ASongofSwordsUtopiaofUsurersI。ArtandAdvertisementII。LettersandtheNewLaureatesIII。UnbusinesslikeBusinessIV。TheWaronHolidaysV。TheChurchoftheServileStateVI。ScienceandtheEugenistsVII。TheEvolutionofthePrisonVIII。TheLashforLabourIX。TheMaskofSocialismTheEscapeTheNewRaidTheNewNameAWorkman'sHistoryofEnglandTheFrenchRevolutionandtheIrishLiberalism:ASampleTheFatigueofFleetStreetTheAmnestyforAggressionRevivetheCourtJesterTheArtofMissingthePointTheServileStateAgainTheEmpireoftheIgnorantTheSymbolismofKruppTheTowerofBebelARealDancerTheDregsofPuritanismTheTyrannyofBadJournalismThePoetryoftheRevolutionASONGOFSWORDS
　　"AdroveofcattlecameintoavillagecalledSwords；
　　andwasstoppedbytherioters。"——DailyPaper。
　　IntheplacecalledSwordsontheIrishroadItistoldforanewrenownHowweheldthehornsofthecattle，andhowWewillholdthehornsofthedevilsnowErethelordofhellwiththehornonhisbrowIscrownedinDublintown。
　　LightintheEastandlightintheWest，Andlightonthecruellords，Onthesoulsthatsuddenlyallmenknew，Andthegreenflagflewandtheredflagflew，Andmanyawheeloftheworldstopped，too，WhenthecattlewerestoppedatSwords。
　　BetheysinnersorlessthansaintsThatsmiteinthestreetforrage，Weknowwheretheshameshinesbright；weknowYouthattheysmiteat，youtheirfoe，Lordsofthelawlesswageandlow，Thisisyourlawfulwage。
　　YoupinchedachildtoatorturepriceThatyoudarednotnameinwords；
　　SoblackajestwasthesilverbitThatyourownspeechshookfortheshameofit，AndthecowardwasplainasacowtheyhitWhenthecattlehavestrayedatSwords。
　　ThewheelofthetorrentofwiveswentroundTobreakmen'sbrotherhood；
　　YougavethegoodIrishbloodtogreaseTheclubsofyourcountry'senemies；
　　yousawthebravemanbeattotheknees:
　　Andyousawthatitwasgood。
　　Theropeoftherichislongandlong——
　　Thelongestofhangmen'scords；
　　Butthekingsandcrowdsareholdingtheirbreath，Inagiantshadowo'erallbeneathWhereGodstandsholdingthescalesofDeathBetweenthecattleandSwords。
　　HaplythelordsthathireandlendThelowestofallmen'slords，Whoselltheirkindlikekineatafair，Willfindnoheadoftheircattlethere；
　　Butfacesofmenwherecattlewere:
　　Facesofmen——andSwords。
　　UTOPIAOFUSURERS
　　I。ArtandAdvertisementIpropose，subjecttothepatienceofthereader，todevotetwoorthreearticlestoprophecy。Likeallhealthy-mindedprophets，sacredandprofane，IcanonlyprophesywhenIaminarageandthinkthingslookuglyforeverybody。Andlikeallhealthy-mindedprophets，Iprophesyinthehopethatmyprophecymaynotcometrue。Forthepredictionmadebythetruesoothsayerislikethewarninggivenbyagooddoctor。Andthedoctorhasreallytriumphedwhenthepatienthecondemnedtodeathhasrevivedtolife。Thethreatisjustifiedattheverymomentwhenitisfalsified。NowIhavesaidagainandagainandIshallcontinuetosayagainandagainonallthemostinappropriateoccasionsthatwemusthitCapitalism，andhitithard，fortheplainanddefinitereasonthatitisgrowingstronger。Mostoftheexcuseswhichservethecapitalistsasmasksare，ofcourse，theexcusesofhypocrites。Theyliewhentheyclaimphilanthropy；theynomorefeelanyparticularloveofmenthanAlbufeltanaffectionforChinamen。Theyliewhentheysaytheyhavereachedtheirpositionthroughtheirownorganisingability。Theygenerallyhavetopaymentoorganisethemine，exactlyastheypaymentogodownit。Theyoftenlieaboutthepresentwealth，astheygenerallylieabouttheirpastpoverty。Butwhentheysaythattheyaregoinginfora"constructivesocialpolicy，"theydonotlie。Theyreallyaregoinginforaconstructivesocialpolicy。Andwemustgoinforanequallydestructivesocialpolicy；anddestroy，whileitisstillhalf-constructed，theaccursedthingwhichtheyconstruct。
　　TheExampleoftheArtsNowIproposetotake，oneafteranother，certainaspectsanddepartmentsofmodernlife，anddescribewhatIthinktheywillbelikeinthisparadiseofplutocrats，thisUtopiaofgoldandbrassinwhichthegreatstoryofEnglandseemssolikelytoend。IproposetosaywhatIthinkournewmasters，themeremillionaires，willdowithcertainhumaninterestsandinstitutions，suchasart，science，jurisprudence，orreligion——unlesswestrikesoonenoughtopreventthem。AndforthesakeofargumentIwilltakeinthisarticletheexampleofthearts。
　　Mostpeoplehaveseenapicturecalled"Bubbles，"whichisusedfortheadvertisementofacelebratedsoap，asmallcakeofwhichisintroducedintothepictorialdesign。AndanybodywithaninstinctfordesignthecaricaturistoftheDailyHerald，forinstance，willguessthatitwasnotoriginallyapartofthedesign。Hewillseethatthecakeofsoapdestroysthepictureasapicture；asmuchasifthecakeofsoaphadbeenusedtoScruboffthepaint。Smallasitis，itbreaksandconfusesthewholebalanceofobjectsinthecomposition。IoffernojudgmenthereuponMillais'sactioninthematter；infact，Idonotknowwhatitwas。
