Theyreturnedwithtimorous
　　obedience；andweresalutedwiththeaccountofaheavydebt，of
　　allthelosseswhichtheirdesertionhadoccasioned，thehireof
　　lodgings，thesaleofprovisions，andthevariousexpensesof
　　servantsandstrangerswhoattendedthecourt。^76Afterashort
　　intervalofpeace，andperhapsofauthority，theywereagain
　　banishedbynewtumults，andagainsummonedbytheimperiousor
　　respectfulinvitationofthesenate。Intheseoccasional
　　retreats，theexilesandfugitivesoftheVaticanwereseldom
　　long，orfar，distantfromthemetropolis；butinthebeginning
　　ofthefourteenthcentury，theapostolicthronewastransported，
　　asitmightseemforever，fromtheTybertotheRhone；andthe
　　causeofthetransmigrationmaybededucedfromthefurious
　　contestbetweenBonifacetheEighthandthekingofFrance。^77
　　Thespiritualarmsofexcommunicationandinterdictwererepulsed
　　bytheunionofthethreeestates，andtheprivilegesofthe
　　Gallicanchurch；butthepopewasnotpreparedagainstthecarnal
　　weaponswhichPhiliptheFairhadcouragetoemploy。Asthepope
　　residedatAnagni，withoutthesuspicionofdanger，hispalace
　　andpersonwereassaultedbythreehundredhorse，whohadbeen
　　secretlyleviedbyWilliamofNogaret，aFrenchminister，and
　　SciarraColonna，ofanoblebuthostilefamilyofRome。The
　　cardinalsfled；theinhabitantsofAnagniwereseducedfromtheir
　　allegianceandgratitude；butthedauntlessBoniface，unarmedand
　　alone，seatedhimselfinhischair，andawaited，likethe
　　conscriptfathersofold，theswordsoftheGauls。Nogaret，a
　　foreignadversary，wascontenttoexecutetheordersofhis
　　master:bythedomesticenmityofColonna，hewasinsultedwith
　　wordsandblows；andduringaconfinementofthreedayshislife
　　wasthreatenedbythehardshipswhichtheyinflictedonthe
　　obstinacywhichtheyprovoked。Theirstrangedelaygavetimeand
　　couragetotheadherentsofthechurch，whorescuedhimfrom
　　sacrilegiousviolence；buthisimperioussoulwaswoundedinthe
　　vitalpart；andBonifaceexpiredatRomeinafrenzyofrageand
　　revenge。Hismemoryisstainedwiththeglaringvicesofavarice
　　andpride；norhasthecourageofamartyrpromotedthis
　　ecclesiasticalchampiontothehonorsofasaint；amagnanimous
　　sinner，saythechroniclesofthetimes，whoenteredlikea
　　fox，reignedlikealion，anddiedlikeadog。Hewassucceeded
　　byBenedicttheEleventh，themildestofmankind。Yethe
　　excommunicatedtheimpiousemissariesofPhilip，anddevotedthe
　　cityandpeopleofAnagnibyatremendouscurse，whoseeffects
　　arestillvisibletotheeyesofsuperstition。^78
　　[Footnote76:Romaniautemnonvalentesnecvolentesultrasuam
　　celarecupiditatemgravissimam，contrapapammoverecoeperunt
　　questionem，exigentesabeourgentissimeomniaquaesubierantper
　　ejusabsentiamdamnaetjacturas，videlicetinhispitiis
　　locandis，inmercimoniis，inusuris，inredditibus，in
　　provisionibus，etinaliismodisinnumerabilibus。Quodcum
　　audissetpapa，praecordialiteringemuit，etsecomperiens
　　muscipulatum，&c。，Matt。Paris，p。757。Fortheordinaryhistory
　　ofthepopes，theirlifeanddeath，theirresidenceandabsence，
　　itisenoughtorefertotheecclesiasticalannalists，Spondanus
