatofPoliticalpassedattheSecondInterviewreadersshallseeforthemselves，fromanexcellentAuthority。Astowhatpassedatthepresent（"mutualword—of—honor:shouldEnglandandFrancequarrel，wewillstandneutral"[OEuvresdeFrederic，ubisupra。]），itistooinsignificantforbeingshowntoreaders。Dialoguestherewere，delicatelyholdingwideofthemark，andatlengthcomingcloseenough；but，atneithertheoneInterviewnortheother，wasPolandatallapartyconcerned，——though，beyonddoubt，theTurkWarwas；silentlythisfirsttime，andwithclearvocalityonthesecondoccasion。
InspiteofGalitzin’sblunders，theTurkWarisgoingonatafinerateinthesemonths；Turks，bythehundredthousand，gettingscatteredinpanicrout:——butwewillsaynothingofitjustyet。
PolishConfederation——horror—struck，asmaybeimagined，atitsauxiliaryBrotheroftheSunandMoonandhisperformances——iswelteringinviolentlyimpotentspasmsintodeeperandeverdeeperwretchedness，FriedrichsometimesthinkingofaBurlesquePoemonthesubject；——thoughtheRussiansuccesses，andtheAustriangrudgingsandgloomings，arerisingonhimasaveryseriousconsideration。"Istherenomethod，then，ofallowingRussiatoprosecuteitsTurkWarinspiteofAustriaanditsumbrages？"
thinksFriedrichsometimes，inhisanxietiesaboutPeaceinEurope:——"IftheUkraine，anditsmealfortheArmies，werebutRussia’s！Atpresent，Austriacanstrikeinthere，cutofftheprovisions，andatonceputaspokeinRussia’swheel。"
Friedrichtellsus，"he（ON，"theKinghimself，whatIdonotfindinanyotherBook）"senttoPetersburg，underthenameofCountLynar，theseraphicDanishGentleman，who，in1757，hadbroughtabouttheConventionofKloster—Zeven，aProject，orSketchofPlan，forPartitioningcertainProvincesofPoland，inthatview；"
——theLynaropining，sofarasIcansee，somewhatasfollows:
"RussiatolayholdoftheessentialbitofPolishTerritoryforprovisioningitselfagainsttheTurk，andallowtoAustriaandPrussiacertainotherbits；whichwouldcontenteverybody，andenableRussiaandChristendomtoextrudeandsuppressADLIBITUM
thatabominablemassofMahometanSensualism，DarknessandFanaticismfromthefairestpartofGod’sCreation。"AnexcellentProject，thoughnotsuccessful！"TowhichPetersburg，intoxicatedwithitsownoutlooksonTurkey，paidnottheleastattention，"
saystheKing。[OEuvresdeFrederic，vi。26。]
Hegivesnodatetothiscuriousstatement；nordoesanybodyelsementionitatall；butwemayfancyittohavebeenofWinter，1769—1770，——andleaveitwiththecurious，ortheidlycurious，sincenothingcameofitnoworafterwards。
POTSDAM，20th—29thOCTOBER，1769。OnlytwomonthsafterNeisse，whatkindlesPotsdamintosuddensplendor，ElectressMarie—AntoinemakesaVisitofninedaystotheKing。"InJulylast，"saysacertainNoteofours，"theElectresswasinvitedtoBerlin，toaWedding；’wouldhavebeendelightedtocome，butletterofinvitationarrivedtoolate。Will，however，notgiveuptheplanofseeingthegreatFriedrich。’ComestoPotsdam20th—29thOctober。
Staysninedays；muchdelighted，both，withthevisit。
’Magnificentpalaces，pleasantgardens，ravishingconcerts，charmingPrincesandPrincesses:thepleasantestninedaysIeverhadinmylife，’saystheElectress。Friedrichgrants，toherintercession，pardonforsomeculprit。’DIVAANTONIA’hecallsherhenceforthforsometime；shehim，’PLUSGRANDDESMORTELS，’
’SALOMONDUNORD，’andthelikenames。"[OEuvresdeFrederic，（CORRESPONDANCEAVECL’ELECTRICEMARIE—
ANTOINE），xxiv。179—186。]Nextyeartoo（September26th—October5th，1770），thebrightLadymadeasecondvisit；[Rodenbeck，iii。
24。]nothird，——thetimesgrowingtoopolitical，perhaps；thetimesnotsuiting。TheCorrespondencecontinuestotheend；andisreallypretty。Andwouldbeinstructivewithal，wereitwelledited。Forexample，——ifwemightlookbackwards，andshootamomentarysparkintothevacantdarknessofthePast，——Friedrichwrote（theyearbeforethis）:——
POTSDAM，3dMAY，1768……"Jesuitshavegotallcutadrift:AdimrumorspreadsthathisHolinesswillnotrestwiththatfirstanathema，butthatafulminatingBulliscomingoutagainsttheMostChristian，theMostCatholicandtheMostFaithful。Ifthatbeso，mynotionis，Madam，thattheHolyFather，tofillhistable，willadmittheDefenderoftheFaith[poorGeorgeIII。]andyourServant；foritdoesnotsuitaPopetositsolitary……
"Apityforthehumanrace，Madam，thatmencannotbetranquil，——
buttheyneverandnowherecan！NoteventhelittleTownofNeufchatelbuthashaditstroubles；yourRoyalHighnesswillbeastonishedtolearnhow。AParsonthere[thiswasabovesevenyearsago，inoldMarischal’sreign[SeeLetterstoMarischal，"Leipzig，9thMarch，1761，""Breslau，14thMay，1762:"inOEuvresdeFrederic，xx。282，287。]]hadsetforthinasermon，ThatconsideringtheimmensemercyofGod，thepainsofHellcouldnotlastforever。TheSynodshoutedmurderatsuchscandal；andhasbeenstruggling，eversince，togettheParsonexterminated。
