servativeCreolefamiliesandotherfamilieswhosewomenwereunwillingtovoteinpublic，andshecollectedtheirproxieswhileincidentallysheshowedthemwhatpositiontheyheldunderthelaw。
　　Witheachproxyitwasnecessarytohavethesigna—
　　tureofawitness，butaccordingtotheLouisianalawnowomancouldwitnessalegaldocument。MissGordonwasdrivenfromplacetoplacebyhercoloredcoachman，andaftershehadsecuredtheproxyofhertemporaryhostessitwasusuallydiscoveredthattherewasnomanaroundtheplacetoactasawit—
　　ness。ThiswasMissGordon’sopportunity。Withasmileofgreatsweetnessshewouldsay，``IwillhaveSamcomeinandhelpusout’’；andthecoloredcoachmanwouldgetdownfromhisbox，andbyscrawlinghissignatureontheproxyofthearisto—
　　craticladyhewouldgiveitthelegalvalueitlacked。
　　InthiswayMissGordonsecuredthreehundredproxies，andthreehundredveryconservativewomenhadanopportunitytocomparetheirlegalstandingwithSam’s。Thedrainagebillwascarriedandin—
　　terestinwomansuffragedevelopedsteadily。
　　ThespecialincidentoftheBuffaloconventionof1908wasthereceiptofanotewhichwaspasseduptomeasIsatontheplatform。WhenIopeneditacheckdroppedout——achecksolargethatIwassureithadbeensentbymistake。However，afteraskingoneortwofriendsontheplatformifIhadreaditcorrectly，IannouncedtotheaudiencethatifacertainamountweresubscribedimmediatelyI
　　wouldrevealasecret——averyinterestingsecret。
　　Audiencesareascuriousasindividuals。Theamountwasatoncesubscribed。ThenIheldupacheckfor$10，000，givenforourcampaignworkbyMrs。
　　GeorgeHowardLewis，inmemoryofSusanB。An—
　　thony，andIreadtotheaudiencethecharmingletterthataccompaniedit。Themoneywasusedduringthecampaignsofthefollowingyear——partofitinWashington，whereanamendmentwasalreadysubmitted。
　　InapreviouschapterIhavedescribedtheestab—
　　lishmentofourNewYorkheadquartersasaresultofthegenerousofferofMrs。O。H。P。BelmontattheSeattleconventionin1909。DuringourfirstyearinthesebeautifulFifthAvenueroomsMrs。
　　PankhurstmadeherfirstvisittoAmerica，andwegaveherareceptionthere。This，however，wasbeforetheadoptionofthedestructivemethodswhichhavesincemarkedtheactivitiesofthebandofmilitantsuffragistsofwhichMrs。Pankhurstispresident。TherehasneverbeenanysympathyamongAmericansuffragistsforthemilitantsuffragemovementinEngland，andpersonallyIamwhollyopposedtoit。Idonotbelieveinwarinanyform；
　　andifviolenceonthepartofmenisundesirableinachievingtheirends，itismuchmoresoonthepartofwomen；forwomenneverappeartolessadvan—
　　tagethaninphysicalcombatswithmen。AsformilitancyinAmerica，nogenerationthatattempteditcouldwin。Novictorycouldcometousinanystatewheremilitantmethodsweretried。Theyareundignified，unworthy——inotherwords，un—Ameri—
　　can。
　　TheWashingtonconventionof1910wasgracedbythepresenceofPresidentTaft，who，atthein—
　　vitationofMrs。RachelFosterAvery，madeanaddress。Itwasunderstood，ofcourse，thathewastocomeoutstronglyforwomansuffrage；but，toourgreatdisappointment，thePresident，amostcharmingandlikablegentleman，seemedunabletograspthesignificanceoftheoccasion。Hebeganhisaddresswithfulsomepraiseofwomen，whichwasacceptedinrespectfulsilence。Thenhegotroundtowomansuffrage，flounderedhelplessly，becameconfused，andendedwiththemostunfortunatelychosenwordshecouldhaveuttered：``Iamop—
　　posed，’’hesaid，``totheextensionofsuffragetowomennotfittedtovote。Youwouldhardlyexpecttoputtheballotintothehandsofbarbariansorsavagesinthejungle！’’
