OnepartonlyofPitt’sconductduringthelasteightyearsoftheeighteenthcenturydeserveshighpraise。HewasthefirstEnglishministerwhoformedgreatdesignsforthebenefitofIreland。ThemannerinwhichtheRomanCatholicpopulationofthatunfortunatecountryhadbeenkeptdownduringmanygenerationsseemedtohimunjustandcruel;anditwasscarcelypossibleforamanofhisabilitiesnottoperceivethat，inacontestagainsttheJacobins，theRomanCatholicswerehisnaturalallies。Hadhebeenabletodoallthathewished，itisprobablethatawiseandliberalpolicywouldhaveavertedtherebellionof1798。Butthedifficultieswhichheencounteredweregreat，perhapsinsurmountable;andtheRomanCatholicswere，ratherbyhismisfortunethanbyhisfault，thrownintothehandsoftheJacobins。TherewasathirdgreatrisingoftheIrishryagainsttheEnglishry，arisingnotlessformidablethantherisingsof1641and1689。TheEnglishryremainedvictorious，anditwasnecessaryforPitt，asithadbeennecessaryforOliverCromwellandWilliamofOrangebeforehim，toconsiderhowthevictoryshouldbeused。Itisonlyjusttohismemorytosaythatheformedaschemeofpolicy，sograndandsosimple，sorighteousandsohumane，thatitwouldaloneentitlehimtoahighplaceamongstatesmen。HedeterminedtomakeIrelandonekingdomwithEngland，and，atthesametime，torelievetheRomanCatholiclaityfromcivildisabilities，andtograntapublicmaintenancetotheRomanCatholicclergy。Hadhebeenabletocarrythesenobledesignsintoeffect，theUnionwouldhavebeenanUnionindeed。ItwouldhavebeeninseparablyassociatedinthemindsofthegreatmajorityofIrishmenwithcivilandreligiousfreedom;andtheoldParliamentinCollegeGreenwouldhavebeenregrettedonlybyasmallknotofdiscardedjobbersandoppressors，andwouldhavebeenrememberedbythebodyofthenationwiththeloathingandcontemptduetothemosttyrannicalandthemostcorruptassemblythathadeversateinEurope。ButPittcouldexecuteonlyonehalfofwhathehadprojected。HesucceededinobtainingtheconsentoftheParliamentsofbothkingdomstotheUnion;butthatreconciliationofracesandsects，withoutwhichtheUnioncouldexistonlyinname，wasnotaccomplished。Hewaswellawarethathewaslikelytofinddifficultiesinthecloset。Butheflatteredhimself，thatbycautiousanddexterousmanagement，thosedifficultiesmightbeovercome。Unhappily，thereweretraitorsandsycophantsinhighplacewhodidnotsufferhimtotakehisowntime，andhisownway，butprematurelydisclosedhisschemetotheKing，anddiscloseditinthemannermostlikelytoirritateandalarmaweakanddiseasedmind。HisMajestyabsurdlyimaginedthathisCoronationoathboundhimtorefusehisassenttoanybillforrelievingRomanCatholicsfromcivildisabilities。Toarguewithhimwasimpossible。Dundastriedtoexplainthematter，butwastoldtokeephisScotchmetaphysicstohimself。Pitt，andPitt’sablestcolleagues，resignedtheiroffices。ItwasnecessarythattheKingshouldmakeanewarrangement。Butbythistimehisangeranddistresshadbroughtbackthemaladywhichhad，manyyearsbefore，incapacitatedhimforthedischargeofhisfunctions。Heactuallyassembledhisfamily，readtheCoronationoathtothem，andtoldthemthat，ifhebrokeit，theCrownwouldimmediatelypasstotheHouseofSavoy。Itwasnotuntilafteraninterregnumofseveralweeksthatheregainedthefulluseofhissmallfaculties，andthataministryafterhisownheartwasatlengthformed。
　　Thematerialsoutofwhichhehadtoconstructagovernmentwereneithersolidnorsplendid。Tothatparty，weakinnumbers，butstrongineverykindoftalent，whichwashostiletothedomesticandforeignpolicyofhislateadvisers，hecouldnothaverecourse。Forthatparty，whileitdifferedfromhislateadvisersoneverypointonwhichtheyhadbeenhonouredwithhisapprobation，cordiallyagreedwiththemastothesinglematterwhichhadbroughtonthemhisdispleasure。Allthatwaslefttohimwastocalluptherearranksoftheoldministrytoformthefrontrankofanewministry。Inanagepre—eminentlyfruitfulofparliamentarytalents，acabinetwasformedcontaininghardlyasinglemanwho，inparliamentarytalents，couldbeconsideredasevenofthesecondrate。Themostimportantofficesinthestatewerebestowedondecorousandlaboriousmediocrity。HenryAddingtonwasattheheadoftheTreasury。Hehadbeenanearly，indeedahereditary，friendofPitt，andhadbyPitt’sinfluencebeenplaced，whilestillayoungman，inthechairoftheHouseofCommons。HewasuniversallyadmittedtohavebeenthebestspeakerthathadsateinthatchairsincetheretirementofOnslow。Butnaturehadnotbestowedonhimveryvigorousfaculties;andthehighlyrespectablesituationwhichhehadlongoccupiedwithhonourhadratherunfittedthanfittedhimforthedischargeofhisnewduties。Hisbusinesshadbeentobearhimselfevenlybetweencontendingfactions。Hehadtakennopartinthewarofwords;andhehadalwaysbeenaddressedwithmarkeddeferencebythegreatoratorswhothunderedagainsteachotherfromhisrightandfromhisleft。Itwasnotstrangethat，when，forthefirsttime，hehadtoencounterkeenandvigorousantagonists，whodealthardblowswithoutthesmallestceremony，heshouldhavebeenawkwardandunready，orthattheairofdignityandauthoritywhichhehadacquiredinhisformerpost，andofwhichhehadnotdivestedhimself，shouldhavemadehishelplessnesslaughableandpitiable。Nevertheless，duringmanymonths，hispowerseemedtostandfirm。HewasafavouritewiththeKing，whomheresembledinnarrownessofmind，andtowhomhewasmoreobsequiousthanPitthadeverbeen。ThenationwasputintohighgoodhumourbyapeacewithFrance。Theenthusiasmwithwhichtheupperandmiddleclasseshadrushedintothewarhadspentitself。Jacobinismwasnolongerformidable。
