butthethirteenGenoesegalleys，thathadbeensunkortaken，werecompensatedbyadoublelossoftheallies；offourteenVenetians，tenCatalans，andtwoGreeks；^!andeventhegriefoftheconquerorsexpressedtheassuranceandhabitofmoredecisivevictories。Pisaniconfessedhisdefeat，byretiringintoafortifiedharbor，fromwhence，underthepretextoftheordersofthesenate，hesteeredwithabrokenandflyingsquadronfortheIsleofCandia，andabandonedtohisrivalsthesovereigntyofthesea。Inapublicepistle，^54addressedtothedogeandsenate，Petrarchemployshiseloquencetoreconcilethemaritimepowers，thetwoluminariesofItaly。TheoratorcelebratesthevalorandvictoryoftheGenoese，thefirstofmenintheexerciseofnavalwar:hedropsatearonthemisfortunesoftheirVenetianbrethren；butheexhortsthemtopursuewithfireandswordthebaseandperfidiousGreeks；topurgethemetropolisoftheEastfromtheheresywithwhichitwasinfected。Desertedbytheirfriends，theGreekswereincapableofresistance；andthreemonthsafterthebattle，theemperorCantacuzenesolicitedandsubscribedatreaty，whichforeverbanishedtheVenetiansandCatalans，andgrantedtotheGenoeseamonopolyoftrade，andalmostarightofdominion。TheRomanempireIsmileintranscribingthenamemightsoonhavesunkintoaprovinceofGenoa，iftheambitionoftherepublichadnotbeencheckedbytheruinofherfreedomandnavalpower。AlongcontestofonehundredandthirtyyearswasdeterminedbythetriumphofVenice；
andthefactionsoftheGenoesecompelledthemtoseekfordomesticpeaceundertheprotectionofaforeignlord，thedukeofMilan，ortheFrenchking。Yetthespiritofcommercesurvivedthatofconquest；andthecolonyofPerastillawedthecapitalandnavigatedtheEuxine，tillitwasinvolvedbytheTurksinthefinalservitudeofConstantinopleitself。
[Footnote51:ThesecondwarisdarklytoldbyCantacuzene，l。
iv。c。18，p。24，25，28—32，whowishestodisguisewhathedaresnotdeny。IregretthispartofNic。Gregoras，whichisstillinMs。atParis。
Note:ThispartofNicephorusGregorashasnotbeenprintedintheneweditionoftheByzantineHistorians。TheeditorexpressesahopethatitmaybeundertakenbyHase。IshouldjoinintheregretofGibbon，ifthesebookscontainanyhistoricalinformation:iftheyarebutacontinuationofthecontroversieswhichfillthelastbooksinourpresentcopies，theymayaswellsleeptheireternalsleepinMs。asinprint。—
M。]
[Footnote52:MuratoriAnnalid'Italia，tom。xii。p。144
referstothemostancientChroniclesofVeniceCaresinus，thecontinuatorofAndrewDandulus，tom。xii。p。421，422andGenoa，GeorgeStellaAnnalesGenuenses，tom。xvii。p。1091，1092；bothwhichIhavediligentlyconsultedinhisgreatCollectionoftheHistoriansofItaly。]
[Footnote53:SeetheChronicleofMatteoVillaniofFlorence，l。
ii。c。59，p。145—147，c。74，75，p。156，157，inMuratori'sCollection，tom。]
[Footnote*:Cantacuzenepraisestheirbravery，butimputestheirlossestotheirignoranceoftheseas:theysufferedmorebythebreakersthanbytheenemy，vol。iii。p。224。—M。]
[Footnote!:CantacuzenesaysthattheGenoeselosttwenty—eightshipswiththeircrews；theVenetiansandCatalanssixteen，theImperials，noneCantacuzeneaccusesPisaniofcowardice，innotfollowingupthevictory，anddestroyingtheGenoese。ButPisani'sconduct，andindeedCantacuzene'saccountofthebattle，betraythesuperiorityoftheGenoese—M]
[Footnote54:TheAbbedeSadeMemoiressurlaViedePetrarque，tom。iii。p。257—263translatesthisletter，whichhecopiedfromaMS。inthekingofFrance'slibrary。ThoughaservantofthedukeofMilan，PetrarchpoursforthhisastonishmentandgriefatthedefeatanddespairoftheGenoeseinthefollowingyear，p。323—332。]
