CHAPTERV。
FromtheArrivaloftheFleetatRiodeJaneiro，tillitsDeparturefortheCapeofGoodHope;withsomeRemarksontheBrazils。
BrazilisacountryveryimperfectlyknowninEurope。ThePortugueze，frompoliticalmotives，havebeensparingintheiraccountsofit。
Whenceourdescriptionsofit，inthegeographicalpublicationsinEngland，aredrawn，Iknownot:thattheyaremiserablyerroneousanddefective，iscertain。
ThecityofSt。Sebastianstandsonthewestsideoftheharbour，inalowunhealthysituation，surroundedonallsidesbyhills，whichstopthefreecirculationofair，andsubjectitsinhabitantstointermittentsandputriddiseases。Itisofconsiderableextent:Mr。CookmakesitaslargeasLiverpool;butLiverpool，in1767，whenMr。Cookwrote，wasnottwo—thirdsofitspresentsize。PerhapsitequalsChester，orExeter，intheshareofgrounditoccupies，andisinfinitelymorepopulousthaneitherofthem。
Thestreetsintersecteachotheratrightangles，aretolerablywellbuilt，andexcellentlypaved，aboundingwithshopsofeverykind，inwhichthewantsofastranger，ifmoneyisnotoneofthem，canhardlyremainunsatisfied。
Aboutthecentreofthecity，andatalittledistancefromthebeach，thePalaceoftheViceroystands，along，lowbuilding，nowiseremarkableinitsexteriorappearance;thoughwithinaresomespaciousandhandsomeapartments。Thechurchesandconventsarenumerous，andrichlydecorated;
hardlyanightpasseswithoutsomeofthelatterbeingilluminatedinhonouroftheirpatronsaints，whichhasaverybrillianteffectwhenviewedfromthewater，andwasatfirstmistakenbyusforpublicrejoicings。
AtthecornerofalmosteverystreetstandsalittleimageoftheVirgin，stuckroundwithlightsinanevening，beforewhichpassengersfrequentlystoptoprayandsingveryloudly。Indeed，theheighttowhichreligiouszealiscarriedinthisplace，cannotfailofcreatingastonishmentinastranger。
Thegreatestpartoftheinhabitantsseemtohavenootheroccupation，thanthatofpayingvisitsandgoingtochurch，atwhichtimesyouseethemsallyforthrichlydressed，enchapeaubras，withtheappendagesofabagforthehair，andasmallsword:evenboysofsixyearsoldareseenparadingabout，furnishedwiththeseindispensablerequisites。Exceptwhenattheirdevotions，itisnoteasytogetasightofthewomen，andwhenobtained，thecomparisonsdrawnbyatraveller，latelyarrivedfromEngland，arelittleflatteringtoPortuguezebeauty。Injustice，however，totheladiesofSt。Sebastian，Imustobserve，thatthecustomofthrowingnosegaysatstrangers，forthepurposeofbringingonanassignation，whichDoctorSolander，andanothergentlemanofMr。Cook’sship，metwithwhenhere，wasneverseenbyanyofusinasingleinstance。Weweresodeplorablyunfortunateastowalkeveryeveningbeforetheirwindowsandbalconies，withoutbeinghonouredwithasinglebouquet，thoughnymphsandflowerswereinequalandgreatabundance。
Amongotherpublicbuildings，Ihadalmostforgottomentionanobservatory，whichstandsnearthemiddleofthetown，andistolerablywellfurnishedwithastronomicalinstruments。Duringourstayhere，someSpanishandPortuguesemathematicianswereendeavouringtodeterminetheboundariesoftheterritoriesbelongingtotheirrespectivecrowns。Unhappily，however，forthecauseofscience，thesegentlemanhavenothithertobeenabletocoincideintheiraccounts，sothatverylittleinformationonthishead，tobedependedupon，couldbegained。Howfarpoliticalmotivesmayhavecausedthisdisagreement，Idonotpresumetodecide;thoughitdeservesnotice，thatthePortugueseaccusetheAbbeedelaCaille，whoobservedherebyorderoftheKingofFrance，ofhavinglaiddownthelongitudeofthisplaceforty—fivemilestoomuchtotheeastward。
Untiltheyear1770，alltheflourinthesettlementwasbroughtfromEurope;
butsincethattimetheinhabitantshavemadesorapidaprogressinraisinggrain，astobeabletosupplythemselveswithitabundantly。
