首页 >出版文学> Shelley>第4章

第4章

  Thisitwaswhich,inspiteofhisessentiallymoderncharacterasasinger,qualifiedShelleytobethepoetofPrometheusUnbound,foritmadehim,inthetruestsenseoftheword,amythologicalpoet。
  Thischildlikequalityassimilatedhimtothechildlikepeoplesamongwhommythologieshavetheirrise。ThoseNaturemythswhich,accordingtomany,arethebasisofallmythology,arelikewisetheverybasisofShelley'spoetry。Thelarkthatisthegossipofheaven,thewindsthatpluckthegreyfromthebeardsofthebillows,thecloudsthataresnortedfromthesea'sbroadnostril,alltheelementalspiritsofNature,takefromhisverseperpetualincarnationandreincarnation,passinathousandglorioustransmigrationsthroughtheradiantformsofhisimagery。
  Thus,butnotintheWordsworthiansense,heisaveritablepoetofNature。ForwithNaturetheWordsworthianswilladmitnotampering:
  theyexactthedirectinterpretativereproductionofher;thatthepoetshouldfollowherasamistress,notuseherasahandmaid。TosuchfollowingofNature,Shelleyfeltnocall。Hesawinhernotapicturesetforhiscopying,butapalettesetforhisbrush;notahabitationpreparedforhisinhabiting,butaColiseumwhencehemightquarrystonesforhisownpalaces。Eveninhisdescriptivepassagesthedream—characterofhissceneryisnotorious;itisnottheclear,recognisablesceneryofWordsworth,butalandscapethathoversathwarttheheatandhazearisingfromhiscracklingfantasies。ThematerialsforsuchvisionaryEdenshaveevidentlybeenaccumulatedfromdirectexperience,buttheyarerecomposedbyhimintosuchscenesasneverhadmortaleyebeheld。"Don'tyouwishyouhad?"asTurnersaid。TheonejustificationforclassingShelleywiththeLakepoetisthathelovedNaturewithaloveevenmorepassionate,thoughperhapslessprofound。Wordsworth'sNightingaleandStockdovesumsupthecontrastbetweenthetwo,asthoughithadbeenwrittenforsuchapurpose。Shelleyisthe"creatureofebullientheart,"whoSingsasifthegodofwineHadhelpedhimtoavalentine。
  Wordsworth'sisthe—Lovewithquietblending,Slowtobeginandneverending,the"seriousfaithandinwardglee。"
  ButifShelley,insteadofcullingNature,crossedwithitspollentheblossomsofhisownsoul,thatBabyloniangardenishismarvellousandbestapology。ForastoundingfigurativeopulenceheyieldsonlytoShakespeare,andeventoShakespearenotinabsolutefecunditybutinimages。Thesourcesofhisfigurativewealtharespecialised,sourcesofShakespeare'sareuniversal。Itwouldhavebeenasconsciousaneffortforhimtospeakwithoutfigureasitisformostmentospeakwithfigure。Suspendedinthedrippingwellofhisimaginationthecommonestobjectbecomesencrustedwithimagery。HereinagainhedeviatesfromthetrueNaturepoet,thenormalWordsworthtypeofNaturepoet:imagerywastohimnotameremeansofexpression,notevenameremeansofadornment;itwasadelightforitsownsake。
  Andhereinwefindthetrailbywhichwewouldclassifyhim。Hebelongstoaschoolofwhichnotimpossiblyhemayhardlyhavereadaline—theMetaphysicalSchool。ToalargeextentheISwhattheMetaphysicalSchoolshouldhavebeen。Thatschoolwasacertainkindofpoetrytryingforarange。Shelleyistherangefound。
  CrashawandShelleysprangfromthesameseed;butintheonecasetheseedwaschokedwiththorns,intheothercaseitfellongoodground。TheMetaphysicalSchoolwasinitsdirectresultsanabortivemovement,thoughindirectlymuchcameofit—forDrydencameofit。Dryden,toagreaterextentthanis(weimagine)
  generallyperceived,wasCowleysystematised;andCowley,whosankintothearmsofDryden,rosefromthelapofDonne。
