Itispossibletoconceiveapeoplenotsubdividedintoanycastesorscaleofranks;inwhichthelaw,recognizingnoprivileges,shoulddivideinheritedpropertyintoequalshares;
butwhich,atthesametime,shouldbewithoutknowledgeandwithoutfreedom。Noristhisanemptyhypothesis:adespotmayfindthatitishisinteresttorenderhissubjectsequalandtoleavethemignorant,inordermoreeasilytokeepthemslaves。
Notonlywouldademocraticpeopleofthiskindshowneitheraptitudenortasteforscience,literature,orart,butitwouldprobablyneverarriveatthepossessionofthem。Thelawofdescentwouldofitselfprovideforthedestructionoffortunesateachsucceedinggeneration;andnewfortuneswouldbeacquiredbynone。Thepoorman,withouteitherknowledgeorfreedom,wouldnotsomuchasconceivetheideaofraisinghimselftowealth;andtherichmanwouldallowhimselftobedegradedtopoverty,withoutanotionofself—defence。Betweenthesetwomembersofthecommunitycompleteandinvincibleequalitywouldsoonbeestablished。
Noonewouldthenhavetimeortastetodevotehimselftothepursuitsorpleasuresoftheintellect;butallmenwouldremainparalyzedbyastateofcommonignoranceandequalservitude。WhenIconceiveademocraticsocietyofthiskind,I
fancymyselfinoneofthoselow,close,andgloomyabodes,wherethelightwhichbreaksinfromwithoutsoonfaintsandfadesaway。Asuddenheavinessoverpowersme,andIgropethroughthesurroundingdarkness,tofindtheaperturewhichwillrestoremetodaylightandtheair。
Butallthisisnotapplicabletomenalreadyenlightenedwhoretaintheirfreedom,afterhavingabolishedfromamongstthemthosepeculiarandhereditaryrightswhichperpetuatedthetenureofpropertyinthehandsofcertainindividualsorcertainbodies。Whenmenlivinginademocraticstateofsocietyareenlightened,theyreadilydiscoverthattheyareconfinedandfixedwithinnolimitswhichconstrainthemtotakeupwiththeirpresentfortune。Theyallthereforeconceivetheideaofincreasingit;iftheyarefree,theyallattemptit,butalldonotsucceedinthesamemanner。Thelegislature,itistrue,nolongergrantsprivileges,buttheyarebestowedbynature。Asnaturalinequalityisverygreat,fortunesbecomeunequalassoonaseverymanexertsallhisfacultiestogetrich。Thelawofdescentpreventstheestablishmentofwealthyfamilies;butitdoesnotpreventtheexistenceofwealthyindividuals。Itconstantlybringsbackthemembersofthecommunitytoacommonlevel,fromwhichtheyasconstantlyescape:andtheinequalityoffortunesaugmentsinproportionasknowledgeisdiffusedandlibertyincreased。
Asectwhicharoseinourtime,andwascelebratedforitstalentsanditsextravagance,proposedtoconcentrateallpropertyintothehandsofacentralpower,whosefunctionitshouldafterwardsbetoparcelitouttoindividuals,accordingtotheircapacity。Thiswouldhavebeenamethodofescapingfromthatcompleteandeternalequalitywhichseemstothreatendemocraticsociety。Butitwouldbeasimplerandlessdangerousremedytograntnoprivilegetoany,givingtoallequalcultivationandequalindependence,andleavingeveryonetodeterminehisownposition。Naturalinequalitywillverysoonmakewayforitself,andwealthwillspontaneouslypassintothehandsofthemostcapable。
Freeanddemocraticcommunities,then,willalwayscontainaconsiderablenumberofpeopleenjoyingopulenceorcompetency。
