Champlainlivedawholewinterquitealoneamongthesebarbarians，withoutbeingunderanyalarmforhispersonorproperty。
　　AppendixE
　　AlthoughthePuritanicalstrictnesswhichpresidedovertheestablishmentoftheEnglishcoloniesinAmericaisnowmuchrelaxed，remarkabletracesofitarestillfoundintheirhabitsandtheirlaws。In1792，attheverytimewhentheanti—ChristianrepublicofFrancebeganitsephemeralexistence，thelegislativebodyofMassachusettspromulgatedthefollowinglaw，tocompelthecitizenstoobservetheSabbath。Wegivethepreambleandtheprincipalarticlesofthislaw，whichisworthyofthereader’sattention:"Whereas，"saysthelegislator，"theobservationoftheSundayisanaffairofpublicinterest;
　　inasmuchasitproducesanecessarysuspensionoflabor，leadsmentoreflectuponthedutiesoflife，andtheerrorstowhichhumannatureisliable，andprovidesforthepublicandprivateworshipofGod，thecreatorandgovernoroftheuniverse，andfortheperformanceofsuchactsofcharityasaretheornamentandcomfortofChristiansocieties:—Whereasirreligiousorlight—mindedpersons，forgettingthedutieswhichtheSabbathimposes，andthebenefitswhichthesedutiesconferonsociety，areknowntoprofaneitssanctity，byfollowingtheirpleasuresortheiraffairs;thiswayofactingbeingcontrarytotheirowninterestasChristians，andcalculatedtoannoythosewhodonotfollowtheirexample;beingalsoofgreatinjurytosocietyatlarge，byspreadingatastefordissipationanddissolutemanners;BeitenactedandordainedbytheGovernor，Council，andRepresentativesconvenedinGeneralCourtofAssembly，thatallandeverypersonandpersonsshallonthatdaycarefullyapplythemselvestothedutiesofreligionandpiety，thatnotradesmanorlabourershallexercisehisordinarycalling，andthatnogameorrecreationshallbeusedontheLord’sDay，uponpainofforfeitingtenshillings。
　　"Thatnooneshalltravelonthatday，oranypartthereof，underpainofforfeitingtwentyshillings;thatnovesselshallleaveaharbourofthecolony;thatnopersonsshallkeepoutsidethemeeting—houseduringthetimeofpublicworship，orprofanethetimebyplayingortalking，onpenaltyoffiveshillings。
　　"Public—housesshallnotentertainanyotherthanstrangersorlodgers，underpenaltyoffiveshillingsforeverypersonfounddrinkingandabidingtherein。
　　"Anypersoninhealth，who，withoutsufficientreason，shallomittoworshipGodinpublicduringthreemonths，shallbecondemnedtoafineoftenshillings。
　　"Anypersonguiltyofmisbehaviourinaplaceofpublicworship，shallbefinedfromfivetofortyshillings。
　　"Theselawsaretobeenforcedbythetything—menofeachtownship，whohaveauthoritytovisitpublic—housesontheSunday。Theinnkeeperwhoshallrefusethemadmittance，shallbefinedfortyshillingsforsuchoffence。
　　"Thetything—menaretostoptravellers，andrequireofthemtheirreasonforbeingontheroadonSunday;anyonerefusingtoanswer，shallbesentencedtopayafinenotexceedingfivepoundssterling。Ifthereasongivenbythetravellerbenotdeemedbythetything—mansufficient，hemaybringthetravellerbeforethejusticeofthepeaceofthedistrict。"（LawofMarch8，1792;GeneralLawsofMassachusetts，vol。i。p。410。）
　　OnMarch11，1797，anewlawincreasedtheamountoffines，halfofwhichwastobegiventotheinformer。（Samecollection，vol。ii。p。525。）OnFebruary16，1816，anewlawconfirmedthesesamemeasures。（Samecollection，vol。ii。p。405。）SimilarenactmentsexistinthelawsoftheStateofNewYork，revisedin1827and1828。（SeeRevisedStatutes，PartI。chapter20，p。