　　Thedroppingoftheseremarkablewordsintoasuffrageconventionwasnaturallyfollowedbyanoppressivesilence，whichMr。Taft，nowwhollybereftofhisself—possession，brokebysayingthatthebestwomenwouldnotvoteandtheworstwomenwould。
　　Inhisaudienceweremanywomenfromsuffragestates——high—mindedwomen，wivesandmothers，whohadvotedforMr。Taft。Theremarkstowhichtheyhadjustlistenedmusthaveseemedtothemapoorreturn。Someonehissed——someman，somewoman——nooneknowswhichexcepttheculprit——
　　andademonstrationstartedwhichIimmediatelysilenced。ThenthePresidentfinishedhisaddress。
　　Hewasverygracioustouswhenheleft，shakinghandswithmanyofus，andbeingespeciallycordialtoSenatorOwens’sagedmother，whohadcometotheconventiontohearhimmakehismaidenspeechonwomansuffrage。IhaveoftenwonderedwhathethoughtofthatspeechashedrovebacktotheWhiteHouse。Probablyheregrettedasearnestlyaswedidthathehadmadeit。
　　In1912，atanofficialboardmeetingatBrynMawr，Mrs。StanleyMcCormackwasappointedtofillavacancyontheNationalBoard。Sub—
　　sequentlyshecontributed$6，000towardthepay—
　　mentofdebtsincidenttoourtemporaryconnec—
　　tionwiththeWoman’sJournalofBoston，anddidmuchefficientworkforus，Tome，personally，theentranceofMrs。StanleyMcCormackintoourworkhasbeenasourceofthedeepestgrati—
　　ficationandcomfort。IcantrulysayofherwhatSusanB。Anthonysaidofme，``Sheismyrightbower。’’AtNashville，in1914，shewaselectedfirstvice—president，andtoaremarkabledegreeshehassincerelievedmeoftheburdenofthetechnicalworkofthepresidency，includingtheoversightoftheworkatheadquarters。Tothisshegivesallhertime，aidedbyanexecutivesecretarywhotakeschargeoftheroutineworkoftheassociation。Shehasthusmadeitpossibleformetogivethegreaterpartofmytimetothefieldinwhichsuchinspiringopportunitiesstillconfrontus——campaignworkinthevariousstates。
　　ToMrs。MedillMcCormackalsoweareindebtedformostadmirableworkandenthusiasticsupport。
　　AttheWashington（D。C。）conventionin1913shewasmadethechairmanoftheCongressionalCom—
　　mittee，withMrs。AntoinetteFunk，Mrs。HelenGardnerofWashington，andMrs。BoothofChicagoasherassistants。Theresultstheyachievedweresobrilliantthattheywereunanimouslyre—electedtothesamepositionsthisyear，withtheadditionofMissJeannetteRankin，whoseenergyandservicehadhelpedtowinforusthestateofMontana。
　　ItwaslargelyduetotheworkofthisCongress—
　　ionalCommittee，supportedbythelargenumberofstateswhichhadbeenwonforsuffrage，thatwesecuredsuchanexcellentvoteintheLowerHouseofCongressonthebilltoamendthenationalCon—
　　stitutiongrantingsuffragetothewomenoftheUnitedStates。Thismeasure，knownastheSusanB。Anthonybill，hadbeenintroducedintoeveryCongressforforty—threeyearsbytheNationalWomanSuffrageAssociation。In1914，forthefirsttime，itwasbroughtoutofcommittee，debated，andvoteduponintheLowerHouse。Wereceived174votesinfavorofitto204againstit。Thepreviousspring，inthesameCongress，thesamebillpassedtheSenateby35votesforitto33votesagainstit。
　　ThemostinterestingfeaturesoftheWashingtonconventionof1913werethelabormass—meetingsledbyJaneAddamsandthehearingbeforetheRulesCommitteeoftheLowerHouseofCon—
　　gress——thelatterthefirsthearingeverheldbe—
　　forethisCommitteeforthepurposeofsecuringaCommitteeonSuffrageintheLowerHousetocorrespondwithasimilarcommitteeintheSen—
