OneoftheexileshadbeensohappyastobearachiefpartintherestorationoftheRoyalhouse。Allthattheothercouldnowdowastodieassertingtherightsofthathousetothelast。A
fewweeksafterthisletterwaswrittenAtterburydied。Hehadjustcompletedhisseventiethyear。
HisbodywasbroughttoEngland，andlaid，withgreatprivacy，underthenaveofWestminsterAbbey。Onlythreemournersfollowedthecoffin。Noinscriptionmarksthegrave。ThattheepitaphwithwhichPopehonouredthememoryofhisfrienddoesnotappearonthewallsofthegreatnationalcemeteryisnosubjectofregret:fornothingworsewaseverwrittenbyColleyCibber。
ThosewhowishformorecompleteinformationaboutAtterburymayeasilycollectitfromhissermonsandhiscontroversialwritings，fromthereportoftheparliamentaryproceedingsagainsthim，whichwillbefoundintheStateTrials，fromthefivevolumesofhiscorrespondence，editedbyMrNichols，andfromthefirstvolumeoftheStuartpapers，editedbyMrGlover。
Averyindulgentbutaveryinterestingaccountofthebishop’spoliticalcareerwillbefoundinLordMahon’svaluableHistoryofEngland……
JOHNBUNYAN。
（May1854。）
JohnBunyan，themostpopularreligiouswriterintheEnglishlanguage，wasbornatElstow，aboutamilefromBedford，intheyear1628。Hemaybesaidtohavebeenbornatinker。Thetinkersthenformedanhereditarycaste，whichwasheldinnohighestimation。Theyweregenerallyvagrantsandpilferers，andwereoftenconfoundedwiththegipsies，whomintruththeynearlyresembled。Bunyan’sfatherwasmorerespectablethanmostofthetribe。Hehadafixedresidence，andwasabletosendhissontoavillageschoolwherereadingandwritingweretaught。
TheyearsofJohn’sboyhoodwerethoseduringwhichthepuritanspiritwasinthehighestvigouralloverEngland;andnowherehadthatspiritmoreinfluencethaninBedfordshire。Itisnotwonderful，therefore，thataladtowhomnaturehadgivenapowerfulimagination，andsensibilitywhichamountedtoadisease，shouldhavebeenearlyhauntedbyreligiousterrors。
Beforehewasten，hissportswereinterruptedbyfitsofremorseanddespair;andhissleepwasdisturbedbydreamsoffiendstryingtoflyawaywithhim。Ashegrewolder，hismentalconflictsbecamestillmoreviolent。ThestronglanguageinwhichhedescribedthemhasstrangelymisledallhisbiographersexceptMrSouthey。IthaslongbeenanordinarypracticewithpiouswriterstociteBunyanasaninstanceofthesupernaturalpowerofdivinegracetorescuethehumansoulfromthelowestdepthsofwickedness。Heiscalledinonebookthemostnotoriousofprofligates;inanother，thebrandpluckedfromtheburning。HeisdesignatedinMrIvimey’sHistoryoftheBaptistsasthedepravedBunyan，thewickedtinkerofElstow。MrRyland，amanonceofgreatnoteamongtheDissenters，breaksoutintothefollowingrhapsody:——"NomanofcommonsenseandcommonintegritycandenythatBunyanwasapracticalatheist，aworthlesscontemptibleinfidel，avilerebeltoGodandgoodness，acommonprofligate，asoul—despising，asoul—murdering，asoul—
damning，thoughtlesswretchascouldexistonthefaceoftheearth。Nowbeastonished，Oheavens，toeternity！andwonder，O
earthandhell！whiletimeendures。Beholdthisverymanbecomeamiracleofmercy，amirrorofwisdom，goodness，holiness，truth，andlove。"Butwhoevertakesthetroubletoexaminetheevidencewillfindthatthegoodmenwhowrotethishadbeendeceivedbyaphraseologywhich，astheyhadbeenhearingitandusingitalltheirlives，theyoughttohaveunderstoodbetter。
Therecannotbeagreatermistakethantoinfer，fromthestrongexpressionsinwhichadevoutmanbemoanshisexceedingsinfulness，thathehasledaworselifethanhisneighbours。
Manyexcellentpersons，whosemoralcharacterfromboyhoodtooldagehasbeenfreefromanystaindiscernibletotheirfellow—
creatures，have，intheirautobiographiesanddiaries，appliedtothemselves，anddoubtlesswithsincerity，epithetsassevereascouldbeappliedtoTitusOatesorMrsBrownrigg。ItisquitecertainthatBunyanwas，ateighteen，what，inanybutthemostausterelypuritanicalcircles，wouldhavebeenconsideredasayoungmanofsingulargravityandinnocence。Indeed，itmayberemarkedthathe，likemanyotherpenitentswho，ingeneralterms，acknowledgedthemselvestohavebeentheworstofmankind，firedupandstoodvigorouslyonhisdefence，wheneveranyparticularchargewasbroughtagainsthimbyothers。Hedeclares，itistrue，thathehadletloosethereinsontheneckofhislusts，thathehaddelightedinalltransgressionsagainstthedivinelaw，andthathehadbeentheringleaderoftheyouthofElstowinallmannerofvice。But，whenthosewhowishedhimillaccusedhimoflicentiousamours，hecalledonGodandtheangelstoattesthispurity。Nowoman，hesaid，inheaven，earth，orhell，couldchargehimwithhavingevermadeanyimproperadvancestoher。Notonlyhadhebeenstrictlyfaithfultohiswife;buthehadevenbeforehismarriage，beenperfectlyspotless。Itdoesnotappearfromhisownconfessions，orfromtherailingsofhisenemies，thatheeverwasdrunkinhislife。
Onebadhabithecontracted，thatofusingprofanelanguage;buthetellsusthatasinglereproofcuredhimsoeffectuallythatheneveroffendedagain。Theworstthatcanbelaidtothechargeofthispooryouth，whomithasbeenthefashiontorepresentasthemostdesperateofreprobates，asavillageRochester，isthathehadagreatlikingforsomediversions，quiteharmlessinthemselves，butcondemnedbytherigidprecisiansamongwhomhelived，andforwhoseopinionhehadagreatrespect。Thefourchiefsinsofwhichhewasguiltyweredancing，ringingthebellsoftheparishchurch，playingattipcat，andreadingthehistoryofSirBevisofSouthampton。A
