Nowitwasindeed，inthemidstofferociousattacksuponhisreputationandcunningattemptsuponhislife，thatheenteredanewandmosteffectiveperiodofactivity。Foryears，astheadviserofVenice，hehadstudied，bothasahistorianandasastatesman，thegreatestquestionswhichconcernedhiscountry，andespeciallythosewhichrelatedtothepersistenteffortsoftheVaticantoencroachuponVenetianself—government。TheresultsofthesestudieshehadembodiedinreportswhichhadshapedthecourseoftheRepublic;andnow，hislearningandpowersofthoughtbeingbroughttobearuponthepolicyofEuropeingeneral，asaffectedbysimilarpapalencroachments，hebeganpublishingaseriesoftreatises，whichatonceattractedgeneralattention。[1]
[1]Fortheextenttowhichtheseattackswerecarried，seethelargenumberintheSarpicollectionattheCornellUniversityLibrary，especiallyvolumeix。
Firstofthese，in1608，camehisworkontheInterdict。Clearlyandconciselyitrevealedthenatureoftherecentstruggle，thebaselessnessoftheVaticanclaims，andthesolidarityofinterestbetweenVeniceandallotherEuropeanstatesregardingthequestionthereinsettled。Thisworkofhisasahistorianclenchedhisworkasastatesman;fromthatdayforwardnonationhasevenbeenseriouslythreatenedwithaninterdict。
Subsidiaryworksfollowedrapidlyfromhispen，strengtheningthecivilpoweragainsttheclerical;butin1610cameatreatise，whichmarkedanepoch，——hisHistoryofEcclesiasticalBenefices。[2]Inthishedealtwithaproblemwhichhadbecomeveryserious，notonlyinVenice，butineveryEuropeanstate，showedtheprocessbywhichvasttreasureshadbeentakenfromthecontrolofthecivilpowerandheapedupforecclesiasticalpompandintrigue，pointedoutspecialwrongsdonebythesystemtotheChurchaswellastheState，andadvocatedareformwhichshouldrestorethiswealthtobetteruses。Hisargumentsspreadwidelyandsankdeep，notonlyinItaly，butthroughoutEurope，andthenineteenthcenturyhasseenthemappliedeffectivelyineveryEuropeancountrywithintheRomanobedience。
[2]TheoldEnglishtranslationofthisbook，publishedin1736
atWestminster，isbynomeansaveryrarebook，anditaffordsthegeneralreaderperhapsthemostaccessiblemeansofunderstandingFraPaolo’ssimplicity，thoroughness，andvigor。
In1611hepublishedhisworkontheInquisitionatVenice，presentinghistoricalargumentsagainsttheuseswhichecclesiasticism，underpapalguidance，hadmadeofthattribunal。
Theseargumentsspreadfar，anddevelopedthroughoutEuropethoseviewsoftheInquisitionwhichfinallyledtoitsdestruction。
Minortreatisesfollowed，dealingwithstatequestionsarisingbetweentheVaticanandVenice，eachtreatise——thoroughlywellreasonedandconvincing——havingastrongeffectonthediscussionofsimilarpublicquestionsineveryotherEuropeannation。
In1613cametwobooksofahighorder，eachmarkinganepoch。
ThefirstofthesewasupontheRightofSanctuary，andinitSarpiledtheway，whichallmodernstateshavefollowed，outoftheold，vicioussystemofsanctioningcrimebyshelteringcriminals。ThecogencyofhisargumentandthevalueofitsapplicationgainedforhimanespecialtributebythebestauthorityonsuchquestionswhomEuropehadseen，——HugoGrotius。
CloselyconnectedwiththisworkwasthatupontheImmunityoftheClergy。Boththisandthepreviousworkwereinthesameorderofideas，andthesecondfastenedintotheEuropeanmindthereasonswhynostatecandependupontheChurchforthepunishmentofclericalcriminals。HisargumentwasatriumphantvindicationofVeniceinherstrugglewithPaulVonthispoint;
butitwasmorethanthat。Itbecamethepracticalguideofallmodernstates。ItsargumentsdissipatedthelasteffortsthroughoutEuropetomakeadistinction，incriminalmatters，betweenthepriestlycasteandtheworldingeneral。
