首页 >出版文学> The Spirit of Laws>第61章
  ThedaughterofWilliamV,CountofToulouse,didnotsucceedtothecounty。ButEleanorsucceededtoAquitaine,andMatildatoNormandy;andtherightofthesuccessionoffemalesseemedsowellestablishedinthosedays,thatLouistheYoung,afterhisdivorcefromEleanor,madenodifficultyinrestoringGuiennetoher。Butasthesetwolastinstancesfollowedcloseonthefirst,thegenerallawbywhichthewomenwerecalledtothesuccessionoffiefsmusthavebeenintroducedmuchlaterintothecountyofToulousethanintotheotherprovincesofFrance。[212]
  TheconstitutionofseveralkingdomsofEuropehasbeendirectedbythestateoffeudaltenuresatthetimewhenthosekingdomswerefounded。
  ThewomensucceededneithertothecrownofFrancenortotheempire,becauseatthefoundationofthosetwomonarchiestheywereincapableofsucceedingtofiefs。Buttheysucceededinkingdomswhosefoundationwasposteriortothatoftheperpetuityofthefiefs,suchasthosefoundedbytheNormans,thosebytheconquestsmadeontheMoors,andothers,infine,whichwerebeyondthelimitsofGermany,andinlatertimesreceivedinsomemeasureasecondbirthbytheestablishmentofChristianity。
  Whenthesefiefswereatwill,theyweregiventosuchaswerecapableofdoingserviceforthem,and,therefore,wereneverbestowedonminors;butwhentheybecameperpetual,thelordstookthefiefintotheirownhands,tillthepupilcameofage,eithertoincreasetheirownemoluments,ortotrainthewardtotheuseofarms。[213]Thisiswhatourcustomscalltheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren,whichisfoundedonprinciplesdifferentfromthoseoftutelage,andisentirelyadistinctthingfromit。
  Whenthefiefswereforlife,itwascustomarytovowfealtyforafief;
  andtherealdelivery,whichwasmadebyasceptre,confirmedthefief,asitisnowconfirmedbyhomage。Wedonotfindthatthecounts,oreventheking’scommissaries,receivedthehomageintheprovinces;noristhisceremonytobemetwithinthecommissionsofthoseofficerswhichhavebeenhandeddowntousintheCapitularies。Theysometimes,indeed,madealltheking’ssubjectstakeanoathofallegiance;[214]
  butsofarwasthisoathfrombeingofthesamenatureastheserviceafterwardsestablishedbythenameofhomage,thatitwasonlyacere—moneyoflesssolemnity,occasionallyused,eitherbeforeorafterthatactofobeisance;inshort,itwasquiteadistinctthingfromhomage。[215]
  Thecountsandtheking’scommissariesfurthermadethosevassalswhosefidelitywassuspectedgiveoccasionallyasecurity,whichwascalledfirmitas,[216]butthissecuritycouldnotbeanhomage,sincekingsgaveittoeachother。[217]
  AndthoughtheAbbotSuger[218]makesmentionofachairofDagobert,inwhichaccordingtothetestimonyofantiquity,thekingsofFrancewereaccustomedtoreceivethehomageofthenobility,itisplainthatheexpresseshimselfagreeablytotheideasandlanguageofhisowntime。
  Whenthefiefsdescendedtotheheirs,theacknowledgmentofthevassal,whichatfirstwasonlyanoccasionalservice,becamearegularduty。Itwasperformedinamoresplendidmanner,andattendedwithmoreformalities,becauseitwastobeaperpetualmemorialofthereciprocaldutiesofthelordandvassal。
  IshouldbeapttothinkthathomagesbegantobeestablishedunderKingPepin,whichisthetimeImentionedthatseveralbeneficesweregiveninperpetuity,butIshouldnotthinkthuswithoutcaution,andonlyuponasuppositionthattheauthorsoftheancientannalsoftheFrankswerenotignorantpretenders,[219]whoindescribingthefealtyprofessedbyTassillon,DukeofBavaria,toKingPepin,spokeaccordingtotheusagesoftheirowntime。[220]
