InFranceandGermanyIhadobservedabettersystem，and，especiallyattheCollegedeFrance，hadbeeninterestedinthecoursesofLaboulayeon"ComparativeLegislation。"Thelattersubject，aboveall，seemedlikelytoprovefruitfulintheUnitedStates，wherenotonlythenationalCongressbutoverfortyStatelegislaturesaretryinginvariousways，yearafteryear，tosolvethemanifoldproblemspresentedtothem。Thereforeitwasthat，whiledischargingmydutiesasacommissionerattheParisExpositionof1878，Itookpainstosecureinformationregardinginstruction，invariousEuropeancountries，havingasitsobjectthepreparationofyoungmenforthecivilanddiplomaticservice。EspeciallywasIstruckbythethoroughequipmentforthediplomaticandconsularservicesgivenatthenewlyestablishedecoleLibredesSciencesPolitiquesatParis;consequentlymyreportascommissionerwasdevotedtothisgeneralsubject。Onmyreturnthiswaspublishedunderthetitleof"TheProvisionforHigherInstructioninSubjectsbearingdirectlyonPublicAffairs，"andaportionofmymaterialwasthrown，atalaterday，intoanappealfortheestablishmentofpropercoursesinhistoryandpoliticalscience，whichtookthefinalformofacommencementaddressatJohnsHopkinsUniversity。
Itisagreatsatisfactiontomethatthispublication，actingwithotherforcesinthesamedirection，hasbeenevidentlyusefulNothinginthegreatdevelopmentofouruniversitiesduringthelastquarterofacenturyhasbeenmoregratifyingandfullofpromiseforthecountrythantheincreasedprovisionforinstructionbearingonpublicquestions，andtheincreasedinterestinsuchinstructionshownbystudents，and，indeed，bythecommunityatlargeImayaddthatofallthekindnessesshownmebythetrusteesofCornellUniversityatmyresignationofitspresidency，therewasnonewhichpleasedmemorethantheattachmentofmynametotheirnewlyestablishedCollegeofHistoryandPoliticalScience。
Duringthissameperiodanotherimmediatelypracticalsubjectwhichinterestedmewasthereformofthecivilservice;and，havingspokenuponthisatvariouspublicmeetingsaswellaswrittenprivateletterstovariouspublicmeninordertokeepthemthinkinguponit，Ipublishedin1882，inthe"NorthAmericanReview，"anarticlegivinghistoricalfactsregardingtheorigin，evolution，andresultsofthespoilssystem，entitled，"DotheSpoilsBelongtotheVictor？"ThisbroughtuponmeabitterpersonalattackfrommyoldfriendMr。ThurlowWeed，who，far—sightedandshrewdashewas，couldneverseehowrepublicaninstitutionscouldbemadetoworkwithouttheanticipationofspoils;butforthisIwasmorethancompensatedbythefriendshipofyoungermenwhoarelikelytohavefarmoretodowithourfuturepoliticaldevelopmentthanwilltheoldraceofpoliticians，and，chiefamongtheseyoungmen，Mr。
TheodoreRoosevelt。Iwasalsodrawnofftoothersubjects，makingaddressesatvariousuniversitiesonpointswhichseemedtomeofimportance，themostsuccessfulofallbeingonegivenatYale，uponthethirtiethanniversaryofmyclass，entitled，"TheMessageoftheNineteenthCenturytotheTwentieth。"Itwasanendeavortostrengthenthehandsofthosewhowerelaboringtomaintaintheproperbalancebetweenthehumanitiesandtechnicalstudies。TothelatterIhadindeeddevotedmanyyearsofmylife，butthetimehadarrivedwhentheothersideseemedtodemandattention。Thisaddress，thoughtheresultofmuchpreliminarymeditation，wasdictatedinallthehurryandworryofaCornellcommencementweekandgivenintheYalechapeltheweekfollowing。ProbablynothingwhichIhaveeverdone，saveperhapsthetractateon"PaperMoneyInflationinFrance，"
receivedsuchimmediateandwide—spreadrecognition:itwascirculatedveryextensivelyintheNewYork"Independent，"thenintheformofapamphlet，forwhichtherewaslargedemand，andfinally，stillmorewidely，inacheapform。
