[Footnotec:Thisdecreewasprecededbyareportofthecommitteebywhichitwasframed,containingtheexplanationofthemotivesandobjectofthelaw。Thefollowingpassageoccursinit,p。34:—"WhentherightsreservedbytheConstitutiontothedifferentStatesaredeliberatelyviolated,itisthedutyandtherightofthoseStatestointerfere,inordertochecktheprogressoftheevil;toresistusurpation,andtomaintain,withintheirrespectivelimits,thosepowersandprivilegeswhichbelongtothemasindependentsovereignStates。Iftheyweredestituteofthisright,theywouldnotbesovereign。SouthCarolinadeclaresthatsheacknowledgesnotribunaluponearthaboveherauthority。ShehasindeedenteredintoasolemncompactofunionwiththeotherStates;butshedemands,andwillexercise,therightofputtingherownconstructionuponit;andwhenthiscompactisviolatedbyhersisterStates,andbytheGovernmentwhichtheyhavecreated,sheisdeterminedtoavailherselfoftheunquestionablerightofjudgingwhatistheextentoftheinfraction,andwhatarethemeasuresbestfittedtoobtainjustice。"]
ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartIX
InthemeantimeSouthCarolinaarmedhermilitia,andpreparedforwar。ButCongress,whichhadslighteditssuppliantsubjects,listenedtotheircomplaintsassoonastheywerefoundtohavetakenuparms。*dAlawwaspassed,bywhichthetariffdutiesweretobeprogressivelyreducedfortenyears,untiltheywerebroughtsolowasnottoexceedtheamountofsuppliesnecessarytotheGovernment。*eThusCongresscompletelyabandonedtheprincipleofthetariff;andsubstitutedamerefiscalimposttoasystemofprotectiveduties。*fTheGovernmentoftheUnion,inordertoconcealitsdefeat,hadrecoursetoanexpedientwhichisverymuchinvoguewithfeeblegovernments。
Ityieldedthepointdefacto,butitremainedinflexibleupontheprinciplesinquestion;andwhilstCongresswasalteringthetarifflaw,itpassedanotherbill,bywhichthePresidentwasinvestedwithextraordinarypowers,enablinghimtoovercomebyforcearesistancewhichwasthennolongertobeapprehended。
[Footnoted:CongresswasfinallydecidedtotakethisstepbytheconductofthepowerfulStateofVirginia,whoselegislatureofferedtoserveasmediatorbetweentheUnionandSouthCarolina。HithertothelatterStatehadappearedtobeentirelyabandoned,evenbytheStateswhichhadjoinedinherremonstrances。]
[Footnotee:ThislawwaspassedonMarch2,1833。]
[Footnotef:ThisbillwasbroughtinbyMr。Clay,anditpassedinfourdaysthroughbothHousesofCongressbyanimmensemajority。]
ButSouthCarolinadidnotconsenttoleavetheUnionintheenjoymentofthesescantytrophiesofsuccess:thesamenationalConventionwhichhadannulledthetariffbill,metagain,andacceptedtheprofferedconcession;butatthesametimeitdeclareditunabatedperseveranceinthedoctrineofNullification:andtoprovewhatitsaid,itannulledthelawinvestingthePresidentwithextraordinarypowers,althoughitwasverycertainthattheclausesofthatlawwouldneverbecarriedintoeffect。
AlmostallthecontroversiesofwhichIhavebeenspeakinghavetakenplaceunderthePresidencyofGeneralJackson;anditcannotbedeniedthatinthequestionofthetariffhehassupportedtheclaimsoftheUnionwithvigorandwithskill。I
am,however,ofopinionthattheconductoftheindividualwhonowrepresentstheFederalGovernmentmaybereckonedasoneofthedangerswhichthreatenitscontinuance。
SomepersonsinEuropehaveformedanopinionofthepossibleinfluenceofGeneralJacksonupontheaffairsofhiscountry,whichappearshighlyextravaganttothosewhohaveseenmoreofthesubject。WehavebeentoldthatGeneralJacksonhaswonsundrybattles,thatheisanenergeticman,pronebynatureandbyhabittotheuseofforce,covetousofpower,andadespotbytaste。Allthismayperhapsbetrue;buttheinferenceswhichhavebeendrawnfromthesetruthsareexceedinglyerroneous。IthasbeenimaginedthatGeneralJacksonisbentonestablishingadictatorshipinAmerica,onintroducingamilitaryspirit,andongivingadegreeofinfluencetothecentralauthoritywhichcannotbutbedangeroustoprovincialliberties。ButinAmericathetimeforsimilarundertakings,andtheageformenofthiskind,isnotyetcome:ifGeneralJacksonhadentertainedahopeofexercisinghisauthorityinthismanner,hewouldinfalliblyhaveforfeitedhispoliticalstation,andcompromisedhislife;
accordinglyhehasnotbeensoimprudentastomakeanysuchattempt。
Farfromwishingtoextendthefederalpower,thePresidentbelongstothepartywhichisdesirousoflimitingthatpowertothebareandpreciseletteroftheConstitution,andwhichneverputsaconstructionuponthatactfavorabletotheGovernmentoftheUnion;farfromstandingforthasthechampionofcentralization,GeneralJacksonistheagentofallthejealousiesoftheStates;andhewasplacedintheloftystationheoccupiesbythepassionsofthepeoplewhicharemostopposedtothecentralGovernment。Itisbyperpetuallyflatteringthesepassionsthathemaintainshisstationandhispopularity。
GeneralJacksonistheslaveofthemajority:heyieldstoitswishes,itspropensities,anditsdemands;sayrather,thatheanticipatesandforestallsthem。