Theaffairwasofmyjurisdiction；foryourRoyalHighnessmustknowthatIamPopeinthatCountry；——hereismydecision:Lettheparsons，whomakeforthemselvesacruelandbarbarousGod，beeternallydamned，astheydesire，anddeserve；andletthoseparsons，whoconceiveGodgentleandmerciful，enjoytheplenitudeofhismercy！However，Madam，mysentencehasfailedtocalmmen’sminds；theschismcontinues；andthenumberofthedamnatorytheologiansprevailsovertheothers。"["April2d，1768"（amonthbeforethisLettertoMadam），thereis"riotatNeufchatel；
andAvocatGardot[heterodoxParson’sADVOCATE]killedinit"
（Rodenbeck，ii。303）。]——Oragain:——
POTSDAM，1stDECEMBER，1766。"AtpresentIhavewithmemyNiece[Sister’sDaughter，ofSchwedt]，theDuchessofWurtemberg；
whorememberswithpleasuretohavehadthehappinessofseeingyourRoyalHighnessinformertimes。Sheisveryunhappyandmuchtobepitied；herHusband[EugenofWurtemberg，whomweheardmuchof，andlastatColberg]givesheradealoftrouble:heisaviolentman，fromwhomshehaseverythingtofear；whogivesherchagrins，andmakeshernoallowances。Itrymybesttobringhimtoreason；"——butamlittlesuccessful。Threeyearsafterthis，"May3d，1769，"wefindEugen，whooncetalkedofrunninghisaugustReigningBrotherthroughthebody，hasendedbyreturningtoStuttgardandhim；where，oratMumpelgard，hisApanage，hecontinuedthenceforth。AndwasReigningDukehimself，longafterwards，fortwoyears，attheveryendofhislife。
["Succeeded，"onhisBrotherKarl’sdeath，"20thMay，1795；
died23dDecember，1797，age75。"]Atthisdateof1766，"mypoorNieceandhe"havebeenmarriedthirteenyears，andhavehalfascoreofchildren；——theeldestofthemCzarPaul’sSecondWifethatistobe，andMotherofthenowCzars。
DECEMBER17th，1765……"Ihavehad12，360housesandbarnstorebuild，andamnearlythroughwiththat。Buthowmanyotherwoundsremainyettobehealed！"
JULY22d，1766……"WeddingfestivitiesofPrinceofPrussia。
DuchessofKingstontipsyontheoccasion！"——Butwemustnotbetemptedfarther。[OEuvresdeFrederic，
xxiv。90—155。]
NEXTYEARTHEREISASECONDINTERVIEW；FRIEDRICHMAKINGA
RETURN—VISITDURINGTHEKAISER’SMORAVIANREVIEWS（CampofMahrisch—Neustadt，3d—7thSeptember，1770）。
TheRussian—TurkespeciallyinSecondCampaignofit，"LiberationofGreece，"or，failingthat，totaldestructionoftheTurkFleetinGreekwaters；conquestofWallachia，asofMoldavia；inaword，imminencyoftotalruintotheTurkbylandandsea，——allthisisblazingaloftatsuchapitch，inSummer，1770，thatanewInterviewuponitmaywell，toneighborssomuchinterested，seemmoredesirablethanever。Interviewaccordinglythereistobe:
3dSeptember，andforfourdaysfollowing。
Kaunitzhimselfattends，thistime；somethingofrealbusinessprivatelyprobabletoKaunitz。PrinceHenriisnotthere；
PrinceHenriisgonetoSweden；onvisittohisSister，whomhehasnotseensinceboyhood:ofwhichVisittherewillbefarthermention。PresentwiththeKingwere:[Rodenbeck，iii。21。]thePrinceofPrussia（luckiersomewhatinhissecondwedlock，littlered—coloredSonandHeirborntohimjustamonthago）；
[FriedrichWilhelmIII。，"born3dAugust，1770。"]PrinceFerdinand；
twoBrunswickNephews，ERBPRINZwhomweusedtohearof，andLeopoldajunior，ofwhomweshallonceorso。NoSeidlitzthistime。ExceptLentulus，noGeneraltoname。ButbetterforusthanallGenerals，intheKaiser’ssuite，besidesKaunitz，wasPrincedeLigne，——whoholdsaPEN，aswillappear。
"LiberationoftheGreeks"hadkindledmanypeople，Voltaireamongthenumber，whoisstillintermittentlyincorrespondencewithFriedrich:"AmagnificentCzarinaabouttorevivifythattrueTempleofMankind，oratleasttosweeptheblockheadTurksoutofit；whataprospect！"FriedrichisquitecoolonGreece；nottoohotonanypartofthissubject，thoughintenselyconcernedaboutit。BesideshisingeniousCount—LynarProject，andmanyotherbusinesses，FriedrichhasjustbeenconfutingBarond’Holbach’sSystemedelaNature；["EXAMENCRITIQUEDU
SYSTEMEDELANATURE[inOEuvresdeFrederic，
ix。153etseq。]，finishedJuly，1770。"]——writingtoVoltaire，POTSDAM，18thAUGUST，1770，onthissubjectamongothers，headds:
"IamgoingforSilesia，ontheReviews。IamtoseetheKaiser，whohasinvitedmetohisCampinMahren。ThatisanamiableandmeritoriousPrince；hevaluesyourWorks，readsthemasdiligentlyashecan；isanythingbutsuperstitious:inbrief，aKaisersuchasGermanyhasnotforagreatwhilehad。NeitherhenorIhaveanylovefortheblockheadandbarbaricsort；——butthatisnoreasonforextirpatingthem:ifitwere，yourTurks[oppressorsofGreece]
wouldnotbetheonlyvictims！"[OEuvresdeFrederic，xxiii。165，166。]
InalengthyLetter，writtenbyrequest，TOSTANISLAUS，KINGOF
POLAND，1735，oratadistanceoffifteenyearsfromthisInterviewatNeustadt，PrincedeLigne，whowaspresentthere，hasleftussomerecordorlooselivelyreminiscenceofit；[PrincedeLigne，MemoiresetMelangesHistoriques（Par。1827），i。3—21。]——sputtering，effervescing，epigrammaticcreature，hadheconfinedhimselftoafaithfuldescription，andburntoffforus，notlikeaprettyfire—work，butlikeaninnocentcandle，orthingforseeingby！Butwemusttakewhatwehave，andendeavortobethankful。Bygreatluck，theonetopicheinsistsonisFriedrichandhisaspectandbehaviorontheoccasion:whichiswhat，ofallelseinit，wearemostconcernedwith。
"Youhaveorderedme，Sire[thiswaswrittenforhimin1785]，tospeaktoyouofoneofthegreatestmenofthisAge。Youadmirehim，thoughhisneighborhoodhasdoneyoumischiefenough；