　　Theimportantpointformeatthemomentisthatthepicturewasnotpaintedforthesoap，butthesoapaddedtothepicture。AndthespiritofthecorruptingchangewhichhasseparatedusfromthatVictorianepochcanbebestseeninthis:thattheVictorianatmosphere，withallitsfaults，didnotpermitsuchastyleofpatronagetopassasamatterofcourse。MichaelAngelomayhavebeenproudtohavehelpedanemperororapope；though，indeed，Ithinkhewasprouderthantheywereonhisownaccount。IdonotbelieveSirJohnMillaiswasproudofhavinghelpedasoap-boiler。Idonotsayhethoughtitwrong；buthewasnotproudofit。
　　Andthatmarkspreciselythechangefromhistimetoourown。Ourmerchantshavereallyadoptedthestyleofmerchantprinces。TheyhavebegunopenlytodominatethecivilisationoftheState，astheemperorsandpopesopenlydominatedinItaly。InMillais'stime，broadlyspeaking，artwassupposedtomeangoodart；advertisementwassupposedtomeaninferiorart。Theheadofablackman，paintedtoadvertisesomebody'sblacking，couldbearoughsymbol，likeaninnsign。Theblackmanhadonlytobeblackenough。Anartistexhibitingthepictureofanegrowasexpectedtoknowthatablackmanisnotsoblackasheispainted。Hewasexpectedtorenderathousandtintsofgreyandbrownandviolet:forthereisnosuchthingasablackmanjustasthereisnosuchthingasawhiteman。Afairlyclearlineseparatedadvertisementfromart。
　　TheFirstEffectIshouldsaythefirsteffectofthetriumphofthecapitalistifweallowhimtotriumphwillbethatthatlineofdemarcationwillentirelydisappear。Therewillbenoartthatmightnotjustaswellbeadvertisement。Idonotnecessarilymeanthattherewillbenogoodart；
　　muchofitmightbe，muchofitalreadyis，verygoodart。Youmayputit，ifyouplease，intheformthattherehasbeenavastimprovementinadvertisements。CertainlytherewouldbenothingsurprisingiftheheadofanegroadvertisingSomebody'sBlackingnowadays`werefinishedwithascarefulandsubtlecoloursasoneoftheoldandsuperstitiouspainterswouldhavewastedonthenegrokingwhobroughtgiftstoChrist。Buttheimprovementofadvertisementsisthedegradationofartists。Itistheirdegradationforthisclearandvitalreason:thattheartistwillwork，notonlytopleasetherich，butonlytoincreasetheirriches；whichisaconsiderablesteplower。Afterall，itwasasahumanbeingthatapopetookpleasureinacartoonofRaphaeloraprincetookpleasureinastatuetteofCellini。Theprincepaidforthestatuette；buthedidnotexpectthestatuettetopayhim。ItismyimpressionthatnocakeofsoapcanbefoundanywhereinthecartoonswhichthePopeorderedofRaphael。
　　Andnoonewhoknowsthesmall-mindedcynicismofourplutocracy，itssecrecy，itsgamblingspirit，itscontemptofconscience，candoubtthattheartist-advertiserwilloftenbeassistingenterprisesoverwhichhewillhavenomoralcontrol，andofwhichhecouldfeelnomoralapproval。
　　Hewillbeworkingtospreadquackmedicines，queerinvestments；andwillworkforMarconiinsteadofMedici。Andtothisbaseingenuityhewillhavetobendtheproudestandpurestofthevirtuesoftheintellect，thepowertoattracthisbrethren，andthenobledutyofpraise。ForthatpicturebyMillaisisaveryallegoricalpicture。Itisalmostaprophecyofwhatusesareawaitingthebeautyofthechildunborn。Thepraisewillbeofakindthatmaycorrectlybecalledsoap；andtheenterprisesofakindthatmaytrulybedescribedasBubbles。
　　II。LettersandtheNewLaureatesInthesearticlesIonlytaketwoorthreeexamplesofthefirstandfundamentalfactofourtime。Imeanthefactthatthecapitalistsofourcommunityarebecomingquiteopenlythekingsofit。Inmylastandfirstarticle，ItookthecaseofArtandadvertisement。IpointedoutthatArtmustbegrowingworse——merelybecauseadvertisementisgrowingbetter。InthosedaysMillaiscondescendedtoPears'soap，InthesedaysIreallythinkitwouldbePearswhocondescendedtoMillais。ButhereI
　　turntoanartIknowmoreabout，thatofjournalism。Onlyinmyeasetheartvergesonartlessness。
　　ThegreatdifficultywiththeEnglishliesintheabsenceofsomethingonemaycalldemocraticimagination。Wefinditeasytorealiseanindividual，butveryhardtorealisethatthegreatmassesconsistofindividuals。
　　Oursystemhasbeenaristocratic:inthespecialsenseoftherebeingonlyafewactorsonthestage。Andthebacksceneiskeptquitedark，thoughitisreallyathrongoffaces。HomeRuletendedtobenotsomuchtheIrishastheGrandOldMan。TheBoerWartendednottobesomuchSouthAfricaassimply"Joe。"Anditistheamusingbutdistressingfactthateveryclassofpoliticalleadership，asitcomestothefrontinitsturn，catchestheraysofthisisolatinglime-light；andbecomesasmallaristocracy。CertainlynoonehasthearistocraticcomplaintsobadlyastheLabourParty。AttherecentCongress，therealdifferencebetweenLarkinandtheEnglishLabourleaderswasnotsomuchinanythingrightorwronginwhathesaid，asinsomethingelementalandevenmysticalinthewayhesuggestedamob。Butitmustbeplain，eventothosewhoagreewiththemoreofficialpolicy，thatforMr。HavelockWilsontheprincipalquestionwasMr。HavelockWilson；andthatMr。SextonwasmainlyconsideringthedignityandfinefeelingsofMr。Sexton。Youmaysaytheywereassensitiveasaristocrats，orassulkyasbabies；thepointisthatthefeelingwaspersonal。ButLarkin，likeDanton，notonlytalksliketenthousandmentalking，buthealsohassomeofthecarelessnessofthecolossusofArcis；"Quemonnomsoitfletri，quelaFrancesoitlibre。"