rectoroftheschoolofLaudwouldhaveheldsuchayoungmanuptothewholeparishasamodel。ButBunyan’snotionsofgoodandevilhadbeenlearnedinaverydifferentschool;andhewasmademiserablebytheconflictbetweenhistastesandhisscruples。
Whenhewasaboutseventeen，theordinarycourseofhislifewasinterruptedbyaneventwhichgavealastingcolourtohisthoughts。Heenlistedintheparliamentaryarmy，andservedduringthedecisivecampaignof1645。Allthatweknowofhismilitarycareeristhat，atthesiegeofLeicester，oneofhiscomrades，whohadtakenhispost，waskilledbyashotfromthetown。BunyaneverafterconsideredhimselfashavingbeensavedfromdeathbythespecialinterferenceofProvidence。Itmaybeobservedthathisimaginationwasstronglyimpressedbytheglimpsewhichhehadcaughtofthepompofwar。Tothelasthelovedtodrawhisillustrationsofsacredthingsfromcampsandfortresses，fromguns，drums，trumpets，flagsoftruce，andregimentsarrayed，eachunderitsownbanner。HisGreatheart，hisCaptainBoanerges，andhisCaptainCredence，areevidentlyportraits，ofwhichtheoriginalswereamongthosemartialsaintswhofoughtandexpoundedinFairfax’sarmy。
InafewmonthsBunyanreturnedhomeandmarried。Hiswifehadsomepiousrelations，andbroughthimasheronlyportionsomepiousbooks。Andnowhismind，excitablebynature，veryimperfectlydisciplinedbyeducation，andexposed，withoutanyprotection，totheinfectiousvirulenceoftheenthusiasmwhichwasthenepidemicinEngland，begantobefearfullydisordered。
InoutwardthingshesoonbecameastrictPharisee。Hewasconstantinattendanceatprayersandsermons。Hisfavouriteamusementswereoneafteranotherrelinquished，thoughnotwithoutmanypainfulstruggles。Inthemiddleofagameattipcathepaused，andstoodstaringwildlyupwardswithhisstickinhishand。Hehadheardavoiceaskinghimwhetherhewouldleavehissinsandgotoheaven，orkeephissinsandgotohell;
andhehadseenanawfulcountenancefrowningonhimfromthesky。Theodiousviceofbellringingherenounced;buthestillforatimeventuredtogotothechurchtowerandlookonwhileotherspulledtheropes。Butsoonthethoughtstruckhimthat，ifhepersistedinsuchwickedness，thesteeplewouldfallonhishead;andhefledinterrorfromtheaccursedplace。Togiveupdancingonthevillagegreenwasstillharder;andsomemonthselapsedbeforehehadthefortitudetopartwiththisdarlingsin。Whenthislastsacrificehadbeenmade，hewas，evenwhentriedbythemaximsofthatausteretime，faultless。AllElstowtalkedofhimasaneminentlypiousyouth。Buthisownmindwasmoreunquietthanever。Havingnothingmoretodointhewayofvisiblereformation，yetfindinginreligionnopleasurestosupplytheplaceofthejuvenileamusementswhichhehadrelinquished，hebegantoapprehendthathelayundersomespecialmalediction;andhewastormentedbyasuccessionoffantasieswhichseemedlikelytodrivehimtosuicideortoBedlam。
AtonetimehetookitintohisheadthatallpersonsofIsraelitebloodwouldbesaved，andtriedtomakeoutthathepartookofthatblood;buthishopeswerespeedilydestroyedbyhisfather，whoseemstohavehadnoambitiontoberegardedasaJew。
AtanothertimeBunyanwasdisturbedbyastrangedilemma:"IfI
havenotfaith，Iamlost;ifIhavefaith，Icanworkmiracles。"
HewastemptedtocrytothepuddlesbetweenElstowandBedford，"Beyedry，"andtostakehiseternalhopesontheevent。
ThenhetookupanotionthatthedayofgraceforBedfordandtheneighbouringvillageswaspast:thatallwhoweretobesavedinthatpartofEnglandwerealreadyconverted;andthathehadbeguntoprayandstrivesomemonthstoolate。
ThenhewasharassedbydoubtswhethertheTurkswerenotintheright，andtheChristiansinthewrong。Thenhewastroubledbyamaniacalimpulsewhichpromptedhimtopraytothetrees，toabroom—stick，totheparishbull。Asyet，however，hewasonlyenteringtheValleyoftheShadowofDeath。Soonthedarknessgrewthicker。Hideousformsfloatedbeforehim。Soundsofcursingandwailingwereinhisears。Hiswayranthroughstenchandfire，closetothemouthofthebottomlesspit。Hebegantobehauntedbyastrangecuriosityabouttheunpardonablesin，andbyamorbidlongingtocommitit。Butthemostfrightfulofalltheformswhichhisdiseasetookwasapropensitytoutterblasphemy，andespeciallytorenouncehisshareinthebenefitsoftheredemption。Nightandday，inbed，attable，atwork，evilspirits，asheimagined，wererepeatingclosetohisearthewords，"Sellhim，sellhim。"Hestruckatthehobgoblins;hepushedthemfromhim;butstilltheywereeverathisside。Hecriedoutinanswertothem，hourafterhour:"Never，never;notforthousandsofworlds，notforthousands。"Atlength，wornoutbythislongagony，hesufferedthefatalwordstoescapehim，"Lethimgo，ifhewill。"Thenhismiserybecamemorefearfulthanever。Hehaddonewhatcouldnotbeforgiven。Hehadforfeitedhispartofthegreatsacrifice。LikeEsau，hehadsoldhisbirthright;andtherewasnolongeranyplaceforrepentance。"None，"heafterwardswrote，"knowstheterrorsofthosedaysbutmyself。"Hehasdescribedhissufferingswithsingularenergy，simplicity，andpathos。Heenviedthebrutes;
heenviedtheverystonesinthestreet，andthetilesonthehouses。Thesunseemedtowithholditslightandwarmthfromhim。Hisbody，thoughcastinasturdymould，andthoughstillinthehighestvigourofyouth，trembledwholedaystogetherwiththefearofdeathandjudgment。Hefanciedthatthistremblingwasthesignsetontheworstreprobates，thesignwhichGodhadputonCain。Theunhappyman’semotiondestroyedhispowerofdigestion。HehadsuchpainsthatheexpectedtoburstasunderlikeJudas，whomheregardedashisprototype。