ElsewhereinthesereminiscencesIhavegivenanaccountoftheevolutionofmy"HistoryoftheWarfareofSciencewithTheology。"Itwasgrowinginmymindforabouttwentyyears，andmymainreading，evenformydifferentcoursesoflectures，hadmoreorlessconnectionwithit。Firstgivenasalecture，itwasthenextendedintoalittlebookwhichgrew，intheshapeofnewchapters，intomuchlargerfinalform。ItwaswrittenmainlyatCornellUniversity，butseveralofitschaptersinotherpartsoftheworld，onebeingalmostwhollypreparedontheNile，atAthens，andatMunich;anotheratSt。PetersburgandduringajourneyintheScandinaviancountries;andotherchaptersinEnglandandFrance。Atlast，inthesparehoursofmyofficiallifeatSt。PetersburgImadeanendofthework;andinItaly，duringthewinterandspringof1894—1895，gaveitfinalrevision。
Forvaluableaidincollectingmaterialsandmakingnotesinpubliclibraries，Iwasindebtedtovariousfriendswhosenamesarementionedinitspreface;andaboveall，tomydearfriendandformerstudent，ProfessorGeorgeLincolnBurr，whonotonlyaidedmegreatlyduringthelatterpartofmytaskbywisesuggestionsandcautions，butwhoreadtheproofsandmadetheindex。
PerhapsImaybeallowedtorepeatherethatmypurposeinpreparingthisbookwastostrengthennotonlysciencebutreligion。Ihaveneverhadanytendencytoscoffing，norhaveI
likedscoffers。Manyofmyclosestassociationsanddearestfriendshipshavebeen，andstillare，withclergymen。Clergymenaregenerally，inourcitiesandvillages，amongthebestandmostintelligentmenthatonefinds，and，asarule，withthoughtfulandtolerantoldlawyersanddoctors，thepeoplebestworthknowing。Myaiminwritingwasnotonlytoaidinfreeingsciencefromtrammelswhichforcenturieshadbeenvexatiousandcruel，butalsotostrengthenreligiousteachersbyenablingthemtoseesomeoftheevilsinthepastwhich，forthesakeofreligionitself，theyoughttoguardagainstinthefuture。
DuringvacationjourneysinEuropeIwasled，atvarioushistoricalcenters，totakeupspecialsubjectsakintothosedevelopedinmylectures。Thus，duringmythirdvisittoFlorence，havingreadManzoni’s"PromessiSposi，"whichstillseemstomethemostbeautifulhistoricalromanceeverwritten，I
wasgreatlyimpressedbythatpartofitwhichdepictsthesuperstitionsandlegalcrueltiesengenderedbytheplagueatMilan。Thisstory，withManzoni’s"ColonnaInfame"andCantu’s"VitadiBeccaria，"ledmetotakeupthehistoryofcriminallaw，andespeciallythedevelopmentoftortureinprocedureandpunishment。Muchtimeduringtwoorthreeyearswasgiventothissubject，andawinteratStuttgartin1877—1878wasentirelydevotedtoit。InthecourseofthesestudiesIrealizedasneverbeforehowmuchdogmatictheologyandecclesiasticismhavedonetodevelopandmaintainthemostfrightfulfeaturesinpenallaw。
IfoundthatinGreeceandRome，beforethecominginofChristianity，torturehadbeenreducedtoaminimumand，indeed，hadbeenmainlyabolished;butthatthedoctrineinthemediaevalchurchasto"ExceptedCases"——namely，casesofheresyandwitchcraft，regardingwhichthetheologicaldogmawasdevelopedthatSatanwouldexercisehispowerstohelphisvotaries——hadledtothereestablishmentofasystemoftorture，inordertobaffleandovercomeSatan，farmorecruelthananywhichprevailedunderpaganism。