  ButthemovementwassoabortivethatfewwillthankusforconnectingwithitthenameofShelley。ThisisbecausetomostpeopletheMetaphysicalSchoolmeansDonne,whereasitoughttomeanCrashaw。Wejudgethedirectionofadevelopmentbyitshighestform,thoughthatformmayhavebeenproducedbutonce,andproducedimperfectly。NowthehighestproductoftheMetaphysicalSchoolwasCrashaw,andCrashawwasaShelleymanque;heneverreachedthePromisedLand,buthehadfervidvisionsofit。TheMetaphysicalSchool,likeShelley,lovedimageryforitsownsake:andhowbeautifulathingthefranktoyingwithimagerymaybe,letTheSkylarkandTheCloudwitness。Itisonlyevilwhenthepoet,onthestraightwaytoafixedobject,lagscontinuallyfromthepathtoplay。Thisiscommendableneitherinpoetnorerrand—boy。TheMetaphysicalSchoolfailed,notbecauseittoyedwithimagery,butbecauseittoyedwithitfrostily。TosportwiththetanglesofNeaera'shairmaybetrivialidlenessorcaressingtenderness,exactlyasyourrelationtoNeaeraisthatofheartlessgallantryoroflove。Soyoumaytoywithimageryinmereintellectualingenuity,andthenyoumightaswellgowriteacrostics:oryoumaytoywithitinraptures,andthenyoumaywriteaSensitivePlant。Infact,theMetaphysicalpoetswhentheywentastraycannotbesaidtohavedoneanythingsodaintyasisimpliedbyTOYINGwithimagery。Theycutitintoshapeswithapairofscissors。FromallsuchdangerShelleywassavedbyhispassionatespontaneity。Notrappingsaretoosplendidfortheswiftsteedsofsunrise。Hissword—hiltmayberoughwithjewels,butitisthehiltofanExcalibur。Histhoughtsscorchthroughallthefoldsofexpression。
  Hisclothofgoldburstsattheflexures,andshowsthenakedpoetry。
  Itisthisgiftofnotmerelyembodyingbutapprehendingeverythinginfigurewhichco—operatestowardscreatinghisrarestcharacteristics,soalmostpreternaturallydevelopedinnootherpoet,namely,hiswell—knownpowertocondensethemosthydrogenicabstraction。Sciencecannoweducethreadsofsuchexquisitetenuitythatonlythefeetofthetiniestinfant—spiderscanascendthem;butupthefilmiestinsubstantialityShelleyrunswithagileease。Tohim,intruth,nothingisabstract。ThedustiestabstractionsStart,andtrembleunderhisfeet,Andblossominpurpleandred。
  Thecoldestmoonofanideariseshaloedthroughhisvaporousimagination。Thedimmest—sparkedchipofaconceptionblazesandscintillatesinthesubtileoxygenofhismind。ThemostwrinkledAEsonofanabstrusenessleapsrosyoutofhisbubblinggenius。InamoreintensifiedsignificationthanitisprobablethatShakespearedreamedof,Shelleygivestoairynothingalocalhabitationandaname。HereafreshhetouchestheMetaphysicalSchool,whoseverytitlewasdrawnfromthishabitualpursuitofabstractions,andwhofailedinthatpursuitfromtheonecauseomnipresentwiththem,becauseinalltheirpoeticsmithytheyhadleftneveraplaceforaforge。Theylaidtheirfancieschillontheanvil。Crashaw,indeed,partiallyanticipatedShelley'ssuccess,andyetfurtherdidalaterpoet,somuchfurtherthatwefinditdifficulttounderstandwhyagenerationthatworshipsShelleyshouldberevivingGray,yetalmostforgetthenameofCollins。Thegeneralityofreaders,whentheyknowhimatall,usuallyknowhimbyhisOdeonthePassions。Inthis,despiteitsbeauty,thereisstillasoupconofformalism,alingeringtraceofpowderfromtheeighteenthcenturyperiwig,dimmingthebrightlocksofpoetry。Onlytheliterarystudentreadsthatlittlemasterpiece,theOdetoEvening,whichsometimesheraldstheShelleianstrain,whileotherpassagesarethesolethingsinthelanguagecomparabletotheminiaturesofIlPenseroso。Crashaw,Collins,Shelley—threericochetsoftheonepebble,threejetsfromthreeboundsoftheonePegasus!Collins'sPity,"witheyesofdewylight,"isnearofkintoShelley'sSleep,"thefilmy—eyed";andthe"shadowytribesofmind"arethelinealprogenitorsof"Thought'scrownedpowers。"