　　andFleury。]
　　[Footnote77:Besidesthegeneralhistoriansofthechurchof
　　ItalyandofFrance，wepossessavaluabletreatisecomposedbya
　　learnedfriendofThuanus，whichhislastandbesteditorshave
　　publishedintheappendixHistoireparticulieredugrand
　　DifferendentreBonifaceVIIIetPhilippeleBel，parPierredu
　　Puis，tom。vii。P。xi。p。61—82。]
　　[Footnote78:ItisdifficulttoknowwhetherLabattom。iv。p。
　　53—57beinjestorinearnest，whenhesupposesthatAnagni
　　stillfeelstheweightofthiscurse，andthatthecornfields，or
　　vineyards，orolive—trees，areannuallyblastedbyNature，the
　　obsequioushandmaidofthepopes。]
　　ChapterLXIX:StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。
　　PartIV。
　　Afterhisdecease，thetediousandequalsuspenseofthe
　　conclavewasfixedbythedexterityoftheFrenchfaction。A
　　speciousofferwasmadeandaccepted，that，inthetermofforty
　　days，theywouldelectoneofthethreecandidateswhoshouldbe
　　namedbytheiropponents。ThearchbishopofBourdeaux，afurious
　　enemyofhiskingandcountry，wasthefirstonthelist；buthis
　　ambitionwasknown；andhisconscienceobeyedthecallsof
　　fortuneandthecommandsofabenefactor，whohadbeeninformed
　　byaswiftmessengerthatthechoiceofapopewasnowinhis
　　hands。Thetermswereregulatedinaprivateinterview；andwith
　　suchspeedandsecrecywasthebusinesstransacted，thatthe
　　unanimousconclaveapplaudedtheelevationofClementtheFifth。
　　^79Thecardinalsofbothpartiesweresoonastonishedbya
　　summonstoattendhimbeyondtheAlps；fromwhence，astheysoon
　　discovered，theymustneverhopetoreturn。Hewasengaged，by
　　promiseandaffection，toprefertheresidenceofFrance；and，
　　afterdragginghiscourtthroughPoitouandGascony，and
　　devouring，byhisexpense，thecitiesandconventsontheroad，
　　hefinallyreposedatAvignon，^80whichflourishedaboveseventy
　　years^81theseatoftheRomanpontiffandthemetropolisof
　　Christendom。Byland，bysea，bytheRhone，thepositionof
　　Avignonwasonallsidesaccessible；thesouthernprovincesof
　　FrancedonotyieldtoItalyitself；newpalacesaroseforthe
　　accommodationofthepopeandcardinals；andtheartsofluxury
　　weresoonattractedbythetreasuresofthechurch。Theywere
　　alreadypossessedoftheadjacentterritory，theVenaissin
　　county，^82apopulousandfertilespot；andthesovereigntyof
　　Avignonwasafterwardspurchasedfromtheyouthanddistressof
　　Jane，thefirstqueenofNaplesandcountessofProvence，forthe
　　inadequatepriceoffourscorethousandflorins。^83Underthe
　　shadowofaFrenchmonarchy，amidstanobedientpeople，thepopes
　　enjoyedanhonorableandtranquilstate，towhichtheylonghad
　　beenstrangers:butItalydeploredtheirabsence；andRome，in
　　solitudeandpoverty，mightrepentoftheungovernablefreedom
　　whichhaddrivenfromtheVaticanthesuccessorofSt。Peter。
　　Herrepentancewastardyandfruitless:afterthedeathofthe
　　oldmembers，thesacredcollegewasfilledwithFrenchcardinals，
　　^84whobeheldRomeandItalywithabhorrenceandcontempt，and
　　perpetuatedaseriesofnational，andevenprovincial，popes，
　　attachedbythemostindissolubletiestotheirnativecountry。
