Thisisthenthesubjectonwhichitismostimportantforeachofustoentertainfixedideas;andunhappilyitisalsothesubjectonwhichitismostdifficultforeachofus,lefttohimself,tosettlehisopinionsbythesoleforceofhisreason。
Nonebutmindssingularlyfreefromtheordinaryanxietiesoflife—mindsatoncepenetrating,subtle,andtrainedbythinking—canevenwiththeassistanceofmuchtimeandcare,soundthedepthofthesemostnecessarytruths。And,indeed,weseethatthesephilosophersarethemselvesalmostalwaysenshroudedinuncertainties;thatateverystepthenaturallightwhichilluminatestheirpathgrowsdimmerandlesssecure;andthat,inspiteofalltheirefforts,theyhaveasyetonlydiscoveredasmallnumberofconflictingnotions,onwhichthemindofmanhasbeentossedaboutforthousandsofyears,withouteitherlayingafirmergraspontruth,orfindingnoveltyeveninitserrors。
Studiesofthisnaturearefarabovetheaveragecapacityofmen;
andevenifthemajorityofmankindwerecapableofsuchpursuits,itisevidentthatleisuretocultivatethemwouldstillbewanting。FixedideasofGodandhumannatureareindispensabletothedailypracticeofmen’slives;butthepracticeoftheirlivespreventsthemfromacquiringsuchideas。
Thedifficultyappearstometobewithoutaparallel。
Amongstthesciencestherearesomewhichareusefultothemassofmankind,andwhicharewithinitsreach;otherscanonlybeapproachedbythefew,andarenotcultivatedbythemany,whorequirenothingbeyondtheirmoreremoteapplications:butthedailypracticeofthescienceIspeakofisindispensabletoall,althoughthestudyofitisinaccessibletothefargreaternumber。
GeneralideasrespectingGodandhumannaturearethereforetheideasaboveallotherswhichitismostsuitabletowithdrawfromthehabitualactionofprivatejudgment,andinwhichthereismosttogainandleasttolosebyrecognizingaprincipleofauthority。Thefirstobjectandoneoftheprincipaladvantagesofreligions,istofurnishtoeachofthesefundamentalquestionsasolutionwhichisatonceclear,precise,intelligibletothemassofmankind,andlasting。Therearereligionswhichareveryfalseandveryabsurd;butitmaybeaffirmed,thatanyreligionwhichremainswithinthecircleI
havejusttraced,withoutaspiringtogobeyondit(asmanyreligionshaveattemptedtodo,forthepurposeofenclosingoneverysidethefreeprogressofthehumanmind),imposesasalutaryrestraintontheintellect;anditmustbeadmittedthat,ifitdonotsavemeninanotherworld,suchreligionisatleastveryconducivetotheirhappinessandtheirgreatnessinthis。Thisismoreespeciallytrueofmenlivinginfreecountries。Whenthereligionofapeopleisdestroyed,doubtgetsholdofthehighestportionsoftheintellect,andhalfparalyzesalltherestofitspowers。Everymanaccustomshimselftoentertainnonebutconfusedandchangingnotionsonthesubjectsmostinterestingtohisfellow—creaturesandhimself。Hisopinionsareill—defendedandeasilyabandoned:
and,despairingofeverresolvingbyhimselfthehardestproblemsofthedestinyofman,heignoblysubmitstothinknomoreaboutthem。Suchaconditioncannotbutenervatethesoul,relaxthespringsofthewill,andprepareapeopleforservitude。Nordoesitonlyhappen,insuchacase,thattheyallowtheirfreedomtobewrestedfromthem;theyfrequentlythemselvessurrenderit。Whenthereisnolongeranyprincipleofauthorityinreligionanymorethaninpolitics,menarespeedilyfrightenedattheaspectofthisunboundedindependence。Theconstantagitationofallsurroundingthingsalarmsandexhauststhem。Aseverythingisatseainthesphereoftheintellect,theydetermineatleastthatthemechanismofsocietyshouldbefirmandfixed;andastheycannotresumetheirancientbelief,theyassumeamaster。