NeitherthebookswhichBunyanread，northeadviserswhomheconsulted，werelikelytodomuchgoodinacaselikehis。Hissmalllibraryhadreceivedamostunseasonableaddition，theaccountofthelamentableendofFrancisSpira。Oneancientmanofhighreputeforpiety，whomthesuffererconsulted，gaveanopinionwhichmightwellhaveproducedfatalconsequences。"Iamafraid，"saidBunyan，"thatIhavecommittedthesinagainsttheHolyGhost。""Indeed，"saidtheoldfanatic，"Iamafraidthatyouhave。"
Atlengththecloudsbroke;thelightbecameclearerandclearer;
andtheenthusiast，whohadimaginedthathewasbrandedwiththemarkofthefirstmurderer，anddestinedtotheendofthearchtraitor，enjoyedpeaceandacheerfulconfidenceinthemercyofGod。Yearselapsed，however，beforehisnerves，whichhadbeensoperilouslyoverstrained，recoveredtheirtone。WhenhehadjoinedaBaptistsocietyatBedford，andwasforthefirsttimeadmittedtopartakeoftheEucharist，itwaswithdifficultythathecouldrefrainfromimprecatingdestructiononhisbrethrenwhilethecupwaspassingfromhandtohand。Afterhehadbeensometimeamemberofthecongregation，hebegantopreach;andhissermonsproducedapowerfuleffect。Hewasindeedilliterate;buthespoketoilliteratemen。Theseveretrainingthroughwhichhehadpassedhadgivenhimsuchanexperimentalknowledgeofallthemodesofreligiousmelancholyashecouldneverhavegatheredfrombooks;andhisvigorousgenius，animatedbyaferventspiritofdevotion，enabledhim，notonlytoexerciseagreatinfluenceoverthevulgar，buteventoextortthehalfcontemptuousadmirationofscholars。Yetitwaslongbeforeheceasedtobetormentedbyanimpulsewhichurgedhimtoutterwordsofhorribleimpietyinthepulpit。
Counter—irritantsareofasgreatuseinmoralasinphysicaldiseases。ItshouldseemthatBunyanwasfinallyrelievedfromtheinternalsufferingswhichhadembitteredhislifebysharppersecutionfromwithout。Hehadbeenfiveyearsapreacher，whentheRestorationputitinthepoweroftheCavaliergentlemenandclergymenalloverthecountrytooppresstheDissenters;andofalltheDissenterswhosehistoryisknowntous，hewasperhapsthemosthardlytreated。InNovember1660，hewasflungintoBedfordgaol;andthereheremained，withsomeintervalsofpartialandprecariousliberty，duringtwelveyears。
Hispersecutorstriedtoextortfromhimapromisethathewouldabstainfrompreaching;buthewasconvincedthathewasdivinelysetapartandcommissionedtobeateacherofrighteousness;andhewasfullydeterminedtoobeyGodratherthanman。Hewasbroughtbeforeseveraltribunals，laughedat，caressed，reviled，menaced，butinvain。Hewasfacetiouslytoldthathewasquiterightinthinkingthatheoughtnottohidehisgift;butthathisrealgiftwasskillinrepairingoldkettles。HewascomparedtoAlexanderthecoppersmith。Hewastoldthat，ifhewouldgiveuppreaching，heshouldbeinstantlyliberated。Hewaswarnedthat，ifhepersistedindisobeyingthelaw，hewouldbeliabletobanishment，andthat，ifhewerefoundinEnglandafteracertaintimehisneckwouldbestretched。Hisanswerwas，"Ifyouletmeoutto—day，Iwillpreachagainto—morrow。"
Yearafteryearhelaypatientlyinadungeon，comparedwithwhichtheworseprisonnowtobefoundintheislandisapalace。
Hisfortitudeisthemoreextraordinary，becausehisdomesticfeelingswereunusuallystrong。Indeed，hewasconsideredbyhissternbrethrenassomewhattoofondandindulgentaparent。Hehadseveralsmallchildren，andamongthemadaughterwhowasblind，andwhomhelovedwithpeculiartenderness。Hecouldnot，hesaid，beareventoletthewindblowonher;andnowshemustsuffercoldandhunger;shemustbeg;shemustbebeaten;"yet，"
headded，"Imust，Imustdoit。"Whilehelayinprisonhecoulddonothinginthewayofhisoldtradeforthesupportofhisfamily。Hedetermined，therefore，totakeupanewtrade。
Helearnedtomakelongtaggedthreadlaces;andmanythousandsofthesearticleswerefurnishedbyhimtothehawkers。Whilehishandswerethusbusied，hehadotheremploymentforhismindandhislips。Hegavereligiousinstructiontohisfellow—
captives，andformedfromamongthemalittleflock，ofwhichhewashimselfthepastor。Hestudiedindefatigablythefewbookswhichhepossessed。HistwochiefcompanionsweretheBibleandFox’sBookofMartyrs。HisknowledgeoftheBiblewassuchthathemighthavebeencalledalivingconcordance;andonthemarginofhiscopyoftheBookofMartyrsarestilllegibletheillspeltlinesofdoggrelinwhichheexpressedhisreverenceforthebravesufferers，andhisimplacableenmitytothemysticalBabylon。
Atlengthhebegantowrite;andthoughitwassometimebeforehediscoveredwherehisstrengthlay，hiswritingswerenotunsuccessful。Theywerecoarse，indeed;buttheyshowedakeenmotherwit，agreatcommandofthehomelymothertongue，anintimateknowledgeoftheEnglishBible，andavastanddearly—
boughtspiritualexperience。Theytherefore，whenthecorrectorofthepresshadimprovedthesyntaxandthespelling，werewellreceivedbythehumblerclassofDissenters。
MuchofBunyan’stimewasspentincontroversy。HewrotesharplyagainsttheQuakers，whomheseemsalwaystohaveheldinutterabhorrence。Itis，however，aremarkablefactthatheadoptedoneoftheirpeculiarfashions:hispracticewastowrite，notNovemberorDecember，buteleventhmonthandtwelfthmonth。
HewroteagainsttheliturgyoftheChurchofEngland。Notwothings，accordingtohim，hadlessaffinitythantheformofprayerandthespiritofprayer。Those，hesaidwithmuchpoint，whohavemostofthespiritofprayerarealltobefoundingaol;andthosewhohavemostzealfortheformofprayerarealltobefoundatthealehouse。Thedoctrinalarticles，ontheotherhand，hewarmlypraised，anddefendedagainstsomeArminianclergymenwhohadsignedthem。ThemostacrimoniousofallhisworksishisanswertoEdwardFowler，afterwardsBishopofGloucester，anexcellentman，butnotfreefromthetaintofPelagianism。