　　ate。Formanyyearswehadhadhearingsbe—
　　foretheJudiciaryCommitteeoftheLowerHouse，whichwassuchabusycommitteethatithadneithertimenorinteresttogivetoourmeasure。Wethere—
　　foreconsidereditnecessarytohaveaspecialcom—
　　mitteeofourown。ThehearingbeganonthemorningofWednesday，thethirdofDecember，andlastedfortwohours。Thentheanti—suffragistsweregiventime，andtheirhearingbeganthefollowingday，continuedthroughoutthatdayandduringthemorningofthenextday，whenourNationalAssociationwasgivenanopportunityforrebuttalargumentintheafternoon。Itwasthelongesthear—
　　inginthehistoryofthesuffragemovement，andoneofthemostimportant。
　　DuringthesessionofCongressin1914anotherstrenuouseffortwasmadetosecuretheappoint—
　　mentofaspecialsuffragecommitteeintheLowerHouse。Butwhensuccessbegantoloomlargebe—
　　foreustheDemocratswerecalledincaucusbytheminorityleader，Mr。Underwood，ofAlabama，andtheydownedourmeasurebyavoteof127againstitto58forit。ThiswasevidentlydonebytheDemocratsbecauseofthefearthattheunitedvotesofRepublicanandProgressivemembers，withthoseofcertainDemocraticmembers，wouldcarrythemeasure；whereasifthiscaucuswerecalled，andanunfavorablevotetaken，``thegentlemen’sagree—
　　ment’’whichcontrolsDemocraticpartyactioninCongresswouldforceDemocratsinfavorofsuffragetovoteagainsttheappointmentofthecommittee，whichofcoursewouldinsureitsdefeat。
　　Thecaucusblockedtheappointmentofthecom—
　　mittee，butitgavegreatencouragementtothesuf—
　　fragistsofthecountry，fortheyknewittobeatacitadmissionthatthemeasurewouldreceiveafavor—
　　ablevoteifitcamebeforeCongressunhampered。
　　Anotherfeatureofthe1913conventionwasthenewmethodofelectingofficers，bywhichaprimaryvotewastakenonnominations，andafterwardaregularballotwascast；oneofficerwasaddedtothemembersoftheofficialboard，makingnineinsteadofeight，theformernumber。ThenewofficerselectedwereMrs。BreckenridgeofKentucky，thegreat—granddaughterofHenryClay，andMrs。
　　CatherineRuutz—ReesofGreenwich，Connecticut。
　　Theoldofficerswerere—elected——MissJaneAddamsasfirstvice—president，Mrs。BreckenridgeandMrs。
　　Ruutz—Reesassecondandthirdvice—presidents，Mrs。MaryWareDennettascorrespondingsecre—
　　tary，Mrs。SusanFitzgeraldasrecordingsecretary，Mrs。StanleyMcCormackastreasurer，Mrs。JosephBowenofChicagoandMrs。JamesLeesLaidlawofNewYorkCityasauditors。
　　Itwouldbedifficulttosecureagroupofwomenofmoremarkedability，orbetter—knownworkersinvariouslinesofphilanthropicandeducationalwork，thanthememberscomposingthisadmirableboard。
　　Attheconventionof1914，heldinNashville，severalofthemresigned，andatpresent（in1914）the``National’s’’affairsareinthehandsofthisin—
　　spiringgroup，againheadedbythemuch—criticizedandchastenedwriterofthesereminiscences：
　　Mrs。StanleyMcCormack，firstvice—president。
　　Mrs。DeshaBreckenridge，secondvice—president。
　　Dr。KatharineB。Davis，thirdvice—president。
　　Mrs。HenryWadeRogers，treasurer。
　　Mrs。JohnClark，correspondingsecretary。
　　Mrs。SusanWalkerFitzgerald，recordingsecretary。
　　Mrs。MedillMcCormack，}
　　}AuditorsMrs。WalterMcNabbMiller，ofMissouri}
　　Inabookofthissize，andcoveringthedetailsofmyownlifeaswellasthedevelopmentofthegreatCause，itis，ofcourse，impossibletomentionbynameeachwomanwhohasworkedforus——
　　though，indeed，Iwouldliketomakearollofhonorandgivethemalltheirdue。InlookingbackIamsur—