　　ADanceofDegradationItisneedlesstosaythatthisrespectingofpersonshasledalltheotherpartiesadanceofdegradation。WeruinSouthAfricabecauseitwouldbeaslightonLordGladstonetosaveSouthAfrica。Wehaveabadarmy，becauseitwouldbeasnubtoLordHaldanetohaveagoodarmy。AndnoToryisallowedtosay"Marconi"forfearMr。Georgeshouldsay"Kynoch。"
　　Butthiscuriouspersonalelement，withitsappallinglackofpatriotism，hasappearedinanewandcuriousforminanotherdepartmentoflife；thedepartmentofliterature，especiallyperiodicalliterature。
　　AndtheformittakesisthenextexampleIshallgiveofthewayinwhichthecapitalistsarenowappearing，moreandmoreopenly，asthemastersandprincesofthecommunity。
　　IwilltakeaVictorianinstancetomarkthechange；asIdidinthecaseoftheadvertisementof"Bubbles。"Itwassaidinmychildhood，bythemoreapoplecticandelderlysortofTory，thatW。E。GladstonewasonlyaFreeTraderbecausehehadapartnershipinGilbey'sforeignwines。Thiswas，nodoubt，nonsense；butithadadimsymbolic，ormainlyprophetic，truthinit。Itwastrue，tosomeextenteventhen，andithasbeenincreasinglytruesince，thatthestatesmanwasoftenanallyofthesalesman；andrepresentednotonlyanationofshopkeepers，butoneparticularshop。ButinGladstone'stime，evenifthiswastrue，itwasneverthewholetruth；andnoonewouldhaveendureditbeingtheadmittedtruth。Thepoliticianwasnotsolelyaneloquentandpersuasivebagmantravellingforcertainbusinessmen；hewasboundtomixevenhiscorruptionwithsomeintelligibleidealsandrulesofpolicy。Andtheproofofitisthis:thatatleastitwasthestatesmanwhobulkedlargeinthepubliceye；andhisfinancialbackerwasentirelyinthebackground。
　　Oldgentlemenmightchokeovertheirport，withthemoralcertaintythatthePrimeMinisterhadsharesinawinemerchant's。ButtheoldgentlemanwouldhavediedonthespotifthewinemerchanthadreallybeenmadeasimportantasthePrimeMinister。IfithadbeenSirWalterGilbeywhomDisraelidenounced，orPunchcaricatured；ifSirWalterGilbey'sfavouritecollarswiththedesignofwhichIamunacquaintedhadgrownaslargeasthewingsofanarchangel；ifSirWalterGilbeyhadbeencreditedwithsuccessfullyeliminatingtheBritishOakwithhislittlehatchet；if，neartheTempleandtheCourtsofJustice，oursightwasstruckbyamajesticstatueofawinemerchant；oriftheearnestConservativeladywhothrewagingerbread-nutatthePremierhaddirectedittowardsthewinemerchantinstead，theshocktoVictorianEnglandwouldhavebeenverygreatindeed。
　　HaloesforEmployersNowsomethingverylikethatishappening；themerewealthyemployerisbeginningtohavenotonlythepowerbutsomeoftheglory。Ihaveseeninseveralmagazineslately，andmagazinesofahighclass，theappearanceofanewkindofarticle。Literarymenarebeingemployedtopraiseabigbusinessmanpersonally，asmenusedtopraiseaking。Theynotonlyfindpoliticalreasonsforthecommercialschemes——thattheyhavedoneforsometimepast——theyalsofindmoraldefencesforthecommercialschemers。
　　Theydescribethecapitalist'sbrainofsteelandheartofgoldinawaythatEnglishmenhithertohavebeenatleastinthehabitofreservingforromanticfigureslikeGaribaldiorGordon。InoneexcellentmagazineMr。
　　T。P。O'Connor，who，whenhelikes，canwriteonletterslikeamanofletters，hassomepurplepagesofpraiseofSirJosephLyons——themanwhorunsthoseteashopplaces。HeincidentallybroughtinadelightfulpassageaboutthebeautifulsoulspossessedbysomepeoplecalledSalmonandGluckstein。IthinkIlikebestthepassagewherehesaidthatLyons'scharmingsocialacaccomplishmentsincludedatalentfor"imitatingaJew。"Thearticleisaccompaniedwithalargeandsomewhatleeringportraitofthatshopkeeper，whichmakestheparlour-trickinquestionparticularlyastonishing。Anotherliteraryman，whocertainlyoughttoknowbetter，wroteinanotherpaperapieceofhero-worshipaboutMr。
　　Selfridge。Nodoubtthefashionwillspread，andtheartofwords，aspolishedandpointedbyRuskinorMeredith，willbeperfectedyetfurthertoexplorethelabyrinthineheartofHarrod；orcomparethesimplestoicismofMarshallwiththesaintlycharmofSnelgrove。
　　Anymancanbepraised——andrightlypraised。Ifheonlystandsontwolegshedoessomethingacowcannotdo。Ifarichmancanmanagetostandontwolegsforareasonabletime，itiscalledself-control。Ifhehasonlyoneleg，itiscalledwithsometruthself-sacrifice。IcouldsaysomethingniceandtrueabouteverymanIhaveevermet。Therefore，I
　　donotdoubtIcouldfindsomethingniceaboutLyonsorSelfridgeifI
　　searchedforit。ButIshallnot。Thenearestpostmanorcab-manwillprovidemewithjustthesamebrainofsteelandheartofgoldastheseunluckyluckymen。ButIdoresentthewholeageofpatronagebeingrevivedundersuchabsurdpatrons；andallpoetsbecomingcourtpoets，underkingsthathavetakennooath，norledusintoanybattle。