　　675。）IntheseitisdeclaredthatnooneisallowedontheSabbathtosport，tofish，toplayatgames，ortofrequenthouseswhereliquorissold。Noonecantravel，exceptincaseofnecessity。AndthisisnottheonlytracewhichthereligiousstrictnessandausteremannersofthefirstemigrantshaveleftbehindthemintheAmericanlaws。IntheRevisedStatutesoftheStateofNewYork，vol。i。p。662，isthefollowingclause:—
　　"Whoevershallwinorloseinthespaceoftwenty—fourhours，bygamingorbetting，thesumoftwenty—fivedollars，shallbefoundguiltyofamisdemeanour，anduponconvictionshallbecondemnedtopayafineequaltoatleastfivetimesthevalueofthesumlostorwon;whichshallbepaidtotheinspectorofthepoorofthetownship。Hethatlosestwenty—fivedollarsormoremaybringanactiontorecoverthem;andifheneglectstodosotheinspectorofthepoormayprosecutethewinner，andobligehimtopayintothepoor’sboxboththesumhehasgainedandthreetimesasmuchbesides。"
　　Thelawswequotefromareofrecentdate;buttheyareunintelligiblewithoutgoingbacktotheveryoriginofthecolonies。Ihavenodoubtthatinourdaysthepenalpartoftheselawsisveryrarelyapplied。Lawspreservetheirinflexibility，longafterthemannersofanationhaveyieldedtotheinfluenceoftime。Itisstilltrue，however，thatnothingstrikesaforeigneronhisarrivalinAmericamoreforciblythantheregardpaidtotheSabbath。Thereisone，inparticular，ofthelargeAmericancities，inwhichallsocialmovementsbegintobesuspendedevenonSaturdayevening。Youtraverseitsstreetsatthehouratwhichyouexpectmeninthemiddleoflifetobeengagedinbusiness，andyoungpeopleinpleasure;andyoumeetwithsolitudeandsilence。Notonlyhaveallceasedtowork，buttheyappeartohaveceasedtoexist。Neitherthemovementsofindustryareheard，northeaccentsofjoy，noreventheconfusedmurmurwhicharisesfromthemidstofagreatcity。Chainsarehungacrossthestreetsintheneighborhoodofthechurches;thehalf—closedshuttersofthehousesscarcelyadmitarayofsunintothedwellingsofthecitizens。Nowandthenyouperceiveasolitaryindividualwhoglidessilentlyalongthedesertedstreetsandlanes。Nextday，atearlydawn，therollingofcarriages，thenoiseofhammers，thecriesofthepopulation，begintomakethemselvesheardagain。Thecityisawake。Aneagercrowdhastenstowardstheresortofcommerceandindustry;
　　everythingaroundyoubespeaksmotion，bustle，hurry。Afeverishactivitysucceedstothelethargicstuporofyesterday;youmightalmostsupposethattheyhadbutonedaytoacquirewealthandtoenjoyit。
　　AppendixF
　　Itisunnecessaryformetosay，thatinthechapterwhichhasjustbeenread，IhavenothadtheintentionofgivingahistoryofAmerica。Myonlyobjectwastoenablethereadertoappreciatetheinfluencewhichtheopinionsandmannersofthefirstemigrantshadexerciseduponthefateofthedifferentcolonies，andoftheUnioningeneral。Ihavethereforeconfinedmyselftothequotationofafewdetachedfragments。IdonotknowwhetherIamdeceived，butitappearstomethat，bypursuingthepathwhichIhavemerelypointedout，itwouldbeeasytopresentsuchpicturesoftheAmericanrepublicsaswouldnotbeunworthytheattentionofthepublic，andcouldnotfailtosuggesttothestatesmanmatterforreflection。Notbeingabletodevotemyselftothislabor，Iamanxioustorenderiteasytoothers;and，forthispurpose，Isubjoinashortcatalogueandanalysisoftheworkswhichseemtomethemostimportanttoconsult。
　　AttheheadofthegeneraldocumentswhichitwouldbeadvantageoustoexamineIplacetheworkentitled"AnHistoricalCollectionofStatePapers，andotherauthenticDocuments，intendedasMaterialsforaHistoryoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，"byEbenezerHasard。Thefirstvolumeofthiscompilation，whichwasprintedatPhiladelphiain1792，containsaliteralcopyofallthechartersgrantedbytheCrownofEnglandtotheemigrants，aswellastheprincipalactsofthecolonialgovernments，duringthecommencementoftheirexistence。