TheprincipalcorncountryliesaroundRioGrande，inthelatitudeof32degsouth，wherewheatflourishessoluxuriantly，astoyieldfromseventytoeightybushelsforone。Coffeealso，whichtheyformerlyreceivedfromPortugal，nowgrowsinsuchplentyastoenablethemtoexportconsiderablequantitiesofit。Butthestaplecommodityofthecountryissugar。Thattheyhavenot，however，learnttheartofmakingpalatablerum，theEnglishtroopsinNewSouthWalescanbeartestimony;alargequantity，veryillflavoured，havingbeenboughtandshippedherefortheuseofthegarrisonofPortJackson。
Itwasin1771thatSt。Salvador，whichhadformorethanacenturybeenthecapitalofBrazil，ceasedtobeso;andthattheseatofGovernmentwasremovedtoSt。Sebastian。Thechangetookplaceonaccountofthecolonialwar，atthattimecarriedonbytheCourtsofLisbonandMadrid。
And，indeed，weretheobjectofsecurityalonetodeterminetheseatofGovernment，IknowbutfewplacesbettersituatedinthatrespectthantheoneIamdescribing;thenaturalstrengthofthecountry，joinedtothedifficultieswhichwouldattendanattackonthefortifications，beingsuchastorenderitveryformidable。
ItmaybepresumedthatthePortugueseGovernmentiswellapprizedofthiscircumstanceandofthelittlerisquetheyruninbeingdeprivedofsoimportantapossession，elseitwillnotbeeasytopenetratethereasonswhichinducethemtotreatthetroopswhocomposethegarrisonwithsuchcruelnegligence。Theirregimentswereorderedoutwithapromiseofbeingrelieved，andsentbacktoEuropeattheendofthreeyears，inconformitytowhichtheysettledalltheirdomesticarrangements。
ButthefaithofGovernmenthasbeenbroken，andattheexpirationoftwentyyears，allthatislefttotheremnantoftheseunfortunatemen，istosufferinsubmissivesilence。IwasoneeveningwalkingwithaPortugueseofficer，whenthissubjectwasstarted，andonmytellinghim，thatsuchabreachofpublichonourtoEnglishtroopswouldbecomeasubjectofparliamentaryenquiry，heseizedmyhandwithgreateagerness，"Ah，Sir！"
exclaimedhe，"yoursisafreecountry——we"！————Hisemotionsspokewhathistonguerefused。
AsIammentioningthearmy，Icannothelpobserving，thatIsawnothingheretoconfirmtheremarkofMr。Cook，thattheinhabitantsoftheplace，whenevertheymeetanofficerofthegarrison，bowtohimwiththegreatestobsequiousness;andbyomittingsuchaceremony，wouldsubjectthemselvestobeknockeddown，thoughtheotherseldomdeignstoreturnthecompliment。
Theinterchangeofcivilitiesisgeneralbetweenthem，andseemsbynomeansextorted。Thepeoplewhocouldsubmittosuchinsolentsuperiority，would，indeed，deservetobetreatedasslaves。
Thepoliceofthecityisverygood。Soldierspatrolethestreetsfrequently，andriotsareseldomheardof。Thedreadfulcustomofstabbing，frommotivesofprivateresentment，isnearlyatanend，sincethechurchhasceasedtoaffordanasylumtomurderers。Inotherrespects，theprogressofimprovementappearsslow，andfetteredbyobstaclesalmostinsurmountable，whosebanefulinfluencewillcontinue，untilamoreenlightenedsystemofpolicyshallbeadopted。Frommorningtonighttheearsofastrangeraregreetedbythetinklingoftheconventbells，andhiseyessalutedbyprocessionsofdevotees，whoseadorationandlevityseemtokeepequalpace，andsucceedeachotherinturns。"Doyouwanttomakeyoursonsickofsoldiering？ShewhimtheTrainbandsofLondononafield—day。"
LethimwhowouldwishtogivehissonadistastetoPopery，pointouttohimthesloth，theignorance，andthebigotryofthisplace。
Beingnearlyreadytodepartbythe1stofSeptember，asmanyofficersaspossiblewentonthatdaytothepalacetotakeleaveofhisExcellency，theViceroyoftheBrazils，towhomwehadbeenpreviouslyintroduced;
whoonthis，andeveryotheroccasion，waspleasedtohonouruswiththemostdistinguishedmarksofregardandattention。Somepart，indeed，ofthenumerousindulgenciesweexperiencedduringourstayhere，mustdoubtlessbeattributedtothehighrespectinwhichthePortugueseheldGovernorPhillip，whowasformanyyearsacaptainintheirnavy，andcommandedashipofwaronthisstation:inconsequenceofwhich，manyprivilegeswereextendedtous，veryunusualtobegrantedtostrangers。