  34。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenthefiefswereeitherprecariousorforlife,theyseldomborearelationtoanyotherthanthepoliticallaws;forwhichreasoninthecivilinstitutionsofthosetimesthereisverylittlementionmadeofthelawsoffiefs。Butwhentheybecamehereditary,whentherewasapowerofgiving,selling,andbequeathingthem,theyborearelationbothtothepoliticalandthecivillaws。Thefief,consideredasanobligationofperformingmilitaryservice,dependedonthepoliticallaw;consideredasakindofcommercialproperty,itdependedonthecivillaw。Thisgaverisetothecivilregulationsconcerningfeudaltenures。
  Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelawrelatingtotheorderofsuccessionmusthavebeeninrelationtotheperpetuityoffiefs。HencethisruleoftheFrenchlaw,estatesofinheritancedonotascend,[221]
  wasestablishedinspiteoftheRomanandSaliclaws。[222]Itwasnecessarythatserviceshouldbepaidforthefief;butagrandfatheroragreat—unclewouldhavebeentoooldtoperformanyservice;thisrulethusheldgoodatfirstonlyinregardtothefeudaltenures,aswelearnfromBoutillier。[223]
  Whenthefiefsbecamehereditary,thelordswhoweretoseethatservicewaspaidforthefief,insistedthatthefemaleswhoweretosucceedtothefeudalestate,andIfancysometimesthemales,shouldnotmarrywithouttheirconsent;insomuchthatthemarriagecontractsbecameinrespecttothenobilitybothofafeudalandacivilregulation。[224]Inanactofthiskindunderthelord’sinspection,regulationsweremadeforthesuccession,withtheviewthattheheirsmightpayserviceforthefief:hencenonebutthenobilityatfirsthadthelibertyofdisposingofsuccessionsbymarriagecontract,asBoyer[225]andAufrerius[226]haveobserved。
  Itisneedlesstomentionthatthepowerofredemption,foundedontheoldrightoftherelatives,amysteryofourancientFrenchjurisprudenceIhavenottimetounravel,couldnottakeplacewithregardtothefiefstilltheybecameperpetual。
  Italiam,Italiam……[227]
  Ifinishmytreatiseoffiefsataperiodwheremostauthorscommencetheirs。
  ______
  1。GregoryofTours,iv。42。
  2。Chapter7。
  3。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。
  4。ClothariusII,sonofChilperic,andthefatherofDagobert。
  5。Fredegarius,Chronicle,42。
  6。SeeGregoryofTours,viii。31。
  7。Fredegarius,Chronicle,27,intheyear605。
  8。Ibid。,28,intheyear607。
  9。Ibid。,41,intheyear613。
  10。Ibid。,42,intheyear613。
  11。SometimeafterBrunehault’sexecution,intheyear615。SeeBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,p。21。
  12。Ibid。,art。16。
  13。Ibid。
  14。Ibid。,art。17。
  15。Ibid。,art。1。
  16。Ibid。,art。8。
  17。Ibid。,art。9。
  18。Ibid。,art。21。
  19。Theywereorderswhichthekingsenttothejudgestodoortotoleratethingscontrarytolaw。
  20。SeeGregoryofTours,iv,p。227。Bothourhistoryandthechartersarefullofthis;andtheextentoftheseabusesappearsespeciallyinClotharius’constitution,insertedintheeditionoftheCapitulariesmadetoreformthem。Baluzius’sedition,p。7。
  21。Ibid。,art。22。
  22。Ibid。,art6。
  23。Ibid。,art。18。
  24。InBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i。p。7。