　　Amongstotherauthenticdocuments，weherefindagreatmanyrelatingtotheaffairsofNewEnglandandVirginiaduringthisperiod。ThesecondvolumeisalmostentirelydevotedtotheactsoftheConfederationof1643。Thisfederalcompact，whichwasenteredintobythecoloniesofNewEnglandwiththeviewofresistingtheIndians，wasthefirstinstanceofunionaffordedbytheAnglo—Americans。Therewerebesidesmanyotherconfederationsofthesamenature，beforethefamousoneof1776，whichbroughtabouttheindependenceofthecolonies。
　　Eachcolonyhas，besides，itsownhistoricmonuments，someofwhichareextremelycurious;beginningwithVirginia，theStatewhichwasfirstpeopled。TheearliesthistorianofVirginiawasitsfounder，CaptainJohnSmith。CaptainSmithhasleftusanoctavovolume，entitled"ThegenerallHistorieofVirginiaandNewEngland，byCaptainJohnSmith，sometymesGovernorinthoseCountryes，andAdmirallofNewEngland";printedatLondonin1627。Theworkisadornedwithcuriousmapsandengravingsofthetimewhenitappeared;thenarrativeextendsfromtheyear1584to1626。Smith’sworkishighlyanddeservedlyesteemed。
　　Theauthorwasoneofthemostcelebratedadventurersofaperiodofremarkableadventure;hisbookbreathesthatardorfordiscovery，thatspiritofenterprise，whichcharacterizedthemenofhistime，whenthemannersofchivalrywereunitedtozealforcommerce，andmadesubservienttotheacquisitionofwealth。ButCaptainSmithismostremarkableforunitingtothevirtueswhichcharacterizedhiscontemporariesseveralqualitiestowhichtheyweregenerallystrangers;hisstyleissimpleandconcise，hisnarrativesbearthestampoftruth，andhisdescriptionsarefreefromfalseornament。ThisauthorthrowsmostvaluablelightuponthestateandconditionoftheIndiansatthetimewhenNorthAmericawasfirstdiscovered。
　　ThesecondhistoriantoconsultisBeverley，whocommenceshisnarrativewiththeyear1585，andendsitwith1700。Thefirstpartofhisbookcontainshistoricaldocuments，properlysocalled，relativetotheinfancyofthecolony。ThesecondaffordsamostcuriouspictureofthestateoftheIndiansatthisremoteperiod。Thethirdconveysveryclearideasconcerningthemanners，socialconditions，laws，andpoliticalcustomsoftheVirginiansintheauthor’slifetime。BeverleywasanativeofVirginia，whichoccasionshimtosayatthebeginningofhisbook，thatheentreatshisreadersnottoexercisetheircriticalseverityuponit，since，havingbeenbornintheIndies，hedoesnotaspiretopurityoflanguage。Notwithstandingthiscolonialmodesty，theauthorshowsthroughouthisbooktheimpatiencewithwhichheenduresthesupremacyofthemother—country。InthisworkofBeverleyarealsofoundnumeroustracesofthatspiritofcivillibertywhichanimatedtheEnglishcoloniesofAmericaatthetimewhenhewrote。Healsoshowsthedissensionswhichexistedamongthem，andretardedtheirindependence。BeverleydetestshisCatholicneighborsofMarylandevenmorethanhehatestheEnglishgovernment:hisstyleissimple，hisnarrativeinteresting，andapparentlytrustworthy。
　　IsawinAmericaanotherworkwhichoughttobeconsulted，entitled"TheHistoryofVirginia，"byWilliamStith。Thisbookaffordssomecuriousdetails，butIthoughtitlonganddiffuse。
　　ThemostancientaswellasthebestdocumenttobeconsultedonthehistoryofCarolina，isaworkinsmallquarto，entitled"TheHistoryofCarolina，"byJohnLawson，printedatLondonin1718。Thisworkcontains，inthefirstpart，ajourneyofdiscoveryinthewestofCarolina;theaccountofwhich，givenintheformofajournal，isingeneralconfusedandsuperficial;