Bunyanhadalsoadisputewithsomeofthechiefsofthesecttowhichhebelonged。Hedoubtlessheldwithperfectsinceritythedistinguishingtenetofthatsect;buthedidnotconsiderthattenetasoneofhighimportance，andwillinglyjoinedincommunionwithquietPresbyteriansandIndependents。ThesternerBaptists，therefore，loudlypronouncedhimafalsebrother。A
controversyarosewhichlongsurvivedtheoriginalcombatants。
InourowntimethecausewhichBunyanhaddefendedwithrudelogicandrhetoricagainstKiffinandDanverswaspleadedbyRobertHallwithaningenuityandeloquencesuchasnopolemicalwriterhaseversurpassed。
DuringtheyearswhichimmediatelyfollowedtheRestoration，Bunyan’sconfinementseemstohavebeenstrict。But，asthepassionsof1660cooled，asthehatredwithwhichthePuritanshadbeenregardedwhiletheirreignwasrecentgaveplacetopity，hewaslessandlessharshlytreated。Thedistressofhisfamily，andhisownpatience，courage，andpietysoftenedtheheartsofhispersecutors。LikehisownChristianinthecage，hefoundprotectorsevenamongthecrowdofVanityFair。ThebishopoftheDiocese，DrBarlow，issaidtohaveintercededforhim。Atlengththeprisonerwassufferedtopassmostofhistimebeyondthewallsofthegaol，oncondition，asitshouldseem，thatheremainedwithinthetownofBedford。
HeowedhiscompleteliberationtooneoftheworstactsofoneoftheworstgovernmentsthatEnglandhaseverseen。In1671theCabalwasinpower。CharlesII。hadconcludedthetreatybywhichheboundhimselftosetuptheRomanCatholicreligioninEngland。Thefirststepwhichhetooktowardsthatendwastoannul，byanunconstitutionalexerciseofhisprerogative，allthepenalstatutesagainsttheRomanCatholics;and，inordertodisguisehisrealdesign，heannulledatthesametimethepenalstatutesagainstProtestantnonconformists。Bunyanwasconsequentlysetatlarge。InthefirstwarmthofhisgratitudehepublishedatractinwhichhecomparedCharlestothathumaneandgenerousPersiankingwho，thoughnothimselfblestwiththelightofthetruereligion，favouredthechosenpeople，andpermittedthemafteryearsofcaptivity，torebuildtheirbelovedtemple。Tocandidmen，whoconsiderhowmuchBunyanhadsuffered，andhowlittlehecouldguessthesecretdesignsofthecourt，theunsuspiciousthankfulnesswithwhichheacceptedthepreciousboonoffreedomwillnotappeartorequireanyapology。
Beforehelefthisprisonhehadbegunthebookwhichhasmadehisnameimmortal。Thehistoryofthatbookisremarkable。Theauthorwas，ashetellsus，writingatreatise，inwhichhehadoccasiontospeakofthestagesoftheChristianprogress。Hecomparedthatprogress，asmanyothershadcomparedit，toapilgrimage。Soonhisquickwitdiscoveredinnumerablepointsofsimilaritywhichhadescapedhispredecessors。Imagescamecrowdingonhismindfasterthanhecouldputthemintowords，quagmiresandpits，steephills，darkandhorribleglens，softvales，sunnypastures，agloomycastleofwhichthecourtyardwasstrewnwiththeskullsandbonesofmurderedprisoners，atownallbustleandsplendour，likeLondonontheLordMayor’sDay，andthenarrowpath，straightasarulecouldmakeit，runningonuphillanddownhill，throughcityandthroughwilderness，totheBlackRiverandtheShiningGate。Hehadfoundout，asmostpeoplewouldhavesaid，byaccident，ashewoulddoubtlesshavesaid，bytheguidanceofProvidence，wherehispowerslay。Hehadnosuspicion，indeed，thathewasproducingamasterpiece。
HecouldnotguesswhatplacehisallegorywouldoccupyinEnglishliterature;forofEnglishliteratureheknewnothing。
ThosewhosupposehimtohavestudiedtheFairyQueenmighteasilybeconfuted，ifthisweretheproperplaceforadetailedexaminationofthepassagesinwhichthetwoallegorieshavebeenthoughttoresembleeachother。Theonlyworkoffiction，inallprobability，withwhichhecouldcomparehisPilgrim，washisoldfavourite，thelegendofSirBevisofSouthampton。Hewouldhavethoughtitasintoborrowanytimefromtheseriousbusinessofhislife，fromhisexpositions，hiscontroversies，andhislacetags，forthepurposeofamusinghimselfwithwhatheconsideredmerelyasatrifle。Itwasonly，heassuresus，atsparemomentsthathereturnedtotheHouseBeautiful，theDelectableMountains，andtheEnchantedGround。Hehadnoassistance。
Nobodybuthimselfsawaline，tillthewholewascomplete。Hethenconsultedhispiousfriends。Somewerepleased。Othersweremuchscandalised。Itwasavainstory，amereromance，aboutgiants，andlions，andgoblins，andwarriors，sometimesfightingwithmonstersandsometimesregaledbyfairladiesinstatelypalaces。ThelooseatheisticalwitsatWill’smightwritesuchstufftodivertthepaintedJezebelsofthecourt:
butdiditbecomeaministerofthegospeltocopytheevilfashionsoftheworld？TherehadbeenatimewhenthecantofsuchfoolswouldhavemadeBunyanmiserable。Butthattimewaspassed;andhismindwasnowinafirmandhealthystate。Hesawthat，inemployingfictiontomaketruthclearandgoodnessattractive，hewasonlyfollowingtheexamplewhicheveryChristianoughttoproposetohimself;andhedeterminedtoprint。
The"Pilgrim’sProgress"stolesilentlyintotheworld。Notasinglecopyofthefirsteditionisknowntobeinexistence。