Amonglessertreatiseswhichfollowedisonewhichhasdonemuchtoshapemodernpolicyregardingpublicinstruction。ThiswashisbookupontheEducationgivenbytheJesuits。Oneideawhichitenforcedsankdeepintothemindsofallthoughtfulmen，——hisstatementthatJesuitmaximsdevelop"sonsdisobedienttotheirparents，citizensunfaithfultotheircountry，andsubjectsundutifultotheirsovereign。"Jesuiteducationhasindeedbeenmaintained，andevidencesofitmaybeseeninvariousEuropeancountries。ThetravelerinItalyconstantlyseesinthelargerItaliantownslonglinesofyoungmenandboys，sallow，thin，andlistless，walkingtwoandtwo，withpriestsateachendofthecoffle。Thesearestudentstakingtheirexercise，andanAmericanorEnglishmanmarvelsasherememberstheplayingfieldsofhisowncountry。Youtharethusbroughtupasmilksops，tobegraduatedasscape—graces。Thestrongmenwhocontrolpublicaffairs，wholeadmenandoriginatemeasuresintheopen，arenotbredinJesuitforcing—houses。EventheJesuitsthemselveshaveacknowledgedthis，andperhapsthestrongestofallargumentssupplementarytothosegivenbyFatherPaulwereutteredbyPadreCurci，eminentinhisdayasaJesuitgladiator，butwhorealizedfinallytheimpossibilityofaccomplishinggreatthingswithmenmouldedbyJesuitmethods。
AlltheseworkstookstrongholduponEuropeanthought。LeadingmeninallpartsofEuroperecognizedSarpiasbothagreatstatesmanandagreathistorian。AmonghisEnglishfriendsweresuchmenasLordBaconandSirHenryWotton;andhispraiseshavebeensoundedbyGrotius，byGibbon，byHallam，andbyMacaulay。
Strong，lucid，theseworksofFatherPaulhavealwaysbeenespeciallyattractivetothosewhorejoiceintheleadershipofamastermind。
Butin1619camethemostimportantofall，——aservicetohumanityhardlylessstrikingthanthatwhichhehadrenderedinhisbattleagainsttheInterdict，——hishistoryoftheCouncilofTrent。
Hiscloserelationstosomanyoftheforemostmenofhisdayandhislongstudyinpublicarchivesandprivatelibrariesborefruitinthiswork，whichtakesrankamongthefewgreat，enduringhistoricaltreatisesoftheworld。Throughout，itisvigorousandwitty，butatthesametimeprofound;everywhereitbearsevidencesoftruthfulnessandispervadedbysobrietyofjudgment。Itspicturesoftheeffortsorthreatsbyrepresentativesofvariousgreatpowerstobreakawayfromthepapacyandestablishnationalchurches;itspresentationoftheargumentsofanti—papaloratorsononesideandofLaynezandhissatellitesontheother;itsdisplayofactsandrevelationsofpretexts;itspenetrationintothewholenetworkofintrigue，anditsthoroughdiscussionofunderlyingprinciples，——allaremasterly。
Thoughthenameoftheauthorwasconcealedinananagram，thebookwasfelt，bytheVaticanparty，tobeablowwhichonlyonemancouldhavedealt，andtheworstblowwhichthepartyhadreceivedsinceitsauthorhaddefeatedtheInterdictatVenice。
Effortsweremade，byoutcriesandcalumnies，todiscreditthework，andtheyhavebeencontinuedfromthatdaytothis，butinvain。Thattheremustbesomegapsandmanyimperfectionsinitiscertain;butitsgeneralcharacterisbeyondthereachofultramontaneweapons。TheblowwasfelttobesoheavythattheJesuitPallaviciniwasempoweredtowriteahistoryoftheCounciltocounterbalanceit，andhisworkwaswelldone;butRanke，themostunprejudicedofjudges，comparingthetwo，assignsthepalmtoFatherPaul。HisbookwasimmediatelyspreadthroughoutEurope;butofallthetranslations，perhapsthemostnoteworthywastheEnglish。Sarpihadentrustedacopyoftheoriginaltohisfriend，AntoniodeDominis，ArchbishopofSpalato，andhe，havingtakenrefugeinEngland，hadittranslatedthere，theauthorshipbeingascribedonthetitle—pageto"PietroSoavePolano。"ThisEnglishtranslationwas，invigorandpith，worthyoftheoriginal。Initcanbediscerned，asclearlyasintheoriginal，thatatmosphereofintrigueandbrutalassertionofpowerbywhichtheRomanCuria，afterpackingtheCouncilwithpettyItalianbishops，badedefiancetotheCatholicworld。Thistranslation，morethanallelse，hasenabledtheEnglish—speakingpeoplestounderstandwhatwasmeantbytheItalianhistorianwhenhesaidthatFatherPaul"taughttheworldhowtheHolySpiritguidestheGreatCouncilsoftheChurch。"Itremainscogentdowntothisday;afterreadingitonefeelsthatsuchguidancemightequallybeclaimedforTammanyHall。
