AtBecclesaRoyalGeorgepeach（10/45。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’1828
page53。）producedafruit，"threepartsofitbeingpeachandonepartnectarine，quitedistinctinappearanceaswellasinflavour。"Thelinesofdivisionwerelongitudinal，asrepresentedinthewoodcut。Anectarine—
treegrewfiveyardsfromthistree。
ProfessorChapmanstates（10/46。Ibid1830page597。）thathehasoftenseeninVirginiaveryoldpeach—treesbearingnectarines。
Awriterinthe’Gardener’sChronicle’saysthatapeachtreeplantedfifteenyearspreviously（10/47。’Gardener’sChronicle’1841page617。）
producedthisyearanectarinebetweentwopeaches;anectarine—treegrewcloseby。
In1844（10/48。’Gardener’sChronicle’1844page589。）aVanguardpeach—
treeproduced，inthemidstofitsordinaryfruit，asingleredRomannectarine。
Mr。Calverisstated（10/49。’Phytologist’volume4page299。）tohaveraisedintheUnitedStatesaseedlingpeachwhichproducedamixedcropofbothpeachesandnectarines。
NearDorking（10/50。’Gardener’sChronicle’1856page531。）abranchoftheTetondeVenuspeach，whichreproducesitselftrulybyseed（10/51。Godron，’Del’Espece’tome2page97。），boreitsownfruit"soremarkableforitsprominentpoint，andanectarinerathersmallerbutwellformedandquiteround。"
Thepreviouscasesallrefertopeachessuddenlyproducingnectarines，butatCarclew（10/52。’Gardener’sChronicle’1856page531。）theuniquecaseoccurred，ofanectarine—tree，raisedtwentyyearsbeforefromseedandnevergrafted，producingafruithalfpeachandhalfnectarine;
subsequentlyboreaperfectpeach。
Tosumuptheforegoingfacts;wehaveexcellentevidenceofpeach—stonesproducingnectarine—trees，andofnectarine—stonesproducingpeach—trees，——
ofthesametreebearingpeachesandnectarines，——ofpeach—treessuddenlyproducingbybud—variationnectarines（suchnectarinesreproducingnectarinesbyseed），aswellasfruitinpartnectarineandinpartpeach，—
—and，lastly，ofonenectarine—treefirstbearinghalf—and—halffruit，andsubsequentlytruepeaches。Asthepeachcameintoexistencebeforethenectarine，itmighthavebeenexpectedfromthelawofreversionthatnectarineswouldhavegivenbirthbybud—variationorbyseedtopeaches，oftenerthanpeachestonectarines;butthisisbynomeansthecase。
Twoexplanationshavebeensuggestedtoaccountfortheseconversions。
First，thattheparenttreeshavebeenineverycasehybrids（10/53。Alph。
DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page886。）betweenthepeachandnectarine，andhaverevertedbybud—variationorbyseedtooneoftheirpureparentforms。Thisviewinitselfisnotveryimprobable;fortheMountaineerpeach，whichwasraisedbyKnightfromtherednutmeg—peachbypollenoftheviolettehativenectarine（10/54。ThompsoninLoudon’s’Encyclop。ofGardening’page911。），producespeaches，butthesearesaidSOMETIMEStopartakeofthesmoothnessandflavourofthenectarine。Butletitbeobservedthatinthepreviouslistnolessthansixwell—knownvarietiesandseveralunnamedvarietiesofthepeachhaveoncesuddenlyproducedperfectnectarinesbybudvariation:anditwouldbeanextremelyrashsuppositionthatallthesevarietiesofthepeach，whichhavebeencultivatedforyearsinmanydistricts，andwhichshownotavestigeofamixedparentage，are，nevertheless，hybrids。Asecondexplanationis，thatthefruitofthepeachhasbeendirectlyaffectedbythepollenofthenectarine:althoughthiscertainlyispossible，itcannothereapply;forwehavenotashadowofevidencethatabranchwhichhasbornefruitdirectlyaffectedbyforeignpollenissoprofoundlymodifiedasafterwardstoproducebudswhichcontinuetoyieldfruitofthenewandmodifiedform。