Thewealthywillnotbesocloselylinkedtoeachotherasthemembersoftheformeraristocraticclassofsociety:theirpropensitieswillbedifferent,andtheywillscarcelyeverenjoyleisureassecureorascomplete:buttheywillbefarmorenumerousthanthosewhobelongedtothatclassofsocietycouldeverbe。Thesepersonswillnotbestrictlyconfinedtothecaresofpracticallife,andtheywillstillbeable,thoughindifferentdegrees,toindulgeinthepursuitsandpleasuresoftheintellect。Inthosepleasurestheywillindulge;forifitbetruethatthehumanmindleansononesidetothenarrow,thepractical,andtheuseful,itnaturallyrisesontheothertotheinfinite,thespiritual,andthebeautiful。Physicalwantsconfineittotheearth;but,assoonasthetieisloosened,itwillunbenditselfagain。
Notonlywillthenumberofthosewhocantakeaninterestintheproductionsofthemindbeenlarged,butthetasteforintellectualenjoymentwilldescend,stepbystep,eventothosewho,inaristocraticsocieties,seemtohaveneithertimenorabilitytoinindulgeinthem。Whenhereditarywealth,theprivilegesofrank,andtheprerogativesofbirthhaveceasedtobe,andwheneverymanderiveshisstrengthfromhimselfalone,itbecomesevidentthatthechiefcauseofdisparitybetweenthefortunesofmenisthemind。Whatevertendstoinvigorate,toextend,ortoadornthemind,instantlyrisestogreatvalue。
Theutilityofknowledgebecomessingularlyconspicuouseventotheeyesofthemultitude:thosewhohavenotasteforitscharmssetstoreuponitsresults,andmakesomeeffortstoacquireit。
Infreeandenlighteneddemocraticages,thereisnothingtoseparatemenfromeachotherortoretainthemintheirpeculiarsphere;theyriseorsinkwithextremerapidity。Allclassesliveinperpetualintercoursefromtheirgreatproximitytoeachother。Theycommunicateandintermingleeveryday—theyimitateandenvyoneother:thissuggeststothepeoplemanyideas,notions,anddesireswhichitwouldneverhaveentertainedifthedistinctionsofrankhadbeenfixedandsocietyatrest。Insuchnationstheservantneverconsidershimselfasanentirestrangertothepleasuresandtoilsofhismaster,northepoormantothoseoftherich;theruralpopulationassimilatesitselftothatofthetowns,andtheprovincestothecapital。Nooneeasilyallowshimselftobereducedtothemerematerialcaresoflife;andthehumblestartisancastsattimesaneagerandafurtiveglanceintothehigherregionsoftheintellect。Peopledonotreadwiththesamenotionsorinthesamemannerastheydoinanaristocraticcommunity;butthecircleofreadersisunceasinglyexpanded,tillitincludesallthecitizens。
Assoonasthemultitudebeginstotakeaninterestinthelaborsofthemind,itfindsoutthattoexcelinsomeofthemisapowerfulmethodofacquiringfame,power,orwealth。Therestlessambitionwhichequalitybegetsinstantlytakesthisdirectionasitdoesallothers。Thenumberofthosewhocultivatescience,letters,andthearts,becomesimmense。Theintellectualworldstartsintoprodigiousactivity:everyoneendeavorstoopenforhimselfapaththere,andtodrawtheeyesofthepublicafterhim。SomethinganalogousoccurstowhathappensinsocietyintheUnitedStates,politicallyconsidered。
Whatisdoneisoftenimperfect,buttheattemptsareinnumerable;and,althoughtheresultsofindividualeffortarecommonlyverysmall,thetotalamountisalwaysverylarge。
Itisthereforenottruetoassertthatmenlivingindemocraticagesarenaturallyindifferenttoscience,literature,andthearts:onlyitmustbeacknowledgedthattheycultivatethemaftertheirownfashion,andbringtothetasktheirownpeculiarqualificationsanddeficiencies。
BookOne—ChaptersX—XII
ChapterX:WhyTheAmericansAreMoreAddictedToPracticalThanToTheoreticalScienceIfademocraticstateofsocietyanddemocraticinstitutionsdonotstopthecareerofthehumanmind,theyincontestablyguideitinonedirectioninpreferencetoanother。Theireffects,thuscircumscribed,arestillexceedinglygreat;andI