AlthoughFatherPaulneveracknowledgedtheauthorshipofthehistoryoftheCouncilofTrent，andalthoughhisoriginalcopy，preparedforthepress，withhislatestcorrections，stillremainsburiedinthearchivesatVenice，thewholeworldknewthathealonecouldhavewrittenit。
Butduringalltheseyears，whileelaboratingopinionsontheweightiestmattersofstatefortheVenetianSenate，andsendingoutthisseriesofbookswhichsopowerfullyinfluencedtheattitudeofhisownandaftergenerationstowardtheVatican，hewasworkingwithgreateffectinyetanotherfield。WiththepossibleexceptionofVoltaire，hewasthemostvigorousandinfluentialletter—writerduringthethreehundredyearswhichseparatedErasmusfromThomasJefferson。Voltairecertainlyspreadhisworkoveralargerfield，lighteditwithmorewit，andgainedbyitmorebrilliantvictories;butasregardsaccuratehistoricalknowledge，closeacquaintancewithstatesmen，familiaritywiththebestandworstwhichstatesmencoulddo，soberjudgmentandcogentargument，thegreatVenetianwashissuperior。Curiouslyenough，SarpiresemblestheAmericanstatesmanmorecloselythaneitheroftheEuropeans。BothheandJeffersonhadtheintensepracticalinterestofstatesmen，notonlyinthewelfareoftheirowncountries，butinallthepoliticalandreligiousproblemsoftheirtimes。Bothwerekeenlyalivetoprogressinthephysicalsciences，wherevermade。Bothwerewonttothrowalightveilofhumoroververyseriousdiscussions。Bothcoulduse，withgreateffect，curt，causticdescription:Jefferson’slettertoGovernorLangdonsatirizingthecrownedheadsofEurope，ashehadseenthem，hasaworthypendantinFraPaolo’spicturesofsundryrepresentativesoftheVatican。Inboththesewriterswasadeepearnestnesswhich，attimes，showeditselfinpropheticutterances。TheamazingprophecyofJeffersonagainstAmericanslavery，beginningwiththewords，"ItremblewhenIrememberthatGodisjust，"which，inthelightofourcivilwar，seemsdivinelyinspired，isparalleledbysomeofSarpi’sutterancesagainsttheunmoraltendenciesofJesuitismandUltramontanism;andthesetooseemdivinelyinspiredasonereadstheminthelightofwhathashappenedsinceinSpain，inSicily，inNaples，inPoland，inIreland，andinsundrySouthAmericanrepublics。
TherangeofSarpi’sfriendlyrelationswasamazing。Theyembracedstatesmen，churchmen，scholars，scientificinvestigators，diplomatistsineverypartofEurope，andamongtheseGalileoandLordBacon，GrotiusandMornay，SalmasiusandCasaubon，DeThouandSirHenryWotton，BishopBedellandVossius，withagreatnumberofothersofnearlyequalrank。
Unfortunatelythegreaterpartofhiscorrespondencehasperished。InthetwosmallvolumescollectedbyPolidori，andinthesmalladditionalvolumeofletterstoSimonContarini，VenetianAmbassadoratRome，unearthedafewyearssinceintheVenetianarchivesbyCastellani，wehaveallthatisknown。Itisbutasmallfractionofhisepistolarywork，butitenablesustoformaclearopinion。ThelettersarewellworthyofthemanwhowrotethehistoryoftheCouncilofTrentandtheprotestofVeniceagainsttheInterdict。
Itistruethattherehasbeenderivedfromtheseletters，byhisopenenemiesononesideandhisdefendersofarathersicklyconscientioussortontheother，onechargeagainsthim:thisisbasedonhisfamousdeclaration，"Iutterfalsehoodnever，butthetruthnottoeveryone。"（"Lafalsitanondicomaimai，malaveritanonaogniuno。"）[1]Consideringhisvastresponsibilitiesasastatesmanandtheterribledangerswhichbesethimasatheologian;thatinthefirstofthesecapacitiestheleastmisstepmightwreckthegreatcausewhichhesupported，andthatinthesecondsuchamisstepmighteasilybringhimtothetorturechamberandthestake，normallyhealthfulmindswilldoubtlessagreethatthecriticismuponthesewordsismorePharisaicthanwholesome。
[1]Forthisfamousutterance，seenotesofconversationsgivenbyChristoph，BurggrafvonDohna，inJuly，1608，inBriefeundActenzurGeschichtedesDreissigjahrigenKrieges，Munchen，1874，p。79。