Nowitisknownthatwhenabudonapeach—treehasonceborneanectarinethesamebranchhasinseveralinstancesgoneonduringsuccessiveyearsproducingnectarines。TheCarclewnectarine，ontheotherhand，firstproducedhalf—and—halffruit，andsubsequentlypurepeaches。Hencewemayconfidentlyacceptthecommonviewthatthenectarineisavarietyofthepeach，whichmaybeproducedeitherbybud—variationorfromseed。Inthefollowingchaptermanyanalogouscasesofbud—variationwillhegiven。
Thevarietiesofthepeachandthenectarineruninparallellines。Inbothclassesthekindsdifferfromeachotherinthefleshofthefruitbeingwhite，red，oryellow;inbeingclingstonesorfreestones;intheflowersbeinglargeorsmall，withcertainothercharacteristicdifferences;andintheleavesbeingserratedwithoutglands，orcrenatedandfurnishedwithgloboseorreniformglands。（10/55。’CatalogueofFruitinGardenofHort。
Soc。’1842page105。）Wecanhardlyaccountforthisparallelismbysupposingthateachvarietyofthenectarineisdescendedfromacorrespondingvarietyofthepeach;forthoughournectarinesarecertainlythedescendantsofseveralkindsofpeaches，yetalargenumberarethedescendantsofothernectarines，andtheyvarysomuchwhenthusreproducedthatwecanscarcelyadmittheaboveexplanation。
ThevarietiesofthepeachhavelargelyincreasedinnumbersincetheChristianera，whenfromtwotofivevarietieswereknown（10/56。Dr。A。
Targioni—Tozzetti’JournalHort。Soc。’volume9page167。Alph。deCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page885。）andthenectarinewasunknown。Atthepresenttime，besidesmanyvarietiessaidtoexistinChina，Downingdescribes，intheUnitedStates，seventy—ninenativeandimportedvarietiesofthepeach;
andafewyearsagoLindley（10/57。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume5page554。SeealsoCarriere’DescriptionetClass。desVarietesdePechers。’）
enumeratedonehundredandsixty—fourvarietiesofthepeachandnectarinegrowninEngland。Ihavealreadyindicatedthechiefpointsofdifferencebetweentheseveralvarieties。Nectarines，evenwhenproducedfromdistinctkindsofpeaches，alwayspossesstheirownpeculiarflavour，andaresmoothandsmall。Clingstoneandfreestonepeaches，whichdifferintheripeflesheitherfirmlyadheringtothestone，oreasilyseparatingfromit，alsodifferinthecharacterofthestoneitself;thatofthefreestonesormeltersbeingmoredeeplyfissured，withthesidesofthefissuressmootherthaninclingstones。Inthevariouskindstheflowersdiffernotonlyinsize，butinthelargerflowersthepetalsaredifferentlyshaped，moreimbricated，generallyredinthecentreandpaletowardsthemargin:
whereasinthesmallerflowersthemarginofthepetalisusuallymoredarklycoloured。Onevarietyhasnearlywhiteflowers。Theleavesaremoreorlessserrated，andareeitherdestituteofglands，orhavegloboseorreniformglands（10/58。Loudon’s’Encyclop。ofGardening’page907。）andsomefewpeaches，suchastheBrugnen，bearonthesametreebothglobularandkidney—shapedglands。（10/59。M。Carrierein’Gardener’sChronicle’
1865page1154。）AccordingtoRobertson（10/60。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’
volume3page332。Seealso’Gardener’sChronicle’1865page271tosameeffect。Also’JournalofHorticulture’September26，1865page254。）thetreeswithglandularleavesareliabletoblister，butnotinanygreatdegreetomildew;whilstthenon—glandulartreesaremoresubjecttocurl，tomildew，andtotheattacksofaphides。Thevarietiesdifferintheperiodoftheirmaturity，inthefruitkeepingwell，andinhardiness，——thelattercircumstancebeingespeciallyattendedtointheUnitedStates。
Certainvarieties，suchastheBellegarde，standforcinginhot—housesbetterthanothervarieties。Theflat—peachofChinaisthemostremarkableofallthevarieties;itissomuchdepressedtowardsthesummit，thatthestoneisherecoveredonlybyroughenedskinandnotbyafleshylayer。