Ialsofoundthat，whileunderthelaterRomanemperorsand，infact，downtothecompletesupremacyofChristianity，criminalproceduregrewsteadilymoreandmoremerciful，assoonasthechurchwasestablishedinfullpoweryetanothertheologicaldoctrinecameinwithsuchforcethatitextendedtheuseoftorturefromthe"ExceptedCases"namedabovetoallcriminalprocedure，andmaintainedit，initsmostfrightfulform，formorethanathousandyears。ThisnewdoctrinewasthatsincetheAlmightypunisheshiserringchildrenbytorturesinfiniteincrueltyandeternalinduration，earthlyauthoritiesmayjustlyimitatethisdivineexamplesofarastheirfinitepowersenablethemtodoso。Ifoundthisdoctrinenotonlyespeciallyeffectiveinthemediaevalchurch，buttakingonevenmorehideouscharacteristicsintheProtestantChurch，especiallyinGermany。OnthissubjectIcollectedmuchmaterial，someofitveryinterestingandlittleknowneventohistoricalscholars。OfthiswereoriginaleditionsoftheoldcriminalcodesofEuropeandlatercriminalcodesinFranceandGermanydowntotheFrenchRevolution，nearlyallofwhichwereenrichedwithengravingsillustratinginstrumentsandprocessesoftorture。So，too，aghastlylightwasthrownintothewholesubjectbytheexecutioners’tariffsinthevariousGermanstates，especiallythoseunderecclesiasticalrule。Oneofseveralinmypossession，whichwaspublishedbytheElectorArchbishopofColognein1757
andstampedwiththearchbishop’sseal，specifiesandsanctionseveryformofingeniouscrueltywhichonehumanbeingcanexerciseuponanother，and，oppositeeachofthesecruelties，thepricewhichtheexecutionerwasauthorizedtoreceiveforadministeringit。Thus，forcuttingofftherighthandsomuch;
fortearingoutthetongue，somuch;fortearingthefleshwithhotpincers，somuch;forburningacriminalalive，somuch;andsoonthroughtwofoliopages。Moreover，Ihadcollecteddetailsofwitchcraftcondemnations，which，duringmorethanacentury，wentonattherateofmorethanathousandayearinGermanyalone，andnotonlyprintedbooksbuttheoriginalmanuscriptdepositionstakenfromthevictimsinthetorture—chamber。OfthesewerethetrialpapersofDietrichFlade，whohadbeen，towardtheendofthesixteenthcentury，oneofthemosteminentmenineasternGermany，chiefjusticeoftheprovinceandrectoroftheUniversityofTreves。Havingventuredtothinkwitchcraftadelusion，hewasputontrialbythearchbishop，tortureduntilinhisagonyheacknowledgedeveryimpossiblethingsuggestedtohim，andfinallystrangledandburned。Inhiscase，asinvariousothers，Ihavetheipsissimaverbaoftheaccusersandaccused:
theoriginalreportinthehandwritingofthescribewhowaspresentatthetortureandwrotedownthequestionsofthejudgesandtheanswersoftheprisoner。
OnthismaterialIbasedashortcourseoflectureson"TheEvolutionofHumanityinCriminalLaw，"andhaveoftenthoughtofthrowingtheseintotheformofasmallbooktobecalled"TheWarfareofHumanitywithUnreason";butthiswillprobablyremainamereproject。Imentionithere，hopingthatsomeotherperson，withmoreleisure，willsomedayproperlypresentthesefactsasbearingontheclaimsoftheologiansandecclesiasticstodirecteducationandcontrolthought。
Ofthisperiod，too，weresundryprojectsforspecialmonographs。
Thus，duringvariousvisitstoFlorence，Iplannedahistoryofthatcity。IthadinterestedmeinmystudentdaysduringmyreadingofSismondi’s"HistoryoftheItalianRepublics，"andonresumingmystudiesinthatfielditseemedtomethatahistoryofFlorencemightbemade，mostvaried，interesting，andinstructive。Itwouldembrace，ofcourse，amostremarkableperiodofpoliticaldevelopment——thegrowthofamediaevalrepublicoutofearlyanarchyandtyranny;someofthemostcuriousexperimentsingovernmentevermade;themostwonderful，perhaps，ofallgrowthsinart，literature，andscience;andthefinalsupremacyofamonarchy，bringingmanyinterestingresults，yetgivingsometerriblewarnings。ButthemoreIreadthemoreI
sawthattowritesuchahistoryamanmustrelinquisheverythingelse，andsoitwasgivenup。So，too，duringvarioussojournsatVenicemyoldinterestinFatherPaulSarpi，whichhadbeenarous...完整阅读请扫描二维码下载丁香书院APP免费看：