and，placingyourselfattheimpartialdistanceofHistory，feelanoblecuriosityonallthatbelongstothisextraordinarygenius。
Iwill，therefore，giveyouanexactaccountofthesmallestwordsthatImyselfheardthegreatFriedrichspeak……TheI（LEJE）isodioustome；butnothingisindifferentwhen"——Well，youraccount，then，youraccount，withoutfartherpreambling，andinamoreexactwaythanyouarewont！——
"Byasingularchance，in1770[3d—7thSeptember，ifyouwouldbutdate]，theKaiserwas[forthesecondtime]enabledtodeliverhimselftothepersonaladmirationwhichhehadconceivedfortheKingofPrussia；andtheseTwogreatSovereignsweresowelltogether，thattheycouldpayvisits。TheKaiserpermittedmetoaccompany；andintroducedmetotheKing:itwasatNeustadtinMoravia[MAHRISCH—NEUSTADT，shortwayfromAUSTERLITZ，whichissincebecomeacelebratedplace]。Ican’trecollectifIhad，orhadassumed，anairofembarrassment；butwhatIdowellrememberis，thattheKaiser，whonoticedmylook，saidtotheKing，’Hehasatimidexpression，whichIneverobservedinhimbefore；hewillrecoverpresently。’Thishesaidinagracefulmerryway；andthetwowentout，togo，Ibelieve，tothePlay。Onthewaythither，theKingforaninstantquittinghisImperialFriend，askedmeifmyLETTERTOJEANJACQUES[nowanentirelyforgottenPiece]，whichhadbeenprintedinthePapers，wasreallybyme？Ianswered，’Sire，Iamnotfamousenoughtohavemynameforged’[asacertainOthernamehasbeen，onthissameunproductivetopic]。HefeltwhatImeant。ItisknownthatHoraceWalpoletooktheKing’snametowritehisfamousLETTREAJEANJACQUES[impossibletoattendtothelikeofitatpresent]，whichcontributedthemosttodrivemadthateloquentandunreasonablemanofgenius。
"ComingoutofthePlay，theKaisersaidtotheKingofPrussia:
’ThereisNoverre，thefamousComposerofBallets；hehasbeeninBerlin，Ibelieve。’Noverremadethereuponabeautifuldancing—
masterbow。’Ah，Iknowhim，’saidtheKing:’wesawhimatBerlin；
hewasverydroll；mimickedalltheworld，especiallyourchiefDancingWomen，tomakeyousplitwithlaughing。’Noverre，illcontentwiththiswayofrememberinghim，madeanotherbeautifulthird—positionbow；andhopedpossiblytheKingwouldsaysomethingfarther，andofferhimtheopportunityofasmallrevenge。
’YourBalletsarebeautiful，’saidtheKingtohim；’yourDancingGirlshavegrace；butitisgraceinasquattishform（DELAGRACE
ENGONCEE）。Ithinkyoumakethemraisetheirshouldersandtheirarmstoomuch。For，MonsieurNoverre，ifyouremember，ourprincipalDancingGirlatBerlinwasn’tso。’’ThatiswhyshewasatBerlin，Sire，’repliedNoverre[satirically，allhecould]。
"IwaseverydayaskedtosupwiththeKing；toooftentheconversationaddresseditselftome。InspiteofmyattachmenttotheKaiser，whoseGeneralIliketobe，butnotwhoseD’ArgensorAlgarotti，Ihadnotbeyondreasonabandonedmyselftothatfeeling。WhenurgedbytheKing’softenspeakingtome，Ihadtoanswer，andgoontalking。Besides，theKaisertookamainshareintheconversation；andwasperhapsmoreathiseasewiththeKingthantheKingwithhim。Oneday，theygottalkingofwhatonewouldwishtobeinthisworld；andtheyaskedmyopinion。Isaid，I
shouldliketobe’aPrettyWomantillthirty；then，tillsixty，afortunateandskilfulGeneral；’——andnotknowingwhatmoretosay，butforthesakeofaddingsomething，whateveritmightbe，’aCardinaltilleighty。’TheKing，wholikestobantertheSacredCollege，madehimselfmerryonthis；andtheKaisergavehimacheapbargainofRomeanditsupholders（SUPPOTS）。ThatsupperwasoneofthegayestandpleasantestIhaveeverseen。TheTwoSovereignswerewithoutpretensionandwithoutreserve；whatdidnotalwayshappenonotherdays；andtheamiabilityoftwomensosuperior，andoftensoastonishedtoseethemselvestogether，wastheagreeablestthingyoucanimagine。TheKingbademecomeandseehimthefirsttimeheandIshouldhavethreeorfourhourstoourselves。
"Astormsuchasthereneverwas，adelugecomparedwithwhichthatofDeucalionwasasummershower，coveredourHillswithwater[cannotsayWHICHdayofthefour]，andalmostdrownedourArmywhileattemptingtomanoeuvre。Themorrowwasarest—dayforthatreason。Atnineinthemorning，IwenttotheKing，andstayedtillone。HespoketomeofourGenerals；Ilethimsay，ofhisownaccord，thethingsIthinkofMarshalsLacyandLoudon；andI
hintedthat，astotheothers，itwasbettertospeakofthedeadthanoftheliving；andthatonenevercanwelljudgeofaGeneralwhohasnotinhislifetimeactuallyplayedhighpartsinWar。
HespoketomeofFeldmarschallDaun:Isaid，’thatagainsttheFrenchIbelievedhemighthaveprovedagreatman；butthatagainsthim[you]，hehadneverquitebeenallhewas；seeingalwayshisopponentasaJupiter，thunder—boltinhand，readytopulverizehisArmy。’ThatappearedtogivetheKingpleasure:
hesignifiedtomeafeelingofesteemforDaun；hespokefavorablyofGeneralBrentano[oneoftheMaxengentlemen]。IaskedhisreasonforthepraisesIknewhehadgiventoGeneralBeck。
’Why（MAIS），Ithoughthimamanofmerit，’saidtheKing。’Idonotthinkso，Sire；hedidn’tdoyoumuchmischief。’’HesometimestookMagazinesfromme。’’AndsometimesletyourGeneralsescape。’