（10/61。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume4page512。）AnotherChinesevariety，calledtheHoney—peach，isremarkablefromthefruitterminatinginalongsharppoint;itsleavesareglandlessandwidelydentate。（10/62。’JournalofHorticulture’September8，1853page188。）TheEmperorofRussiapeachisathirdsingularvariety，havingdeeplydouble—serratedleaves;thefruitisdeeplycleftwithone—halfprojectingconsiderablybeyondtheother:itoriginatedinAmerica，anditsseedlingsinheritsimilarleaves。
（10/63。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume6page412。）
ThepeachhasalsoproducedinChinaasmallclassoftreesvaluedforornament，namelythedouble—flowered;ofthese，fivevarietiesarenowknowninEngland，varyingfrompurewhite，throughrose，tointensecrimson。（10/64。’Gardener’sChronicle’1857page216。）Oneofthesevarieties，calledthecamellia—flowered，bearsflowersabove21/4inchesindiameter，whilstthoseofthefruit—bearingkindsdonotatmostexceed11/4inchindiameter。Theflowersofthedouble—floweredpeacheshavethesingularproperty（10/65。’JournalofHort。Soc。’volume2page283。）offrequentlyproducingdoubleortreblefruit。Finally，thereisgoodreasontobelievethatthepeachisanalmondprofoundlymodified;butwhateveritsoriginmayhavebeen，therecanbenodoubtthatithasyieldedduringthelasteighteencenturiesmanyvarieties，someofthemstronglycharacterised，belongingbothtothenectarineandpeachform。
APRICOT（Prunusarmeniaca）。
Itiscommonlyadmittedthatthistreeisdescendedfromasinglespecies，nowfoundwildintheCaucasianregion。（10/66。Alph。deCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page879。）Onthisviewthevarietiesdeservenotice，becausetheyillustratedifferencessupposedbysomebotaniststobeofspecificvalueinthealmondandplum。ThebestmonographontheapricotisbyMr。Thompson（10/67。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’2ndseriesvolume11835
page56。Seealso’Cat。ofFruitinGardenofHort。Soc。’3rdedition1842。）whodescribesseventeenvarieties。Wehaveseenthatpeachesandnectarinesvaryinastrictlyparallelmanner;andintheapricot，whichformsacloselyalliedgenus，weagainmeetwithvariationsanalogoustothoseofthepeach，aswellastothoseoftheplum。Thevarietiesdifferconsiderablyintheshapeoftheirleaves，whichareeitherserratedorcrenated，sometimeswithear—likeappendagesattheirbases，andsometimeswithglandsonthepetioles。Theflowersaregenerallyalike，butaresmallintheMasculine。Thefruitvariesmuchinsize，shape，andinhavingthesuturelittlepronouncedorabsent;intheskinbeingsmooth，ordowny，asintheorange—apricot;andinthefleshclingingtothestone，asinthelast—mentionedkind，orinreadilyseparatingfromit，asintheTurkey—
apricot。Inallthesedifferencesweseetheclosestanalogywiththevarietiesofthepeachandnectarine。Inthestonewehavemoreimportantdifferences，andtheseinthecaseoftheplumhavebeenesteemedofspecificvalue:insomeapricotsthestoneisalmostspherical，inothersmuchflattened，beingeithersharpinfrontorbluntatbothends，sometimeschannelledalongtheback，orwithasharpridgealongbothmargins。IntheMoorpark，andgenerallyintheHemskirke，thestonepresentsasingularcharacterinbeingperforated，withabundleoffibrespassingthroughtheperforationfromendtoend。Themostconstantandimportantcharacter，accordingtoThompson，iswhetherthekernelisbitterorsweet:yetinthisrespectwehaveagraduateddifference，forthekernelisverybitterinShipley’sapricot;intheHemskirkelessbitterthaninsomeotherkinds;slightlybitterintheRoyal;and"sweetlikeahazel—nut"intheBreda，Angoumois，andothers。Inthecaseofthealmond，bitternesshasbeenthoughtbysomehighauthoritiestoindicatespecificdifference。