Theyearofpublicationhasnotbeenascertained。Itisprobablethat，duringsomemonths，thelittlevolumecirculatedonlyamongpoorandobscuresectaries。Butsoontheirresistiblecharmofabookwhichgratifiedtheimaginationofthereaderwithalltheactionandsceneryofafairytale，whichexercisedhisingenuitybysettinghimtodiscoveramultitudeofcuriousanalogies，whichinterestedhisfeelingsforhumanbeings，fraillikehimself，andstrugglingwithtemptationsfromwithinandfromwithout，whicheverymomentdrewasmilefromhimbysomestrokeofquaintyetsimplepleasantry，andneverthelessleftonhismindasentimentofreverenceforGodandofsympathyforman，begantoproduceitseffect。Inpuritanicalcircles，fromwhichplaysandnovelswerestrictlyexcluded，thateffectwassuchasnoworkofgenius，thoughitweresuperiortotheIliad，toDonQuixote，ortoOthello，caneverproduceonamindaccustomedtoindulgeinliteraryluxury。In1678cameforthasecondeditionwithadditions;andthenthedemandbecameimmense。Inthefourfollowingyearsthebookwasreprintedsixtimes。Theeighthedition，whichcontainsthelastimprovementsmadebytheauthor，waspublishedin1682，theninthin1684，thetenthin1685。Thehelpoftheengraverhadearlybeencalledin;andtensofthousandsofchildrenlookedwithterroranddelightonexecrablecopperplates，whichrepresentedChristianthrustinghisswordintoApollyon，orwrithinginthegraspofGiantDespair。InScotland，andinsomeofthecolonies，thePilgrimwasevenmorepopularthaninhisnativecountry。Bunyanhastoldus，withverypardonablevanity，thatinNewEnglandhisdreamwasthedailysubjectoftheconversationofthousands，andwasthoughtworthytoappearinthemostsuperbbinding。HehadnumerousadmirersinHolland，andamongtheHuguenotsofFrance。Withthepleasures，however，heexperiencedsomeofthepainsofeminence。
Knavishbooksellersputforthvolumesoftrashunderhisname;
andenviousscribblersmaintainedittobeimpossiblethatthepoorignoranttinkershouldreallybetheauthorofthebookwhichwascalledhis。
Hetookthebestwaytoconfoundboththosewhocounterfeitedhimandthosewhoslanderedhim。Hecontinuedtoworkthegold—fieldwhichhehaddiscovered，andtodrawfromitnewtreasures，notindeedwithquitesucheaseandinquitesuchabundanceaswhentheprecioussoilwasstillvirgin，butyetwithsuccesswhichleftallcompetitionfarbehind。In1684appearedthesecondpartofthe"Pilgrim’sProgress。"Itwassoonfollowedbythe"HolyWar，"which，ifthe"Pilgrim’sProgress"didnotexist，wouldbethebestallegorythateverwaswritten。
Bunyan’splaceinsocietywasnowverydifferentfromwhatithadbeen。TherehadbeenatimewhenmanyDissentingministers，whocouldtalkLatinandreadGreek，hadaffectedtotreathimwithscorn。Buthisfameandinfluencenowfarexceededtheirs。HehadsogreatanauthorityamongtheBaptiststhathewaspopularlycalledBishopBunyan。Hisepiscopalvisitationswereannual。FromBedfordherodeeveryyeartoLondon，andpreachedtheretolargeandattentivecongregations。FromLondonhewenthiscircuitthroughthecountry，animatingthezealofhisbrethren，collectinganddistributingalms，andmakingupquarrels。Themagistratesseemingeneraltohavegivenhimlittletrouble。Butthereisreasontobelievethat，intheyear1685，hewasinsomedangerofagainoccupyinghisoldquartersinBedfordgaol。InthatyeartherashandwickedenterpriseofMonmouthgavetheGovernmentapretextforpersecutingtheNonconformists;andscarcelyoneeminentdivineofthePresbyterian，Independent，orBaptistpersuasionremainedunmolested。Baxterwasinprison:Howewasdrivenintoexile:
Henrywasarrested。TwoeminentBaptists，withwhomBunyanhadbeenengagedincontroversy，wereingreatperilanddistress。
Danverswasindangerofbeinghanged;andKiffin’sgrandsonswereactuallyhanged。Thetraditionisthat，duringthoseevildays，Bunyanwasforcedtodisguisehimselfasawaggoner，andthathepreachedtohiscongregationatBedfordinasmoke—frock，withacart—whipinhishand。Butsoonagreatchangetookplace。JamestheSecondwasatopenwarwiththeChurch，andfounditnecessarytocourttheDissenters。SomeofthecreaturesofthegovernmenttriedtosecuretheaidofBunyan。
Theyprobablyknewthathehadwritteninpraiseoftheindulgenceof1672，andthereforehopedthathemightbeequallypleasedwiththeindulgenceof1687。Butfifteenyearsofthought，observation，andcommercewiththeworldhadmadehimwiser。Norwerethecasesexactlyparallel。CharleswasaprofessedProtestant:JameswasaprofessedPapist。TheobjectofCharles’sindulgencewasdisguised;theobjectofJames’sindulgencewaspatent。Bunyanwasnotdeceived。Heexhortedhishearerstopreparethemselvesbyfastingandprayerforthedangerwhichmenacedtheircivilandreligiousliberties，andrefusedeventospeaktothecourtierwhocamedowntoremodelthecorporationofBedford，andwho，aswassupposed，haditinchargetooffersomemunicipaldignitytotheBishopoftheBaptists。
BunyandidnotlivetoseetheRevolution。Inthesummerof1688
heundertooktopleadthecauseofasonwithanangryfather，andatlengthprevailedontheoldmannottodisinherittheyoungone。Thisgoodworkcostthebenevolentintercessorhislife。Hehadtoridethroughheavyrain。HecamedrenchedtohislodgingsonSnowHill，wasseizedwithaviolentfever，anddiedinafewdays。HewasburiedinBunhillFields;andthespotwhereheliesisstillregardedbytheNonconformistswithafeelingwhichseemsscarcelyinharmonywiththesternspiritoftheirtheology。ManyPuritans，towhomtherespectpaidbyRomanCatholicstothereliquesandtombsofsaintsseemedchildishorsinful，aresaidtohavebeggedwiththeirdyingbreaththattheircoffinsmightbeplacedasnearaspossibletotheofficeoftheauthorofthe"Pilgrim’sProgress。"
ThefameofBunyanduringhislife，andduringthecenturywhichfollowedhisdeath，wasindeedgreat，butwasalmostentirelyconfinedtoreligiousfamiliesofthemiddleandlowerclasses。