　　[Footnote79:See，intheChronicleofGiovanniVillani，l。
　　viii。c。63，64，80，inMuratori，tom。xiii。，theimprisonment
　　ofBonifaceVIII。，andtheelectionofClementV。，thelastof
　　which，likemostanecdotes，isembarrassedwithsome
　　difficulties。]
　　[Footnote80:TheoriginallivesoftheeightpopesofAvignon，
　　ClementV。，JohnXXII。，BenedictXI。，ClementVI。，InnocentVI。，
　　UrbanV。，GregoryXI。，andClementVII。，arepublishedbyStephen
　　Baluze，VitaePaparumAvenionensium；Paris，1693，2vols。in
　　4to。，withcopiousandelaboratenotes，andasecondvolumeof
　　actsanddocuments。Withthetruezealofaneditoranda
　　patriot，hedevoutlyjustifiesorexcusesthecharactersofhis
　　countrymen。]
　　[Footnote81:TheexileofAvignoniscomparedbytheItalians
　　withBabylon，andtheBabylonishcaptivity。Suchfurious
　　metaphors，moresuitabletotheardorofPetrarchthantothe
　　judgmentofMuratori，aregravelyrefutedinBaluze'spreface。
　　TheabbedeSadeisdistractedbetweentheloveofPetrarchand
　　ofhiscountry。Yethemodestlypleads，thatmanyofthelocal
　　inconveniencesofAvignonarenowremoved；andmanyofthevices
　　againstwhichthepoetdeclaims，hadbeenimportedwiththeRoman
　　courtbythestrangersofItaly，tom。i。p。23—28。]
　　[Footnote82:ThecomtatVenaissinwascededtothepopesin1273
　　byPhilipIII。kingofFrance，afterhehadinheritedthe
　　dominionsofthecountofThoulouse。Fortyyearsbefore，the
　　heresyofCountRaymondhadgiventhemapretenceofseizure，and
　　theyderivedsomeobscureclaimfromthexithcenturytosome
　　landscitraRhodanum，ValesiiNotitiaGalliarum，p。495，610。
　　Longuerue，DescriptiondelaFrance，tom。i。p。376—381。]
　　[Footnote83:Ifapossessionoffourcenturieswerenotitselfa
　　title，suchobjectionsmightannulthebargain；butthepurchase
　　moneymustberefunded，forindeeditwaspaid。Civitatem
　　Avenionememit……perejusmodivenditionempecuniaredundates，
　　&c。，iidaVitaClement。VI。inBaluz。tom。i。p。272。Muratori，
　　Script。tom。iii。P。ii。p。565。TheonlytemptationforJane
　　andhersecondhusbandwasreadymoney，andwithoutittheycould
　　nothavereturnedtothethroneofNaples。]
　　[Footnote84:ClementVimmediatelypromotedtencardinals，nine
　　FrenchandoneEnglish，Vitaivta，p。63，etBaluz。p。625，&c。
　　In1331，thepoperefusedtwocandidatesrecommendedbytheking
　　ofFrance，quodxx。Cardinales，dequibusxvii。deregnoFraciae
　　originemtraxissenoscunturinmemoratocollegioexistant，
　　Thomassin，Disciplinedel'Eglise，tom。i。p。1281。]
　　Theprogressofindustryhadproducedandenrichedthe
　　Italianrepublics:theaeraoftheirlibertyisthemost
　　flourishingperiodofpopulationandagriculture，ofmanufactures
　　andcommerce；andtheirmechaniclaborsweregraduallyrefined
　　intotheartsofeleganceandgenius。ButthepositionofRome
　　waslessfavorable，theterritorylessfruitful:thecharacterof
　　theinhabitantswasdebasedbyindolenceandelatedbypride；and
　　theyfondlyconceivedthatthetributeofsubjectsmustforever
　　nourishthemetropolisofthechurchandempire。Thisprejudice
　　wasencouragedinsomedegreebytheresortofpilgrimstothe
　　shrinesoftheapostles；andthelastlegacyofthepopes，the