WheneverthegovernmentsoftheStatescomeintocollisionwiththatoftheUnion,thePresidentisgenerallythefirsttoquestionhisownrights:healmostalwaysoutstripsthelegislature;andwhentheextentofthefederalpoweriscontroverted,hetakespart,asitwere,againsthimself;heconcealshisofficialinterests,andextinguisheshisownnaturalinclinations。NotindeedthatheisnaturallyweakorhostiletotheUnion;forwhenthemajoritydecidedagainsttheclaimsofthepartisansofnullification,heputhimselfatitshead,assertedthedoctrineswhichthenationhelddistinctlyandenergetically,andwasthefirsttorecommendforciblemeasures;
butGeneralJacksonappearstome,ifImayusetheAmericanexpressions,tobeaFederalistbytaste,andaRepublicanbycalculation。
GeneralJacksonstoopstogainthefavorofthemajority,butwhenhefeelsthathispopularityissecure,heoverthrowsallobstaclesinthepursuitoftheobjectswhichthecommunityapproves,orofthosewhichitdoesnotlookuponwithajealouseye。Heissupportedbyapowerwithwhichhispredecessorswereunacquainted;andhetramplesonhispersonalenemieswhenevertheycrosshispathwithafacilitywhichnoformerPresidenteverenjoyed;hetakesuponhimselftheresponsibilityofmeasureswhichnoonebeforehimwouldhaveventuredtoattempt:
heeventreatsthenationalrepresentativeswithdisdainapproachingtoinsult;heputshisvetouponthelawsofCongress,andfrequentlyneglectstoreplytothatpowerfulbody。
Heisafavoritewhosometimestreatshismasterroughly。ThepowerofGeneralJacksonperpetuallyincreases;butthatofthePresidentdeclines;inhishandstheFederalGovernmentisstrong,butitwillpassenfeebledintothehandsofhissuccessor。
IamstrangelymistakeniftheFederalGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesbenotconstantlylosingstrength,retiringgraduallyfrompublicaffairs,andnarrowingitscircleofactionmoreandmore。Itisnaturallyfeeble,butitnowabandonsevenitspretensionstostrength。Ontheotherhand,IthoughtthatI
remarkedamorelivelysenseofindependence,andamoredecidedattachmenttoprovincialgovernmentintheStates。TheUnionistosubsist,buttosubsistasashadow;itistobestrongincertaincases,andweakinallothers;intimeofwarfare,itistobeabletoconcentratealltheforcesofthenationandalltheresourcesofthecountryinitshands;andintimeofpeaceitsexistenceistobescarcelyperceptible:asifthisalternatedebilityandvigorwerenaturalorpossible。
Idonotforeseeanythingforthepresentwhichmaybeabletocheckthisgeneralimpulseofpublicopinion;thecausesinwhichitoriginateddonotceasetooperatewiththesameeffect。
Thechangewillthereforegoon,anditmaybepredictedthat,unlesssomeextraordinaryeventoccurs,theGovernmentoftheUnionwillgrowweakerandweakereveryday。
Ithink,however,thattheperiodisstillremoteatwhichthefederalpowerwillbeentirelyextinguishedbyitsinabilitytoprotectitselfandtomaintainpeaceinthecountry。TheUnionissanctionedbythemannersanddesiresofthepeople;itsresultsarepalpable,itsbenefitsvisible。WhenitisperceivedthattheweaknessoftheFederalGovernmentcompromisestheexistenceoftheUnion,Idonotdoubtthatareactionwilltakeplacewithaviewtoincreaseitsstrength。
TheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesis,ofallthefederalgovernmentswhichhavehithertobeenestablished,theonewhichismostnaturallydestinedtoact。Aslongasitisonlyindirectlyassailedbytheinterpretationofitslaws,andaslongasitssubstanceisnotseriouslyaltered,achangeofopinion,aninternalcrisis,orawar,mayrestoreallthevigorwhichitrequires。ThepointwhichIhavebeenmostanxioustoputinaclearlightissimplythis:Manypeople,especiallyinFrance,imaginethatachangeinopinionisgoingonintheUnitedStates,whichisfavorabletoacentralizationofpowerinthehandsofthePresidentandtheCongress。Iholdthatacontrarytendencymaydistinctlybeobserved。SofaristheFederalGovernmentfromacquiringstrength,andfromthreateningthesovereigntyoftheStates,asitgrowsolder,thatImaintainittobegrowingweakerandweaker,andthatthesovereigntyoftheUnionaloneisindanger。Sucharethefactswhichthepresenttimediscloses。Thefutureconcealsthefinalresultofthistendency,andtheeventswhichmaycheck,retard,oracceleratethechangesIhavedescribed;butIdonotaffecttobeabletoremovetheveilwhichhidesthemfromoursight。
OfTheRepublicanInstitutionsOfTheUnitedStates,AndWhatTheirChancesOfDurationAreTheUnionisaccidental—TheRepublicaninstitutionshavemoreprospectofpermanence—ArepublicforthepresentthenaturalstateoftheAnglo—Americans—Reasonofthis—Inordertodestroyit,allthelawsmustbechangedatthesametime,andagreatalterationtakeplaceinmanners—DifficultiesexperiencedbytheAmericansincreatinganaristocracy。
ThedismembermentoftheUnion,bytheintroductionofwarintotheheartofthoseStateswhicharenowconfederate,withstandingarmies,adictatorship,andaheavytaxation,might,eventually,compromisethefateoftherepublicaninstitutions。
ButweoughtnottoconfoundthefutureprospectsoftherepublicwiththoseoftheUnion。TheUnionisanaccident...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看:
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