Veryseldomwasheduringthattimementionedwithrespectbyanywriterofgreatliteraryeminence。YoungcoupledhisprosewiththepoetryofthewretchedD’Urfey。IntheSpiritualQuixote，theadventuresofChristianarerankedwiththoseofJacktheGiant—KillerandJohnHickathrift。Cowperventuredtopraisethegreatallegorist，butdidnotventuretonamehim。Itisasignificantcircumstancethat，tillarecentperiod，allthenumerouseditionsofthe"Pilgrim’sProgress"wereevidentlymeantforthecottageandtheservants’hall。Thepaper，theprinting，theplates，wereallofthemeanestdescription。Ingeneral，whentheeducatedminorityandthecommonpeopledifferaboutthemeritofabook，theopinionoftheeducatedminorityfinallyprevails。The"Pilgrim’sProgress"isperhapstheonlybookaboutwhich，afterthelapseofahundredyears，theeducatedminorityhascomeovertotheopinionofthecommonpeople。
Theattemptswhichhavebeenmadetoimproveandtoimitatethisbookarenottobenumbered。Ithasbeendoneintoverse:ithasbeendoneintomodernEnglish。"ThePilgrimageofTenderConscience，""ThePilgrimageofGoodIntent，""ThePilgrimageofSeekTruth，""ThePilgrimageofTheophilus，""TheInfantPilgrim，""TheHindooPilgrim，"areamongthemanyfeeblecopiesofthegreatoriginal。ButthepeculiargloryofBunyanisthatthosewhomosthatedhisdoctrineshavetriedtoborrowthehelpofhisgenius。ACatholicversionofhisparablemaybeseenwiththeheadoftheVirgininthetitle—page。Ontheotherhand，thoseAntinomiansforwhomhisCalvinismisnotstrongenoughmaystudythepilgrimageofHephzibah，inwhichnothingwillbefoundwhichcanbeconstruedintoanadmissionoffreeagencyanduniversalredemption。ButthemostextraordinaryofalltheactsofVandalismbywhichafineworkofartwaseverdefacedwascommittedsolateastheyear1853。Itwasdeterminedtotransformthe"Pilgrim’sProgress"intoaTractarianbook。Thetaskwasnoteasy:foritwasnecessarytomakethetwosacramentsthemostprominentobjectsintheallegory;andofallChristiantheologians，avowedQuakersexcepted，Bunyanwastheoneinwhosesystemthesacramentsheldtheleastprominentplace。However，theWicketGatebecameatypeofBaptism，andtheHouseBeautifuloftheEucharist。Theeffectofthischangeissuchasassuredlytheingeniouspersonwhomadeitnevercontemplated。For，asnotasinglepilgrimpassesthroughtheWicketGateininfancy，andasFaithfulhurriespasttheHouseBeautifulwithoutstopping，thelessonwhichthefableinitsalteredshapeteaches，isthatnonebutadultsoughttobebaptised，andthattheEucharistmaysafelybeneglected。Nobodywouldhavediscoveredfromtheoriginal"Pilgrim’sProgress"thattheauthorwasnotaPaedobaptist。ToturnhisbookintoabookagainstPaedobaptismwasanachievementreservedforanAnglo—Catholicdivine。Suchblundersmustnecessarilybecommittedbyeverymanwhomutilatespartsofagreatwork，withouttakingacomprehensiveviewofthewhole……
OLIVERGOLDSMITH。
（February1856。）
OliverGoldsmith，oneofthemostpleasingEnglishwritersoftheeighteenthcentury。HewasofaProtestantandSaxonfamilywhichhadbeenlongsettledinIreland，andwhichhad，likemostotherProtestantandSaxonfamilies，been，introubledtimes，harassedandputinfearbythenativepopulation。Hisfather，CharlesGoldsmith，studiedinthereignofQueenAnneatthediocesanschoolofElphin，becameattachedtothedaughteroftheschoolmaster，marriedher，tookorders，andsettledataplacecalledPallasinthecountyofLongford。Therehewithdifficultysupportedhiswifeandchildrenonwhathecouldearn，partlyasacurateandpartlyasafarmer。
AtPallasOliverGoldsmithwasborninNovember1728。Thatspotwasthen，forallpracticalpurposes，almostasremotefromthebusyandsplendidcapitalinwhichhislateryearswerepassed，asanyclearinginUpperCanadaoranysheep—walkinAustralasianowis。Evenatthisdaythoseenthusiastswhoventuretomakeapilgrimagetothebirthplaceofthepoetareforcedtoperformthelatterpartoftheirjourneyonfoot。Thehamletliesfarfromanyhighroad，onadrearyplainwhich，inwetweather，isoftenalake。Thelaneswouldbreakanyjauntingcartopieces;
andtherearerutsandsloughsthroughwhichthemoststronglybuiltwheelscannotbedragged。
WhileOliverwasstillachild，hisfatherwaspresentedtoalivingworthabout200poundsayear，inthecountyofWestmeath。
Thefamilyaccordinglyquittedtheircottageinthewildernessforaspacioushouseonafrequentedroad，nearthevillageofLissoy。Heretheboywastaughthislettersbyamaid—servant，andwassentinhisseventhyeartoavillageschoolkeptbyanoldquartermasteronhalf—pay，whoprofessedtoteachnothingbutreading，writing，andarithmetic，butwhohadaninexhaustiblefundofstoriesaboutghosts，banshees，andfairies，aboutthegreatRappareechiefs，BaldeargO’DonnellandgallopingHogan，andabouttheexploitsofPeterboroughandStanhope，thesurpriseofMonjuich，andthegloriousdisasterofBrihuega。ThismanmusthavebeenoftheProtestantreligion;buthewasoftheaboriginalrace，andnotonlyspoketheIrishlanguage，butcouldpourforthunpremeditatedIrishverses。Oliverearlybecame，andthroughlifecontinuedtobe，apassionateadmireroftheIrishmusic，andespeciallyofthecompositionsofCarolan，someofthelastnotesofwhoseharpheheard。ItoughttobeaddedthatOliver，thoughbybirthoneoftheEnglishry，andthoughconnectedbynumeroustieswiththeEstablishedChurch，nevershowedtheleastsignofthatcontemptuousantipathywithwhich，inhisdays，therulingminorityinIrelandtoogenerallyregardedthesubjectmajority。Sofarindeedwashefromsharingintheopinionsandfeelingsofthecastetowhichhebelonged，thatheconceivedanaversiontotheGloriousandImmortalMemory，and，evenwhenGeorgetheThirdwasonthethrone，maintainedthatnothingbuttherestorationofthebanisheddynastycouldsavethecountry。