（BevernatREICHENBACH，forinstance，doyoureckonthathisblame？）——’Ihaveneverbeatenhim，’saidtheKing。’Henevercamenearenoughforthat:andIalwaysthoughtyourMajestywasonlyappearingtorespecthim，inorderthatwemighthavemoreconfidenceinhim，andthatyoumightgivehimthebetterslapsomeday，withinterestforallarrears。’
KING。"’DoyouknowwhotaughtmethelittleIknow？ItwasyouroldMarshalTraun:thatwasaman，thatone。——YouspokeoftheFrench:dotheymakeprogress？’
EGO。"’Theyarecapableofeverythingintimeofwar，Sire:butinPeace，——theirchiefswantthemtobewhattheyarenot，whattheyarenotcapableofbeing。’
KING。"’How，then；disciplined？TheyweresointhetimeofM。deTurenne。’
EGO。"’Oh，itisn’tthat。TheywerenotsointhetimeofM。deVendome，andtheywentongainingbattles。ButitisnowwishedthattheybecomeyourApesandours；andthatdoesn’tsuitthem。’
KING。"’Perhapsso:Ihavesaidoftheirbusypeople（FAISEURS，’
St。GermainsandArmy—Reformers），’thattheywouldfainsingwithoutknowingmusic。’
EGO。"’Oh，thatistrue！Butleavethemtheirnaturalnotes；
profitbytheirbravery，theiralertness（LEGERETE），bytheirveryfaults，——Ibelievetheirconfusionmightconfusetheirenemiessometimes。’
KING。"’Well，yes，doubtless，ifyouhavesomethingtosupportthemwith。’
EGO。"’Justso，Sire，——someSwissandGermans。’
KING。"’’Tisabraveandamiablenation，theFrench；onecan’thelplovingthem:——but，MONDIEU，whathavetheymadeoftheirMenofLetters；andwhatatonehasnowcomeupamongthem！
Voltaire，forexample，hadanexcellenttone。D’Alembert，whomI
esteeminmanyrespects，istoonoisy，andinsiststoomuchonproducingeffectinsociety:——wasittheMenofLettersthatgavetheCourtofLouisXIV。itsgrace，ordidtheythemselvesacquireitfromthemanyamiablepersonstheyfoundthere？HewasthePatriarchofKings，thatone[inacertainsense，yourMajesty！]。
Inhislifetimealittletoomuchgoodwassaidofhim；butagreatdealtoomuchillafterhisdeath。’
EGO。"’AKingofFrance，Sire，isalwaysthePatriarchofCleverPeople（PATRIARCHEDESGENSD’ESPRIT:’Youdonotmuchmeanthis，Monsieur？Youmerelygrinitfromtheteethoutward？）
KING。"’ThatisthebadNumbertodraw:theyaren’tworthadoit（NEVALENTPASLEDIABLE，theseGENSD’ESPRIT）atGoverning。
BetterbePatriarchoftheGreekChurch，likemysistertheEmpressofRussia！Thatbringsher，andwillbring，advantages。There’sareligionforyou；comprehendingmanyCountriesanddifferentNations！AstoourpoorLutherans，theyaresofew，itisnotworthwhilebeingtheirPatriarch。’
EGO。"’Nevertheless，Sire，ifonejointothemtheCalvinists，andallthelittlebastardSects，itwouldnotbesobadapost。
[TheKingappearedtokindleatthis；hiseyeswerefullofanimation。ButitdidnotlastwhenIsaid:]IftheKaiserwerePatriarchoftheCatholics，thattoowouldn’tbeabadplace。’
KING。"’There，there:EuropedividedintoThreePatriarchates。
Iwaswrongtobegin；youseewherethatleadsus:Messieurs，ourdreamsarenotthoseofthejust，asM。leRegentusedtosay。
IfLouisXIV。werealive，hewouldthankus。’
"Allthesepatriarchalideas，possibleandimpossibletorealize，madehim，foraninstant，lookthoughtful，almostmoody。
KING。"’LouisXIV。，possessingmorejudgmentthancleverness（ESPRIT），lookedoutmorefortheformerqualitythanforthelatter。Itwasmenofgeniusthathewanted，andfound。ItcouldnotbesaidthatCorneille，Bossuet，RacineandCondewerepeopleofthecleversort（DESHOMMESD’ESPRIT）。’
EGO。"’Onthewhole，thereisthatintheCountrywhichreallydeservestobehappy，ItisassertedthatyourMajestyhassaid，Ifonewouldhaveafinedream，onemust——’
KING。"’Yes，itistrue，——beKingofFrance。’
EGO。"’IfFrancisI。andHenriIV。hadcomeintotheworldafteryourMajesty，theywouldhavesaid，"beKingofPrussia。"’
KING。"’Tellme，pray，istherenocitableWriterleftinFrance？’
"Thismademelaugh；theKingaskedthereason。Itoldhim，HeremindedmeoftheRUSSEAPARIS，thatcharminglittlepieceofverseofM。deVoltaire’s；andwerememberedcharmingthingsoutofit，whichmadeusbothlaugh。Hesaid，KING。"’IhavesometimesheardthePrincedeContispokenof:whatsortofmanishe？’
EGO。"’Heisamancomposedoftwentyorthirtymen。Heisproud，heisaffable，’"——heisfiddle，heisdiddle（intheseesawepigrammaticway，forapageormore）；andisnotworthpenandinkfromus，sincethetimeoldMarshalTraungotusridofhim，——homeacrosstheRhine，fullspeed，withCroatsstickingonhisskirts。
[Supra，viii。475。]
"ThisportraitseemedtoamusetheKing。Onehadtocaptivatehimbysomepiquantdetail；withoutthat，hewouldescapeyou，giveyounotimetospeak。Thesuccessgenerallybeganbythefirstwords，nomatterhowvague，ofanyconversation；thesehefoundmeanstomakeinteresting；andwhat，generally，ismeretalkabouttheweatherbecameatoncesublime；andoneneverheardanythingvulgarfromhim。Heennobledeverything；andtheexamplesofGreeksandRomans，orofmodernGenerals，soondissipatedeverythingofwhat，withothers，wouldhaveremainedtrivialandcommonplace。
"’Haveyouever，’saidhe，’seensucharainasyesterday’s？YourorthodoxCatholicswillsay，"Thatcomesofhavingamanwithoutreligionamongus:whatarewetodowiththiscursed（MAUDIT）