  25。IntheprecedingbookIhavemadementionoftheseimmunities,whichweregrantsofjudicialrights,andcontainedprohibitionstotheregaljudgestoperformanyfunctionintheterritory,andwereequivalenttotheerectionorgrantofafief。
  26。Hebegantoreigntowardstheyear670。
  27。SeetheLifeofSt。Leger。
  28。InstiganteBrunihault,Theodoricojubente,&c。——Fredegarius,27,intheyear605。
  29。GestaregumFrancorum,36。
  30。SeeFredegarius,Chronicle,54,intheyear626,andhisanonymouscontinuator,101,intheyear695,and105,intheyear715。Aimoin,iv。
  15,Eginhard。LifeofCharlemagne,48。GestaregumFrancorum,45。
  31。SeetheLawoftheBurgundians,pref。,andthesecondsupplementtothislaw,tit。13。
  32。SeeGregoryofTours,ix。36。
  33。Fredegarius,Chronicle,44,intheyear626。
  34。Fredegarius,Chronicle,68,intheyear630。
  35。Fredegarius,Chronicle,75,intheyear632。
  36。Fredegarius,Chronicle,79,intheyear638。
  37。Ibid。
  38。Ibid。,80,intheyear639。
  39。Fredegarius,Chronicle,89,intheyear641。
  40。Ibid。
  41。DeMajoribusDomusRegi?。
  42。DeMoribusGermanorum,7。
  43。SeeSulpiciusAlexander,inGregoryofTours,ii。
  44。Intheyear552。
  45。Agathias,i。GregoryofTours,iv。9。
  46。GontramdidnotevenmarchagainstGondovald,whostyledhimselfsonofClotharius,andclaimedhisshareofthekingdom。
  47。Sometimestothenumberoftwenty。SeeGregoryofTours,v。27,viii。28and30,x。3。Dagobert,whohadnomayorinBurgundy,observedthesamepolicy,andsentagainsttheGasconstendukesandseveralcountswhoLadnodukesoverthem。——Fredegarius,Chronicle,78,intheyear636。
  48。GregoryofTours,viii。30,andx。3。
  49。Ibid。,viii。30。
  50。SeethesecondsupplementtothelawoftheBurgundians,tit。13,andGregoryofTours,ix。36。
  51。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,years687and688。
  52。Ibid。,year695。
  53。Ibid。,year719。
  54。Ibid。
  55。ExchronicoCentulensi,ii。
  56。AnnalsofMetz,year691。AnnalsofFulda,orofLaurishan,PippinusduxFrancorumobtinuitregnumFrancorumperannos27,cumregibussibisubjectis。
  57。TheanonymouscontinuatorofFredegarius,104,intheyear714。
  58。CitedbyGregoryofTours,ix。SeealsotheedictofClothariusII,intheyear615,art。16。
  59。Seethe24thandthe34thofthefirstbook。
  60。Seethe14thformulaofthefirstbook,whichisequallyapplicabletothefiscalestatesgivendirectinperpetuity,orgivenatfirstasabenefice,andafterwardsinperpetuity。Seealsothe17thformula,ibid。
  61。Booki,form。13。
  62。Tit。44。Seealsotit。66,§§3,4;andtit。74。
  63。Tit。11。
  64。SeealsothelawoftheRipuarians,tit。7;andtheSaliclaw,tit。
  44,art。1and4。
  65。Saliclaw,tit。59and76。
  66。Ibid。
  67。Ibid。,tit。59,§1。
  68。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。
  69。Ibid。,tit。56and59。
  70。Ibid。,tit。76,§1。
  71。Ibid。,§2。
  72。Apudvernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and11。
  73。CapitularyofCharlemagne,secondoftheyear812,art。1and3。
  74。Heribannum。
  75。Noninfirmisreliquith?redibus,saysLambertd’ArdresinDuCange,onthewordalodis。
  76。SeethosequotedbyDuCange,inthewordalodis,andthoseproducedbyGalland,inhisTreatiseonAllodialLands,p。14,ff。
  77。SecondCapitularyoftheyear802,art。10;andtheseventhCapitularyoftheyear803,art。3;thefirstCapitulary,incertianni,art。49;thefifthCapitularyoftheyear806,art。7;theCapitularyoftheyear779,art。29;theCapitularyofLouisthePious,intheyear829,art。1。