　　Everywheretherewasastrongreactionagainstwhatwascalledtheatheisticalandanarchicalphilosophyoftheeighteenthcentury。Bonaparte，nowFirstConsul，wasbusiedinconstructingoutoftheruinsofoldinstitutionsanewecclesiasticalestablishmentandaneworderofknighthood。Thatnothinglessthanthedominionofthewholecivilisedworldwouldsatisfyhisselfishambitionwasnotyetsuspected;nordidevenwisemenseeanyreasontodoubtthathemightbeassafeaneighbourasanyprinceoftheHouseofBourbonhadbeen。ThetreatyofAmienswasthereforehailedbythegreatbodyoftheEnglishpeoplewithextravagantjoy。Thepopularityoftheministerwasforthemomentimmense。Hiswantofparliamentaryabilitywas，asyet，oflittleconsequence:forhehadscarcelyanyadversarytoencounter。Theoldopposition，delightedbythepeace，regardedhimwithfavour。Anewoppositionhadindeedbeenformedbysomeofthelateministers，andwasledbyGrenvilleintheHouseofLords，andbyWindhamintheHouseofCommons。Butthenewoppositioncouldscarcelymustertenvotes，andwasregardedwithnofavourbythecountry。OnPitttheministersreliedasontheirfirmestsupport。Hehadnot，likesomeofhiscolleagues，retiredinanger。Hehadexpressedthegreatestrespectfortheconscientiousscruplewhichhadtakenpossessionoftheroyalmind;andhehadpromisedhissuccessorsallthehelpinhispower。Inprivatehisadvicewasattheirservice。InParliamenthetookhisseatonthebenchbehindthem;and，inmorethanonedebate，defendedthemwithpowersfarsuperiortotheirown。TheKingperfectlyunderstoodthevalueofsuchassistance。Ononeoccasion，atthepalace，hetooktheoldministerandthenewministeraside。"Ifwethree，"hesaid，"keeptogether，allwillgowell。"
　　Butitwashardlypossible，humannaturebeingwhatitis，and，moreespecially，PittandAddingtonbeingwhattheywere，thatthisunionshouldbedurable。Pitt，consciousofsuperiorpowers，imaginedthattheplacewhichhehadquittedwasnowoccupiedbyamerepuppetwhichhehadsetup，whichhewastogovernwhilehesufferedittoremain，andwhichhewastoflingasideassoonashewishedtoresumehisoldposition。Norwasitlongbeforehebegantopineforthepowerwhichhehadrelinquished。Hehadbeensoearlyraisedtosupremeauthorityinthestate，andhadenjoyedthatauthoritysolong，thatithadbecomenecessarytohim。Inretirementhisdayspassedheavily。
　　Hecouldnot，likeFox，forgetthepleasuresandcaresofambitioninthecompanyofEuripidesorHerodotus。Priderestrainedhimfromintimating，eventohisdearestfriends，thathewishedtobeagainminister。Buthethoughtitstrange，almostungrateful，thathiswishhadnotbeendivined，thatithadnotbeenanticipated，byonewhomheregardedashisdeputy。
　　Addington，ontheotherhand，wasbynomeansinclinedtodescendfromhishighposition。Hewas，indeed，underadelusionmuchresemblingthatofAbonHassanintheArabiantale。HisbrainwasturnedbyhisshortandunrealCaliphate。Hetookhiselevationquiteseriously，attributedittohisownmerit，andconsideredhimselfasoneofthegreattriumvirateofEnglishstatesmen，asworthytomakeathirdwithPittandFox。
　　Suchbeingthefeelingsofthelateministerandofthepresentminister，arupturewasinevitable;andtherewasnowantofpersonsbentonmakingthatrupturespeedyandviolent。SomeofthesepersonswoundedAddington’spridebyrepresentinghimasalacquey，senttokeepaplaceontheTreasurybenchtillhismastershouldfinditconvenienttocome。OtherstookeveryopportunityofpraisinghimatPitt’sexpense。Pitthadwagedalong，abloody，acostly，anunsuccessfulwar。Addingtonhadmadepeace。PitthadsuspendedtheconstitutionallibertiesofEnglishmen。UnderAddingtonthoselibertieswereagainenjoyed。
　　Pitthadwastedthepublicresources。Addingtonwascarefullynursingthem。ItwassometimesbuttooevidentthatthesecomplimentswerenotunpleasingtoAddington。Pittbecamecoldandreserved。DuringmanymonthsheremainedatadistancefromLondon。Meanwhilehismostintimatefriends，inspiteofhisdeclarationsthathemadenocomplaint，andthathehadnowishforoffice，exertedthemselvestoeffectachangeofministry。
　　Hisfavouritedisciple，GeorgeCanning，young，ardent，ambitious，withgreatpowersandgreatvirtues，butwithatempertoorestlessandawittoosatiricalforhisownhappiness，wasindefatigable。Hespoke;hewrote;heintrigued;hetriedtoinducealargenumberofthesupportersofthegovernmenttosignaroundrobindesiringachange;hemadegameofAddingtonandofAddington’srelationsinasuccessionoflivelypasquinades。Theminister’spartisansretortedwithequalacrimony，ifnotwithequalvivacity。Pittcouldkeepoutoftheaffrayonlybykeepingoutofpoliticsaltogether;andthisitsoonbecameimpossibleforhimtodo。HadNapoleon，contentwiththefirstplaceamongtheSovereignsoftheContinent，andwithamilitaryreputationsurpassingthatofMarlboroughorofTurenne，devotedhimselftothenobletaskofmakingFrancehappybymildadministrationandwiselegislation，ourcountrymighthavelongcontinuedtotolerateagovernmentoffairintentionsandfeebleabilities。