King；aProtestantatlowest？"forIreallythinkIbroughtyoubadluck。Yoursoldierswouldbesaying，"Peacewehave；andstillisthisdevilofamantotroubleus！"’
EGO。"’Certainly，ifyourMajestywasthecause，itisverybad。
SuchathingisonlypermittedtoJupiter，whohasalwaysgoodreasonsforeverything；anditwouldhavebeeninhisfashion，afterdestroyingtheonesetbyfire，tosetaboutdestroyingtheothersbywater。However，thefireisatanend；andIdidnotexpecttoreverttoit。’
KING。"’Iaskyourpardonforhavingplaguedyousooftenwiththat；Iregretitforthesakeofallmankind。ButwhatafineApprenticeshipofWar！Ihavecommittederrorsenoughtoteachyouyoungpeople，allofyou，todobetter。MONDIEU，howIloveyourgrenadiers！Howwelltheydefiledinmypresence！IfthegodMarswereraisingabody—guardforhimself，Ishouldadvisehimtotakethemhandoverhead。DoyouknowIwaswellpleased（BIENCONTENT）
withtheKaiserlastnightatsupper？DidyouhearwhathesaidtomeaboutLibertyofthePress，andtheTroublingofConsciences（LA
GENEDESCONSCIENCES）？TherewillbebitsofdifferencebetweenhisworthyAncestorsandhim，onsomepoints！’
EGO。"’Iampersuaded，hewillentertainnoprejudicesonanything；
andthatyourMajestywillbeagreatBookofInstructiontohim。’
KING。"’Howadroitlyhedisapproved，withoutappearingtomeananything，theridiculousViennaCensorship；andthetoogreatfondnessofhisMother（withoutnamingher）forcertainthingswhichonlymakehypocrites。Bytheby，shemustdetestyou，thatHighLady？’
EGO。"’Well，then，notatall。Shehassometimeslecturedmeaboutmystrayings，butverymaternally:sheissorryforme，andquitesurethatIshallreturntotherightpath。Shesaidtome，sometimeago，"Idon’tknowhowyoudo，youaretheintimatefriendofFatherGriffet；theBishopofNeustadthasalwaysspokenwellofyou；likewisetheArchbishopofMalines；andtheCardinal[nameSinzendorf，orelsenotknowntome，dignityandredhatsufficientlyvisible]lovesyoumuch。"’
"WhycannotIrememberthehundredluminousthingswhichescapedtheKinginthisconversation！ItlastedtillthetrumpetatHead—
quartersannounceddinner。TheKingwenttotakehisplace；andI
thinkitwasonthisoccasionthat，someonehavingaskedwhyM。deLoudonhadnotcomeyet，hesaid，’Thatisnothiscustom:
formerlyheoftenarrivedbeforeme。Pleaselethimtakethisplacenextme；Iwouldratherhavehimatmysidethanopposite。’"
Thatisverypretty。Andabetterauthoritygivesit，TheKingsaidtoLoudonhimself，onLoudon’sentering，"Mettez—vousaupresdemoi，M。deLoudon；j’aimemieuxvousavoiracotedemoiquevis—a—vis。"HewasverykindtoLoudon；
"constantlycalledhimM。LEFELDMARECHAL[delicatehintofwhatshouldhavebeen，butWASnotforsevenyearsyet]；and，atparting，gavehim[ashedidtoLacyalso]twosuperbhorses，magnificentlyequipped。"[Pezzl，ViedeLoudon，ii。29。]
"Anotherday，"continuesPrincedeLigne，"theManoeuvresbeingoveringoodtime，therewasaConcertattheKaiser’s。
NotwithstandingtheKing’stasteformusic，hewaspleasedtogivemethepreference；andcamewhereIwas，toenchantmewiththemagicofhisconversation，andthebrillianttraits，gayandbold，whichcharacterizehim。HeaskedmetonamethegeneralandparticularOfficerswhowerepresent，andtotellhimthosewhohadservedunderMarshalTraun:’For，ENFIN，’hesaid，’asIthinkI
havetoldyoualready，heismyMaster；hecorrectedmeintheSchoolingIwasat。’
EGO。"’YourMajestywasveryungrateful，then；youneverpaidhimhislessons。IfitwasasyourMajestysays，youshouldatleasthaveallowedhimtobeatyou；andIdonotrememberthatyoueverdid。’
KING。"’Ididnotgetbeaten，becauseIdidnotfight。’
EGO。"’ItisinthismannerthatthegreatestGeneralshaveoftenconductedtheirwarsagainsteachother。OnehasonlytolookatthetwoCampaignsofM。deMontecuculiandM。deTurenne，intheValleyoftheRench[StrasburgCountry，1674and1675，twocelebratedCampaigns，Turennekilledbyacannon—shotinthelast]。
KING。"’BetweenTraunandtheformerthereisnotmuchdifference；
butwhatadifference，BONDIEU，betweenthelatterandme！’
"InamedtohimtheCountd’Althan，whohadbeenAdjutant—General，andtheCountdePellegrini。Heaskedmetwicewhichwaswhich，fromthedistancewewereat；andsaid，Hewassoshort—sighted，I
mustexcusehim。
EGO。"’Nevertheless，Sire，inthewaryoursightwasgoodenough；
and，ifIrememberright，itreachedveryfar！’
KING。"’ItwasnotI；itwasmyglass。’
EGO。"’Ha，Ishouldhavelikedtofindthatglass；——but，IfearitwouldhavesuitedmyeyesaslittleasScanderbeg’sswordmyarm。’
"Iforgethowtheconversationchanged；butIknowitgrewsofreethat，seeingsomebodycomingtojoininit，theKingwarnedhimtotakecare；thatitwasn’tsafetoconversewithamandoomedbythetheologianstoEverlastingFire。Ifeltasifhesomewhatoverdidthisofhis’beingdoomed，’andthatheboastedtoomuchofit。Nottohintatthedishonestyofthesefree—thinkinggentlemen（MESSIEURSLESESPRITSFORTS），whoveryoftenarethoroughlyafraidoftheDevil，itis，atleast，badtastetomakedisplayofsuchthings:anditwaswiththepeopleofbadtastewhomhehashadabouthim，suchasaJordan，aD’Argens，Maupertuis，LaBeaumelle，LaMettrie，AbbedePrades，andsomedullscepticsofhisownAcademy，thathehadacquiredthehabitofmockingatReligion；andoftalking（DEPARLER）Dogma，Spinoism，CourtofRomeandthelike。