FromthehumbleacademykeptbytheoldsoldierGoldsmithwasremovedinhisninthyear。Hewenttoseveralgrammarschools，andacquiredsomeknowledgeoftheancientlanguages。Hislifeatthistimeseemstohavebeenfarfromhappy。Hehad，asappearsfromtheadmirableportraitofhimatKnowle，featuresharsheventougliness。Thesmall—poxhadsetitsmarkonhimwithmorethanusualseverity。Hisstaturewassmall，andhislimbsillputtogether。Amongboyslittletendernessisshowntopersonaldefects;andtheridiculeexcitedbypoorOliver’sappearancewasheightenedbyapeculiarsimplicityandadispositiontoblunderwhichheretainedtothelast。Hebecamethecommonbuttofboysandmasters，waspointedatasafrightintheplay—ground，andfloggedasadunceintheschool—room。
Whenhehadrisentoeminence，thosewhohadoncederidedhimransackedtheirmemoryfortheeventsofhisearlyyears，andrecitedreparteesandcoupletswhichhaddroppedfromhim，andwhich，thoughlittlenoticedatthetime，weresupposed，aquarterofacenturylater，toindicatethepowerswhichproducedthe"VicarofWakefield"andthe"DesertedVillage。"
InhisseventeenthyearOliverwentuptoTrinityCollege，Dublin，asasizar。Thesizarspaidnothingforfoodandtuition，andverylittleforlodging;buttheyhadtoperformsomemenialservicesfromwhichtheyhavelongbeenrelieved。
Theysweptthecourt:theycarriedupthedinnertothefellows’
table，andchangedtheplatesandpouredoutthealeoftherulersofthesociety。Goldsmithwasquartered，notalone，inagarret，onthewindowofwhichhisname，scrawledbyhimself，isstillreadwithinterest。（Theglassonwhichthenameiswrittenhas，asweareinformedbyawriterin"NotesandQueries"（2d。S。ix。p。91），beeninclosedinaframeanddepositedintheManuscriptRoomoftheCollegeLibrary，whereitisstilltobeseen。）Fromsuchgarretsmanymenoflesspartsthanhishavemadetheirwaytothewoolsackortotheepiscopalbench。ButGoldsmith，whilehesufferedallthehumiliations，threwawayalltheadvantages，ofhissituation。Heneglectedthestudiesoftheplace，stoodlowattheexaminations，wasturneddowntothebottomofhisclassforplayingthebuffooninthelecture—room，wasseverelyreprimandedforpumpingonaconstable，andwascanedbyabrutaltutorforgivingaballintheatticstoryofthecollegetosomegayyouthsanddamselsfromthecity。
WhileOliverwasleadingatDublinalifedividedbetweensqualiddistressandsqualiddissipation，hisfatherdied，leavingamerepittance。Theyouthobtainedhisbachelor’sdegree，andlefttheuniversity。Duringsometimethehumbledwellingtowhichhiswidowedmotherhadretiredwashishome。Hewasnowinhistwenty—firstyear;itwasnecessarythatheshoulddosomething;
andhiseducationseemedtohavefittedhimtodonothingbuttodresshimselfingaudycolours，ofwhichhewasasfondasamagpie，totakeahandatcards，tosingIrishairs，toplaytheflute，toangleinsummer，andtotellghoststoriesbythefireinwinter。Hetriedfiveorsixprofessionsinturnwithoutsuccess。Heappliedforordination;but，asheappliedinscarletclothes，hewasspeedilyturnedoutoftheepiscopalpalace。Hethenbecametutorinanopulentfamily，butsoonquittedhissituationinconsequenceofadisputeaboutplay。
ThenhedeterminedtoemigratetoAmerica。Hisrelations，withmuchsatisfaction，sawhimsetoutforCorkonagoodhorsewiththirtypoundsinhispocket。Butinsixweekshecamebackonamiserablehack，withoutapenny，andinformedhismotherthattheshipinwhichhehadtakenhispassage，havinggotafairwindwhilehewasatapartyofpleasure，hadsailedwithouthim。
Thenheresolvedtostudythelaw。Agenerouskinsmanadvancedfiftypounds。WiththissumGoldsmithwenttoDublin，wasenticedintoagaminghouse，andlosteveryshilling。Hethenthoughtofmedicine。Asmallpursewasmadeup;andinhistwenty—fourthyearhewassenttoEdinburgh。AtEdinburghhepassedeighteenmonthsinnominalattendanceonlectures，andpickedupsomesuperficialinformationaboutchemistryandnaturalhistory。ThencehewenttoLeyden，stillpretendingtostudyphysic。Heleftthatcelebrateduniversity，thethirduniversityatwhichhehadresided，inhistwenty—seventhyear，withoutadegree，withthemerestsmatteringofmedicalknowledge，andwithnopropertybuthisclothesandhisflute。
Hisflute，however，provedausefulfriend。HerambledonfootthroughFlanders，France，andSwitzerland，playingtuneswhicheverywheresetthepeasantrydancing，andwhichoftenprocuredforhimasupperandabed。HewanderedasfarasItaly。Hismusicalperformances，indeed，werenottothetasteoftheItalians;buthecontrivedtoliveonthealmswhichheobtainedatthegatesoftheconvents。Itshould，however，beobservedthatthestorieswhichhetoldaboutthispartofhislifeoughttobereceivedwithgreatcaution;forstrictveracitywasneveroneofhisvirtues;andamanwhoisordinarilyinaccurateinnarrationislikelytobemorethanordinarilyinaccuratewhenhetalksabouthisowntravels。Goldsmith，indeed，wassoregardlessoftruthastoassertinprintthathewaspresentatamostinterestingconversationbetweenVoltaireandFontenelle，andthatthisconversationtookplaceatParis。NowitiscertainthatVoltaireneverwaswithinahundredleaguesofParisduringthewholetimewhichGoldsmithpassedontheContinent。
In1756thewandererlandedatDover，withoutashilling，withoutafriend，andwithoutacalling。Hehad，indeed，ifhisownunsupportedevidencemaybetrusted，obtainedfromtheUniversityofPaduaadoctor’sdegree;butthisdignityprovedutterlyuselesstohim。InEnglandhisflutewasnotinrequest:therewerenoconvents;andhewasforcedtohaverecoursetoaseriesofdesperateexpedients。Heturnedstrollingplayer;buthisfaceandfigurewereillsuitedtotheboardsevenofthehumblesttheatre。HepoundeddrugsandranaboutLondonwithphialsforcharitablechemists。Hejoinedaswarmofbeggars，whichmadeitsnestinAxeYard。Hewasforatimeusherofaschool，andfeltthemiseriesandhumiliationsofthissituationsokeenlythathethoughtitapromotiontobepermittedtoearnhisbreadasabookseller’shack;buthesoonfoundthenewyokemoregallingthantheoldone，andwasgladtobecomeanusheragain。HeobtainedamedicalappointmentintheserviceoftheEastIndiaCompany;buttheappointmentwasspeedilyrevoked。