Unhappily，thetreatyofAmienshadscarcelybeensigned，whentherestlessambitionandtheinsupportableinsolenceoftheFirstConsulconvincedthegreatbodyoftheEnglishpeoplethatthepeace，soeagerlywelcomed，wasonlyaprecariousarmistice。Asitbecameclearerandclearerthatawarforthedignity，theindependence，theveryexistenceofthenationwasathand，menlookedwithincreasinguneasinessontheweakandlanguidcabinetwhichwouldhavetocontendagainstanenemywhounitedmorethanthepowerofLouistheGreattomorethanthegeniusofFredericktheGreat。ItistruethatAddingtonmighteasilyhavebeenabetterwarministerthanPitt，andcouldnotpossiblyhavebeenaworse。ButPitthadcastaspellonthepublicmind。Theeloquence，thejudgment，thecalmanddisdainfulfirmness，whichhehad，duringmanyyears，displayedinParliament，deludedtheworldintothebeliefthathemustbeeminentlyqualifiedtosuperintendeverydepartmentofpolitics，andtheyimagined，evenafterthemiserablefailuresofDunkirk，ofQuiberon，andoftheHelder，thathewastheonlystatesmanwhocouldcopewithBonaparte。ThisfeelingwasnowherestrongerthanamongAddington’sowncolleagues。Thepressureputonhimwassostrongthathecouldnothelpyieldingtoit;yet，eveninyielding，heshowedhowfarhewasfromknowinghisownplace。Hisfirstpropositionwas，thatsomeinsignificantnoblemanshouldbeFirstLordoftheTreasuryandnominalheadoftheadministration，andthattherealpowershouldbedividedbetweenPittandhimself，whoweretobesecretariesofstate。Pitt，asmighthavebeenexpected，refusedeventodiscusssuchascheme，andtalkedofitwithbittermirth。"Whichsecretaryshipwasofferedtoyou？"hisfriendWilberforceasked。"Really，"saidPitt，"Ihadnotthecuriositytoinquire。"Addingtonwasfrightenedintobiddinghigher。HeofferedtoresigntheTreasurytoPitt，onconditionthatthereshouldbenoextensivechangeinthegovernment。ButPittwouldlistentonosuchterms。Thencameadisputesuchasoftenarisesafternegotiationsorallyconducted，evenwhenthenegotiatorsaremenofstricthonour。Pittgaveoneaccountofwhathadpassed;Addingtongaveanother:andthoughthediscrepancieswerenotsuchasnecessarilyimpliedanyintentionalviolationoftruthoneitherside，bothweregreatlyexasperated。
　　MeanwhilethequarrelwiththeFirstConsulhadcometoacrisis。
　　Onthe16thofMay，1803，theKingsentamessagecallingontheHouseofCommonstosupporthiminwithstandingtheambitiousandencroachingpolicyofFrance;and，onthe22d，theHousetookthemessageintoconsideration。
　　Pitthadnowbeenlivingmanymonthsinretirement。TherehadbeenageneralelectionsincehehadspokeninParliament;andthereweretwohundredmemberswhohadneverheardhim。Itwasknownthatonthisoccasionhewouldbeinhisplace;andcuriositywaswounduptothehighestpoint。Unfortunatelytheshort—handwriterswere，inconsequenceofsomemistake，shutoutonthatdayfromthegallery，sothatthenewspaperscontainedonlyaverymeagrereportoftheproceedings。Butseveralaccountsofwhatpassedareextant;andofthoseaccountsthemostinterestingiscontainedinanunpublishedletter，writtenbyaveryyoungmember，JohnWilliamWard，afterwardsEarlofDudley。WhenPittrose，hewasreceivedwithloudcheering。Ateverypauseinhisspeechtherewasaburstofapplause。TheperorationissaidtohavebeenoneofthemostanimatedandmagnificenteverheardinParliament。"Pitt’sspeech，"Foxwroteafewdayslater，"wasadmiredverymuch，andveryjustly。I
　　thinkitwasthebestheevermadeinthatstyle。"Thedebatewasadjourned;andonthesecondnightFoxrepliedinanorationwhich，asthemostzealousPittiteswereforcedtoacknowledge，leftthepalmofeloquencedoubtful。Addingtonmadeapitiableappearancebetweenthetwogreatrivals;anditwasobservedthatPitt，whileexhortingtheCommonstostandresolutelybytheexecutivegovernmentagainstFrance，saidnotawordindicatingesteemorfriendshipforthePrimeMinister。
　　Warwasspeedilydeclared。ThefirstconsulthreatenedtoinvadeEnglandattheheadoftheconquerorsofBelgiumandItaly，andformedagreatcampneartheStraitsofDover。OntheothersideofthoseStraitsthewholepopulationofourislandwasreadytoriseupasonemanindefenceofthesoil。Atthisconjuncture，asatsomeothergreatconjuncturesinourhistory，theconjunctureof1660，forexample，andtheconjunctureof1688，therewasageneraldispositionamonghonestandpatrioticmentoforgetoldquarrels，andtoregardasafriendeverypersonwhowasready，intheexistingemergency，todohisparttowardsthesavingofthestate。Acoalitionofallthefirstmeninthecountrywould，atthatmoment，havebeenaspopularasthecoalitionof1783hadbeenunpopular。AloneinthekingdomtheKinglookedwithperfectcomplacencyonacabinetinwhichnomansuperiortohimselfingeniuswastobefound，andwassofarfrombeingwillingtoadmitallhisablestsubjectstoofficethathewasbentonexcludingthemall。