trustImaybepardonedifIpauseforamomenttosurveythem。
Wehadoccasion,inspeakingofthephilosophicalmethodoftheAmericanpeople,tomakeseveralremarkswhichmustherebeturnedtoaccount。
Equalitybegetsinmanthedesireofjudgingofeverythingforhimself:itgiveshim,inallthings,atasteforthetangibleandthereal,acontemptfortraditionandforforms。
Thesegeneraltendenciesareprincipallydiscernibleinthepeculiarsubjectofthischapter。Thosewhocultivatethesciencesamongstademocraticpeoplearealwaysafraidoflosingtheirwayinvisionaryspeculation。Theymistrustsystems;theyadherecloselytofactsandthestudyoffactswiththeirownsenses。Astheydonoteasilydefertothemerenameofanyfellow—man,theyareneverinclinedtorestuponanyman’sauthority;but,onthecontrary,theyareunremittingintheireffortstopointouttheweakerpointsoftheirneighbors’
opinions。Scientificprecedentshaveverylittleweightwiththem;theyareneverlongdetainedbythesubtilityoftheschools,norreadytoacceptbigwordsforsterlingcoin;theypenetrate,asfarastheycan,intotheprincipalpartsofthesubjectwhichengagesthem,andtheyexpoundtheminthevernaculartongue。Scientificpursuitsthenfollowafreerandasafercourse,butalessloftyone。
Themindmay,asitappearstome,dividescienceintothreeparts。Thefirstcomprisesthemosttheoreticalprinciples,andthosemoreabstractnotionswhoseapplicationiseitherunknownorveryremote。Thesecondiscomposedofthosegeneraltruthswhichstillbelongtopuretheory,butlead,nevertheless,byastraightandshortroadtopracticalresults。Methodsofapplicationandmeansofexecutionmakeupthethird。Eachofthesedifferentportionsofsciencemaybeseparatelycultivated,althoughreasonandexperienceshowthatnoneofthemcanprosperlong,ifitbeabsolutelycutofffromthetwoothers。
InAmericathepurelypracticalpartofscienceisadmirablyunderstood,andcarefulattentionispaidtothetheoreticalportionwhichisimmediatelyrequisitetoapplication。OnthisheadtheAmericansalwaysdisplayaclear,free,original,andinventivepowerofmind。ButhardlyanyoneintheUnitedStatesdevoteshimselftotheessentiallytheoreticalandabstractportionofhumanknowledge。InthisrespecttheAmericanscarrytoexcessatendencywhichis,Ithink,discernible,thoughinalessdegree,amongstalldemocraticnations。
Nothingismorenecessarytothecultureofthehighersciences,orofthemoreelevateddepartmentsofscience,thanmeditation;andnothingislesssuitedtomeditationthanthestructureofdemocraticsociety。Wedonotfindthere,asamongstanaristocraticpeople,oneclasswhichclingstoastateofreposebecauseitiswelloff;andanotherwhichdoesnotventuretostirbecauseitdespairsofimprovingitscondition。
Everyoneisactivelyinmotion:someinquestofpower,othersofgain。Inthemidstofthisuniversaltumult—thisincessantconflictofjarringinterests—thiscontinualstrideofmenafterfortune—whereisthatcalmtobefoundwhichisnecessaryforthedeepercombinationsoftheintellect?Howcantheminddwelluponanysinglepoint,wheneverythingwhirlsaroundit,andmanhimselfissweptandbeatenonwardsbytheheadycurrentwhichrollsallthingsinitscourse?Butthepermanentagitationwhichsubsistsinthebosomofapeaceableandestablisheddemocracy,mustbedistinguishedfromthetumultuousandrevolutionarymovem...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看:
第39章