　　prisedtoseehowlittleIhavesaidaboutmanywomenwithwhomIhaveworkedmostclosely——RachelFosterAvery，forexample，withwhomIlivedhappilyforseveralyears；IdaHustedHarper，thehistorianofthesuffragemovementandthebiographerofMissAnthony，withwhomImademanydelightfulvoy—
　　agestoEurope；AliceStoneBlackwell，Rev。MarySaffard，JaneAddams，KatharineWaughMcCul—
　　lough，EllaStewart，Mrs。MaryWoodSwift，Mrs。
　　MaryS。Sperry，MaryCogshall，FlorenceKelly，Mrs。OgdenMillsReidandMrs。NormanWhite—
　　house（tomentiononlytwooftheyounger``livewires’’inourNewYorkwork），SophonisbaBreck—
　　enridge，Mrs。ClaraB。Arthur，Rev。CarolineBart—
　　lettCrane，Mrs。JamesLeesLaidlaw，Mrs。RaymondBrown，thesplendidlyexecutivepresidentofourNewYorkStateSuffrageAssociation，andmybene—
　　factress，Mrs。GeorgeHowardLewisofBuffalo。Toallofthem，andtothousandsofothers，Imakemygratefulacknowledgmentofindebtednessforfriend—
　　shipandforhelp。
　　XVI
　　COUNCILEPISODES
　　IhavesaidmuchoftheinterestattendingtheinternationalmeetingsheldinChicago，London，Berlin，andStockholm。ThatIhavesaidlessaboutthoseinCopenhagen，Geneva，TheHague，Budapest，andothercitiesdoesnotmeanthatthesewerelessimportant，andcertainlythewonderfulwomenleadersofEuropewhomadethemsobrilliantmustnotbepassedoverinsilence。
　　First，however，thedifferencebetweentheSuf—
　　frageAlliancemeetingsandtheInternationalCoun—
　　cilmeetingsshouldbeexplained。TheCouncilmeetingsaremadeupofsocietiesfromthevariousnationswhichareauxiliarytotheInternationalCouncil——thesesocietiesrepresentingalllinesofwomen’sactivities，whethereducational，industrial，orsocial，whilethemembership，includingmorethanelevenmillionwomen，representsprobablythelargestorganizationofwomenintheworld。TheInternationalSuffrageAlliancerepresentsthesuf—
　　frageinterestprimarily，whereastheInternationalCouncilhasonlyasuffragedepartment。Sopopu—
　　lardidthisInternationalAlliancebecomeafteritsformationinBerlinbyMrs。Catt，in1904，thatattheCopenhagenmeeting，onlythreeyearslater，morethansixteendifferentnationswererepresentedbyregulardelegates。
　　Itwasunfortunate，therefore，thatIchosethisoccasiontomakeaspectacularpersonalfailureinthepulpit。Ihadbeeninvitedtopreachthecon—
　　ventionsermon，andforthefirsttimeinmylifeIhadaninterpreter。Fewexperiences，Ibelieve，canbemoreunpleasantthantostandupinapul—
　　pit，utteraremark，andthenwaitpatientlywhileitisrepeatedinatongueonedoesnotunderstand，byamanwhoisputtingitsgistinhisownwordsandquitepossiblygivingithisowninterpretativetwist。
　　Iwasveryunhappy，andIfearIshowedit，forI
　　felt，asIlookedatthefacesofthosefriendswhounderstoodDanish，thattheywerenotgettingwhatIwasgivingthem。Norwerethey，forIafterwardlearnedthattheinterpreter，agoodorthodoxbrother，hadgiventhesermonanultra—orthodoxbiaswhichthosewhoknewmycreedcertainlydidnotrecognize。Thewholeexperiencegreatlydis—
　　heartenedme，butnodoubtitwasgoodformysoul。
　　DuringtheCopenhagenmeetingweweregivenabanquetbytheCityCouncil，andinthecourseofhisspeechofwelcomeoneofthecityfathersairilyremarkedthathehopedonournextvisittoCopen—
　　hagentherewouldbewomenmembersintheCounciltoreceiveus。Atthetimethisseemedmerelyapleasantjest，buttwoyearsfromthatdayabillwasenactedbyParliamentgrantingmunicipalsuf—
　　fragetothewomenofDenmark，andsevenwomenwereelectedtotheCityCouncilofCopenhagen。