　　Afewmonthspassedbeforethedifferentpartieswhichagreedinregardingthegovernmentwithdislikeandcontemptcametoanunderstandingwitheachother。Butinthespringof1804itbecameevidentthattheweakestofministrieswouldhavetodefenditselfagainstthestrongestofoppositions，anoppositionmadeupofthreeoppositions，eachofwhichwould，separately，havebeenformidablefromability，andwhich，whenunited，werealsoformidablefromnumber。Thepartywhichhadopposedthepeace，headedbyGrenvilleandWindham，andthepartywhichhadopposedtherenewalofthewar，headedbyFox，concurredinthinkingthatthemennowinpowerwereincapableofeithermakingagoodpeaceorwagingavigorouswar。Pitthad，in1802，spokenforpeaceagainstthepartyofGrenville，andhad，in1803，spokenforwaragainstthepartyofFox。Butofthecapacityofthecabinet，andespeciallyofitschief，fortheconductofgreataffairs，hethoughtasmeanlyaseitherFoxorGrenville。Questionswereeasilyfoundonwhichalltheenemiesofthegovernmentcouldactcordiallytogether。TheunfortunateFirstLordoftheTreasury，whohad，duringtheearliermonthsofhisadministration，beensupportedbyPittononeside，andbyFoxontheother，nowhadtoanswerPitt，andtobeansweredbyFox。Twosharpdebates，followedbyclosedivisions，madehimwearyofhispost。Itwasknown，too，thattheUpperHousewasevenmorehostiletohimthantheLower，thattheScotchrepresentativepeerswavered，thatthereweresignsofmutinyamongthebishops。Inthecabinetitselftherewasdiscord，and，worsethandiscord，treachery。Itwasnecessarytogiveway:
　　theministrywasdissolved;andthetaskofformingagovernmentwasentrustedtoPitt。
　　Pittwasofopinionthattherewasnowanopportunity，suchashadneverbeforeoffereditself，andsuchasmightneverofferitselfagain，ofunitinginthepublicservice，onhonourableterms，alltheeminenttalentsofthekingdom。ThepassionstowhichtheFrenchrevolutionhadgivenbirthwereextinct。Themadnessoftheinnovatorandthemadnessofthealarmisthadalikehadtheirday。Jacobinismandanti—Jacobinismhadgoneoutoffashiontogether。Themostliberalstatesmandidnotthinkthatseasonpropitiousforschemesofparliamentaryreform;andthemostconservativestatesmancouldnotpretendthattherewasanyoccasionforgaggingbillsandsuspensionsoftheHabeasCorpusAct。Thegreatstruggleforindependenceandnationalhonouroccupiedallminds;andthosewhowereagreedastothedutyofmaintainingthatstrugglewithvigourmightwellpostponetoamoreconvenienttimealldisputesaboutmatterscomparativelyunimportant。Stronglyimpressedbytheseconsiderations，Pittwishedtoformaministryincludingallthefirstmeninthecountry。TheTreasuryhereservedforhimself;
　　andtoFoxheproposedtoassignashareofpowerlittleinferiortohisown。
　　Theplanwasexcellent;buttheKingwouldnothearofit。Dull，obstinate，unforgiving，and，atthattimehalfmad，hepositivelyrefusedtoadmitFoxintohisservice。Anybodyelse，evenmenwhohadgoneasfarasFox，orfurtherthanFox，inwhathisMajestyconsideredasJacobinism，Sheridan，Grey，Erskine，shouldbegraciouslyreceived;butFoxnever。DuringseveralhoursPittlabouredinvaintoreasondownthissenselessantipathy。Thathewasperfectlysinceretherecanbenodoubt:butitwasnotenoughtobesincere;heshouldhavebeenresolute。HadhedeclaredhimselfdeterminednottotakeofficewithoutFox，theroyalobstinacywouldhavegivenway，asitgaveway，afewmonthslater，whenopposedtotheimmutableresolutionofLordGrenville。InanevilhourPittyielded。Heflatteredhimselfwiththehopethat，thoughheconsentedtoforegotheaidofhisillustriousrival，therewouldstillremainamplematerialsfortheformationofanefficientministry。Thathopewascruellydisappointed。Foxentreatedhisfriendstoleavepersonalconsiderationsoutofthequestion，anddeclaredthathewouldsupport，withtheutmostcordiality，anefficientandpatrioticministryfromwhichheshouldbehimselfexcluded。Notonlyhisfriends，however，butGrenville，andGrenville’sadherents，answered，withonevoice，thatthequestionwasnotpersonal，thatagreatconstitutionalprinciplewasatstake，andthattheywouldnottakeofficewhileamaneminentlyqualifiedtorenderservicetothecommonwealthwasplacedunderabanmerelybecausehewasdislikedatCourt。AllthatwaslefttoPittwastoconstructagovernmentoutofthewreckofAddington’sfeebleadministration。Thesmallcircleofhispersonalretainersfurnishedhimwithaveryfewusefulassistants，particularlyDundas，whohadbeencreatedViscountMelville，LordHarrowby，andCanning。
　　SuchwastheinauspiciousmannerinwhichPittenteredonhissecondadministration。Thewholehistoryofthatadministrationwasofapiecewiththecommencement。Almosteverymonthbroughtsomenewdisasterordisgrace。TothewarwithFrancewassoonaddedawarwithSpain。Theopponentsoftheministerwerenumerous，able，andactive。Hismostusefulcoadjutorshesoonlost。SicknessdeprivedhimofthehelpofLordHarrowby。ItwasdiscoveredthatLordMelvillehadbeenguiltyofhighlyculpablelaxityintransactionsrelatingtopublicmoney。HewascensuredbytheHouseofCommons，drivenfromoffice，ejectedfromthePrivyCouncil，andimpeachedofhighcrimesandmisdemeanours。TheblowfellheavyonPitt。Itgavehim，hesaidinParliament，adeeppang;and，asheutteredthewordpang，hislipquivered，hisvoiceshook，hepaused，andhishearersthoughtthathewasabouttoburstintotears。SuchtearsshedbyEldonwouldhavemovednothingbutlaughter。Shedbythewarm—heartedandopen—heartedFox，theywouldhavemovedsympathy，butwouldhavecausednosurprise。ButatearfromPittwouldhavebeensomethingportentous。Hesuppressedhisemotion，however，andproceededwithhisusualmajesticself—