Wewereallowedthelibertyofmakingshortexcursionsintothecountry，andontheseoccasions，aswellaswhenwalkinginthecity，themortifyingcustomofhavinganofficerofthegarrisonattendinguswasdispensedwithonourleavingournamesandranks，atthetimeoflanding，withtheadjutantofordersatthepalace。Ithappened，however，sometimes，thatthepresenceofamilitarymanwasnecessarytopreventimpositionintheshopkeepers，whofrequentlymadeapracticeofaskingmorefortheirgoodsthantheworthofthem。Inwhichcaseanofficer，whenappliedto，alwaystoldustheusualpriceofthecommoditywiththegreatestreadiness，andadjustedthetermsofthepurchase。
OnthemorningofthefourthofSeptemberweleftRiodeJaneiro，amplyfurnishedwiththegoodthingswhichitshappysoilandclimesoabundantlyproduce。Thefuturevoyagermaywithsecuritydependonthisplaceforlayinginmanypartsofhisstock。Amongthesemaybeenumeratedsugar，coffee，rum，portwine，rice，tapioca，andtobacco，besidesverybeautifulwoodforthepurposesofhouseholdfurniture。
Poultryisnotremarkablycheap，butmaybeprocuredinanyquantity;
asmayhopsatalowrate。Themarketsarewellsuppliedwithbutcher’smeat，andvegetablesofeverysortaretobeprocuredatapricenexttonothing;
theyamsareparticularlyexcellent。Orangesaboundsomuch，astobesoldforsixpenceahundred;andlimesaretobehadontermsequallymoderate。
Bananas，cocoanuts，andguavas，arecommon;butthefewpineapplesbroughttomarketarenotremarkableeitherforflavour，orcheapness。
Besidestheinducementstolayoutmoneyalreadymentioned，thenaturalistmayaddtohiscollectionbyanalmostendlessvarietyofbeautifulbirdsandcuriousinsects，whicharetobeboughtatareasonableprice，wellpreserved，andneatlyassorted。
Ishallclosemyaccountofthisplacebyinformingstrangers，whomaycomehere，thatthePortuguesereckontheirmoneyinrees，animaginarycoin，twentyofwhichmakeasmallcopperpiececalleda’vintin’，andsixteenoftheselasta’petack’。Everypieceismarkedwiththenumberofreesitisworth，sothatamistakecanhardlyhappen。Englishsilvercoinhaslostitsreputationhere，anddollarswillbefoundpreferabletoanyothermoney。
CHAPTERVI。
ThePassagefromtheBrazilstotheCapeofGoodHope;
withanAccountoftheTransactionsoftheFleetthere。
OurpassagefromRiodeJaneirototheCapeofGoodHopewasequallyprosperouswiththatwhichhadprecededit。Westeeredawaytothesouth—east，andlostsightoftheAmericancoastthedayafterourdeparture。
Fromthistimeuntilthe13thofOctober，whenwemadetheCape，nothingremarkableoccurred，exceptthelossofaconvictintheshipIwasonboard，whounfortunatelyfellintothesea，andperishedinspiteofoureffortstosavehim，bycuttingadriftalifebuoyandhoistingoutaboat。
Duringthepassage，aslightdysenteryprevailedinsomeoftheships，butwasinnoinstancemortal。WewereatfirstinclinedtoimputeittothewaterwetookonboardattheBrazils，butastheeffectwasverypartial，someothercausewasmoreprobablytheoccasionofit。
Atseveno’clockintheeveningofthe13thofOctober，wecastanchorinTableBay，andfoundmanyshipsofdifferentnationsintheharbour。
LittlecanbeaddedtothemanyaccountsalreadypublishedoftheCapeofGoodHope，though，ifanopiniononthesubjectmightberisqued，thedescriptionstheycontainaretooflattering。WhencontrastedwithRiodeJaneiro，itcertainlysuffersinthecomparison。Indeedwearrivedatatimeequallyunfavourableforjudgingoftheproduceofthesoilandthetemperofitscultivators，whohadsufferedconsiderablyfromadearththathadhappenedtheprecedingseason，andcreatedageneralscarcity。
Norwasthechagrinofthesedeprivationslessenedbythenewsdailyarrivingoftheconvulsionsthatshooktherepublic，whichcouldnotfailtomakeanimpressionevenonBatavianphlegm。