　　III。UnbusinesslikeBusinessThefairytaleswewerealltaughtdidnot，likethehistorywewerealltaught，consistentirelyoflies。Partsofthetaleof"PussinBoots"or"JackandtheBeanstalk"maystriketherealisticeyeasalittleunlikelyandoutofthecommonway，sotospeak；buttheycontainsomeverysolidandverypracticaltruths。Forinstance，itmaybenotedthatbothin"PussinBoots"and"JackandtheBeanstalk"ifIrememberaright，theogrewasnotonlyanogrebutalsoamagician。Anditwillgenerallybefoundthatinallsuchpopularnarratives，theking，ifheisawickedking，isgenerallyalsoawizard。Nowthereisaveryvitalhumantruthenshrinedinthis。Badgovernment，likegoodgovernment，isaspiritualthing。Eventhetyrantneverrulesbyforcealone；butmostlybyfairytales。Andsoitiswiththemoderntyrant，thegreatemployer。Thesightofamillionaireisseldom，intheordinarysense，anenchantingsight:nevertheless，heisinhiswayanenchanter。Astheysayinthegushingarticlesabouthiminthemagazines，heisafascinatingpersonality。Soisasnake。Atleastheisfascinatingtorabbits；andsoisthemillionairetotherabbit-wittedsortofpeoplethatladiesandgentlemenhaveallowedthemselvestobecome。Hedoes，inamanner，castaspell，suchasthatwhichimprisonedprincesandprincessesundertheshapesoffalconsorstags。Hehastrulyturnedmenintosheep，asCirceturnedthemintoswine。
　　Now，thechiefofthefairytales，bywhichhegainsthisgloryandglamour，isacertainhazyassociationhehasmanagedtocreatebetweentheideaofbignessandtheideaofpracticality。Numbersoftherabbit-wittedladiesandgentlemendoreallythink，inspiteofthemselvesandtheirexperience，thatsolongasashophashundredsofdifferentdoorsandagreatmanyhotandunhealthyundergrounddepartmentstheymustbehot；thisisveryimportant，andmorepeoplethanwouldbeneededforaman-of-war，orcrowdedcathedral，tosay:"Thisway，madam，"and"Thenextarticle，sir，"itfollowsthatthegoodsaregood。Inshort，theyholdthatthebigbusinessesarebusinesslike。Theyarenot。Anyhousekeeperinatruthfulmood，thatistosay，anyhousekeeperinabadtemper，willtellyouthattheyarenot。Buthousekeepers，too，arehuman，andthereforeinconsistentandcomplex；andtheydonotalwayssticktotruthandbadtemper。Theyarealsoaffectedbythisqueeridolatryoftheenormousandelaborate；andcannothelpfeelingthatanythingsocomplicatedmustgolikeclockwork。Butcomplexityisnoguaranteeofaccuracy——inclockworkorinanythingelse。Aclockcanbeaswrongasthehumanhead；andaclockcanstop，assuddenlyasthehumanheart。
　　Butthisstrangepoetryofplutocracyprevailsoverpeopleagainsttheirverysenses。YouwritetooneofthegreatLondonstoresoremporia，asking，letussay，foranumbrella。Amonthortwoafterwardsyoureceiveaveryelaboratelyconstructedparcel，containingabrokenparasol。
　　Youareverypleased。Youaregratifiedtoreflectonwhatavastnumberofassistantsandemployeeshadcombinedtobreakthatparasol。
　　Youluxuriateinthememoryofallthoselongroomsanddepartmentsandwonderinwhichofthemtheparasolthatyouneverorderedwasbroken。OryouwantatoyelephantforyourchildonChristmasDay；aschildren，likeallniceandhealthypeople，areveryritualistic。SomeweekorsoafterTwelfthNight，letussay，youhavethepleasureofremovingthreelayersofpasteboards，fivelayersofbrownpaper，andfifteenlayersoftissuepaperanddiscoveringthefragmentsofanartificialcrocodile。Yousmileinanexpansivespirit。Youfeelthatyoursoulhasbeenbroadenedbythevisionofincompetenceconductedonsolargeascale。YouadmireallthemorethecolossalandOmnipresentBrainoftheOrganiserofIndustry，whoamidallhismultitudinouscaresdidnotdisdaintorememberhisdutyofsmashingeventhesmallesttoyofthesmallestchild。Or，supposingyouhaveaskedhimtosendyousometworollsofcocoa-nutmatting:andsupposingafteradueintervalforreflectionhedulydeliverstoyouthefiverollsofwirenetting。Youtakepleasureintheconsiderationofamystery:whichcoarsemindsmighthavecalledamistake。Itconsolesyoutoknowhowbigthebusinessis:andwhatanenormousnumberofpeoplewereneededtomakesuchamistake。
　　Thatistheromancethathasbeentoldaboutthebigshops；intheliteratureandartwhichtheyhavebought，andwhichasIsaidinmyrecentarticleswillsoonbequiteindistinguishablefromtheirordinaryadvertisements。Theliteratureiscommercial；anditisonlyfairtosaythatthecommerceisoftenreallyliterary。Itisnoromance，butonlyrubbish。
　　Thebigcommercialconcernsofto-dayarequiteexceptionallyincompetent。
　　Theywillbeevenmoreincompetentwhentheyareomnipotent。Indeed，thatis，andalwayshasbeen，thewholepointofamonopoly；theoldandsoundargumentagainstamonopoly。Itisonlybecauseitisincompetentthatithastobeomnipotent。Whenonelargeshopoccupiesthewholeofonesideofastreetorsometimesbothsides，itdoessoinorderthatmenmaybeunabletogetwhattheywant；andmaybeforcedtobuywhattheydon'twant。ThattherapidlyapproachingkingdomoftheCapitalistswillruinartandletters，Ihavealreadysaid。Isayherethatintheonlysensethatcanbecalledhuman，itwillruintrade，too。
　　IwillnotletChristmasgoby，evenwhenwritingforarevolutionarypapernecessarilyappealingtomanywithnoneofmyreligioussympathies，withoutappealingtothosesympathies。IknewamanwhosenttoagreatrichshopforafigureforagroupofBethlehem。Itarrivedbroken。I