Sarpiwasnowspokenof，morethanever，bothamongfriendsandfoes，asthe"terribilefrate。"TerribletothemainenemiesofVeniceheindeedwas，andthemachinationsofhisopponentsgrewmoreandmoreserious。Effortstoassassinatehim，topoisonhim，todiscredithim，tolurehimtoRome，oratleastwithinreachoftheInquisition，becamealmostfrantic;butallinvain。HestillcontinuedhisquietlifeatthemonasteryofSantaFosca，publishingfromtimetotimediscussionsofquestionsimportantforVeniceandforEurope，workingsteadilyinthepublicserviceuntilhislasthours。InspiteofhisexcommunicationandofhisfriendshipswithmanyofthemostearnestProtestantsofEurope，heremainedasonofthechurchinwhichhewasborn。Hislifewasshapedinaccordancewithitsgeneralprecepts，andeverydayheheardmass。Sohiscareerquietlyranonuntil，in1623，hemetdeathcalmly，withoutfear，infullrelianceuponthedivinejusticeandmercy。HislastwordswereaprayerforVenice。
Hehadfoughtthegoodfight。HehadwonitforVeniceandforhumanity。Forallthis，theRepublichad，inhislateryears，triedtoshowhergratitude，andhehadquietlyandfirmlyrefusedthemaingiftsproposedtohim。Butnowcameanewoutburstofgratefulfeeling。TheRepublicsentnoticeofhisdeathtootherpowersofEuropethroughitsAmbassadorsinthetermsusualatthedeathofroyalpersonages;ineveryway，itshoweditsappreciationofhischaracterandservices，anditcrownedallbyvotinghimapublicmonument。
Hardlywasthedecreeknown，whentheVaticanauthoritiessentnoticethat，shouldanymonumentbeerectedtoSarpi，theywouldanewandpubliclydeclarehimexcommunicateasaheretic。Atthis，theVenetianSenatehesitated，waited，delayed。Wheneverafterwardstheideaofcarryingoutthedecreeforthemonumentwasrevived，theresetinastormofoppositionfromRome。Hatredoftheterriblefriar’smemoryseemedtogrowmoreandmorebitter。Evenrestinthegravewasdeniedhim。Thechurchwherehewasburiedhavingbeendemolished，thequestionaroseastothedispositionofhisbones。Toburytheminsacredgroundoutsidetheoldconventwouldarouseastormofecclesiasticalhostility，withthecertaintyoftheirdispersionanddesecration;itseemedimpossibletosecurethemfrompriestlyhatred:thereforeitwasthathisfriendstookthemfromplacetoplace，sometimesconcealingtheminthewallofachurchhere，sometimesbeneaththepavementofachurchthere，andforatimekeepingtheminasimplewoodenboxattheDucalLibrary。Theplacewherehisremainsrestedbecame，tomostVenetians，unknown。AllthatremainedtoremindtheworldofhisworkwashisportraitintheDucalLibrary，showingthegreatgashmadebytheVaticanassassins。
Timewenton，andgenerationscamewhichseemedtoforgethim。
Stillworse，generationaftergenerationcame，carefullytrainedbyclericalteacherstomisunderstandandhatehim。Buttheseteacherswenttoofar;for，in1771，nearlyonehundredandfiftyyearsafterhisdeath，themonkVaerinigatheredtogether，inapretendedbiography，allthescurrilitieswhichcouldbeimagined，andendeavoredtoburythememoryofthegreatpatriotbeneaththem。Thiswastoomuch。TheoldVenetianspirit，whichhadsolonglaindormant，nowasserteditself:Vaeriniwasimprisonedandhisbooksuppressed。
AquarterofacenturylatertheRepublicfellundertheruleofAustria，andAustria’smosttime—honoredagencyinkeepingdownsubjectpopulationshasalwaysbeenthepriesthood。AgainFatherPaul’smemorywasvirtuallyproscribed，andin1803anotherdesperateattemptwasmadetocoverhimwithinfamy。InthatyearappearedabookentitledTheSecretHistoryoftheLifeofFraPaoloSarpi，anditcontainednotonlyhispretendedbiography，butwhatclaimedtobeSarpi’sownlettersandotherdocumentsshowinghimtobeanadeptinscoundrelismandhypocrisy。ItseditorwasthearchpriestFerraraofMantua;butonthetitle—pageappeared，asthenameofitsauthor，Fontanini，ArchbishopofAncira，agreatlyrespectedprelatewhohaddiednearlyseventyyearsbefore，andtherewasalsostamped，notonlyuponthepreliminary，butuponthefinalpageofthework，theapprovaloftheAustriangovernment。TothiswasaddedapiousmottofromSt。Augustine，andtheapprovalofPiusVIIwasdistinctlyimplied，sincetheworkwasneverplacedupontheIndex，andcouldnothavebeenpublishedatVenice，stampedasitwasandregisteredwiththeprivilegesoftheUniversity，withouttheconsentoftheVatican。