ChapterLXIV:Moguls，OttomanTurkds。
PartI。
ConquestsOfZingisKhanAndTheMogulsFromChinaToPoland。—EscapeOfConstantinopleAndTheGreeks。—OriginOfTheOttomanTurksInBithynia。—ReignsAndVictoriesOfOthman，Orchan，AmurathTheFirst，AndBajazetTheFirst。—FoundationAndProgressOfTheTurkishMonarchyInAsiaAndEurope。—DangerOfConstantinopleAndTheGreekEmpire。
Fromthepettyquarrelsofacityandhersuburbs，fromthecowardiceanddiscordofthefallingGreeks，IshallnowascendtothevictoriousTurks；whosedomesticslaverywasennobledbymartialdiscipline，religiousenthusiasm，andtheenergyofthenationalcharacter。TheriseandprogressoftheOttomans，thepresentsovereignsofConstantinople，areconnectedwiththemostimportantscenesofmodernhistory；buttheyarefoundedonapreviousknowledgeofthegreateruptionoftheMogulsandTartars；whoserapidconquestsmaybecomparedwiththeprimitiveconvulsionsofnature，whichhaveagitatedandalteredthesurfaceoftheglobe。Ihavelongsinceassertedmyclaimtointroducethenations，theimmediateorremoteauthorsofthefalloftheRomanempire；norcanIrefusemyselftothoseevents，which，fromtheiruncommonmagnitude，willinterestaphilosophicmindinthehistoryofblood。^1
[Footnote*:Mongolseemstoapproachthenearesttothepropernameofthisrace。TheChinesecallthemMong—kou；theMondchoux，theirneighbors，MonggoorMonggou。TheycalledthemselvesalsoBeda。ThisfactseemstohavebeenprovedbyM。
SchmidtagainsttheFrenchOrientalists。SeeDeBrosset。NoteonLeBeau，tom。xxiip。402。]
[Footnote1:Thereaderisinvitedtoreviewchaptersxxii。toxxvi。，andxxiii。toxxxviii。，themannersofpastoralnations，theconquestsofAttilaandtheHuns，whichwerecomposedatatimewhenIentertainedthewish，ratherthanthehope，ofconcludingmyhistory。]
FromthespacioushighlandsbetweenChina，Siberia，andtheCaspianSea，thetideofemigrationandwarhasrepeatedlybeenpoured。TheseancientseatsoftheHunsandTurkswereoccupiedinthetwelfthcenturybymanypastoraltribes，ofthesamedescentandsimilarmanners，whichwereunitedandledtoconquestbytheformidableZingis。Inhisascenttogreatness，thatBarbarianwhoseprivateappellationwasTemuginhadtrampledonthenecksofhisequals。Hisbirthwasnoble；butitwastheprideofvictory，thattheprinceorpeoplededucedhisseventhancestorfromtheimmaculateconceptionofavirgin。Hisfatherhadreignedoverthirteenhordes，whichcomposedaboutthirtyorfortythousandfamilies:abovetwothirdsrefusedtopaytithesorobediencetohisinfantson；andattheageofthirteen，Temuginfoughtabattleagainsthisrebellioussubjects。ThefutureconquerorofAsiawasreducedtoflyandtoobey；butherosesuperiortohisfortune，andinhisfortiethyearhehadestablishedhisfameanddominionoverthecircumjacenttribes。Inastateofsociety，inwhichpolicyisrudeandvalorisuniversal，theascendantofonemanmustbefoundedonhispowerandresolutiontopunishhisenemiesandrecompensehisfriends。Hisfirstmilitaryleaguewasratifiedbythesimpleritesofsacrificingahorseandtastingofarunningstream:Temuginpledgedhimselftodividewithhisfollowersthesweetsandthebittersoflife；andwhenhehadsharedamongthemhishorsesandapparel，hewasrichintheirgratitudeandhisownhopes。Afterhisfirstvictory，heplacedseventycaldronsonthefire，andseventyofthemostguiltyrebelswerecastheadlongintotheboilingwater。Thesphereofhisattractionwascontinuallyenlargedbytheruinoftheproudandthesubmissionoftheprudent；andtheboldestchieftainsmighttremble，whentheybeheld，enchasedinsilver，theskullofthekhanofKeraites；^2who，underthenameofPresterJohn，hadcorrespondedwiththeRomanpontiffandtheprincesofEurope。