　　Sorapidlydoesthewomansuffragemovementgrowintheseinspiringdays！
　　RecallingtheInternationalCouncilof1899inLondon，oneofmymostvividpictureshasQueenVictoriaforitscentralfigure。TheEnglishcourtwasinmourningatthetimeandnopublicaudienceswerebeingheld；butwewereinvitedtoWindsorwiththeunderstandingthat，althoughtheQueencouldnotformallyreceiveus，shewouldpassthroughourlines，receivingLadyAberdeenandgivingtherestofusanopportunitytocourtesyandobtainHerMajesty’srecognitionoftheCause。
　　TheQueenarrangedwithherchamberlainthatweshouldbegiventeaandacollation；butbeforethisrefreshmentwasserved，indeedimmediatelyafterourarrival，sheenteredherfamiliarlittlepony—cartandwasdrivenslowlyalonglinesofbowingwomenwhomusthavelookedlikeawheat—fieldinahighwind。
　　AmonguswasagroupofIndianwomen，andthese，dressedintheirnativecostumes，contributedapicturesquebitofbrilliantcolortothesceneastheydeeplysalaamed。TheyarrestedtheeyeoftheQueen，whostoppedandspokeafewcordialwordstothem。Thisgavetherestofusanexcellentopportunitytoobserveherclosely，andIadmitthatmyEnglishbloodstirredinmesuddenlyandloyallyasIstudiedtheplumplittlefigure。Shewasdressedentirelyandverysimplyinblack，withaquaintflatblackhatandablackcape。Theonlybitofcoloraboutherwasablack—and—whiteparasolwithagoldhandle。Itwas，however，herfacewhichheldme，foritgavemeawhollydifferentimpressionoftheQueenfromthoseIhadreceivedfromherphotographs。Herpicturedeyeswerealwaysrathercold，andherpicturedfaceratherhaughty；buttherewasaverysweetandwinningsoftnessintheeyessheturnedupontheIndianwomen，andherwholeexpressionwasunexpectedlygentleandbenignant。
　　Behindher，asapersonalattendant，strodeanenormousEast—Indianinfullnativecostume，andcloselysurroundingherweregentlemenofherhouse—
　　hold，eachinuniform。
　　Bythistimemythoughtswereonmycourtesy，whichIdesiredtomakeconventionalifnotgrace—
　　ful；butnaturehasnotmadeiteasyformetodoubletotheearthasLadyAberdeenandtheIn—
　　dianwomenweredoing，andIfearIaccomplishedlittlesaveanexhibitionofgoodintentions。TheQueen，however，wasgettingintothespiritoftheoccasion。ShestoppedtospeaktoaCanadianrepresentative，andshewould，Ithink，haveendedbytalkingtomanyothers；but，justatthepsycho—
　　logicalmoment，awomanrushedoutoftheline，seizedHerMajesty’shandandkissedit——andVic—
　　toria，startledandpossiblyfearingageneralon—
　　slaught，hurriedlypassedon。
　　AnotherpictureIrecallwasmadebytheDuchessofSutherland，theCountessofAberdeen，andtheCountessofWarwickstandingtogethertoreceiveusatthefootofthemarblestairwayinSutherlandHouse。Allofthemliterallyblazedwithjewels，andtheCountessofAberdeenworethefamousAber—
　　deenemerald。AtLadyBattersea’sreceptionIhadmyfirstmemorialmeetingwithMaryAndersonNavarro，andwasabletothankherforthepleasureshehadgivenmeinBostonsolongago。ThenI
　　reproachedhermildlyfortakingherselfawayfromus，pointingoutthatagreatgifthadbeengivenherwhichsheshouldhavecontinuedtosharewiththeworld。
　　``Comeandseemybaby，’’laughedMadameNavarro。``That’sthebestargumentIcanoffertorefuteyours。’’
　　AtthesamereceptionIhadaninterestingtalkwithJamesBryce。HehadrecentlywrittenhisAmericanCommonwealth，andIhadjustreadit。
　　Itwas，therefore，thefirstsubjectIintroducedinourconversation。Mr。Bryce’scommentamusedme。Hetoldmehehadquitechangedhisopiniontowardthesuffrageaspirationsofwomen，becausesomanywomenhadreadhisbookthathereallybelievedtheywereintelligent，andhehadcometofeelmuchmorekindlytowardthem。Thesewerenothisexactwords，buthismeaningwasunmistak—