Whyitwasrevokedwearenottold。Thesubjectwasoneonwhichheneverlikedtotalk。Itisprobablethathewasincompetenttoperformthedutiesoftheplace。ThenhepresentedhimselfatSurgeon’sHallforexamination，asmatetoanavalhospital。
Eventosohumbleaposthewasfoundunequal。Bythistimetheschoolmasterwhomhehadservedforamorseloffoodandthethirdpartofabedwasnomore。Nothingremainedbuttoreturntothelowestdrudgeryofliterature。Goldsmithtookagarretinamiserablecourt，towhichhehadtoclimbfromthebrinkofFleetDitchbyadizzyladderofflagstonescalledBreakneckSteps。Thecourtandtheascenthavelongdisappeared;butoldLondonerswillrememberboth。（Agentleman，whostatesthathehasknowntheneighbourhoodforthirtyyears，correctsthisaccount，andinformsthepresentpublisherthattheBreakneckSteps，thirty—twoinnumber，dividedintotwoflights，arestillinexistence，andthat，accordingtotradition，Goldsmith’shousewasnotonthesteps，butwasthefirsthouseattheheadofthecourt，onthelefthand，goingfromtheOldBailey。See"NotesandQueries"（2d。S。ix。280）。）Here，atthirty，theunluckyadventurersatdowntotoillikeagalleyslave。
Inthesucceedingsixyearshesenttothepresssomethingswhichhavesurvivedandmanywhichhaveperished。Heproducedarticlesforreviews，magazines，andnewspapers;children’sbookswhich，boundingiltpaperandadornedwithhideouswoodcuts，appearedinthewindowoftheoncefar—famedshopatthecornerofSaintPaul’sChurchyard;"AnInquiryintotheStateofPoliteLearninginEurope，"which，thoughoflittleornovalue，isstillreprintedamonghisworks;a"LifeofBeauNash，"whichisnotreprinted，thoughitwelldeservestobeso（MrBlackhaspointedoutthatthisisinaccurate:thelifeofNashhasbeentwicereprinted;onceinMrPrior’sedition（vol。iii。p。249），andonceinMrCunningham’sedition（vol。iv。p。35）。）;asuperficialandincorrect，butveryreadable，"HistoryofEngland，"inaseriesofletterspurportingtobeaddressedbyanoblemantohisson;andsomeverylivelyandamusing"SketchesofLondonSociety，"inaseriesofletterspurportingtobeaddressedbyaChinesetravellertohisfriends。Alltheseworkswereanonymous;butsomeofthemwerewell—knowntobeGoldsmith’s;andhegraduallyroseintheestimationofthebooksellersforwhomhedrudged。Hewas，indeed，emphaticallyapopularwriter。Foraccurateresearchorgravedisquisitionhewasnotwellqualifiedbynatureorbyeducation。Heknewnothingaccurately:hisreadinghadbeendesultory;norhadhemeditateddeeplyonwhathehadread。Hehadseenmuchoftheworld;buthehadnoticedandretainedlittlemoreofwhathehadseenthansomegrotesqueincidentsandcharacterswhichhadhappenedtostrikehisfancy。But，thoughhismindwasveryscantilystoredwithmaterials，heusedwhatmaterialshehadinsuchawayastoproduceawonderfuleffect。Therehavebeenmanygreaterwriters;butperhapsnowriterwasevermoreuniformlyagreeable。Hisstylewasalwayspureandeasy，and，onproperoccasions，pointedandenergetic。Hisnarrativeswerealwaysamusing，hisdescriptionsalwayspicturesque，hishumourrichandjoyous，yetnotwithoutanoccasionaltingeofamiablesadness。Abouteverythingthathewrote，seriousorsportive，therewasacertainnaturalgraceanddecorum，hardlytobeexpectedfromamanagreatpartofwhoselifehadbeenpassedamongthievesandbeggars，street—walkersandmerryandrews，inthosesqualiddenswhicharethereproachofgreatcapitals。
Ashisnamegraduallybecameknown，thecircleofhisacquaintancewidened。HewasintroducedtoJohnson，whowasthenconsideredasthefirstoflivingEnglishwriters;toReynolds，thefirstofEnglishpainters;andtoBurke，whohadnotyetenteredparliament，buthaddistinguishedhimselfgreatlybyhiswritingsandbytheeloquenceofhisconversation。WiththeseeminentmenGoldsmithbecameintimate。In1763hewasoneofthenineoriginalmembersofthatcelebratedfraternitywhichhassometimesbeencalledtheLiteraryClub，butwhichhasalwaysdisclaimedthatepithet，andstillgloriesinthesimplenameofTheClub。
BythistimeGoldsmithhadquittedhismiserabledwellingatthetopofBreakneckSteps，andhadtakenchambersinthemorecivilisedregionoftheInnsofCourt。Buthewasstilloftenreducedtopitiableshifts。Towardsthecloseof1764hisrentwassolonginarrearthathislandladyonemorningcalledinthehelpofasheriff’sofficer。Thedebtor，ingreatperplexity，despatchedamessengertoJohnson;andJohnson，alwaysfriendly，thoughoftensurly，sentbackthemessengerwithaguinea，andpromisedtofollowspeedily。Hecame，andfoundthatGoldsmithhadchangedtheguinea，andwasrailingatthelandladyoverabottleofMadeira。Johnsonputthecorkintothebottle，andentreatedhisfriendtoconsidercalmlyhowmoneywastobeprocured。Goldsmithsaidthathehadanovelreadyforthepress。Johnsonglancedatthemanuscript，sawthatthereweregoodthingsinit，tookittoabookseller，solditfor60
pounds，andsoonreturnedwiththemoney。Therentwaspaid;andthesheriff’sofficerwithdrew。Accordingtoonestory，Goldsmithgavehislandladyasharpreprimandforhertreatmentofhim;accordingtoanother，heinsistedonherjoininghiminabowlofpunch。Bothstoriesareprobablytrue。Thenovelwhichwasthususheredintotheworldwasthe"VicarofWakefield。"