TheambitionofTemugincondescendedtoemploytheartsofsuperstition；anditwasfromanakedprophet，whocouldascendtoheavenonawhitehorse，thatheacceptedthetitleofZingis，^3themostgreat；andadivinerighttotheconquestanddominionoftheearth。Inageneralcouroultai，ordiet，hewasseatedonafelt，whichwaslongafterwardsreveredasarelic，andsolemnlyproclaimedgreatkhan，oremperoroftheMoguls^4
andTartars。^5Ofthesekindred，thoughrival，names，theformerhadgivenbirthtotheimperialrace；andthelatterhasbeenextendedbyaccidentorerroroverthespaciouswildernessofthenorth。
[Footnote*:OnthetraditionsoftheearlylifeofZingis，seeD'Ohson，HistdesMongols；HistoiredesMongols，Paris，1824。
Schmidt，GeschichtedesOst—Mongolen，p。66，&c。，andNotes。—
M。]
[Footnote2:ThekhansoftheKeraitesweremostprobablyincapableofreadingthepompousepistlescomposedintheirnamebytheNestorianmissionaries，whoendowedthemwiththefabulouswondersofanIndiankingdom。PerhapstheseTartarsthePresbyterorPriestJohnhadsubmittedtotheritesofbaptismandordination，Asseman，BibliotOrienttom。iii。p。ii。p。487
—503。]
[Footnote3:SincethehistoryandtragedyofVoltaire，Gengis，atleastinFrench，seemstobethemorefashionablespelling；
butAbulghaziKhanmusthaveknownthetruenameofhisancestor。
Hisetymologyappearsjust:Zin，intheMogultongue，signifiesgreat，andgisisthesuperlativetermination，Hist。
GenealogiquedesTatars，partiii。p。194，195。Fromthesameideaofmagnitude，theappellationofZingisisbestowedontheocean。]
[Footnote4:ThenameofMogulshasprevailedamongtheOrientals，andstilladherestothetitularsovereign，theGreatMogulofHindastan。
Note:M。RemusatsurlesLanguesTartares，p。233justlyobserves，thatTimourwasaTurk，notaMogul，and，p。242，thatprobablytherewasnotMogulinthearmyofBaber，whoestablishedtheIndianthroneofthe"GreatMogul。"—M。]
[Footnote5:TheTartarsmoreproperlyTatarsweredescendedfromTatarKhan，thebrotherofMogulKhan，seeAbulghazi，parti。andii。，andonceformedahordeof70，000familiesonthebordersofKitay，p。103—112。InthegreatinvasionofEuropeA。D。1238theyseemtohaveledthevanguard；andthesimilitudeofthenameofTartarei，recommendedthatofTartarstotheLatins，Matt。Paris，p。398，&c。
Note:Thisrelationship，accordingtoM。Klaproth，isfabulous，andinventedbytheMahometanwriters，who，fromreligiouszeal，endeavoredtoconnectthetraditionsofthenomadsofCentralAsiawiththoseoftheOldTestament，aspreservedintheKoran。ThereisnotraceofitintheChinesewritersdel'Asie，p。156。—M。]
ThecodeoflawswhichZingisdictatedtohissubjectswasadaptedtothepreservationofadomesticpeace，andtheexerciseofforeignhostility。Thepunishmentofdeathwasinflictedonthecrimesofadultery，murder，perjury，andthecapitaltheftsofahorseorox；andthefiercestofmenweremildandjustintheirintercoursewitheachother。Thefutureelectionofthegreatkhanwasvestedintheprincesofhisfamilyandtheheadsofthetribes；andtheregulationsofthechasewereessentialtothepleasuresandplentyofaTartarcamp。Thevictoriousnationwasheldsacredfromallservilelabors，whichwereabandonedtoslavesandstrangers；andeverylaborwasservileexcepttheprofessionofarms。Theserviceanddisciplineofthetroops，whowerearmedwithbows，cimeters，andironmaces，anddividedbyhundreds，thousands，andtenthousands，weretheinstitutionsofaveterancommander。Eachofficerandsoldierwasmaderesponsible，underpainofdeath，forthesafetyandhonorofhiscompanions；andthespiritofconquestbreathedinthelaw，thatpeaceshouldneverbegrantedunlesstoavanquishedandsuppliantenemy。ButitisthereligionofZingisthatbestdeservesourwonderandapplause。TheCatholicinquisitorsofEurope，whodefendednonsensebycruelty，mighthavebeenconfoundedbytheexampleofaBarbarian，whoanticipatedthelessonsofphilosophy，^6andestablishedbyhislawsasystemofpuretheismandperfecttoleration。HisfirstandonlyarticleoffaithwastheexistenceofoneGod，theAuthorofallgood；