　　institutionoftheholyyear，^85wasnotlessbeneficialtothe
　　peoplethantotheclergy。SincethelossofPalestine，thegift
　　ofplenaryindulgences，whichhadbeenappliedtothecrusades，
　　remainedwithoutanobject；andthemostvaluabletreasureofthe
　　churchwassequesteredaboveeightyearsfrompubliccirculation。
　　AnewchannelwasopenedbythediligenceofBonifacetheEighth，
　　whoreconciledthevicesofambitionandavarice；andthepope
　　hadsufficientlearningtorecollectandrevivetheseculargames
　　whichwerecelebratedinRomeattheconclusionofeverycentury。
　　Tosoundwithoutdangerthedepthofpopularcredulity，asermon
　　wasseasonablypronounced，areportwasartfullyscattered，some
　　agedwitnesseswereproduced；andonthefirstofJanuaryofthe
　　yearthirteenhundred，thechurchofSt。Peterwascrowdedwith
　　thefaithful，whodemandedthecustomaryindulgenceoftheholy
　　time。Thepontiff，whowatchedandirritatedtheirdevout
　　impatience，wassoonpersuadedbyancienttestimonyofthe
　　justiceoftheirclaim；andheproclaimedaplenaryabsolutionto
　　allCatholicswho，inthecourseofthatyear，andatevery
　　similarperiod，shouldrespectfullyvisittheapostolicchurches
　　ofSt。PeterandSt。Paul。Thewelcomesoundwaspropagated
　　throughChristendom；andatfirstfromthenearestprovincesof
　　Italy，andatlengthfromtheremotekingdomsofHungaryand
　　Britain，thehighwayswerethrongedwithaswarmofpilgrimswho
　　soughttoexpiatetheirsinsinajourney，howevercostlyor
　　laborious，whichwasexemptfromtheperilsofmilitaryservice。
　　Allexceptionsofrankorsex，ofageorinfirmity，were
　　forgotteninthecommontransport；andinthestreetsand
　　churchesmanypersonsweretrampledtodeathbytheeagernessof
　　devotion。Thecalculationoftheirnumberscouldnotbeeasynor
　　accurate；andtheyhaveprobablybeenmagnifiedbyadexterous
　　clergy，wellapprisedofthecontagionofexample:yetweare
　　assuredbyajudicioushistorian，whoassistedattheceremony，
　　thatRomewasneverreplenishedwithlessthantwohundred
　　thousandstrangers；andanotherspectatorhasfixedattwo
　　millionsthetotalconcourseoftheyear。Atriflingoblation
　　fromeachindividualwouldaccumulatearoyaltreasure；andtwo
　　priestsstoodnightandday，withrakesintheirhands，to
　　collect，withoutcounting，theheapsofgoldandsilverthatwere
　　pouredonthealtarofSt。Paul。^86Itwasfortunatelyaseason
　　ofpeaceandplenty；andifforagewasscarce，ifinnsand
　　lodgingswereextravagantlydear，aninexhaustiblesupplyof
　　breadandwine，ofmeatandfish，wasprovidedbythepolicyof
　　BonifaceandthevenalhospitalityoftheRomans。Fromacity
　　withouttradeorindustry，allcasualricheswillspeedily
　　evaporate:buttheavariceandenvyofthenextgeneration
　　solicitedClementtheSixth^87toanticipatethedistantperiod
　　ofthecentury。Thegraciouspontiffcompliedwiththeirwishes；
　　affordedRomethispoorconsolationforhisloss；andjustified
　　thechangebythenameandpracticeoftheMosaicJubilee。^88
　　Hissummonswasobeyed；andthenumber，zeal，andliberalityof
　　thepilgrimsdidnotyieldtotheprimitivefestival。Butthey