Formyownpart,Idoubtwhethermancaneversupportatthesametimecompletereligiousindependenceandentirepublicfreedom。AndIaminclinedtothink,thatiffaithbewantinginhim,hemustserve;andifhebefree,hemustbelieve。
Perhaps,however,thisgreatutilityofreligionsisstillmoreobviousamongstnationswhereequalityofconditionsprevailsthanamongstothers。Itmustbeacknowledgedthatequality,whichbringsgreatbenefitsintotheworld,neverthelesssuggeststomen(aswillbeshownhereafter)someverydangerouspropensities。Ittendstoisolatethemfromeachother,toconcentrateeveryman’sattentionuponhimself;anditlaysopenthesoultoaninordinateloveofmaterialgratification。Thegreatestadvantageofreligionistoinspirediametricallycontraryprinciples。Thereisnoreligionwhichdoesnotplacetheobjectofman’sdesiresaboveandbeyondthetreasuresofearth,andwhichdoesnotnaturallyraisehissoultoregionsfarabovethoseofthesenses。Noristhereanywhichdoesnotimposeonmansomesortofdutiestohiskind,andthusdrawshimattimesfromthecontemplationofhimself。Thisoccursinreligionsthemostfalseanddangerous。Religiousnationsarethereforenaturallystrongontheverypointonwhichdemocraticnationsareweak;whichshowsofwhatimportanceitisformentopreservetheirreligionastheirconditionsbecomemoreequal。
IhaveneithertherightnortheintentionofexaminingthesupernaturalmeanswhichGodemploystoinfusereligiousbeliefintotheheartofman。Iamatthismomentconsideringreligionsinapurelyhumanpointofview:myobjectistoinquirebywhatmeanstheymaymosteasilyretaintheirswayinthedemocraticagesuponwhichweareentering。Ithasbeenshownthat,attimesofgeneralcultivationandequality,thehumanminddoesnotconsenttoadoptdogmaticalopinionswithoutreluctance,andfeelstheirnecessityacutelyinspiritualmattersonly。Thisproves,inthefirstplace,thatatsuchtimesreligionsought,morecautiouslythanatanyother,toconfinethemselveswithintheirownprecincts;forinseekingtoextendtheirpowerbeyondreligiousmatters,theyincurariskofnotbeingbelievedatall。Thecirclewithinwhichtheyseektoboundthehumanintellectoughtthereforetobecarefullytraced,andbeyonditsvergethemindshouldbeleftinentirefreedomtoitsownguidance。MahommedprofessedtoderivefromHeaven,andhehasinsertedintheKoran,notonlyabodyofreligiousdoctrines,butpoliticalmaxims,civilandcriminallaws,andtheoriesofscience。Thegospel,onthecontrary,onlyspeaksofthegeneralrelationsofmentoGodandtoeachother—beyondwhichitinculcatesandimposesnopointoffaith。Thisalone,besidesathousandotherreasons,wouldsufficetoprovethattheformerofthesereligionswillneverlongpredominateinacultivatedanddemocraticage,whilstthelatterisdestinedtoretainitsswayattheseasatallotherperiods。
Butincontinuationofthisbranchofthesubject,Ifindthatinorderforreligionstomaintaintheirauthority,humanlyspeaking,indemocraticages,theymustnotonlyconfinethemselvesstrictlywithinthecircleofspiritualmatters:theirpoweralsodependsverymuchonthenatureofthebelieftheyinculcate,ontheexternalformstheyassume,andontheobligationstheyimpose。Theprecedingobservation,thatequalityleadsmentoverygeneralandveryextensivenotions,isprincipallytobeunderstoodasappliedtothequestionofreligion。MenlivinginasimilarandequalconditionintheworldreadilyconceivetheideaoftheoneGod,governingeverymanbythesamelaws,andgrantingtoeverymanfuturehappinessonthesameconditions。TheideaoftheunityofmankindconstantlyleadsthembacktotheideaoftheunityoftheCreator;whilst,onthecontrary,inastateofsocietywheremenarebrokenupintoveryunequalranks,theyareapttodeviseasmanydeitiesastherearenations,castes,classes,orfamilies,andtotraceathousandprivateroadstoheaven。