　　possession。
　　Hisdifficultiescompelledhimtoresorttovariousexpedients。
　　AtonetimeAddingtonwaspersuadedtoacceptofficewithapeerage;buthebroughtnoadditionalstrengthtothegovernment。
　　Thoughhewentthroughtheformofreconciliation，itwasimpossibleforhimtoforgetthepast。Whileheremainedinplacehewasjealousandpunctilious;andhesoonretiredagain。
　　AtanothertimePittrenewedhiseffortstoovercomehismaster’saversiontoFox;anditwasrumouredthattheKing’sobstinacywasgraduallygivingway。But，meanwhile，itwasimpossiblefortheministertoconcealfromthepubliceyethedecayofhishealth，andtheconstantanxietywhichgnawedathisheart。Hissleepwasbroken。Hisfoodceasedtonourishhim。AllwhopassedhiminthePark，allwhohadinterviewswithhiminDowningStreet，sawmiserywritteninhisface。ThepeculiarlookwhichheworeduringthelastmonthsofhislifewasoftenpatheticallydescribedbyWilberforce，whousedtocallittheAusterlitzlook。
　　StillthevigourofPitt’sintellectualfaculties，andtheintrepidhaughtinessofhisspirit，remainedunaltered。Hehadstakedeverythingonagreatventure。HehadsucceededinforminganothermightycoalitionagainsttheFrenchascendency。
　　TheunitedforcesofAustria，Russia，andEnglandmight，hehoped，opposeaninsurmountablebarriertotheambitionofthecommonenemy。ButthegeniusandenergyofNapoleonprevailed。
　　WhiletheEnglishtroopswerepreparingtoembarkforGermany，whiletheRussiantroopswereslowlycomingupfromPoland，he，withrapidityunprecedentedinmodernwar，movedahundredthousandmenfromtheshoresoftheOceantotheBlackForest，andcompelledagreatAustrianarmytosurrenderatUlm。TothefirstfaintrumoursofthiscalamityPittwouldgivenocredit。
　　Hewasirritatedbythealarmsofthosearoundhim。"Donotbelieveawordofit，"hesaid:"Itisallafiction。"ThenextdayhereceivedaDutchnewspapercontainingthecapitulation。
　　HeknewnoDutch。ItwasSunday;andthepublicofficeswereshut。HecarriedthepapertoLordMalmesbury，whohadbeenministerinHolland;andLordMalmesburytranslatedit。Pitttriedtobearup;buttheshockwastoogreat;andhewentawaywithdeathinhisface。
　　ThenewsofthebattleofTrafalgararrivedfourdayslater，andseemedforamomenttorevivehim。Forty—eighthoursafterthatmostgloriousandmostmournfulofvictorieshadbeenannouncedtothecountrycametheLordMayor’sday;andPittdinedatGuildhall。Hispopularityhaddeclined。Butonthisoccasionthemultitude，greatlyexcitedbytherecenttidings，welcomedhimenthusiastically，tookoffhishorsesinCheapside，anddrewhiscarriageupKingStreet。Whenhishealthwasdrunk，hereturnedthanksintwoorthreeofthosestatelysentencesofwhichhehadaboundlesscommand。Severalofthosewhoheardhimlaiduphiswordsintheirhearts;fortheywerethelastwordsthatheeverutteredinpublic:"LetushopethatEngland，havingsavedherselfbyherenergy，maysaveEuropebyherexample。"
　　Thiswasbutamomentaryrally。AusterlitzsooncompletedwhatUlmhadbegun。EarlyinDecemberPitthadretiredtoBath，inthehopethathemighttheregatherstrengthfortheapproachingsession。WhilehewaslanguishingthereonhissofaarrivedthenewsthatadecisivebattlehadbeenfoughtandlostinMoravia，thatthecoalitionwasdissolved，thattheContinentwasatthefeetofFrance。Hesankdownundertheblow。Tendayslaterhewassoemaciatedthathismostintimatefriendshardlyknewhim。
　　HecameupfromBathbyslowjourneys，and，onthe11thofJanuary1806，reachedhisvillaatPutney。Parliamentwastomeetonthe21st。Onthe20thwastobetheparliamentarydinneratthehouseoftheFirstLordoftheTreasuryinDowningStreet;
　　andthecardswerealreadyissued。Butthedaysofthegreatministerwerenumbered。Theonlychanceforhislife，andthataveryslightchance，wasthatheshouldresignhisoffice，andpasssomemonthsinprofoundrepose。Hiscolleaguespaidhimveryshortvisits，andcarefullyavoidedpoliticalconversation。
　　Buthisspirit，longaccustomedtodominion，couldnot，eveninthatextremity，relinquishhopeswhicheverybodybuthimselfperceivedtobevain。OnthedayonwhichhewascarriedintohisbedroomatPutney，theMarquessWellesley，whomhehadlongloved，whomhehadsenttogovernIndia，andwhoseadministrationhadbeeneminentlyable，energetic，andsuccessful，arrivedinLondonafteranabsenceofeightyears。Thefriendssaweachotheroncemore。Therewasanaffectionatemeeting，andalastparting。ThatitwasalastpartingPittdidnotseemtobeaware。Hefanciedhimselftoberecovering，talkedonvarioussubjectscheerfully，andwithanuncloudedmind，andpronouncedawarmanddiscerningeulogiumontheMarquess’sbrotherArthur。
　　"Inever，"hesaid，"metwithanymilitarymanwithwhomitwassosatisfactorytoconverse。"Theexcitementandexertionofthisinterviewweretoomuchforthesickman。Hefaintedaway;
　　andLordWellesleyleftthehouse，convincedthattheclosewasfastapproaching。