ThememoryofFatherPaulseemedlikelynowtobeoverwhelmed。
TherewasnolongeraRepublicofVenicetoguardthenobletraditionsofhislifeandservice。Thebookwasrecommendedandspreadfarandwidebypreachersandconfessors。
Butatlastcameadayofjudgment。ThedirectoroftheVenetianarchivesdiscoveredandhadthecouragetoannouncethattheworkwasapiousfraudofthevilesttype;thatitwasneverwrittenbyFontanini，butthatitwassimplymadeupoutoftheoldscurrilousworkofVaerini，suppressedoverthirtyyearsbefore。
Astothecorrespondenceservedupassupplementarytothebiography，itwasconcoctedfromlettersalreadypublished，withtheadditionofJesuiticalinterpolationsandofforgeries。[1]
Nowcametheinevitablereaction，andwithittheinevitableincreaseofhatredforAustrianruleandtheinevitablequestion，how，ifthePopeistheinfallibleteacheroftheworldinallmatterspertainingtofaithandmorals，couldhevirtuallyapprovethisbook，andwhydidhenot，byvirtueofhisdivineinerrancy，detectthefraudandplaceitscondemnationupontheIndex。Theonlylastingeffectofthebook，then，wastorevivethememoryofFatherPaul’sgreatdeedsandtoarouseVenetianprideinthem。Thefearfulscaronhisfaceintheportraitspokemoreeloquentlythanever，andsoitwasthat，earlyinthenineteenthcentury，manymenofinfluencejoinedinproposingasuitableandfinalintermentforthepoorbones，whichhadseventimesbeenburiedandreburied，andwhichhadsolongbeenkeptinthesordidboxattheDucalLibrary。TheonefittingplaceofburialwasthecemeteryofSanMichele。Tothatbeautifulisland，soneartheheartofVenice，had，formanyyears，beenbornetheremainsofleadingVenetians。There，too，inmorerecentdays，havebeenlaidtorestmanyofotherlandswidelyrespectedandbeloved。
[1]Forafullandfairstatementoftheresearcheswhichexposedthispiousfraud，seeCastellani，PrefectoftheLibraryofSt。
Mark，prefacetohisLettereIneditediF。P。S。，p。xvii。FormethodsusedininterpolatingormodifyingpassagesinSarpi’swritings，seeBianchiGiovini，BiografiadiSarpi，Zurigo，1847，vol。ii。pp。135，etseq。
Butthesamepersistenthatredwhich，inourownday，grudgedanddelayedduehonorsatthetombsofCopernicusandGalileoamongCatholics，andofHumboldtamongProtestants，wasstillbitteragainstthegreatVenetianscholarandstatesman。ItcouldnotbeforgottenthathehadwrestedfromtheVaticanthemostterribleofitsweapons。Butpatrioticpridewasstrong，andfinallyacompromisewasmade:itwasarrangedthatSarpishouldbeburiedandhonoredathisburialasaneminentmanofscience，andthatnowordshouldbespokenofhismainservicestotheRepublicandtotheworld。Onthisconditionhewasburiedwithsimplehonors。
Soon，however，begananotherchapterofhatred。Therecameapopewhoaddedpersonaltoofficialhostility。GregoryXVI，whoinhisearlierdayshadbeenabbotofthemonasteryofSanMichele，wasindignantthatthefriarwhohadthwartedthepapacyshouldlieburiedintheconventwhichhehimselfhadformerlyruled，andthisfeelingtookshape，first，inviolentspeechesatRome，andnext，inbrutalactsatVenice。ThemonksbrokeandremovedthesimplestoneplacedovertheremainsofFatherPaul，andwhenitwasreplaced，theypersistedindefacingandbreakingit，andwereonlypreventedfromdraggingouthisbones，dishonoringthemandcastingthemintothelagoon，bytheweightofthemassive，strong，well—anchoredsarcophagus，whichthewiseforesightofhisadmirershadprovidedforthem。AtthreedifferentvisitstoVenice，thepresentwritersoughtthespotwheretheywerelaid，andinvain。Atthesecondofthesevisits，hefoundthePatriarchofVenice，underwhoserulevariousoutragesuponSarpi’smemoryhadbeenperpetrated，pontificatinggorgeouslyabouttheGrandPiazza;butathisnextvisittherehadcomeachange。Themonkshaddisappeared。Theirinsultstotheillustriousdeadhadbeenstoppedbylawswhichexpelledthemfromtheirconvent，andthere，littleremovedfromeachotherinthevestibuleandaisleofthegreatchurch，werethetombsofFatherPaulandofthelatePatriarchsidebyside;thegreatpatriot’ssimplegravestonewasnowallowedtorestunbroken。