Asaconsiderablequantityofflour，andtheprincipalpartofthelivestock，whichwastostoreourintendedsettlement，weremeanttobeprocuredhere，GovernorPhilliplostnotimeinwaitingonMynheerVanGraaffe，theDutchGovernor，torequestpermission（accordingtothecustomoftheplace）topurchaseallthatwestoodinneedof。Howfarthedemandextended，Iknownot，norMynheerVanGraaffe’sreasonsforcomplyingwithitinpartonly。Tothisgentleman’spoliticalsentimentsIconfessmyselfastranger;thoughIshoulddohispolitenessandliberalityathisowntableaninjustice，wereInottotakethispublicopportunityofacknowledgingthem;
norcanIresisttheopportunitywhichpresentsitself，toinformmyreaders，inhonorofM。VanGraaffe’shumanity，thathehasmaderepeatedeffortstorecovertheunfortunateremainsofthecrewoftheGrosvenorIndiaman，whichwaswreckedaboutfiveyearsagoonthecoastofCaffraria。
ThisinformationwasgivenmebyColonelGordon，commandantoftheDutchtroopsattheCape，whoseknowledgeoftheinteriorpartsofthiscountrysurpassesthatofanyotherman。AndIamsorrytosaythattheColoneladded，theseunhappypeoplewereirrecoverablylosttotheworldandtheirfriends，bybeingdetainedamongtheCaffres，themostsavagesetofbrutesonearth。
HisExcellencyresidesattheGovernmenthouse，intheEastIndiaCompany’sgarden。Thislastisofconsiderableextent，andisplantedchieflywithvegetablesfortheDutchIndiamenwhichmayhappentotouchattheport。
Someofthewalksareextremelypleasantfromtheshadetheyafford，andthewholegardenisveryneatlykept。Theregularlinesintersectingeachotheratrightangles，inwhichitislaidout，will，nevertheless，affordbutlittlegratificationtoanEnglishman，whohasbeenusedtocontemplatethenaturalstylewhichdistinguishesthepleasuregroundsofhisowncountry。Attheheadofthecentrewalksstandsamenagerie，onwhich，aswellasthegarden，manypompouseulogiumshavebeenpassed，thoughinmyownjudgment，consideringthelocaladvantagespossessedbytheCompany，itispoorlyfurnishedbothwithanimalsandbirds;atyger，azebra，somefineostriches，acassowary，andthelovelycrown—fowl，areamongthemostremarkable。
Thetableland，whichstandsatthebackofthetown，isablackdrearylookingmountain，apparentlyflatattop，andofmorethanelevenhundredyardsinheight。Thegustsofwindwhichblowfromitareviolenttoanexcess，andhaveaveryunpleasanteffect，byraisingthedustinsuchclouds，astorenderstirringoutofdoorsnexttoimpossible。Norcananyprecautionpreventtheinhabitantsfrombeingannoyedbyit，asmuchwithindoorsaswithout。
Atlengththewished—forday，onwhichthenexteffortforreachingtheplaceofourdestinationwastobemade，appeared。Themorningwascalm，butthelandwindgettingupaboutnoon，onthe12thofNovemberweweighedanchor，andsoonleftfarbehindeverysceneofcivilizationandhumanizedmanners，toexplorearemoteandbarbarousland;andplantinitthosehappyarts，whichaloneconstitutethepre—eminenceanddignityofothercountries。
TheliveanimalswetookonboardonthepublicaccountfromtheCape，forstockingourprojectedcolony，were，twobulls，threecows，threehorses，forty—foursheep，andthirty—twohogs，besidesgoats，andaverylargequantityofpoultryofeverykind。Aconsiderableadditiontothiswasmadebytheprivatestocksoftheofficers，whowere，however，underanecessityofcircumscribingtheiroriginalintentionsonthisheadverymuch，fromtheexcessivedearnessofmanyofthearticles。Itwillreadilybebelieved，thatfewofthemilitaryfounditconvenienttopurchasesheep，whenhaytofeedthemcostssixteenshillingsahundredweight。
Theboarding—housesonshore，towhichstrangershaverecourse，aremorereasonablethanmightbeexpected。Foradollarandahalfperdaywewerewelllodged，andpartookofatabletolerablysuppliedintheFrenchstyle。Shouldatraveller’sstockoftearunshort，itisathousandchancestoonethathewillbeabletoreplenishithereatacheaperratethaninEngland。Hemayprocureplentyofarrackandwhitewine;alsoraisins，anddriedfruitsofothersorts。Ifhedislikestoliveataboarding—house，hewillfindthemarketswellstored，andthepriceofbutcher’smeatandvegetablesfarfromexcessive。