　　AndnowmembersofParliamentwerefastcominguptoLondon。Thechiefsoftheoppositionmetforthepurposeofconsideringthecoursetobetakenonthefirstdayofthesession。ItwaseasytoguesswhatwouldbethelanguageoftheKing’sspeech，andoftheaddresswhichwouldbemovedinanswertothatspeech。Anamendmentcondemningthepolicyofthegovernmenthadbeenprepared，andwastohavebeenproposedintheHouseofCommonsbyLordHenryPetty，ayoungnoblemanwhohadalreadywonforhimselfthatplaceintheesteemofhiscountrywhich，afterthelapseofmorethanhalfacentury，hestillretains。Hewasunwilling，however，tocomeforwardastheaccuserofonewhowasincapableofdefendinghimself。LordGrenville，whohadbeeninformedofPitt’sstatebyLordWellesley，andhadbeendeeplyaffectedbyit，earnestlyrecommendedforbearance;andFox，withcharacteristicgenerosityandgoodnature，gavehisvoiceagainstattackinghisnowhelplessrival。"Suntlacrymaererum，"hesaid，"etmentemmortaliatangunt。"Onthefirstday，therefore，therewasnodebate。ItwasrumouredthateveningthatPittwasbetter。Butonthefollowingmorninghisphysicianspronouncedthattherewerenohopes。Thecommandingfacultiesofwhichhehadbeentooproudwerebeginningtofail。Hisoldtutorandfriend，theBishopofLincoln，informedhimofhisdanger，andgavesuchreligiousadviceandconsolationasaconfusedandobscuredmindcouldreceive。Storiesweretoldofdevoutsentimentsferventlyutteredbythedyingman。Butthesestoriesfoundnocreditwithanybodywhoknewhim。Wilberforcepronounceditimpossiblethattheycouldbetrue。"Pitt，"headded，"wasamanwhoalwayssaidlessthanhethoughtonsuchtopics。"Itwasassertedinmanyafter—dinnerspeeches，GrubStreetelegies，andacademicprizepoemsandprizedeclamations，thatthegreatministerdiedexclaiming，"Ohmycountry！"Thisisafable;butitistruethatthelastwordswhichheuttered，whileheknewwhathesaid，werebrokenexclamationsaboutthealarmingstateofpublicaffairs。Heceasedtobreatheonthemorningofthe23rdofJanuary，1806，thetwenty—fifthanniversaryofthedayonwhichhefirsttookhisseatinParliament。Hewasinhisforty—seventhyear，andhadbeen，duringnearnineteenyears，FirstLordoftheTreasury，andundisputedchiefoftheadministration。SinceparliamentarygovernmentwasestablishedinEngland，noEnglishstatesmanhasheldsupremepowersolong。Walpole，itistrue，wasFirstLordoftheTreasuryduringmorethantwentyyears:butitwasnottillWalpolehadbeensometimeFirstLordoftheTreasurythathecouldbeproperlycalledPrimeMinister。
　　ItwasmovedintheHouseofCommonsthatPittshouldbehonouredwithapublicfuneralandamonument。ThemotionwasopposedbyFoxinaspeechwhichdeservestobestudiedasamodelofgoodtasteandgoodfeeling。Thetaskwasthemostinvidiousthateveranoratorundertook:butitwasperformedwithahumanityanddelicacywhichwerewarmlyacknowledgedbythemourningfriendsofhimwhowasgone。Themotionwascarriedby288votesto89。
　　The22dofFebruarywasfixedforthefuneral。ThecorpsehavinglaininstateduringtwodaysinthePaintedChamber，wasbornewithgreatpomptothenortherntranseptoftheAbbey。A
　　splendidtrainofprinces，nobles，bishops，andprivycouncillorsfollowed。ThegraveofPitthadbeenmadeneartothespotwherehisgreatfatherlay，nearalsotothespotwherehisgreatrivalwassoontolie。Thesadnessoftheassistantswasbeyondthatofordinarymourners。Forhewhomtheywerecommittingtothedusthaddiedofsorrowsandanxietiesofwhichnoneofthesurvivorscouldbealtogetherwithoutashare。Wilberforce，whocarriedthebannerbeforethehearse，describedtheawfulceremonywithdeepfeeling。Asthecoffindescendedintotheearth，hesaid，theeaglefaceofChathamfromaboveseemedtolookdownwithconsternationintothedarkhousewhichwasreceivingallthatremainedofsomuchpowerandglory。
　　AllpartiesintheHouseofCommonsreadilyconcurredinvotingfortythousandpoundstosatisfythedemandsofPitt’screditors。
　　Someofhisadmirersseemedtoconsiderthemagnitudeofhisembarrassmentsasacircumstancehighlyhonourabletohim;butmenofsensewillprobablybeofadifferentopinion。Itisfarbetter，nodoubt，thatagreatministershouldcarryhiscontemptofmoneytoexcessthanthatheshouldcontaminatehishandswithunlawfulgain。Butitisneitherrightnorbecominginamantowhomthepublichasgivenanincomemorethansufficientforhiscomfortanddignitytobequeathtothatpublicagreatdebt，theeffectofmerenegligenceandprofusion。AsfirstLordoftheTreasuryandChancelloroftheExchequer，Pittneverhadlessthansixthousandayear，besidesanexcellenthouse。In1792hewasforcedbyhisroyalmaster’sfriendlyimportunitytoacceptforlifetheofficeofWardenoftheCinquePorts，withnearfourthousandayearmore。Hehadneitherwifenorchild;hehadnoneedyrelations:hehadnoexpensivetastes:hehadnolongelectionbills。Hadhegivenbutaquarterofanhouraweektotheregulationofhishousehold，hewouldhavekepthisexpenditurewithinbounds。Or，ifhecouldnotspareevenaquarterofanhouraweekforthatpurpose，hehadnumerousfriends，excellentmenofbusiness，whowouldhavebeenproudtoactashisstewards。Oneofthosefriends，thechiefofagreatcommercialhouseinthecity，madeanattempttoputtheestablishmentinDowningStreettorights;butinvain。Hefoundthatthewasteoftheservants’hallwasalmostfabulous。Thequantityofbutcher’smeatchargedinthebillswasninehundredweightaweek。Theconsumptionofpoultry，offish，andofteawasinproportion。ThecharacterofPittwouldhavestoodhigherifwiththedisinterestednessofPericlesandofDeWitt，hehadunitedtheirdignifiedfrugality。