Bettereventhanthiswasthereactionprovokedbytheseoutburstsofecclesiasticalhatred。Itwasfelt，inVenice，throughoutItaly，andindeedthroughouttheworld，thattheolddecreeforamonumentshouldnowbemadegood。Thefirststepswerehesitating。First，abustofFatherPaulwasplacedamongthoseofgreatVenetiansinthecourtoftheDucalPalace;buttheinscriptionuponitwastimidanddouble—tongued。AnotherbustwasplacedonthePincianHillatRome，amongthoseofthemostrenownedsonsofItaly。Thiswasnotenough:asuitablemonumentmustbeerected。Yetitwasdelayed，timidmendeprecatingthehostilityoftheRomanCourt。Atlast，underthenewItalianmonarchy，thepatrioticmovementbecameirresistible，andthesameimpulsewhicherectedthesplendidstatuetoGiordanoBrunoonthePiazzadeiFioriatRome，——ontheveryspotwherehewasburned，——andwhichadorneditwiththemedallionsofeightothermartyrstoecclesiasticalhatred，erectedin1892，twohundredandseventyyearsafterithadbeendecreed，astatue，hardlylessimposing，toPaoloSarpi，onthePiazzaSantaFoscaatVenice，wherehehadbeenleftfordeadbytheVaticanassassins。Thereitstands，nobleandserene，——amonumentofpatriotismandrightreason，aworthytributetoonewho，amongintellectualprostitutesandsolemnlyconstitutedimpostors，stoodforthasatrueman，thegreatestofhistime，——oneofthegreatestofalltimes，——anhonortoVenice，toItaly，andtohumanity。AndrewD。White。
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ThencamethedeathoftheEmpressFrederick。EvenduringhertragicstrugglewithBismarck，andtheunpopularitywhichbesetherduringmyformerofficialtermatBerlin，shehadbeenkindtomeandmine。Atmypresentationtoherinthosedays，atPotsdam，whenshestoodbythesideofherhusband，afterwardthemostbelovedofemperorssinceMarcusAurelius，sheevidentlyexertedherselftomaketheinterviewpleasanttome。ShetalkedofAmericanartandtheColoradopicturesofMoran，whichshehadseenandadmired;ofGermanartandtheMadonnapaintedbyKnausfortheRussianEmpress，whichMissWolfehadgiventheMetropolitanMuseumatNewYork;andinreplytomycongratulationsuponarecentsuccessfulpublicspeechofhereldestson，astudentatBonn，shehaddwelt，inamotherlyway，uponthedifficultieswhichenvironafuturesovereignatagreatuniversity。Inmorerecentdays，andespeciallyduringtheyearsbeforeherdeath，shehadbeen，athertableinBerlinandathercastleofKronberg，especiallycourteous。Therecomesbacktomepleasantlyakindlyretortofhers。IhadspokentoherofaportraitofGeorgeIIIwhichhadinterestedmeattheoldcastleofHomburgnearlyfortyyearsbefore。Ithadbeensenttohisdaughter，theLandgravineofHesse—Homburg，whohadevidentlywishedtoseeherfather’sfaceasithadreallybecome;foritrepresentedtheKing，notinthegold—laceduniform，notinthetrimwignotinthejauntilytiedqueueofhisofficialportraitsandstatues，butashewas:inconfinement，wretchedanddemented;inaslouchinggown，withafacesadbeyondexpression;
hislong，whitehairfallingaboutitandoverit;ofallportraitsintheworld，savethat，atFlorence，ofCharlesVinhisoldage，thesaddest。So，theconversationdriftinguponGeorgeIIIandupontheoldfeelingbetweentheUnitedStatesandGreatBritain，nowsohappilychanged，Ihappenedtosay，"Itisaremembranceofmine，nowhardtorealize，thatIwasbroughtuptoABHORthememoryofGeorgeIII。"Atthisshesmiledandanswered，"Thatwasveryunjust;forIwasbroughtuptoADORE
thememoryofWashington。"ThenshespokeatlengthregardingthefeelingofherfatherandmothertowardtheUnitedStatesduringourCivilWar，sayingthatagainandagainshehadheardherfatherarguetohermother，QueenVictoria，fortheUnionandagainstslavery。Shediscussedcurrentmattersofworldpoliticswiththestrengthofastatesman;yetnothingcouldbemorewomanlyinthehighestsense。OnmysayingthatIhopedtoseethedaywhenGermany，GreatBritain，andtheUnitedStateswouldstandtogetheringuardingthepeaceoftheworld，shethrewupherhandsandreplied，"Heavengrantit;butyouforgetJapan。"