　　thinkthatisexactlyallthatbusinessmenhavenowthesensetodo。
　　IV。TheWaronHolidaysThegeneralproposition，notalwayseasytodefineexhaustively，thatthereignofthecapitalistwillbethereignofthecad——thatis，oftheunlickedtypethatisneitherthecitizennorthegentleman——canbeexcellentlystudiedinitsattitudetowardsholidays。ThespecialemblematicEmployerofto-day，especiallytheModelEmployerwhoistheworstsorthasinhisstarvedandevilheartasincerehatredofholidays。
　　Idonotmeanthathenecessarilywantsallhisworkmentoworkuntiltheydrop；thatonlyoccurswhenhehappenstobestupidaswellaswicked。
　　Idonotmeantosaythatheisnecessarilyunwillingtograntwhathewouldcall"decenthoursoflabour。"Hemaytreatmenlikedirt；butifyouwanttomakemoney，evenoutofdirt，youmustletitliefallowbysomerotationofrest。Hemaytreatmenasdogs，butunlessheisalunatichewillforcertainperiodsletsleepingdogslie。
　　Buthumaneandreasonablehoursforlabourhavenothingwhatevertodowiththeideaofholidays。Itisnotevenaquestionoftenhoursdayandeight-hoursday；itisnotaquestionofcuttingdownleisuretothespacenecessaryforfood，sleepandexercise。Ifthemodernemployercametotheconclusion，forsomereasonorother，thathecouldgetmostoutofhismenbyworkingthemhardforonlytwohoursaday，hiswholementalattitudewouldstillbeforeignandhostiletoholidays。Forhiswholementalattitudeisthatthepassivetimeandtheactivetimearealikeusefulforhimandhisbusiness。Allis，indeed，gristthatcomestohismill，includingthemillers。Hisslavesstillservehiminunconsciousness，asdogsstillhuntinslumber。Hisgristisgroundnotonlybythesoundingwheelsofiron，butbythesoundlesswheelofbloodandbrain。Hissacksarestillfillingsilentlywhenthedoorsareshutonthestreetsandthesoundofthegrindingislow。
　　TheGreatHolidayNowaholidayhasnoconnectionwithusingamaneitherbybeatingorfeedinghim。Whenyougiveamanaholidayyougivehimbackhisbodyandsoul。Itisquitepossibleyoumaybedoinghimaninjurythoughheseldomthinksso，butthatdoesnotaffectthequestionforthosetowhomaholidayisholy。Immortalityisthegreatholiday；andaholiday，liketheimmortalityintheoldtheologies，isadouble-edgedprivilege。Butwhereveritisgenuineitissimplytherestorationandcompletionoftheman。Ifpeopleeverlookedattheprintedwordundertheireye，theword"recreation"wouldbeliketheword"resurrection，"theblastofatrumpet。
　　Aman，beingmerelyuseful，isnecessarilyincomplete，especiallyifhebeamodernmanandmeansbybeingusefulbeing"utilitarian。"Amangoingintoamodernclubgivesuphishat；amangoingintoamodernfactorygivesuphishead。Hethengoesinandworksloyallyfortheoldfirmtobuildupthegreatfabricofcommercewhichcanbedonewithoutahead，butwhenhehasdoneworkhegoestothecloak-room，likethemanattheclub，andgetshisheadbackagain；thatisthegermoftheholiday。Itmaybeurgedthattheclubmanwholeaveshishatoftengoesawaywithanotherhat；andperhapsitmaybethesamewiththefactoryhandwhohaslefthishead。Ahandthathaslostitsheadmayaffectthefastidiousasamixedmetaphor；but，Godpardonusall，whatanunmixedtruth!Wecouldalmostprovethewholeeasefromthehabitofcallinghumanbeingsmerely"hands"whiletheyareworking；asifthehandwerehorriblycutoff，likethehandthathasoffended；asif，whilethesinnerenteredheavenmaimed，hisunhappyhandstilllabouredlayinguprichesforthelordsofhell。
　　Buttoreturntothemanwhomwefoundwaitingforhisheadinthecloak-room。Itmaybeurged，wesay，thathemighttakethewronghead，likethewronghat；butherethesimilarityceases。Forithasbeenobservedbybenevolentonlookersatlife'sdramathatthehattakenawaybymistakeisfrequentlybetterthantherealhat；whereastheheadtakenawayafterthehoursoftoiliscertainlyworse:stainedwiththecobwebsanddustofthisdustbinofallthecenturies。
　　TheSupremeAdventureAllthewordsdedicatedtoplacesofeatinganddrinkingarepureandpoeticwords。Eventheword"hotel"isthewordhospital。AndSt。Julien，whoseclaretIdrankthisChristmas，wasthepatronsaintofinnkeepers，becauseasfarasIcanmakeouthewashospitabletolepers。NowIdonotsaythattheordinaryhotel-keeperinPiccadillyortheAvenuedel'Operawouldembracealeper，slaphimontheback，andaskhimtoorderwhatheliked；butIdosaythathospitalityishistradevirtue。AndI
　　doalsosayitiswelltokeepbeforeoureyesthesupremeadventureofavirtue。Ifyouarebrave，thinkofthemanwhowasbraverthanyou。Ifyouarekind，thinkofthemanwhowaskinderthanyou。
　　Thatiswhatwasmeantbyhavingapatronsaint。Thatisthelinkbetweenthepoorsaintwhoreceivedbodilylepersandthegreathotelproprietorwhoasarulereceivesspirituallepers。Butawordyetweakerthan"hotel"illustratesthesamepoint——theword"restaurant。"Thereagainyouhavetheadmissionthatthereisadefinitebuildingorstatueto"restore"；thatineffaceableimageofmanthatsomecalltheimageofGod。
　　Andthatistheholiday；itistherestaurantorrestoringthingthat，byablastofmagic，turnsamanintohimself。