whofillsbyhispresencetheheavensandearth，whichhehascreatedbyhispower。TheTartarsandMogulswereaddictedtotheidolsoftheirpeculiartribes；andmanyofthemhadbeenconvertedbytheforeignmissionariestothereligionsofMoses，ofMahomet，andofChrist。Thesevarioussystemsinfreedomandconcordweretaughtandpractisedwithintheprecinctsofthesamecamp；andtheBonze，theImam，theRabbi，theNestorian，andtheLatinpriest，enjoyedthesamehonorableexemptionfromserviceandtribute:inthemosqueofBochara，theinsolentvictormighttrampletheKoranunderhishorse'sfeet，butthecalmlegislatorrespectedtheprophetsandpontiffsofthemosthostilesects。ThereasonofZingiswasnotinformedbybooks:
thekhancouldneitherreadnorwrite；and，exceptthetribeoftheIgours，thegreatestpartoftheMogulsandTartarswereasilliterateastheirsovereign。Thememoryoftheirexploitswaspreservedbytradition:sixty—eightyearsafterthedeathofZingis，thesetraditionswerecollectedandtranscribed；^7thebrevityoftheirdomesticannalsmaybesuppliedbytheChinese，^8Persians，^9Armenians，^10Syrians，^11Arabians，^12Greeks，^13Russians，^14Poles，^15Hungarians，^16andLatins；^17andeachnationwilldeservecreditintherelationoftheirowndisastersanddefeats。^18
[Footnote*:BeforehisarmiesenteredThibet，hesentanembassytoBogdosottnamDsimmo，aLamahighpriest，withalettertothiseffect:"Ihavechosentheeashighpriestformyselfandmyempire。Repairthentome，andpromotethepresentandfuturehappinessofman:Iwillbethysupporterandprotector:letusestablishasystemofreligion，anduniteitwiththemonarchy，"
&c。Thehighpriestacceptedtheinvitation；andtheMongolhistoryliterallytermsthissteptheperiodofthefirstrespectforreligion；becausethemonarch，byhispublicprofession，madeitthereligionofthestate。Klaproth。"TravelsinCaucasus，"
ch。7，Eng。Trans。p。92。NeitherDshingisnorhissonandsuccessorOegodahhad，onaccountoftheircontinualwars，muchleisureforthepropagationofthereligionoftheLama。Byreligiontheyunderstandadistinct，independent，sacredmoralcode，whichhasbutoneorigin，onesource，andoneobject。Thisnotiontheyuniversallypropagate，andevenbelievethatthebrutes，andallcreatedbeings，haveareligionadaptedtotheirsphereofaction。Thedifferentformsofthevariousreligionstheyascribetothedifferenceofindividuals，nations，andlegislators。Neverdoyouhearoftheirinveighingagainstanycreed，evenagainsttheobviouslyabsurdSchamanpaganism，oroftheirpersecutingothersonthataccount。Theythemselves，ontheotherhand，endureeveryhardship，andevenpersecutions，withperfectresignation，andindulgentlyexcusethefolliesofothers，nay，considerthemasamotiveforincreasedarderinprayer，ch。ix。p。109。—M。]
[Footnote6:AsingularconformitymaybefoundbetweenthereligiouslawsofZingisKhanandofMr。Locke，ConstitutionsofCarolina，inhisworks，vol。iv。p。535，4to。edition，1777。]
[Footnote*:SeethenoticeonTha—tha—toung—o，theOuogourministerofTchingis，inAbelRemusat's2dseriesofRecherch。
Asiat。vol。ii。p。61。HetaughtthesonofTchingistowrite:
"HewastheinstructoroftheMogulsinwriting，ofwhichtheywerebeforeignorant；"andhencetheapplicationoftheOuigourcharacterstotheMogullanguagecannotbeplacedearlierthantheyear1204or1205，norsolateasthetimeofPa—sse—pa，wholivedunderKhubilai。Anewalphabet，approachingtothatofThibet，wasintroducedunderKhubilai。—M。]
[Footnote7:Intheyear1294，bythecommandofCazan，khanofPersia，thefourthindescentfromZingis。Fromthesetraditions，hisvizierFadlallahcomposedaMogulhistoryinthePersianlanguage，whichhasbeenusedbyPetitdelaCroix，Hist。deGenghizcan，p。537—539。TheHistoireGenealogiquedesTatarsaLeyde，1726，in12mo。，2tomeswastranslatedbytheSwedishprisonersinSiberiafromtheMogulMS。ofAbulgasiBahadurKhan，adescendantofZingis，whoreignedovertheUsbeksofCharasm，orCarizme，A。D。1644—1663。Heisofmostvalueandcreditforthenames，pedigrees，andmannersofhisnation。
Ofhisnineparts，theistdescendsfromAdamtoMogulKhan；theiid，fromMogultoZingis；theiiidisthelifeofZingis；theivth，vth，vith，andviith，thegeneralhistoryofhisfoursonsandtheirposterity；theviiithandixth，theparticularhistoryofthedescendantsofSheibaniKhan，whoreignedinMaurenaharandCharasm。]
[Footnote8:HistoiredeGentchiscan，etdetoutelaDinastiedesMongoussesSuccesseurs，ConqueransdelaChine；tireedel'HistoiredelaChineparleR。P。Gaubil，delaSocietedeJesus，MissionaireaPeking；aParis，1739，in4to。ThistranslationisstampedwiththeChinesecharacterofdomesticaccuracyandforeignignorance。]
[Footnote9:SeetheHistoireduGrandGenghizcan，premierEmpereurdesMogulsetTartares，parM。PetitdelaCroix，aParis，1710，in12mo。；aworkoftenyears'labor，chieflydrawnfromthePersianwriters，amongwhomNisavi，thesecretaryofSultanGelaleddin，hasthemeritandprejudicesofacontemporary。Aslightairofromanceisthefaultoftheoriginals，orthecompiler。SeelikewisethearticlesofGenghizcan，Mohammed，Gelaleddin，&c。，intheBibliothequeOrientaleofD'Herbelot。
Note:TheprefacetotheHist。desMongols，Paris，1824
givesacatalogueoftheArabicandPersianauthorities。—M。]
[Footnote10:Haithonus，orAithonus，anArmenianprince，andafterwardsamonkofPremontre，Fabric，Bibliot。Lat。MediiAevi，tom。i。p。34，dictatedintheFrenchlanguage，hisbookdeTartaris，hisoldfellow—soldiers。ItwasimmediatelytranslatedintoLatin，andisinsertedintheNovusOrbisofSimonGrynaeus，Basil，1555，infolio。
Note:AprecisattheendoftheneweditionofLeBeau，Hist。desEmpereurs，vol。xvii。，byM。Brosset，giveslargeextractsfromtheaccountsoftheArmenianhistoriansrelatingtotheMogulconquests。—M。]
[Footnote11:ZingisKhan，andhisfirstsuccessors，occupytheconclusionoftheixthDynastyofAbulpharagius，vers。Pocock，Oxon。1663，in4to。；andhisxthDynastyisthatoftheMogulsofPersia。AssemannusBibliot。Orient。tom。ii。hasextractedsomefactsfromhisSyriacwritings，andthelivesoftheJacobitemaphrians，orprimatesoftheEast。]
[Footnote12:AmongtheArabians，inlanguageandreligion，wemaydistinguishAbulfeda，sultanofHamahinSyria，whofoughtinperson，undertheMamalukestandard，againsttheMoguls。]
[Footnote13:NicephorusGregorasl。ii。c。5，6hasfeltthenecessityofconnectingtheScythianandByzantinehistories。HedescribeswithtruthandelegancethesettlementandmannersoftheMogulsofPersia，butheisignorantoftheirorigin，andcorruptsthenamesofZingisandhissons。]
[Footnote14:M。LevesqueHistoiredeRussie，tom。ii。hasdescribedtheconquestofRussiabytheTartars，fromthepatriarchNicon，andtheoldchronicles。]
[Footnote15:ForPoland，IamcontentwiththeSarmatiaAsiaticaetEuropaeaofMatthewaMichou，orDeMichovia，acanonandphysicianofCracow，A。D。1506，insertedintheNovusOrbisofGrynaeus。FabricBibliot。Latin。MediaeetInfimaeAetatis，tom。
v。p。56。]