　　butitcontainsaverystrikingdescriptionofthemortalitycausedamongthesavagesofthattimebothbythesmallpoxandtheimmoderateuseofbrandy;withacuriouspictureofthecorruptionofmannersprevalentamongstthem，whichwasincreasedbythepresenceofEuropeans。ThesecondpartofLawson’sbookistakenupwithadescriptionofthephysicalconditionofCarolina，anditsproductions。Inthethirdpart，theauthorgivesaninterestingaccountofthemanners，customs，andgovernmentoftheIndiansatthatperiod。Thereisagooddealoftalentandoriginalityinthispartofthework。LawsonconcludeshishistorywithacopyofthechartergrantedtotheCarolinasinthereignofCharlesII。Thegeneraltoneofthisworkislight，andoftenlicentious，formingaperfectcontrasttothesolemnstyleoftheworkspublishedatthesameperiodinNewEngland。Lawson’shistoryisextremelyscarceinAmerica，andcannotbeprocuredinEurope。Thereis，however，acopyofitintheRoyalLibraryatParis。
　　FromthesouthernextremityoftheUnitedStates，Ipassatoncetothenorthernlimit;astheintermediatespacewasnotpeopledtillalaterperiod。Imustfirstpointoutaverycuriouscompilation，entitled"CollectionoftheMassachusettsHistoricalSociety，"printedforthefirsttimeatBostonin1792，andreprintedin1806。ThecollectionofwhichIspeak，andwhichiscontinuedtothepresentday，containsagreatnumberofveryvaluabledocumentsrelatingtothehistoryofthedifferentStatesinNewEngland。Amongthemareletterswhichhaveneverbeenpublished，andauthenticpieceswhichhadbeenburiedinprovincialarchives。ThewholeworkofGookin，concerningtheIndians，isinsertedthere。
　　Ihavementionedseveraltimesinthechaptertowhichthisnoterelates，theworkofNathanielNortonentitled"NewEngland’sMemorial";sufficiently，perhaps，toprovethatitdeservestheattentionofthosewhowouldbeconversantwiththehistoryofNewEngland。Thisbookisinoctavo，andwasreprintedatBostonin1826。
　　ThemostvaluableandimportantauthoritywhichexistsuponthehistoryofNewEngland，istheworkoftheRev。CottonMather，entitled"MagnaliaChristiAmericana，ortheEcclesiasticalHistoryofNewEngland，1620—1698，2vols。8vo，reprintedatHartford，UnitedStates，in1820。"*bTheauthordividedhisworkintosevenbooks。ThefirstpresentsthehistoryoftheeventswhichpreparedandbroughtabouttheestablishmentofNewEngland。Thesecondcontainsthelivesofthefirstgovernorsandchiefmagistrateswhopresidedoverthecountry。Thethirdisdevotedtothelivesandlaborsoftheevangelicalministerswho，duringthesameperiod，hadthecareofsouls。InthefourththeauthorrelatestheinstitutionandprogressoftheUniversityofCambridge（Massachusetts）。InthefifthhedescribestheprinciplesandthedisciplineoftheChurchofNewEngland。Thesixthistakenupinretracingcertainfacts，which，intheopinionofMather，provethemercifulinterpositionofProvidenceinbehalfoftheinhabitantsofNewEngland。Lastly，intheseventh，theauthorgivesanaccountoftheheresiesandthetroublestowhichtheChurchofNewEnglandwasexposed。CottonMatherwasanevangelicalministerwhowasbornatBoston，andpassedhislifethere。HisnarrativesaredistinguishedbythesameardorandreligiouszealwhichledtothefoundationofthecoloniesofNewEngland。
　　Tracesofbadtastesometimesoccurinhismannerofwriting;butheinterests，becauseheisfullofenthusiasm。Heisoftenintolerant，stilloftenercredulous，butheneverbetraysanintentiontodeceive。Sometimeshisbookcontainsfinepassages，andtrueandprofoundreflections，suchasthefollowing:—
　　"BeforethearrivalofthePuritans，"sayshe（vol。