　　Thiscompleteandreconstructedmanisthenightmareofthemoderncapitalist。HiswholeschemewouldcrackacrosslikeamirrorofShallot，ifonceaplainmanwerereadyforhistwoplainduties——readytoliveandreadytodie。Andthathorrorofholidayswhichmarksthemoderncapitalistisverylargelyahorrorofthevisionofawholehumanbeing:
　　somethingthatisnota"hand"ora"headforfigutes。"Butanawfulcreaturewhohasmethimselfinthewilderness。Theemployerswillgivetimetoeat，timetosleep；theyareinterrorofatimetothink。
　　Toanyonewhoknowsanyhistoryitiswhollyneedlesstosaythatholidayshavebeendestroyed。AsMr。Belloc，whoknowsmuchmorehistorythanyouorI，recentlypointedoutinthe"PallMallMagazine，"Shakespeare'stitleof"TwelfthNight:orWhatYouWill"simplymeantthatawintercarnivalforeverybodywentonwildlytillthetwelfthnightafterChristmas。Thoseofmyreaderswhoworkformodernofficesorfactoriesmightasktheiremployersfortwelvedays'holidaysafterChristmas。Andtheymightletmeknowthereply。
　　V。THECHURCHOFTHESERVILESTATE
　　IconfessIcannotseewhymereblasphemybyitselfshouldbeanexcusefortyrannyandtreason；orhowthemereisolatedfactofamannotbelievinginGodshouldbeareasonformybelievinginHim。
　　ButtheratherspinsterishflutteramongsomeoftheoldFreethinkershasputonetinyrippleoftruthinit；andthataffectstheideawhichIwishtoemphasiseeventomonotonyinthesepages。Imeantheideathatthenewcommunitywhichthecapitalistsarenowconstructingwillbeaverycompleteandabsolutecommunity；andonewhichwilltoleratenothingreallyindependentofitself。Now，itistruethatanypositivecreed，trueorfalse，wouldtendtobeindependentofitself。ItmightbeRomanCatholicismorMahomedanismorMaterialism；but，ifstronglyheld，itwouldbeathorninthesideoftheServileState。TheMoslemthinksallmenimmortal:theMaterialistthinksallmenmortal。ButtheMoslemdoesnotthinktherichSinbadwillliveforever；butthepoorSinbadwilldieonhisdeathbed。TheMaterialistdoesnotthinkthatMr。Haeckelwillgotoheaven，whileallthepeasantswillgotopot，liketheirchickens。
　　Ineveryseriousdoctrineofthedestinyofmen，thereissometraceofthedoctrineoftheequalityofmen。Butthecapitalistreallydependsonsomereligionofinequality。Thecapitalistmustsomehowdistinguishhimselffromhumankind；hemustbeobviouslyaboveit——orhewouldbeobviouslybelowit。Takeeventheleastattractiveandpopularsideofthelargerreligionsto-day；takethemerevetoesimposedbyIslamonAtheismorCatholicism。TheMoslemvetouponintoxicantscutsacrossallclasses。ButitisabsolutelynecessaryforthecapitalistwhopresidesataLicensingCommittee，andalsoatalargedinner，itisabsolutelynecessaryforhim，tomakeadistinctionbetweenginandchampagne。TheAtheistvetouponallmiraclescutsacrossallclasses。ButitisabsolutelynecessaryforthecapitalisttomakeadistinctionbetweenhiswifewhoisanaristocratandconsultscrystalgazersandstargazersintheWestEnd，andvulgarmiraclesclaimedbygipsiesortravellingshowmen。TheCatholicvetouponusury，asdefinedindogmaticcouncils，cutsacrossallclasses。Butitisabsolutelynecessarytothecapitalisttodistinguishmoredelicatelybetweentwokindsofusury；thekindhefindsusefulandthekindhedoesnotfinduseful。ThereligionoftheServileStatemusthavenodogmasordefinitions。Itcannotaffordtohaveanydefinitions。Fordefinitionsareverydreadfulthings:theydothetwothingsthatmostmen，especiallycomfortablemen，cannotendure。
　　Theyfight；andtheyfightfair。
　　Everyreligion，apartfromopendevilworship，mustappealtoavirtueorthepretenceofavirtue。Butavirtue，generallyspeaking，doessomegoodtoeverybody。Itisthereforenecessarytodistinguishamongthepeopleitwasmeanttobenefitthosewhomitdoesbenefit。Modernbroad-mindednessbenefitstherich；andbenefitsnobodyelse。Itwasmeanttobenefittherich；andmeanttobenefitnobodyelse。Andifyouthinkthisunwarranted，Iwillputbeforeyouoneplainquestion。Therearesomepleasuresofthepoorthatmayalsomeanprofitsfortherich:
　　thereareotherpleasuresofthepoorwhichcannotmeanprofitsfortherich？Watchthisonecontrast，andyouwillwatchthewholecreationofacarefulslavery。
　　InthelastresortthetwothingscalledBeerandSoapendonlyinafroth。
　　Theyarebothbelowthehighnoticeofarealreligion。Butthereisjustthisdifference:thatthesoapmakesthefactorymoresatisfactory，whilethebeeronlymakestheworkmanmoresatisfied。WaitandseeiftheSoapdoesnotincreaseandtheBeerdecrease。WaitandseewhetherthereligionoftheServileStateisnotineverycasewhatIsay:theencouragementofsmallvirtuessupportingcapitalism，thediscouragementofthehugevirtuesthatdefyit。Manygreatreligions，PaganandChristian，haveinsistedonwine。Onlyone，Ithink，hasinsistedonSoap。
　　YouwillfinditintheNewTestamentattributedtothePharisees。
　　VI。SCIENCEANDTHEEUGENISTS
　　Thekeyfactinthenewdevelopmentofplutocracyisthatitwilluseitsownblunderasanexcuseforfurthercrimes。Everywheretheverycompletenessoftheimpoverishmentwillbemadeareasonfortheenslavement；thoughthemenwhoimpoverishedwerethesamewhoenslaved。