　　ThememoryofPitthasbeenassailed，timesinnumerable，oftenjustly，oftenunjustly;butithassufferedmuchlessfromhisassailantsthanfromhiseulogists。For，duringmanyyears，hisnamewastherallyingcryofaclassofmenwithwhom，atoneofthoseterribleconjunctureswhichconfoundallordinarydistinctions，hewasaccidentallyandtemporarilyconnected，buttowhom，onalmostallgreatquestionsofprinciple，hewasdiametricallyopposed。ThehatersofparliamentaryreformcalledthemselvesPittites，notchoosingtorememberthatPittmadethreemotionsforparliamentaryreform，andthat，thoughhethoughtthatsuchareformcouldnotsafelybemadewhilethepassionsexcitedbytheFrenchrevolutionwereraging，heneverutteredawordindicatingthatheshouldnotbepreparedatamoreconvenientseasontobringthequestionforwardafourthtime。ThetoastofProtestantascendencywasdrunkonPitt’sbirthdaybyasetofPittiteswhocouldnotbutbeawarethatPitthadresignedhisofficebecausehecouldnotcarryCatholicemancipation。ThedefendersoftheTestActcalledthemselvesPittites，thoughtheycouldnotbeignorantthatPitthadlaidbeforeGeorgetheThirdunanswerablereasonsforabolishingtheTestAct。TheenemiesoffreetradecalledthemselvesPittites，thoughPittwasfarmoredeeplyimbuedwiththedoctrinesofAdamSmiththaneitherFoxorGrey。Theverynegro—driversinvokedthenameofPitt，whoseeloquencewasnevermoreconspicuouslydisplayedthanwhenhespokeofthewrongsofthenegro。ThismythicalPitt，whoresemblesthegenuinePittaslittleasCharlemagneofAriostoresemblestheCharlemagneofEginhard，hashadhisday。Historywillvindicatetherealmanfromcalumnydisguisedunderthesemblanceofadulation，andwillexhibithimaswhathewas，aministerofgreattalents，honestintentions，andliberalopinions，pre—eminentlyqualified，intellectuallyandmorally，forthepartofaparliamentaryleader，andcapableofadministeringwithprudenceandmoderationthegovernmentofaprosperousandtranquilcountry，butunequaltosurprisingandterribleemergencies，andliable，insuchemergencies，toerrgrievously，bothonthesideofweaknessandonthesideofviolence……
　　MISCELLANEOUSPOEMS，INSCRIPTIONS，ETC。
　　EPITAPHONHENRYMARTYN。
　　（1812。）
　　HereMartynlies。InManhood’searlybloomTheChristianHerofindsaPagantomb。
　　Religion，sorrowingo’erherfavouriteson，Pointstotheglorioustrophiesthathewon。
　　Eternaltrophies！notwithcarnagered，Notstainedwithtearsbyhaplesscaptivesshed，ButtrophiesoftheCross！forthatdearname，Througheveryformofdanger，death，andshame，Onwardhejourneyedtoahappiershore，Wheredanger，death，andshameassaultnomore……
　　LINESTOTHEMEMORYOFPITT。
　　（1813。）
　　OhBritain！dearIsle，whentheannalsofstoryShalltellofthedeedsthatthychildrenhavedone，Whenthestrainsofeachpoetshallsingoftheirglory，Andthetriumphstheirskillandtheirvalourhavewon。
　　Whentheoliveandpalminthychapletareblended，Whenthyarts，andthyfame，andthycommerceincrease，Whenthyarmsthroughtheuttermostcoastsareextended，Andthywaristriumphant，andhappythypeace;
　　Whentheocean，whosewaveslikearampartflowroundthee，Conveyingthymandatestoeveryshore，Andtheempireofnaturenolongercanboundthee，Andtheworldbethesceneofthyconquestsnomore:
　　Rememberthemanwhoinsorrowanddanger，Whenthyglorywasset，andthyspiritwaslow，Whenthyhopeswereo’erturnedbythearmsofthestranger，Andthybannersdisplayedinthehallsofthefoe，Stoodforthinthetempestofdoubtanddisaster，Unaided，andsingle，thedangertobrave。
　　Assertedthyclaims，andtherightsofhismaster，Preservedtheetoconquer，andsavedtheetosave……
　　ARADICALWARSONG。
　　（1820。）
　　Awake，arise，thehouriscome，Forrowsandrevolutions;
　　There’snoreceiptlikepikeanddrumForcrazyconstitutions。
　　Close，closetheshop！Break，breaktheloom，Desertyourhearthsandfurrows，AndthronginarmstosealthedoomOfEngland’srottenboroughs。
　　We’llstretchthattort’ringCastlereaghOnhisownDublinrack，sir;
　　We’lldrowntheKinginEaudevie，TheLaureateinhissack，sir，OldEldonandhissordidhagInmoltengoldwe’llsmother，AndstifleinhisowngreenbagTheDoctorandhisbrother。
　　Inchainswe’llhanginfairGuildhallTheCity’sfamedrecorder，AndnextonproudStStephen’sfall，ThoughWynneshouldsqueaktoorder。
　　InvainourtyrantsthenshalltryTo’scapeourmartiallaw，sir;
　　InvainthetremblingSpeakercryThat"Strangersmustwithdraw，"sir。
　　Copleytohangoffendsnotext;
　　Aratisnotaman，sir:
　　Withschedules，andwithtaxbillsnextWe’llburypiousVan，sir。
　　TheslaveswholovedtheincomeTax，We’llcrushbyscores，likemites，sir，Andhim，thewretchwhofreedtheblacks，Andmoreenslavedthewhites，sir。
　　Thepeershalldanglefromhisgate，Thebishopfromhissteeple，Tillallrecanting，own，theStateMeansnothingbutthePeople。
　　We’llfixthechurch’srevenuesOnApostolicbasis，Onecoat，onescrip，onepairofshoesShallpaytheirstrangegrimaces。
　　We’llstrapthebar’sdeludingtrainIntheirowndarlinghalter，AndwithhisbigchurchbiblebrainTheparsonatthealtar。
　　Hailglorioushour，whenfairReformShallblessourlongingnation，AndHuntreceivecommandstoformAnewadministration。
　　Carlisleshallsitenthroned，wheresatOurCranmerandourSecker;
　　AndWatsonshowhissnow—whitehatInEngland’srichExchequer。
　　ThebreastofThistlewoodshallwearOurWellesley’sstarandsash，man:
　　AndmanyamausoleumfairShallrisetohonestCashman。