　　i。chap。iv。），"thereweremorethanafewattemptsoftheEnglishtopeopleandimprovethepartsofNewEnglandwhichweretothenorthwardofNewPlymouth;butthedesignsofthoseattemptsbeingaimednohigherthantheadvancementofsomeworldlyinterests，aconstantseriesofdisastershasconfoundedthem，untiltherewasaplantationerecteduponthenoblerdesignsofChristianity:andthatplantationthoughithashadmoreadversariesthanperhapsanyoneuponearth，yet，havingobtainedhelpfromGod，itcontinuestothisday。"Matheroccasionallyrelievestheausterityofhisdescriptionswithimagesfulloftenderfeeling:afterhavingspokenofanEnglishladywhosereligiousardorhadbroughthertoAmericawithherhusband，andwhosoonaftersankunderthefatiguesandprivationsofexile，headds，"Asforhervirtuoushusband，IsaacJohnson，HetryedTolivewithouther，likeditnot，anddyed。"
　　[Footnoteb:AfolioeditionofthisworkwaspublishedinLondonin1702。]
　　Mather’sworkgivesanadmirablepictureofthetimeandcountrywhichhedescribes。InhisaccountofthemotiveswhichledthePuritanstoseekanasylumbeyondseas，hesays:—
　　"TheGodofHeavenserved，asitwere，asummonsuponthespiritsofhispeopleintheEnglishnation，stirringupthespiritsofthousandswhichneversawthefacesofeachother，withamostunanimousinclinationtoleaveallthepleasantaccommodationsoftheirnativecountry，andgooveraterribleocean，intoamoreterribledesert，forthepureenjoymentofallhisordinances。Itisnowreasonablethat，beforewepassanyfurther，thereasonsofhisundertakingshouldbemoreexactlymadeknownuntoposterity，especiallyuntotheposterityofthosethatweretheundertakers，lesttheycomeatlengthtoforgetandneglectthetrueinterestofNewEngland。WhereforeIshallnowtranscribesomeofthemfromamanuscript，whereintheywerethentendereduntoconsideration:
　　"GeneralConsiderationsforthePlantationofNewEngland"First，ItwillbeaserviceuntotheChurchofgreatconsequence，tocarrytheGospeluntothosepartsoftheworld，andraiseabulwarkagainstthekingdomofAntichrist，whichtheJesuitslabourtorearupinallpartsoftheworld。
　　"Secondly，AllotherChurchesofEuropehavebeenbroughtunderdesolations;anditmaybefearedthatthelikejudgmentsarecominguponus;andwhoknowsbutGodhathprovidedthisplacetobearefugeformanywhomhemeanstosaveoutofthegeneraldestruction？
　　"Thirdly，Thelandgrowswearyofherinhabitants，insomuchthatman，whichisthemostpreciousofallcreatures，isheremorevileandbasethantheearthhetreadsupon;children，neighbours，andfriends，especiallythepoor，arecountedthegreatestburdens，which，ifthingswereright，wouldbethechiefestofearthlyblessings。
　　"Fourthly，Wearegrowntothatintemperanceinallexcessofriot，asnomeanestatealmostwillsufficeamantokeepsailwithhisequals，andhethatfailsinitmustliveinscornandcontempt:henceitcomestopass，thatallartsandtradesarecarriedinthatdeceitfulmannerandunrighteouscourse，asitisalmostimpossibleforagooduprightmantomaintainhisconstantchargeandlivecomfortablyinthem。
　　"Fifthly，Theschoolsoflearningandreligionaresocorrupted，as（besidestheunsupportablechargeofeducation）
　　mostchildren，eventhebest，wittiest，andofthefairesthopes，areperverted，corrupted，andutterlyoverthrownbythemultitudeofevilexamplesandlicentiousbehavioursintheseseminaries。
　　"Sixthly，ThewholeearthistheLord’sgarden，andhehathgivenittothesonsofAdam，tobetilledandimprovedbythem:
　　why，then，shouldwestandstarvinghereforplacesofhabitation，andinthemeantimesufferwholecountries，asprofitablefortheuseofman，toliewastewithoutanyimprovement？
　　"Seventhly，Whatcanbeabetterornoblerwork，andmoreworthyofaChristian，thantoerectandsupportareformedparticularChurchinitsinfancy，anduniteourforceswithsuchacompanyoffaithfulpeople，asbytimelyassistancemaygrowstrongerandprosper;butforwantofit，maybeputtogreathazards，ifnotbewhollyruined？