　　Itisasifahighwaymannotonlytookawayagentleman'shorseandallhismoney，butthenhandedhimovertothepolicefortrampingwithoutvisiblemeansofsubsistence。Andthemostmonstrousfeatureinthisenormousmeannessmaybenotedintheplutocraticappealtoscience，or，rather，tothepseudo-sciencethattheycallEugenics。
　　TheEugenistsgettheearofthehumanebutratherhazycliquesbysayingthatthepresent"conditions"underwhichpeopleworkandbreedarebadfortherace；butthemodernmindwillnotgenerallystretchbeyondonestepofreasoning，andtheconsequencewhichappearstofollowontheconsiderationofthese"conditions"isbynomeanswhatwouldoriginallyhavebeenexpected。Ifsomebodysays:"Aricketycradlemaymeanaricketybaby，"thenaturaldeduction，onewouldthink，wouldbetogivethepeopleagoodcradle，orgivethemmoneyenoughtobuyone。Butthatmeanshigherwagesandgreaterequalisationofwealth；andtheplutocraticscientist，withaslightlytroubledexpression，turnshiseyesandpince-nezinanotherdirection。Reducedtobrutaltermsoftruth，hisdifficultyisthisandsimplythis:Morefood，leisure，andmoneyfortheworkmanwouldmeanabetterworkman，betterevenfromthepointofviewofanyoneforwhomheworked。Butmorefood，leisure，andmoneywouldalsomeanamoreindependentworkman。Ahousewithadecentfireandafullpantrywouldbeabetterhousetomakeachairormendaclockin，evenfromthecustomer'spointofview，thanahovelwithaleakyroofandacoldhearth。Butahousewithadecentfireandafullpantrywouldalsobeabetterhouseinwhichtorefusetomakeachairormendaclock——amuchbetterhousetodonothingin——anddoingnothingissometimesoneofthehighestofthedutiesofman。Allbutthehard-heartedmustbetornwithpityforthispatheticdilemmaoftherichman，whohastokeepthepoormanjuststoutenoughtodotheworkandjustthinenoughtohavetodoit。Ashestoodgazingattheleakyroofandthericketycradleinapensivemanner，thereonedaycameintohismindanewandcuriousidea——oneofthemoststrange，simple，andhorribleideasthathaveeverrisenfromthedeeppitoforiginalsin。
　　Theroofcouldnotbemended，or，atleast，itcouldnotbemendedmuch，withoutupsettingthecapitalistbalance，or，rather，disproportioninsociety；foramanwitharoofisamanwithahouse，andtothatextenthishouseishiscastle。Thecradlecouldnotbemadetorockeasier，or，atleast，notmucheasier，withoutstrengtheningthehandsofthepoorhousehold，forthehandthatrocksthecradlerulestheworld——tothatextent。Butitoccurredtothecapitalistthattherewasonesortoffurnitureinthehousethatcouldbealtered。Thehusbandandwifecouldbealtered。Birthcostsnothing，exceptinpainandvalourandsuchold-fashionedthings；andthemerchantneedpaynomoreformatingastrongminertoahealthyfishwifethanhepayswhentheminermateshimselfwithalessrobustfemalewhomhehasthesentimentalitytoprefer。
　　Thusitmightbepossible，bykeepingoncertainbroadlinesofheredity，tohavesomephysicalimprovementwithoutanymoral，political，orsocialimprovement。Itmightbepossibletokeepasupplyofstrongandhealthyslaveswithoutcoddlingthemwithdecentconditions。Asthemill-ownersusethewindandthewatertodrivetheirmills，theywouldusethisnaturalforceassomethingevencheaper；andturntheirwheelsbydivertingfromitschannelthebloodofamaninhisyouth。ThatiswhatEugenicsmeans；andthatisallthatitmeans。
　　Ofthemoralstateofthosewhothinkofsuchthingsitdoesnotbecomeustospeak。Thepracticalquestionisrathertheintellectualone:ofwhethertheircalculationsarewellfounded，andwhetherthemenofsciencecanorwillguaranteethemanysuchphysicalcertainties。
　　Fortunately，itbecomesclearereverydaythattheyare，scientificallyspeaking，buildingontheshiftingsand。Thetheoryofbreedingslavesbreaksdownthroughwhatademocratcallstheequalityofmen，butwhichevenanoligarchistwillfindhimselfforcedtocallthesimilarityofmen。
　　Thatis，thatthoughitisnottruethatallmenarenormal，itisoverwhelminglycertainthatmostmenarenormal。AllthecommonEugenicargumentsaredrawnfromextremecases，which，evenifhumanhonourandlaughterallowedoftheirbeingeliminated，wouldnotbytheireliminationgreatlyaffectthemass。Fortherest，thereremainstheenormousweaknessinEugenics，thatifordinarymen'sjudgmentorlibertyistobediscountedinrelationtoheredity，thejudgmentofthejudgesmustbediscountedinrelationtotheirheredity。TheEugenicprofessormayormaynotsucceedinchoosingababy'sparents；itisquitecertainthathecannotsucceedinchoosinghisownparents。Allhisthoughts，includinghisEugenicthoughts，are，bytheveryprincipleofthosethoughts，flowingfromadoubtfulortaintedsource。Inshort，weshouldneedaperfectlyWiseMantodothethingatall。AndifhewereaWiseManhewouldnotdoit。
　　VII。THEEVOLUTIONOFTHEPRISON
　　Ihaveneverunderstoodwhyitisthatthosewhotalkmostaboutevolution，andtalkitintheveryageoffashionableevolutionism，donotseetheonewayinwhichevolutionreallydoesapplytoourmoderndifficulty。
　　Thereis，ofcourse，anelementofevolutionismintheuniverse；andI