Intheend，Ididn’talwaysanswerwhenhetoucheduponit。Inowseizedamoment’sinterval，whilehewasusinghishandkerchief，tospeaktohimaboutsomebusiness，inconnectionwiththeCircleofWestphalia，andalittleCOMTEIMMEDIAT[Countyholdingdirect，oftheReich]whichIhavethere。TheKingansweredme:’I，formypart，willdoanythingyouwish；butwhatthinkstheotherDirector，mycomrade，theElectorofCologne，aboutit？’
EGO。"’Iwasnotaware，Sire，thatyouwereanEcclesiasticalElector。’
KING。"’Iamso；atleastonmyProtestantaccount。’
EGO。"’ThatisnottoOURaccount’sadvantage！ThosegoodpeopleofminebelieveyourMajestytobetheirprotector。’
"Hecontinuedaskingmethenamesofpersonshesaw。IwastellinghimthoseofanumberofyoungPrinceswhohadlatelyenteredtheService，andsomeofwhomgavehopes。’Thatmaybe，’saidhe；
’butIthinkthebreedofthegoverningracesoughttobecrossed。
Ilikethechildrenoflove:lookattheMarechaldeSaxe，andmyownAnhalt[severeAdjutantvonAnhalt，abastardofPrinzGustav，theOldDessauer’sHeir—Apparent，whobegotagoodmanybastards，butdiedbeforeinheriting:bastardswerebroughtup，allofthemtosoldiering，bytheirUncles，———thisonebyUncleMoritz；
wasthrownfromhishorseeightyearsHENCE，tothegreatjoyofmany]；thoughIamafraidthatSINCE[markthisSINCE，alas！]hisfallonhishead，thatlatterisnotsogoodasformerly。Ishouldbegrievedatit，[Notforeightyearsyet，MONPRINCE，Iamsorrytosay！AdjutantvonAnhaltdid，inreality，getthisfall，anddamaginghurtonthehead，inthe"BavarianWar"（nicknamedKARTOFFEL—KRIEG，"Potato—War"），1778—1779。Militair—
Lexikon，i。69:seePreuss，ii。356，iv。578；&c。]
bothforhissakeandformine；heisamanfulloftalents。’
"Iamgladtorememberthis；forIhavehearditsaidbysillyslanderouspeople（SOTSDENIGRANTS），whoaccusetheKingofPrussiaofinsensibility，thathewasnottouchedbytheaccidentwhichhappenedtothemanheseemedtolovemost。Toohappyifonehadonlysaidthatofhim！HewassupposedtobejealousofthemeritofSchwerinandofKeith，anddelightedtohavegotthemkilled。
Itisthusthatmediocrepeopleseektolowergreatmen，todiminishtheimmensespacethatliesbetweenthemselvesandsuch。
"Outofpoliteness，theKing，andhisSuiteaswell，hadputonwhite[Austrian]Uniforms，nottobringbackonusthatbluewhichwehadsooftenseeninwar。HelookedasthoughhebelongedtoourArmyandtotheKaiser’ssuite。Therewas，inthisVisit，I
believe，onbothsides，alittlepersonality，somedistrust，andperhapsabeginningofbitterness；——asalwayshappens，saysPhilippedeComines，whenSovereignsmeet。TheKingtookSpanishsnuff，andbrushingitoffwithhishandfromhiscoataswellashecould，hesaid，’Iamnotcleanenoughforyou，Messieurs；Iamnotworthytowearyourcolors。’Theairwithwhichhesaidthis，mademethinkhewouldyetsoilthemwithpowder，iftheopportunityarose。
"IforgotalittleIncidentwhichgavemeanopportunityofsettingoff（FAIREVALOIR）thetwoMonarchstoeachother[IncidentabouttheKing’shighopinionoftheKaiser’sdrill—sergeantryinthisday’smanoeuvres，andhowIwasthehappycauseoftheKaiser’shearingithimself:Incidentomissible；asthewholeSequelis，exceptasentenceortwo]。——……"OnthisNeustadtoccasion，theKingwassometimestooceremonious；whichannoyedtheKaiser。Forinstance，——IknownotwhethermeaningtoshowhimselfadisciplinedElectoroftheReich，butsoitwas，——whenevertheKaiserputhisfootinstirrup，theKingwassuretotakehisMajesty’shorsebythebridle，standrespectfullywaitingtheKaiser’srightfoot，andfititintoITS
stirrup:andsowitheverythingelse。TheKaiserhadthemoresincereappearance，intestifyinghisgreatrespect；likethatofayoungPrincetoanagedKing，andofayoungSoldiertothegreatestofCaptains……
"SometimestherewereappearancesofcordialitybetweenthetwoSovereigns。OnesawthatFriedrichII。lovedJosephII。，butthatthepreponderanceoftheEmpire，andthecontactofBohemiaandSilesia，agooddealbarredthesentimentsofKingandKaiser。
Youremember，Sire[Ex—SireofPoland]，theirLETTERS[readersshallseethem，in1778，——orratherREFUSEtoseethem！’]onthesubjectofBavaria；theircompliments，theexplanationstheyhadwithregardtotheirintentions；allcarriedonwithsuchpoliteness；andthatfrompolitenesstopoliteness，theKingendedbyinvadingBohemia。"
Well，hereislegiblerecord，withsomethingreallyofportraitureinit，valuablesofarasitgoes；recorduniqueonthissubject；——
andsubstantiallytrue，thoughinexactenoughindetails。
Thus，eveninregardtothatofAnhalt’sHEAD，whichissoimpossibleinthisFirstDialogue，Friedrichdidmostprobablysaysomethingofthekind，inaSecondwhichthereis，ofdate1780；
ofwhichlatterDeLigneisheregivingaccountaswell，——thoughwehavetopostponeittillitstimecome。
AtthisNeustadtInterviewtheredidsomethingofPoliticaloccur；
andreadersoughttobeshownexactlywhat。KaunitzhadcomewiththeKaiser；andthissomethingwasintendedastherealbusinessamongthegayetiesandgalasatNeustadt。Poland，oritsFarce—
Tragedynowplaying，wasnotoncementionedthatIhearof；
thoughperhaps，asFLEBILELUDIBRIUM，itmightturnupformomentsindinner—conversationorthelike:buttheastonishingRussian—