　　"Eighthly，Ifanysuchasareknowntobegodly，andliveinwealthandprosperityhere，shallforsakeallthistojoinwiththisreformedChurch，andwithitrunthehazardofanhardandmeancondition，itwillbeanexampleofgreatuse，bothfortheremovingofscandalandtogivemorelifeuntothefaithofGod’speopleintheirprayersfortheplantation，andalsotoencourageotherstojointhemorewillinglyinit。"
　　Furtheron，whenhedeclarestheprinciplesoftheChurchofNewEnglandwithrespecttomorals，Matherinveighswithviolenceagainstthecustomofdrinkinghealthsattable，whichhedenouncesasapaganandabominablepractice。Heproscribeswiththesamerigorallornamentsforthehairusedbythefemalesex，aswellastheircustomofhavingthearmsandneckuncovered。
　　InanotherpartofhisworkherelatesseveralinstancesofwitchcraftwhichhadalarmedNewEngland。Itisplainthatthevisibleactionofthedevilintheaffairsofthisworldappearedtohimanincontestableandevidentfact。
　　ThisworkofCottonMatherdisplays，inmanyplaces，thespiritofcivillibertyandpoliticalindependencewhichcharacterizedthetimesinwhichhelived。Theirprinciplesrespectinggovernmentarediscoverableateverypage。Thus，forinstance，theinhabitantsofMassachusetts，intheyear1630，tenyearsafterthefoundationofPlymouth，arefoundtohavedevotedPound400sterlingtotheestablishmentoftheUniversityofCambridge。InpassingfromthegeneraldocumentsrelativetothehistoryofNewEnglandtothosewhichdescribetheseveralStatescomprisedwithinitslimits，Ioughtfirsttonotice"TheHistoryoftheColonyofMassachusetts，"byHutchinson，Lieutenant—GovernoroftheMassachusettsProvince，2vols。8vo。
　　ThehistoryofHutchinson，whichIhaveseveraltimesquotedinthechaptertowhichthisnoterelates，commencesintheyear1628，andendsin1750。Throughouttheworkthereisastrikingairoftruthandthegreatestsimplicityofstyle:itisfullofminutedetails。ThebesthistorytoconsultconcerningConnecticutisthatofBenjaminTrumbull，entitled"ACompleteHistoryofConnecticut，CivilandEcclesiastical，"1630—1764，2
　　vols。8vo，printedin1818atNewHaven。ThishistorycontainsaclearandcalmaccountofalltheeventswhichhappenedinConnecticutduringtheperiodgiveninthetitle。Theauthordrewfromthebestsources，andhisnarrativebearsthestampoftruth。AllthathesaysoftheearlydaysofConnecticutisextremelycurious。SeeespeciallytheConstitutionof1639，vol。
　　i。ch。vi。p。100;andalsothePenalLawsofConnecticut，vol。
　　i。ch。vii。p。123。
　　"TheHistoryofNewHampshire，"byJeremyBelknap，isaworkheldinmeritedestimation。ItwasprintedatBostonin1792，in2vols。8vo。ThethirdchapterofthefirstvolumeisparticularlyworthyofattentionforthevaluabledetailsitaffordsonthepoliticalandreligiousprinciplesofthePuritans，onthecausesoftheiremigration，andontheirlaws。
　　Thefollowingcuriousquotationisgivenfromasermondeliveredin1663:—"ItconcernethNewEnglandalwaystorememberthattheyareaplantationreligious，notaplantationoftrade。Theprofessionofthepurityofdoctrine，worship，anddiscipline，iswrittenuponherforehead。Letmerchants，andsuchasareincreasingcent。percent。，rememberthis，thatworldlygainwasnottheendanddesignofthepeopleofNewEngland，butreligion。Andifanymanamongusmakereligionastwelve，andtheworldasthirteen，suchanonehathnotthespiritofatrueNewEnglishman。"ThereaderofBelknapwillfindinhisworkmoregeneralideas，andmorestrengthofthought，thanaretobemetwithintheAmericanhistorianseventothepresentday。
　　AmongtheCentralStateswhichdeserveourattentionfortheirremoteorigin，NewYorkandPennsylvaniaaretheforemost。