InN。AmericatheRomanapricotendures"coldandunfavourablesituations，wherenoothersort，excepttheMasculine，willsucceed;anditsblossomsbearquiteaseverefrostwithoutinjury。"（10/68。Downing’TheFruitsofAmerica’1845page157:withrespecttotheAlbergeapricotinFranceseepage153。）AccordingtoMr。Rivers（10/69。’Gardener’sChronicle’1863page364。），seedlingapricotsdeviatebutlittlefromthecharacteroftheirrace:inFrancetheAlbergeisconstantlyreproducedfromseedwithbutlittlevariation。InLadakh，accordingtoMoorcroft（10/70。’TravelsintheHimalayanProvinces’volume11841page295。）tenvarietiesoftheapricot，verydifferentfromeachother，arecultivated，andallareraisedfromseed，exceptingone，whichisbudded。
PLUMS（Prunusinsititia）。
（FIGURE43。PLUMSTONES，ofnaturalsize，viewedlaterally。1。BullacePlum。2。ShropshireDamson。3。BlueGage。4。Orleans。5。Elvas。6。DenyersVictoria。7。Diamond。）
Formerlythesloe，P。spinosa，wasthoughttobetheparentofallourplums;butnowthishonourisverycommonlyaccordedtoP。insititiaorthebullace，whichisfoundwildintheCaucasusandN。—WesternIndia，andisnaturalisedinEngland。（10/71。SeeanexcellentdiscussiononthissubjectinHewettC。Watson’CybeleBritannica’volume4page80。）Itisnotatallimprobable，inaccordancewithsomeobservationsmadebyMr。Rivers（10/72。
’Gardener’sChronicle’1865page27。），thatboththeseforms，whichsomebotanistsrankasasinglespecies，maybetheparentsofourdomesticatedplums。Anothersupposedparent—form，theP。domestica，issaidtobefoundwildintheregionoftheCaucasus。Godronremarks（10/73。’Del’Espece’
tome2page94。OntheparentageofourplumsseealsoAlph。DeCandolle’Geograph。Bot。’page878。AlsoTargioni—Tozzetti’JournalHort。Soc。’
volume9page164。AlsoBabington’ManualofBrit。Botany’1851page87。）
thatthecultivatedvarietiesmaybedividedintotwomaingroups，whichhesupposestobedescendedfromtwoaboriginalstocks;namely，thosewithoblongfruitandstonespointedatbothends，havingnarrowseparatepetalsanduprightbranches;andthosewithroundedfruit，withstonesbluntatbothends，withroundedpetalsandspreadingbranches。Fromwhatweknowofthevariabilityoftheflowersinthepeachandofthediversifiedmannerofgrowthinourvariousfruit—trees，itisdifficulttolaymuchweightontheselattercharacters。Withrespecttotheshapeofthefruit，wehaveconclusiveevidencethatitisextremelyvariable:Downing（10/74。’FruitsofAmerica’pages276，278，284，310，314。Mr。Riversraised（’Gardener’sChronicle’1863page27）fromthePrune—peche，whichbearslarge，round，redplumsonstout，robustshoots，aseedlingwhichbearsoval，smallerfruitonshootsthataresoslenderastobealmostpendulous。）givesoutlinesoftheplumsoftwoseedlings，namely，theredandimperialgages，raisedfromthegreengage;andthefruitofbothismoreelongatedthanthatofthegreengage。Thelatterhasaverybluntbroadstone，whereasthestoneoftheimperialgageis"ovalandpointedatbothends。"Thesetreesalsodifferintheirmannerofgrowth:"thegreengageisaveryshort—
jointed，slow—growingtree，ofspreadingandratherdwarfishhabit;"whilstitsoffspring，theimperialgage，"growsfreelyandrisesrapidly，andhaslongdarkshoots。"ThefamousWashingtonplumbearsaglobularfruit，butitsoffspring，theemeralddrop，isnearlyasmuchelongatedasthemostelongatedplumfiguredbyDowning，namely，Manning’sprune。Ihavemadeasmallcollectionofthestonesoftwenty—fivekinds，andtheygraduateinshapefromthebluntestintothesharpestkinds。Ascharactersderivedfromseedsaregenerallyofhighsystematicimportance，Ihavethoughtitworthwhiletogivedrawingsofthemostdistinctkindsinmysmallcollection;
andtheymaybeseentodifferinasurprisingmannerinsize，outline...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：