　　ableandhismentalattitudeartlesslysincere。And，onreflection，IagreewithhimthattheAmericanCommonwealthissomethingofanintellectualhurdlefortheaveragehumanmind。
　　In1908theInternationalCouncilwasheldinGeneva，andhere，forthefirsttime，wewereshown，asentertainment，thedancesofacountry——thescenebeinganespeciallybrilliantone，asallthedancersworetheirnativecostumes。Also，forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofGeneva，thebuildingsofParliamentwereopenedtowomenandawoman’sorganizationwasgiventhekeytothecity。AtthattimetheSwisswomenweremakingtheirfightforavoteinchurchmatters，andwehelpedtheircauseasmuchaswecould。To—daymanySwisswomenarepermittedtoexercisethisright——thefirstpoliticalprivilegefreeSwitzerlandhasgiventhem。
　　TheInternationalAlliancemeetinginAmster—
　　damin1909wasthelargesthelduptothattime，andmuchofitssuccesswasduetoDr。AlettaJacobs，thepresidentoftheNationalSuffrageAssociationofHolland。Dr。Jacobshadsomewonderfulhelpersamongthewomenofhercountry，andsheherselfwasanidealleader——patient，enthusiastic，andtire—
　　less。ThatyearthegovernmentsofAustralia，Nor—
　　way，andFinlandpaidtheexpensesofthedelegatesfromthosecountries——ahearteninginnovation。OneoftheinterestingfeaturesofthemeetingwasacantatacomposedfortheoccasionandgivenbytheQueen’sRoyalBand，underthedirectionofawoman——CatharinevanRennes，oneofthemostdistinguishedcomposersandteachersinHolland。
　　Shewrotebothwordsandmusicofhercantataanddirecteditadmirably；andthemusiciansoftheQueen’sBandenteredfullyintoitsspiritandplayedlikemeninspired。Thatnightwehadmoremusic，aswellasanever—to—be—forgottenexhibitionoffolk—
　　dancing。
　　Thesameyear，inJune，weheldthemeetingoftheInternationalCouncilinToronto，and，asCanadahasneverbeeneagerlyinterestedinsuffrage，anun—
　　successfuleffortwasmadetoexcludethissubjectfromtheprogramme。IwasaskedtopresideatthesuffragemeetingsontheartlessandobvioustheorythatIwouldthusbekepttoobusytosaymuch。
　　IhadhopedthattheCountessofAberdeen，whowasthepresidentoftheInternationalCouncil，wouldtakethechair；butshedeclinedtodothis，oreventospeak，astheEarlofAberdeenhadrecentlybeenappointedViceroyofIreland，andshedesiredtosparehimanyembarrassmentwhichmightbecausedbyherpublicactivities。Werecognizedthewisdomofherdecision，but，ofcourse，regrettedit；andIwasthereforeespeciallypleasedwhen，onsuffragenight，thecountess，accompaniedbyheraidesintheirbrilliantuniforms，enteredthehall。
　　Wehadnotbeensurethatshewouldbewithus，butsheenteredinherusualcharmingandgra—
　　ciousmanner，tookaseatbesidemeontheplatform，andshowedadeepinterestintheprogrammeandthegreatgatheringbeforeus。
　　AsthemeetingwentonIsawthatshewasgrow—
　　ingmoreandmoreenthusiastic，andtowardtheendoftheeveningIquietlyaskedherifshedidnotwishtosayafewwords。Shesaidshewouldsayaveryfew。Ihadputmyselfattheendoftheprogramme，intendingtotalkabouttwentyminutes；
　　butbeforebeginningmyspeechIintroducedthecountess，andbythistimeshewassoenthusiasticthat，tomygreatdelight，sheusedupmytwentyminutesinacapitalspeechinwhichshecameoutvigorouslyforwomansuffrage。Itgaveusthebestandtimeliesthelpwecouldhavehad，andwasagreatimpetustothemovement。