　　Thebesthistorywehaveoftheformerisentitled"AHistoryofNewYork，"byWilliamSmith，printedatLondonin1757。SmithgivesusimportantdetailsofthewarsbetweentheFrenchandEnglishinAmerica。HisisthebestaccountofthefamousconfederationoftheIroquois。
　　WithrespecttoPennsylvania，IcannotdobetterthanpointouttheworkofProud，entitled"TheHistoryofPennsylvania，fromtheoriginalInstitutionandSettlementofthatProvince，underthefirstProprietorandGovernor，WilliamPenn，in1681，tillaftertheyear1742，"byRobertProud，2vols。8vo，printedatPhiladelphiain1797。Thisworkisdeservingoftheespecialattentionofthereader;itcontainsamassofcuriousdocumentsconcerningPenn，thedoctrineoftheQuakers，andthecharacter，manners，andcustomsofthefirstinhabitantsofPennsylvania。I
　　neednotaddthatamongthemostimportantdocumentsrelatingtothisStatearetheworksofPennhimself，andthoseofFranklin。
　　PartII。
　　AppendixG
　　WereadinJefferson’s"Memoirs"asfollows:—
　　"AtthetimeofthefirstsettlementoftheEnglishinVirginia，whenlandwastobehadforlittleornothing，someprovidentpersonshavingobtainedlargegrantsofit，andbeingdesirousofmaintainingthesplendoroftheirfamilies，entailedtheirpropertyupontheirdescendants。Thetransmissionoftheseestatesfromgenerationtogeneration，tomenwhoborethesamename，hadtheeffectofraisingupadistinctclassoffamilies，who，possessingbylawtheprivilegeofperpetuatingtheirwealth，formedbythesemeansasortofpatricianorder，distinguishedbythegrandeurandluxuryoftheirestablishments。
　　FromthisorderitwasthattheKingusuallychosehiscouncillorsofstate。"*c[Footnotec:ThispassageisextractedandtranslatedfromM。
　　Conseil’sworkuponthelifeofJefferson，entitled"MelangesPolitiquesetPhilosophiquesdeJefferson。"]
　　IntheUnitedStates，theprincipalclausesoftheEnglishlawrespectingdescenthavebeenuniversallyrejected。Thefirstrulethatwefollow，saysMr。Kent，touchinginheritance，isthefollowing:—Ifamandiesintestate，hispropertygoestohisheirsinadirectline。Ifhehasbutoneheirorheiress，heorshesucceedstothewhole。Ifthereareseveralheirsofthesamedegree，theydividetheinheritanceequallyamongstthem，withoutdistinctionofsex。ThisrulewasprescribedforthefirsttimeintheStateofNewYorkbyastatuteofFebruary23，1786。（SeeRevisedStatutes，vol。iii。Appendix，p。48。）IthassincethenbeenadoptedintheRevisedStatutesofthesameState。AtthepresentdaythislawholdsgoodthroughoutthewholeoftheUnitedStates，withtheexceptionoftheStateofVermont，wherethemaleheirinheritsadoubleportion。（Kent’s"Commentaries，"vol。iv。p。370。）Mr。Kent，inthesamework，vol。iv。p。1—22，givesahistoricalaccountofAmericanlegislationonthesubjectofentail:bythiswelearnthat，previoustotheRevolution，thecoloniesfollowedtheEnglishlawofentail。EstatestailwereabolishedinVirginiain1776，onamotionofMr。Jefferson。TheyweresuppressedinNewYorkin1786，andhavesincebeenabolishedinNorthCarolina，Kentucky，Tennessee，Georgia，andMissouri。InVermont，Indiana，Illinois，SouthCarolina，andLouisiana，entailwasneverintroduced。ThoseStateswhichthoughtpropertopreservetheEnglishlawofentail，modifieditinsuchawayastodepriveitofitsmostaristocratictendencies。"Ourgeneralprinciplesonthesubjectofgovernment，"saysMr。Kent，"tendtofavorthefreecirculationofproperty。"
　　ItcannotfailtostriketheFrenchreaderwhostudiesthelawofinheritance，thatonthesequestionstheFrenchlegislationisinfinitelymoredemocraticeventhantheAmerican。