TurkWar，whichhassprungoutofPoland，andhasalreadyfilledStamboulanditsDivansandMuftiswithmerehorrorandamazement；
and，infact，hasbroughttheGrandTurktothegiddyrimoftheAbyss；nothingbutruinanddestructionvisibletohim:
this，beyondallotherthingswhatever，isoccupyingthesehighheadsatpresent；——andindeedthetwolatestbitsofRussian—Turknewshavebeenofsuchablazingcharacterastooccupyalltheworldmoreorless。Readers，someglancesintotheTurkWar，I
grievetosay，arebecomeinevitabletous！
RUSSIAN—TURKWAR，FIRSTTWOCAMPAIGNS。
"OCTOBER6th，1768，TurksdeclareWar；RussianAmbassadorthrownintotheSevenTowersasapreliminary，wherehesattillPeacecametobeneeded。MARCH23d，1769，DisplaytheirBannerofMahomet，allinparoxysmofFanaticismrisentotheburningpoint:
’Underpainofdeath，NoGiaourofyouappearonthestreets，norevenlookout，ofwindow，thisday！’AustrianAmbassador’sWife，abeautifulgossamercreature，venturingtotransgressonthatpoint，wastornfromhercarriagebythePopulace，andwithdifficultysavedfromdestruction:BrotheroftheSunandMoon，apologizingafterwardsdowntotheveryshoe—tie，isforgiven。"
FIRSTCAMPAIGN；1769。"APRIL26th—30th，GalitzinVERSUSChoczim；
can’t，havingnoprovenderorpowder。FallsbackoverDniesteragain，——overhearsthatextraordinaryDREAM，asaboverecited，betokeninggreatrumorinRussianSocietyagainstsuchPurblindCommanders—in—Chief。PurblindVERSUSBlindisfineplay，nevertheless；wait，onlywait:——
"JULY2d，Galitzinslowlygetsontheadvanceagain:150，000Turks，stillslower，areatlastacrosstheDonau（sharpenoughFrenchOfficersamongthem，agentsofChoiseul；butamassincurablychaotic）；——furiouslyintendingtowardsPolandandexterminationoftheGiaour。DonotreachDniesterRivertillSeptember，andlookacrossonPoland，——forthefirsttime，andalsoforthelast，inthisWar。SEPTEMBER17th:Weatherhasbeenrainy；Dniester，wereGalitzinnothing，isverydifficultforTurks；whotryintwoplaces，butcannot。[Hermann，v。611—613。]Inathirdplace（namenotgiven，perhapshasnoname），about12，000ofthemareacross；
whenDniester，ragingintoflood，carriesawaytheironeBridge，andleavesthe12，000isolatedthere。PurblindGalitzin，onexpressorder，doesattackthese12，000（nightofSeptember17th—18th）:——
’Hurrah’ofthedevouringRussiansaboutmidnight，hoarseshriekofthedoomed12，000，wailoftheirbrethrenonthesouthernshore，whocannot，help:——nightofhorrors’frommidnighttill2A。M。；’
andthe12，000massacredorcaptive，everymanofthem；
Russianloss600killedandwounded。WhereupontheTurkArmyburstsintounanimousinsanity；andflowshomeindeliquiumofruin。
Choczimisgotonthetermsalreadymentioned（15sickmenandwomenlyinginit，and184bronzecannon，whenweboatacross）；
TurkArmycanbynoeffortbebroughttohaltanywhere；
flowsacrosstheDonau，disappearsintoChaos:——andthewholeofMoldaviaisconqueredinthischeapmanner。What，perhapsisstillbetter，Galitzin（28thSeptember）isthrownout；Romanzow，hithertoCommanderofasecondsmallerArmy，kindofcoveringwingtoGalitzin，isChiefforSecondCampaign。
"IntheHumber，thisWinter，tothesurpriseofincredulousmankind，aRussianFleetdropsanchorforafewdays:
actualRussianFleetintendingfortheGreekwaters，forMontenegroandintermediateerrands，toconcludewith’LiberationofGreecenextSpring，’——sograndioseisthisCzarina。"[Hermann，v。617。]
SECONDCAMPAIGN；1770。"ThisistheflowerofAnti—TurkCampaigns，——victorious，toablazingpitch，bothbylandandsea。
Romanzow，masterofMoldavia，goesuponWallachia，andtheneworrehabilitatedTurkArmy；andhasanalmostgratisbargainofboth。
RomanzowhassomegoodOfficersunderhim（’BrigadierStoffeln，’
muchmore’GeneralTottlenen，’’GeneralBauer，’onceColonelBaueroftheWeselFree—Corps，——manyoftheSuperiorOfficersseemtobeGerman，othershaveSwedishorDanishnames）；——betterOfficers；
andknowsbetterhowtousethemthanGalitzindid。August1st，RomanzowhasaBattle，calledofKaghul，inPruthCountry。Thatishisone’Battle’thisSummer；andbringshimIsmail，Akkerman，allWallachey，andnoTurksleftinthoseparts。Butfirstletusattendtosea—matters，andtheLiberationofGreece，whichprecedeintimeandimportance。
"’LiberationofGreece:’anactualFleet，steeringfromCronstadttotheDardanellestoliberateGreece！ThesoundofitkindlesallthewarmheadsinEurope；especiallyVoltaire’s，which，thoughcoveredwiththesnowofage，isstillwarminternallyonsuchpoints。AstoliberatingGreece，Voltaire’shopeswereutterlybalked；buttheFleetfromCronstadtdidamazingserviceotherwiseinthosewaters。FEBRUARY28th，1770，firstsquadronoftheRussianFleetanchorsatPassawa，——notfarfromCalamata，intheGulfofCoron，ontheantiquePeloponnesiancoast；Spartaonyourrighthand，Arcadiaonyourleft，andsomanyexcellentGhosts（？#J&JLJ&）ofHeroeslookingon:——Russiansquadronhasfourbig^^^^^^^^^^^^——（THISISGREEKTEXT）PAGE291，BOOKXXI———————
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ships，threefrigates，moresoontofollow:onboardtherearearmsandmunitionsofwar；butunhappilyonly500soldiers。Admiral—in—