　　encounteredthetriplescourgeofwar，pestilence，andfamine:
　　manywivesandvirginswereviolatedinthecastlesofItaly；and
　　manystrangerswerepillagedormurderedbythesavageRomans，no
　　longermoderatedbythepresenceoftheirbishops。^89Tothe
　　impatienceofthepopeswemayascribethesuccessivereduction
　　tofifty，thirty—three，andtwenty—fiveyears；althoughthe
　　secondofthesetermsiscommensuratewiththelifeofChrist。
　　Theprofusionofindulgences，therevoltoftheProtestants，and
　　thedeclineofsuperstition，havemuchdiminishedthevalueof
　　thejubilee；yeteventhenineteenthandlastfestivalwasayear
　　ofpleasureandprofittotheRomans；andaphilosophicsmile
　　willnotdisturbthetriumphofthepriestorthehappinessof
　　thepeople。^90
　　[Footnote85:OurprimitiveaccountisfromCardinalJames
　　Caietan，MaximaBibliot。Patrum，tom。xxv。；andIamataloss
　　todeterminewhetherthenephewofBonifaceVIII。beafoolora
　　knave:theuncleisamuchclearercharacter。]
　　[Footnote86:SeeJohnVillanil。viii。c。36inthexiith，and
　　theChroniconAstense，inthexithvolumep。191，192of
　　Muratori'sCollectionPapainnumerabilempecuniamabeisdem
　　accepit，namduoclerici，cumrastris，&c。]
　　[Footnote87:ThetwobullsofBonifaceVIII。andClementVI。are
　　insertedontheCorpusJurisCanonici，Extravagant。Commun。l。v。
　　tit。ixc1，2。]
　　[Footnote88:ThesabbaticyearsandjubileesoftheMosaiclaw，
　　Car。Sigon。deRepublicaHebraeorum，Opp。tom。iv。l。iii。c。
　　14，14，p。151，152，thesuspensionofallcareandlabor，the
　　periodicalreleaseoflands，debts，servitude，&c。，mayseema
　　nobleidea，buttheexecutionwouldbeimpracticableinaprofane
　　republic；andIshouldbegladtolearnthatthisruinous
　　festivalwasobservedbytheJewishpeople。]
　　[Footnote89:SeetheChronicleofMatteoVillani，l。i。c。56，
　　inthexivthvol。ofMuratori，andtheMemoiressurlaViede
　　Petrarque，tom。iii。p。75—89。]
　　[Footnote90:ThesubjectisexhaustedbyM。Chais，aFrench
　　ministerattheHague，inhisLettresHistoriquesetDogmatiques，
　　surlesJubilesetesIndulgences；laHaye，1751，3vols。in
　　12mo。；anelaborateandpleasingwork，hadnottheauthor
　　preferredthecharacterofapolemictothatofaphilosopher。]
　　Inthebeginningoftheeleventhcentury，Italywasexposed
　　tothefeudaltyranny，alikeoppressivetothesovereignandthe
　　people。Therightsofhumannaturewerevindicatedbyher
　　numerousrepublics，whosoonextendedtheirlibertyanddominion
　　fromthecitytotheadjacentcountry。Theswordofthenobles
　　wasbroken；theirslaveswereenfranchised；theircastleswere
　　demolished；theyassumedthehabitsofsocietyandobedience；
　　theirambitionwasconfinedtomunicipalhonors，andinthe
　　proudestaristocracyofVeniceonGenoa，eachpatricianwas
　　subjecttothelaws。^91Butthefeebleanddisorderlygovernment
　　ofRomewasunequaltothetaskofcurbingherrebellioussons，
　　whoscornedtheauthorityofthemagistratewithinandwithout
　　thewalls。Itwasnolongeracivilcontentionbetweenthe
　　noblesandplebeiansforthegovernmentofthestate:thebarons
　　assertedinarmstheirpersonalindependence；theirpalacesand
　　castleswerefortifiedagainstasiege；andtheirprivate