　　knownoreligionorphilosophythateverentirelyignoredit。Evolution，popularlyspeaking，isthatwhichhappenstounconsciousthings。Theygrowunconsciously；orfadeunconsciously；orrather，somepartsofthemgrowandsomepartsofthemfade；andatanygivenmomentthereisalmostalwayssomepresenceofthcfadingthing，andsomeincompletenessinthegrowingone。Thus，ifIwenttosleepforahundredyears，liketheSleepingBeautyIwishIcould，Ishouldgrowabeard——unliketheSleepingBeauty。AndjustasIshouldgrowhairifIwereasleep，I
　　shouldgrowgrassifIweredead。ThosewhosereligionitwasthatGodwasasleepwereperpetuallyimpressedandaffectedbythefactthathehadalongbeard。Andthosewhosephilosophyitisthattheuniverseisdeadfromthebeginningbeingthegraveofnobodyinparticularthinkthatisthewaythatgrasscangrow。Inanycase，thesedevelopmentsonlyoccurwithdeadordreamingthings。WhathappenswheneveryoneisasleepiscalledEvolution。WhathappenswheneveryoneisawakeiscalledRevolution。
　　Therewasonceanhonestman，whosenameIneverknew，butwhosefaceI
　　canalmostseeitisframedinVictorianwhiskersandfixedinaVictorianneck-cloth，whowasbalancingtheachievementsofFranceandEnglandincivilisationandsocialefficiencies。AndwhenhecametothereligiousaspecthesaidthatthereweremorestoneandbrickchurchesusedinFrance；but，ontheotherhand，therearemoresectsinEngland。
　　WhethersuchalivelydisintegrationisaproofofvitalityinanyvaluablesenseIhavealwaysdoubted。Thesunmaybreedmaggotsinadeaddog；butitisessentialforsuchaliberationoflifethatthedogshouldbeunconsciousortosaytheleastofitabsent-minded。Broadlyspeaking，youmaycallthethingcorruption，ifyouhappentolikedogs。
　　Youmaycallitevolution，ifyouhappentolikemaggots。Ineithercase，itiswhathappenstothingsifyouleavethemalone。
　　TheEvolutionists'ErrorNow，themodernEvolutionistshavemadenorealuseoftheideaofevolution，especiallyinthematterofsocialprediction。Theyalwaysfallintowhatisfromtheirlogicalpointofviewtheerrorofsupposingthatevolutionknowswhatitisdoing。TheypredicttheStateofthefutureasafruitroundedandpolished。ButthewholepointofevolutiontheonlypointthereisinitisthatnoStatewilleverberoundedandpolished，becauseitwillalwayscontainsomeorgansthatoutlivedtheiruse，andsomethathavenotyetfullyfoundtheirs。Ifwewishtoprophesywhatwillhappen，wemustimaginethingsnowmoderategrownenormous；thingsnowlocalgrownuniversal；thingsnowpromisinggrowntriumphant；primrosesbiggerthansunflowers，andsparrowsstalkingaboutlikeflamingoes。
　　Inotherwords，wemustaskwhatmoderninstitutionhasafuturebeforeit？Whatmodeminstitutionmayhaveswollentosixtimesitspresentsizeinthesocialheatandgrowthofthefuture？IdonotthinktheGardenCitywillgrow:butofthatImayspeakinmynextandlastarticleofthisseries。IdonotthinkeventheordinaryElementarySchool，withitscompulsoryeducation，willgrow。Toomanyunletteredpeoplehatetheteacherforteaching；andtoomanyletteredpeoplehatetheteacherfornotteaching。TheGardenCitywillnotbearmuchblossom；theyoungideawillnotshoot，unlessitshootstheteacher。Buttheonefloweringtreeontheestate，theonenaturalexpansionwhichIthinkwillexpand，istheinstitutionwecallthePrison。
　　PrisonsforAllIfthecapitalistsareallowedtoerecttheirconstructivecapitalistcommunity，IspeakquiteseriouslywhenIsaythatIthinkPrisonwillbecomeanalmostuniversalexperience。Itwillnotnecessarilybeacruelorshamefulexperience:onthesepointsIconcedecertainlyforthepresentpurposeofdebateitmaybeavastlyimprovedexperience。Theconditionsintheprison，verypossibly，willbemademorehumane。Buttheprisonwillbemademorehumaneonlyinordertocontainmoreofhumanity。Ithinklittleofthejudgmentandsenseofhumourofanymanwhocanhavewatchedrecentpolicetrialswithoutrealisingthatitisnolongeraquestionofwhetherthelawhasbeenbrokenbyacrime；but，now，solelyaquestionofwhetherthesituationcouldbemendedbyanimprisonment。ItwassowithTomMann；itwassowithLarkin；itwassowiththepooratheistwhowaskeptingaolforsayingsomethinghehadbeenacquittedofsaying:itissoinsuchcasesdaybyday。Wenolongerlockamanupfordoingsomething；welockhimupinthehopeofhisdoingnothing。Giventhisprinciple，itisevidentlypossibletomakethemereconditionsofpunishmentmoremoderate，or——moreprobablymoresecret。
　　TheremayreallybemoremercyinthePrison，onconditionthatthereislessjusticeintheCourt。Ishouldnotbesurprisedif，beforewearedonewithallthis，amanwasallowedtosmokeinprison，oncondition，ofcourse，thathehadbeenputinprisonforsmoking。
　　Nowthatistheprocesswhich，intheabsenceofdemocraticprotest，willcertainlyproceed，willincreaseandmultiplyandreplenishtheearthandsubdueit。Prisonmayevenloseitsdisgraceforalittletime:itwillbedifficulttomakeitdisgracefulwhenmenlikeLarkincanbeimprisonedfornoreasonatall，justashiscelebratedancestorwashangedfornoreasonatall。Butcapitalistsociety，whichnaturallydoesnotknowthemeaningofhonour，cannotknowthemeaningofdisgrace:anditwillstillgoonimprisoningfornoreasonatall。Orratherforthatrathersimplereasonthatmakesacatspringoraratrunaway。