Justbeforethesignalforweighingwasmade，aship，underAmericancolours，enteredtheroad，boundfromBoston，fromwhenceshehadsailedonehundredandfortydays，onatradingvoyagetotheEastIndies。
Inherroute，shehadbeenluckyenoughtopickupseveraloftheinferiorofficersandcrewoftheHarcourtEast—Indiaman，whichshiphadbeenwreckedononeoftheCapedeVerdIslands。Themaster，whoappearedtobeamanofsomeinformation，onbeingtoldthedestinationofourfleet，gaveitashisopinion，thatifareceptioncouldbesecured，emigrationswouldtakeplacetoNewSouthWales，notonlyfromtheoldcontinent，butthenewone，wherethespiritofadventureandthirstfornoveltywereexcessive。
CHAPTERVII。
ThePassagefromtheCapeofGoodHopetoBotanyBay。
Wehadhardlyclearedthelandwhenasouth—eastwindsetin，and，exceptatshortintervals，continuedtoblowuntilthe19thofthemonth;
whenwewereinthelatitudeof37deg40minsouth，andbythetime—keeper，inlongitude11deg30mineast，sothatourdistancefromBotanyBayhadincreasednearlyanhundredleaguessinceleavingtheCape。
Asnoappearanceofachangeinourfavourseemedlikelytotakeplace，GovernorPhillipatthistimesignifiedhisintentionofshiftinghispennantfromtheSiriustothe’Supply’，andproceedingonhisvoyagewithoutwaitingfortherestofthefleet，whichwasformedintwodivisions。Thefirstconsistingofthreetransports，knowntobethebestsailors，wasputunderthecommandofaLieutenantofthenavy;andtheremainingthree，withthevictuallers，leftinchargeofCaptainHunter，ofhisMajesty’sshipSirius。Inthelastdivisionwasthevessel，inwhichtheauthorofthisnarrativeserved。Variouscausespreventedtheseparationfromtakingplaceuntilthe25th，whenseveralsawyers，carpenters，blacksmiths，andothermechanics，wereshiftedfromdifferentshipsintothe’Supply’，inordertofacilitatehisExcellency’sintentionofforwardingthenecessarybuildingstobeerectedatBotanyBay，bythetimetherestofthefleetmightbeexpectedtoarrive。LieutenantGovernorRoss，andtheStaffofthemarinebattalion，alsoremovedfromtheSiriusintotheScarboroughtransport，oneoftheshipsofthefirstdivision，inordertoaffordeveryassistancewhichthepublicservicemightreceive，bytheirbeingearlyonthespotonwhichourfutureoperationsweretobeconducted。
Fromthistimeasuccessionoffairwindsandpleasantweathercorrespondedtooureagerdesires，andonthe7thofJanuary，1788，thelongwishedforshoreofVanDiemengratifiedoursight。Wemadethelandattwoo’clockintheafternoon，theveryhourweexpectedtoseeitfromthelunarobservationsofCaptainHunter，whoseaccuracy，asanastronomer，andconductasanofficer，hadinspireduswithequalgratitudeandadmiration。
Aftersolongaconfinement，onaservicesopeculiarlydisgustingandtroublesome，itcannotbematterofsurprisethatwewereoverjoyedatthenearprospectofachangeofscene。Bysunsetwehadpassedbetweentherocks，whichCaptainFurneauxnamedtheMewstoneandSwilly。
TheformerbearsaverycloseresemblancetothelittleislandnearPlymouth，whenceittookitsname:itslatitudeis43deg48minsouth，longitude146deg25mineastofGreenwich。
Inrunningalongshore，wecastmanyananxiouseyetowardstheland，onwhichsomuchofourfuturedestinydepended。Ourdistance，joinedtothehazinessoftheatmosphere，preventedus，however，frombeingabletodiscovermuch。Withourbestglasseswecouldseenothingbuthillsofamoderateheight，cloathedwithtrees，towhichsomelittlepatchesofwhitesandstonegavetheappearanceofbeingcoveredwithsnow。
Manyfireswereobservedonthehillsintheevening。
AsnopersonintheshipIwasonboardhadbeenonthiscoastbefore，weconsultedalittlechart，publishedbySteele，oftheMinories，London，andfoundit，ingeneral，verycorrect;itwouldbemoreso，werenottheMewstonelaiddownattoogreatadistancefromtheland，andoneobjectmadeoftheEddystoneandSwilly，when，infact，theyaredistinct。