ThefuneralatPotsdamdwellsinmymindasworthyofher。Therewere，indeed，pompandsplendor，butsubdued，aswasbefitting;
andwhiletheforeignrepresentativesstoodbesidehercoffin，theEmperorspoketome，verysimplyandkindly，ofhissorrowandofmine。Then，tothesoundoffuneralmusicandmuffledchurchbells，he，withtheKingofGreatBritainandmembersoftheirimmediatefamilyjustbehindthefuneralcar，theambassadorsaccompanyingthem，andalongprocessionfollowing，walkedslowlyalongthebroadavenuethroughthatbeautifulforest，until，intheChurchofPeace，shewaslaidbythesideofherhusband，EmperorFredericktheNoble。
CHAPTERXLIII
BERLIN，YALE，OXFORD，ANDST。ANDREWS——1901—1903
DarkestofallhoursduringmyembassywasthatwhichbroughtnewsoftheassassinationofPresidentMcKinley。ItwasontheverydayafterhisgreatspeechatBuffalohadgainedforhimtheadmirationandgoodwilloftheworld。Thencameaweekofanxiety——ofhopealternatingwithfear;Inothopeful:fortherecamebacktomememoriesofPresidentGarfield’sassassinationduringmyformerofficialstayinBerlin，andofourhopeagainsthopeduringhisstruggleforlife:allbroughttonaught。LateintheeveningofSeptember14camenewsofthePresident’sdeath——openinganewdepthofsadness;forIhadcomenotmerelytoreverehimasapatriotandadmirehimasastatesman，buttolovehimasaman。FewdayshaveseemedmoreovercastthanthatSundaywhen，atthelittleAmericanchapelinBerlin，ourcolonyheldasimpleserviceofmourning，theimperialministerofforeignaffairsandotherrepresentativesofthegovernmenthavingquietlycometous。ThefeelingoftheGermanpeople——awe，sadness，andevensympathy——wasreal。FormerlytheyhaddislikedanddistrustedthePresidentastheauthoroftheprotectivepolicywhichhadcosttheirindustriessodear;butnow，afterhisdeclarationfavoringreciprocity，——withhisfullrecognitionofthebrotherhoodofnations，——andinviewofthiscalamity，sosudden，sodistressing，therehadcomearevulsionoffeeling。
ToseeonewhomIsohonored，andwhohadformerlybeensogreatlymisrepresented，atlastrecognizedasagreatandtruemanwas，atleast，asolace。
Atthisperiodcametheculminationofacuriousepisodeinmyofficialcareer。DuringthewarinChinatheChineseministeratBerlin，Lu—Hai—Houan，feelinghimselfcutofffromrelationswiththegovernmenttowhichhewasaccredited，and，indeed，withalltheotherpowersofEurope，hadcomeatvarioustimestome，andwithhim，fortunately，camehisembassycounselor，Dr。Kreyer，whomIhadpreviouslyknownatBerlinandSt。Petersburgasathoughtfulman，deeplyanxiousforthewelfareofChina，andappreciativeoftheUnitedStates，wherehehadreceivedhiseducation。Theministerwasakindlyoldmandarinofhighrank，genial，gentle，evidentlystrugglinghardagainstthedepressioncausedbythemisfortunesofhiscountry，andseekingsomelittlelight，if，perchance，anywastobeobtained。Inhisvisitstome，andatmyreturnvisitstohim，thewholeconditionofthingsinChinawasfreelyandfullydiscussed，andneverhaveIexertedmyselfmoretogiveusefuladvice。First，IinsisteduponthenecessityofamendsforthefearfulwrongdonebyChinatoothernations，andthenpresentedmyviewofthebestwayofdevelopinginhiscountryacivilizationstrongenoughtoresisthostileforces，exteriorandinterior。AstodealingswiththeChristianmissionaries，againstwhomheshowednofanaticalspirit，butwho，ashethought，hadmisunderstoodChinaanddonemuchharm，I
soughttoshowhimthatthepresumptionwasintheirfavor，butthatiftheChineseGovernmentultimatelycametothedecisionthattheirstayinChinawasincompatiblewiththesafetyofthenation，itscoursewassimple:thatonnoaccountwasittokillorinjureanyofthemoroftheirconverts;thatwhile，inmyview，itwouldbewisetoarrangefortheircontinuanceinChinaunderproperregulation，still，thatiftheymustbeexpelled，itshouldbedoneinthemostkindlyandconsiderateway，andwithdueindemnityforanylossestowhichtheymightbesubjected。Ofcourse，therewasnodenyingthat，underthesimplestprinciplesofinternationallaw，Chinahastherightatanymomenttoshutitsdoorsagainst，ortoexpel，anypeoplewhateverwhomitmayconsiderdangerousorinjurious——thispowerbeingconstantlyexercisedbyalltheothernationsoftheearth，andbynonemorethanbytheAmericanGovernment，assomanyChineseseekingentrancetoourportshavediscovered;butagainandagainI