　　quarrelsweremaintainedbythenumbersoftheirvassalsand
　　retainers。Inoriginandaffection，theywerealienstotheir
　　country:^92andagenuineRoman，couldsuchhavebeenproduced，
　　mighthaverenouncedthesehaughtystrangers，whodisdainedthe
　　appellationofcitizens，andproudlystyledthemselvesthe
　　princes，ofRome。^93Afteradarkseriesofrevolutions，all
　　recordsofpedigreewerelost；thedistinctionofsurnameswas
　　abolished；thebloodofthenationswasmingledinathousand
　　channels；andtheGothsandLombards，theGreeksandFranks，the
　　GermansandNormans，hadobtainedthefairestpossessionsby
　　royalbounty，ortheprerogativeofvalor。Theseexamplesmight
　　bereadilypresumed；buttheelevationofaHebrewracetothe
　　rankofsenatorsandconsulsisaneventwithoutaparallelin
　　thelongcaptivityofthesemiserableexiles。^94Inthetimeof
　　LeotheNinth，awealthyandlearnedJewwasconvertedto
　　Christianity，andhonoredathisbaptismwiththenameofhis
　　godfather，thereigningPope。ThezealandcourageofPeterthe
　　sonofLeoweresignalizedinthecauseofGregorytheSeventh，
　　whointrustedhisfaithfuladherentwiththegovernmentof
　　Adrian'smole，thetowerofCrescentius，or，asitisnowcalled，
　　thecastleofSt。Angelo。Boththefatherandthesonwerethe
　　parentsofanumerousprogeny:theirriches，thefruitsofusury，
　　weresharedwiththenoblestfamiliesofthecity；andso
　　extensivewastheiralliance，thatthegrandsonoftheproselyte
　　wasexaltedbytheweightofhiskindredtothethroneofSt。
　　Peter。Amajorityoftheclergyandpeoplesupportedhiscause:
　　hereignedseveralyearsintheVatican；anditisonlythe
　　eloquenceofSt。Bernard，andthefinaltriumphofInnocencethe
　　Second，thathasbrandedAnacletuswiththeepithetofantipope。
　　Afterhisdefeatanddeath，theposterityofLeoisnolonger
　　conspicuous；andnonewillbefoundofthemodernnobles
　　ambitiousofdescendingfromaJewishstock。Itisnotmydesign
　　toenumeratetheRomanfamilieswhichhavefailedatdifferent
　　periods，orthosewhicharecontinuedindifferentdegreesof
　　splendortothepresenttime。^95Theoldconsularlineofthe
　　Frangipanidiscovertheirnameinthegenerousactofbreakingor
　　dividingbreadinatimeoffamine；andsuchbenevolenceismore
　　trulygloriousthantohaveenclosed，withtheiralliesthe
　　Corsi，aspaciousquarterofthecityinthechainsoftheir
　　fortifications；theSavelli，asitshouldseemaSabinerace，
　　havemaintainedtheiroriginaldignity；theobsoletesurnameof
　　theCapizucchiisinscribedonthecoinsofthefirstsenators；
　　theContipreservethehonor，withouttheestate，ofthecounts
　　ofSignia；andtheAnnibaldimusthavebeenveryignorant，or
　　verymodest，iftheyhadnotdescendedfromtheCarthaginian
　　hero。^96
　　[Footnote91:MuratoriDissert。xlvii。allegestheAnnalsof
　　Florence，Padua，Genoa，&c。，theanalogyoftherest，the
　　evidenceofOthoofFrisingen，deGest。Fred。I。l。ii。c。13，
　　andthesubmissionofthemarouisofEste。]
　　[Footnote92:Asearlyastheyear824，theemperorLothaireI。
　　founditexpedienttointerrogatetheRomanpeople，tolearnfrom
　　eachindividualbywhatnationallawhechosetobegoverned。
　　Muratori，Dissertatxxii。]