　　TheAmericanlawmakesanequaldivisionofthefather’sproperty，butonlyinthecaseofhiswillnotbeingknown;"foreveryman，"saysthelaw，"intheStateofNewYork（RevisedStatutes，vol。iii。Appendix，p。51），hasentireliberty，power，andauthority，todisposeofhispropertybywill，toleaveitentire，ordividedinfavorofanypersonshechoosesashisheirs，providedhedonotleaveittoapoliticalbodyoranycorporation。"TheFrenchlawobligesthetestatortodividehispropertyequally，ornearlyso，amonghisheirs。MostoftheAmericanrepublicsstilladmitofentails，undercertainrestrictions;buttheFrenchlawprohibitsentailinallcases。
　　IfthesocialconditionoftheAmericansismoredemocraticthanthatoftheFrench，thelawsofthelatterarethemostdemocraticofthetwo。Thismaybeexplainedmoreeasilythanatfirstappearstobethecase。InFrance，democracyisstilloccupiedintheworkofdestruction;inAmerica，itreignsquietlyovertheruinsithasmade。
　　AppendixH
　　SummaryOfTheQualificationsOfVotersInTheUnitedStatesAsTheyExistedIn1832
　　AlltheStatesagreeingrantingtherightofvotingattheageoftwenty—one。Inallofthemitisnecessarytohaveresidedforacertaintimeinthedistrictwherethevoteisgiven。Thisperiodvariesfromthreemonthstotwoyears。
　　Astothequalification:intheStateofMassachusettsitisnecessarytohaveanincomeofPound3oracapitalofPound60。
　　InRhodeIsland，amanmustpossesslandedpropertytotheamountof$133。
　　InConnecticut，hemusthaveapropertywhichgivesanincomeof$17。Ayearofserviceinthemilitiaalsogivestheelectiveprivilege。
　　InNewJersey，anelectormusthaveapropertyofPound50ayear。
　　InSouthCarolinaandMaryland，theelectormustpossessfiftyacresofland。
　　InTennessee，hemustpossesssomeproperty。
　　IntheStatesofMississippi，Ohio，Georgia，Virginia，Pennsylvania，Delaware，NewYork，theonlynecessaryqualificationforvotingisthatofpayingthetaxes;andinmostoftheStates，toserveinthemilitiaisequivalenttothepaymentoftaxes。InMaineandNewHampshireanymancanvotewhoisnotonthepauperlist。
　　Lastly，intheStatesofMissouri，Alabama，Illinois，Louisiana，Indiana，Kentucky，andVermont，theconditionsofvotinghavenoreferencetothepropertyoftheelector。
　　IbelievethereisnootherStatebesidesthatofNorthCarolinainwhichdifferentconditionsareappliedtothevotingfortheSenateandtheelectingtheHouseofRepresentatives。
　　Theelectorsoftheformer，inthiscase，shouldpossessinpropertyfiftyacresofland;tovoteforthelatter，nothingmoreisrequiredthantopaytaxes。
　　AppendixI
　　Thesmallnumberofcustom—houseofficersemployedintheUnitedStates，comparedwiththeextentofthecoast，renderssmugglingveryeasy;notwithstandingwhich，itislesspractisedthanelsewhere，becauseeverybodyendeavorstorepressit。InAmericathereisnopoliceforthepreventionoffires，andsuchaccidentsaremorefrequentthaninEurope;butingeneraltheyaremorespeedilyextinguished，becausethesurroundingpopulationispromptinlendingassistance。
　　AppendixK
　　ItisincorrecttoassertthatcentralizationwasproducedbytheFrenchRevolution;therevolutionbroughtittoperfection，butdidnotcreateit。Themaniaforcentralizationandgovernmentregulationsdatesfromthetimewhenjuristsbegantotakeashareinthegovernment，inthetimeofPhilippele—Bel;
　　eversincewhichperiodtheyhavebeenontheincrease。Intheyear1775，M。deMalesherbes，speakinginthenameoftheCourdesAides，saidtoLouisXIV:—*d[Footnoted:See"Memoirespourserviral’HistoireduDroitPublicdelaFranceenmatiered’impots，"p。654，printedatBrusselsin1779。]
　　"……Everycorporationandeverycommunityofcitizensretainedtherightofadministeringitsownaffairs;arightwhichnotonlyformspartoftheprimitiveconstitutionofthekingdom，buthasastillhigherorigin;foritistherightofnature，andofreason。Nevertheless，yoursubjects，Sire，havebeendeprivedofit;andwecannotrefrainfromsayingthatinthisrespectyourgovernmenthasfallenintopuerileextremes。