ItcannotbedeniedthatChristianityitselfhasfelt,toacertainextent,theinfluencewhichsocialandpoliticalconditionsexerciseonreligiousopinions。AttheepochatwhichtheChristianreligionappeareduponearth,Providence,bywhomtheworldwasdoubtlesspreparedforitscoming,hadgatheredalargeportionofthehumanrace,likeanimmenseflock,underthesceptreoftheCaesars。Themenofwhomthismultitudewascomposedweredistinguishedbynumerousdifferences;buttheyhadthusmuchincommon,thattheyallobeyedthesamelaws,andthateverysubjectwassoweakandinsignificantinrelationtotheimperialpotentate,thatallappearedequalwhentheirconditionwascontrastedwithhis。ThisnovelandpeculiarstateofmankindnecessarilypredisposedmentolistentothegeneraltruthswhichChristianityteaches,andmayservetoexplainthefacilityandrapiditywithwhichtheythenpenetratedintothehumanmind。Thecounterpartofthisstateofthingswasexhibitedafterthedestructionoftheempire。TheRomanworldbeingthenasitwereshatteredintoathousandfragments,eachnationresumeditspristineindividuality。Aninfinitescaleofranksverysoongrewupinthebosomofthesenations;thedifferentracesweremoresharplydefined,andeachnationwasdividedbycastesintoseveralpeoples。Inthemidstofthiscommoneffort,whichseemedtobeurginghumansocietytothegreatestconceivableamountofvoluntarysubdivision,Christianitydidnotlosesightoftheleadinggeneralideaswhichithadbroughtintotheworld。Butitappeared,nevertheless,tolenditself,asmuchaswaspossible,tothosenewtendenciestowhichthefractionaldistributionofmankindhadgivenbirth。MencontinuedtoworshipanonlyGod,theCreatorandPreserverofallthings;buteverypeople,everycity,and,sotospeak,everyman,thoughttoobtainsomedistinctprivilege,andwinthefavorofanespecialpatronatthefootoftheThroneofGrace。UnabletosubdividetheDeity,theymultipliedandimproperlyenhancedtheimportanceofthedivineagents。ThehomageduetosaintsandangelsbecameanalmostidolatrousworshipamongstthemajorityoftheChristianworld;andapprehensionsmightbeentertainedforamomentlestthereligionofChristshouldretrogradetowardsthesuperstitionswhichithadsubdued。Itseemsevident,thatthemorethebarriersareremovedwhichseparatenationfromnationamongstmankind,andcitizenfromcitizenamongstapeople,thestrongeristhebentofthehumanmind,asifbyitsownimpulse,towardstheideaofanonlyandall—powerfulBeing,dispensingequallawsinthesamemannertoeveryman。Indemocraticages,then,itismoreparticularlyimportantnottoallowthehomagepaidtosecondaryagentstobeconfoundedwiththeworshipduetotheCreatoralone。
Anothertruthisnolessclear—thatreligionsoughttoassumefewerexternalobservancesindemocraticperiodsthanatanyothers。InspeakingofphilosophicalmethodamongtheAmericans,Ihaveshownthatnothingismorerepugnanttothehumanmindinanageofequalitythantheideaofsubjectiontoforms。Menlivingatsuchtimesareimpatientoffigures;totheireyessymbolsappeartobethepuerileartificewhichisusedtoconcealortosetofftruths,whichshouldmorenaturallybebaredtothelightofopenday:theyareunmovedbyceremonialo...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看:
第38章