warnedhimthatthis，ifitwereeverdoneatall，mustbedonewithoutharshnessandwithproperindemnities，andthatanyreturntothecrueltiesofthepastwouldprobablyendinthedividingupofmaritimeChinaamongthegreatpowersoftheworld。Astothebuildingupofthenation，Ilaidstressontheestablishmentofinstitutionsfortechnicalinstruction;andtookpainstocallhisattentiontowhathadbeendoneintheUnitedStatesandbyvariousEuropeangovernmentsinthisrespect。Heseemedfavorablyimpressedbythis，butdweltonwhatheconsideredthefanaticismofsundryChinesesupportersoftechnicaleducationagainsttheoldChineseclassicalinstruction。HereIsuggestedtohimasystemwhichmightsavewhatwasgoodintheoldmodeofinstruction:namely，thecontinuanceofthebestoftheoldclassicaltraining，butgivingalsohighranktomodernstudies。
WealsotalkedoverthebeginningofabetterdevelopmentoftheChinesearmyandnavy，ofbettersystemsoftaxation，andofthenationsfromwhichgoodexamplesandcompetentinstructionmightbedrawninthesevariousfields。CuriouswashissuggestionofapossibleamalgamationofChinesemoralviewswiththereligiouscreedsofthewesternworld。HeobservedthatChristianityseemedtobeweak，mainly，onthemoralside，andhesuggested，atsomelength，acombinationoftheChristianreligionwiththeConfucianmorality。Interestingwasittohearhim，asaConfucian，dwellontheserviceswhichmightthusberenderedtocivilization。Therewasasimple，kindlyshrewdnessintheman，andapersonaldignitywhichwasproofagainsttheterriblemisfortuneswhichhadbesethiscountry。Againandagainhevisitedme，alwayswishingtodiscusssomenewphaseofthequestionsatissue。Icouldonlyhopethat，ashewasabouttoreturntoChina，someoftheideasbroughtoutinourconversationsmightprovefruitful。OneresultoftherelationthusformedwasthatwhenPrinceChun，thebrotheroftheEmperorofChina，cametomakeapologybeforethethroneoftheEmperorWilliam，hecalleduponme。UnfortunatelyIwasout，but，returninghisvisit，Imethim，and，whatwasmoretothepurpose，thedignitariesofhissuite，someofwhominterestedmemuch;andIwasgladofachance，throughthem，toimpresssomeoftheideasbroughtoutinmypreviousconversationswiththeminister。IcannotsaythatIindulgedinanystronghopesasregardstheprincehimself;but，notingthecounselorswhosurroundedhim，andtheirhandlingofthequestionsatissue，I
formedmorehopefortheconservationofChinaasagreatandbeneficentpowerthanIhadeverhadbefore。
Tothissucceededanepisodeofaverydifferentsort。ForsometimeMr。AndrewCarnegiehaddonemethehonortolistentoadviceofmineregardingsomeofhisintendedbenefactionsinScotland，theUnitedStates，andelsewhere。Isawandfeltthegreatpossibilitiesforgoodinvolvedwhensonobleaheart，soshrewdahead，sogenerousahandhadcommandofoneofthemostcolossalfortuneseveratthedisposalofahumanbeing;andthebrightpurposesandplansrevealedinhislettersshonethroughthecloudsofthatmournfulsummer。Soitwasthat，onmyjourneytoAmerica，madenecessarybythesuddendeathofmyson，I
acceptedMr。Carnegie’sinvitationtovisithimathiscastleofSkibointheextremenorthofScotland。Verystriking，duringthetwodays’journeyfromLondontoEdinburgh，andfromEdinburghtoBonar，weretheevidencesofmourningforPresidentMcKinleyineverycity，village，andhamlet。Itseemednaturalthat，inthelargetownsandongreatpublicbuildings，flagsathalf—mastandinmourningshouldshowasenseofthecalamitywhichhadbefallenasisternation;butwhatappealedtomemostwerethedrapedandhalf—mastedflagsonthetowersofthelittlecountrychurchesandcottages。Neverbeforeinthehistoryofanytwocountrieshadsuchevidencesofbrotherlyfeelingbeenshown。
ThankGod！brotherlyfeelinghadconquereddemagogism。