　　Then，thenbeneaththenine—tailedcatShalltheywhouseditwrithe，sir;
　　Andcurateslean，andrectorsfat，Shalldigthegroundtheytithe，sir。
　　DownwithyourBayleys，andyourBests，YourGiffords，andyourGurneys:
　　We’llcleartheislandofthepests，Whichmortalsnameattorneys。
　　Downwithyoursheriffs，andyourmayors，Yourregistrars，andproctors，We’lllivewithoutthelawyer’scares，Anddiewithoutthedoctor’s。
　　NodiscontentedfairshallpoutToseeherspousesostupid;
　　We’lltreadthetorchofHymenout，AndlivecontentwithCupid。
　　Then，whenthehigh—bornandthegreatArehumbledtoourlevel，OnallthewealthofChurchandState，Likealdermen，we’llrevel。
　　We’lllivewhenhushedthebattle’sdin，Insmokingandincards，sir，Indrinkingunexcisedgin，AndwooingfairPoissardes，sir……
　　THEBATTLEOFMONCONTOUR。
　　（1824。）
　　Oh，weepforMoncontour！Oh！weepforthehour，Whenthechildrenofdarknessandevilhadpower，WhenthehorsemenofValoistriumphantlytrodOnthebosomsthatbledfortheirrightsandtheirGod。
　　Oh，weepforMoncontour！Oh！weepfortheslain，Whoforfaithandforfreedomlayslaughteredinvain;
　　Oh，weepfortheliving，wholingertobearTherenegade’sshame，ortheexile’sdespair。
　　Onelook，onelastlook，toourcotsandourtowers，Totherowsofourvines，andthebedsofourflowers，Tothechurchwherethebonesofourfathersdecayed，Wherewefondlyhaddeemedthatourownwouldbelaid。
　　Alas！wemustleavethee，deardesolatehome，TothespearmenofUri，theshavelingsofRome，TotheserpentofFlorence，thevultureofSpain，TotheprideofAnjou，andtheguileofLorraine。
　　Farewelltothyfountains，farewelltothyshades，Tothesongofthyyouths，andthedanceofthymaids，Tothebreathofthygardens，thehumofthybees，AndthelongwavinglineofthebluePyrenees。
　　Farewell，andforever。ThepriestandtheslaveMayruleinthehallsofthefreeandthebrave。
　　Ourhearthsweabandon;ourlandsweresign;
　　But，Father，wekneeltonoaltarbutthine……
　　THEBATTLEOFNASEBY，BYOBADIAHBIND—THEIR—KINGS—IN—CHAINS—AND—THEIR—NOBLES—WITH—
　　LINKS—OF—IRON，SERJEANTINIRETON’SREGIMENT。（1824。）
　　Oh！whereforecomeyeforth，intriumphfromtheNorth，Withyourhands，andyourfeet，andyourraimentallred？
　　Andwhereforedothyourroutsendforthajoyousshout？
　　Andwhencebethegrapesofthewine—presswhichyetread？
　　Ohevilwastheroot，andbitterwasthefruit，Andcrimsonwasthejuiceofthevintagethatwetrod;
　　Forwetrampledonthethrongofthehaughtyandthestrong，Whosateinthehighplaces，andslewthesaintsofGod。
　　ItwasaboutthenoonofagloriousdayofJune，Thatwesawtheirbannersdance，andtheircuirassesshine，AndtheManofBloodwasthere，withhislongessencedhair，AndAstley，andSirMarmaduke，andRupertoftheRhine。
　　LikeaservantoftheLord，withhisBibleandhissword，TheGeneralrodealongustoformustothefight，Whenamurmuringsoundbrokeout，andswell’dintoashout，Amongthegodlesshorsemenuponthetyrant’sright。
　　Andhark！liketheroarofthebillowsontheshore，Thecryofbattlerisesalongtheirchargingline！
　　ForGod！fortheCause！fortheChurch！fortheLaws！
　　ForCharlesKingofEnglandandRupertoftheRhine！
　　ThefuriousGermancomes，withhisclarionsandhisdrums，HisbravoesofAlsatia，andpagesofWhitehall;
　　Theyareburstingonourflanks。Graspyourpikes，closeyourranks;
　　ForRupertnevercomesbuttoconquerortofall。
　　Theyarehere！Theyrushon！Wearebroken！Wearegone！
　　Ourleftisbornebeforethemlikestubbleontheblast。
　　OLord，putforththymight！OLord，defendtheright！
　　Standbacktoback，inGod’sname，andfightittothelast。
　　StoutSkipponhathawound;thecentrehathgivenground:
　　Hark！hark！——Whatmeansthetramplingofhorsemenonourrear？
　　WhosebannerdoIsee，boys？’Tishe，thankGod，’tishe，boys，Bearupanotherminute:braveOliverishere。
　　Theirheadsallstoopinglow，theirpointsallinarow，Likeawhirlwindonthetrees，likeadelugeonthedykes，OurcuirassiershaveburstontheranksoftheAccurst，Andatashockhavescatteredtheforestofhispikes。
　　Fast，fast，thegallantsride，insomesafenooktohideTheircowardheads，predestinedtorotonTempleBar;
　　Andhe——heturns，heflies:——shameonthosecrueleyesThatboretolookontorture，anddarenotlookonwar。
　　Ho！comrades，scourtheplain;and，ereyestriptheslain，Firstgiveanotherstabtomakeyoursearchsecure，Thenshakefromsleevesandpocketstheirbroad—piecesandlockets，Thetokensofthewanton，theplunderofthepoor。
　　Fools！yourdoubletsshonewithgold，andyourheartsweregayandbold，Whenyoukissedyourlilyhandstoyourlemansto—day;
　　Andto—morrowshallthefox，fromherchambersintherocks，Leadforthhertawnycubstohowlabovetheprey。
　　Wherebeyourtonguesthatlatemockedatheavenandhellandfate，Andthefingersthatonceweresobusywithyourblades，Yourperfum’dsatinclothes，yourcatchesandyouroaths，Yourstage—playsandyoursonnets，yourdiamondsandyourspades？
　　Down，down，foreverdownwiththemitreandthecrown，WiththeBelialoftheCourtandtheMammonofthePope;
　　ThereiswoeinOxfordhalls:thereiswailinDurham’sStalls:
　　TheJesuitsmiteshisbosom:theBishoprendshiscope。
　　AndSheofthesevenhillsshallmournherchildren’sills，AndtremblewhenshethinksontheedgeofEngland’ssword;
　　AndtheKingsofearthinfearshallshudderwhentheyhearWhatthehandofGodhathwroughtfortheHousesandtheWord。