Chief（notyetcomeup）isAlexeiOrlof，abrotherofLoverGregory’s，anextremelyworthlessseamanandman。Hasunderhim’manyDanes，agoodfewEnglishtoo，’——especiallyThreeEnglishOfficers，whomweshallhearof，whenAlexeiandtheycomeup。
Meanwhile，onthePeloponnesiancoastaremodernSpartans，tothenumberof15，000，allsittingready，expectingtheRussianadvent:
theseroseduly；gotRussianmuskets，cartridges，——onlytwoRussianOfficers:——andattackedtheTurkswithconsiderablefuryorvoracity，butwithnosuccessoftheleastsolidity。Werefoiledhere，drivenoutthere；infine，wereutterlybeaten，Russiansandthey:lostTripolizza，bysurprise；whereupon（April19th）theRussianswithdrewtotheirFleet；andtheAffairofGreecewasatanend。[Hermann，v。621。]Ithadlasted（28thFebruary—19thApril）
sevenweeksandaday。TheRussiansretiredtotheirFleet，withlittleloss；androdeattheireaseagain，inNavarinoBay。Butthe15，000modernSpartanshadnothingtoretireto，——thesehadtoretireintoextinction，expulsionandthethroatofMoslemvengeance，whichwasfrightfullybloodyandinexorableonthem。
"Greecehavingfailed，theRussianFleet，nowincompletetale，madeforTurkey，forConstantinopleitself。’IntotheveryDardanelles’theysaytheywillgo；anEnglishmanamongthem——
CaptainElphinstone，adashingseaman，ifperhapsrathernoisy，whomRulhiereisnotblindto——hasbeenheardtodeclare，atleastinhiscups:’Dardanellesimpossible？Pshaw，Iwilldoit，aseasilyasdrinkthisglassofwine！’AlexeiOrlofisaSham—
Admiral；butunderhimarerealSea—Officers，oneortwo。
"IntheTurkishFleet，itseems，thereisanEx—Algerine，HassanBey，ofsomecapacityinsea—matters；butheisnotinchiefcommand，onlyinsecond；andcanaccomplishnothing。TheTurkishFleet，numerousbutrotten，retiresdaily，——throughthefamedCyclades，andIslesofGreece，Paros，Naxos，apocalypticPatmos，ontoScio（oldChiosofthewines）；andonJuly5thtakesrefugebehindScio，betweenScioandtheCoastofSmyrna，inTchesmeBay。
’Safehere！’thinksthechiefTurkAdmiral。’Veryfarfromsafe！’
remonstratesHassan；thoughtonopurpose。Andprivatelyputsthequestiontohimself，’HavetheseGiaoursarealAdmiralamongthem，or，likeus，onlyashamone？’"
TCHESMEBAY，7thJULY，1770。"NothingcanbemoreimaginarythanAlexeiOrlofasanAdmiral:buthehasaCaptainElphinstone，aCaptainGregg，aLieutenantDugdale；andthesedeterminetoburnpoorHassanandhiswholeFleetinTchesmehere:——anddoittotally，nightofJuly7th；withonesinglefireship；Dugdalesteeringit；Greggbehindhim，tosupportwithbroadsides；
Elphinstonerulingandcontriving，stillfarthertorear；
helplessTurkFleetabletomakenodebatewhatever。SuchablazeofconflagrationonthehelplessTurksasshoneoveralltheworld——oneofRulhiere’sfinestfire—works，withlittleshot；——thelightofwhichwasstilldazzlingmankindwhiletheInterviewatNeustadttookplace。TurkFleet，fifteenships，ninefrigatesandabove8，000men，gonetogasesandtoblackcinders，——HassanhardlyescapingwithIforgethowmanyscoreofwoundsandbruises。
[Hermann，v。623。]
"’NowfortheDardanelles，’saidElphinstone:（bombardConstantinople，starveit，——todeath，ortowhattermsyouwill！’
’Cannotbedone；toodangerous；impossible！’answeredtheshamAdmiral，quiteinatremor，theysay；——whichatlengthfilledthemeasureofElphinstone’sdisgustswithsuchaFleetandAdmiral。
IndignantElphinstonewithdrewtohisownship，’Adieu，Sham—
Admiral！’——sailedwithhisownship，throughtheimpossibleDardanelles（Turkbatteriesfiringonehugeblockofgraniteathim，whichmissed；thenneedingaboutfortyminutestoloadagain）；
feataseasytoElphinstoneasthisglassofwine。InsightofConstantinople，Elphinstone，furthermore，calledforhistea；tookhisteaondeck，underflourishingofallhisdrumsandallhistrumpets:teadone，sailedoutagainscathless；instantlythrewuphiscommand，——andatPetersburg，soonafter，intakingleaveoftheCzarina，signifiedtoher，inlanguageperhapstooplain，orperhapsonlytoopainfullytrue，someNavalfactswhichwerenotwelcomeinthathighquarter。"[Rulhiere，iii。476—509。]ThisremarkableElphinstoneItaketobesomejuniororirregularBalmerinoscion；butcouldnevermuchhearofhimexceptinRULHIERE，where，onvague，somewhattheatricalterms，hefiguresasabove。
"AUGUST1st，Romanzowhasa’BattleofKaghul，’sotheycallit；
thoughitisa’Slaughtery’orSCHLACHTEREI，ratherthana’Slaught’orSCHLACHT，saymyGermanfriends。Kaghulisnotaspecificplace，butalongishriver，abranchofthePruth；
underscreenofwhichtheGrandTurkArmy，100，000strong，with100，000Tartarsassecondline，hasfinallytakenposition，andfortifieditselfwithearthworksandabundantcannon。AUGUST1st，1770，Romanzow，afterstudyandadvising，feelspreparedforthisGrandArmyanditsearthworks:withaselect20，000，underselectcaptains，Romanzow，afternightfall，burstsinuponit，simultaneouslyonthreedifferentpoints；andgains，gratisornearlyso，suchavictoryaswasneverheardofbefore。TheTurks，ontheirearthworks，had140cannons；thesetheTurkgunnersfiredofftwotimes，andfled，leavingthemforRomanzow’suses。TheTurkcavalrythentriediftheycouldnotmakesomeattemptatcharging；