  78。Thefifthoftheyear806,art。8。
  79。InGregoryofTours,vi。46。
  80。Thisiswhatinducedhimtoannulthetestamentsmadeinfavouroftheclergy,andeventhedonationsofhisfather;Gontramre—establishedthem,andevenmadenewdonations。——GregoryofTours,vii。7。
  81。SeetheAnnalsofMetz,year687。
  82。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。
  83。InGregoryofTours。
  84。FromChronicaCentulensi,ii。
  85。SeetheAnnalsofMetz。
  86。Ibid。,year741。
  87。Year858,inCarisiacus;Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。101。
  88。Ibid。,ii,art。7,p。109。
  89。Precaria,quodprecibusutendumconceditur,saysCujas,inhisnotesuponthefirstBookofFiefs。IfindinadiplomaofKingPepin,datedthethirdyearofhisreign,thatthisprincewasnotthefirstwhoestablishedtheseprecaria;hecitesonemadebytheMayorEbroin,andcontinuedafterhistime。Seethediplomaoftheking,intheHistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,art。6。
  90。Intheyear743,seethe5thbookoftheCapitularies,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。825。
  91。ThatofMetz,intheyear736,art。4。
  92。SeehisCapitulary,intheyear803,givenatWorms;Baluzius’sedition,p。411,whereheregulatestheprecariouscontract,andthatofFrankfort,intheyear794,p。267,art。24,inrelationtotherepairingofthehouses;andthatoftheyear800,p。330。
  93。Asappearsbytheprecedingnote,andbytheCapitularyofPepin,KingofItaly,whereitsays,thatthekingwouldgivethemonasteriesinfieftothosewhowouldswearallegianceforfiefs:itisaddedtothelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§30;andtotheSalicLaw,CollectionofPepin’sLawsinEchard,p。195,tit。26,art。4。
  94。SeetheconstitutionofLothariusI,inthelawoftheLombards,iii。Leg。1,§43。
  95。Ibid。,§44。
  96。Ibid。
  97。Giventhe28thyearofthereignofCharlestheBald,intheyear868。Baluzius’sedition,p。203。
  98。ConciliumapudBonoilum,the16thyearofCharlestheBald,intheyear856,Baluzius’sedition,p。78。
  99。InthecivilwarswhichbrokeoutatthetimeofCharlesMartel,thelandsbelongingtothechurchofRheimsweregivenawaytolaymen;"theclergywerelefttoshiftaswellastheycould,"saysthelifeofRemigius,Surius,i,p。279。
  100。LawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§§1and2。
  101。ItisthatonwhichIhavedescantedinthe4thchapterofthisbook,andwhichistobefoundinBaluzius’seditionoftheCapitularies,i,art。11,p。9。
  102。TheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear800,Baluzius’sedition,p。336,explainsextremelywellwhatismeantbythatsortoftithefromwhichthechurchisexemptedbyClotharius;itwasthetitheoftheswinewhichwereputintotheking’sforeststofatten;andCharlemagneenjoinshisjudgestopayit,aswellasotherpeople,inordertosetanexample:itisplainthatthiswasarightofseignioryoreconomy。
  103。Canone5,extomo1,conciliorumantiquorumGalli?operaJacobiSirmundi。
  104。Art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。332。Itwasgivenintheyear800。
  105。HeldunderCharlemagne,intheyear794。
  106。Baluzius’sedition,p。267,art。23。
  107。SeeamongtherestthecapitularyofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear829,Baluzius’sedition,p。663;againstthosewho,toavoidpayingtithesneglectedtocultivatethelands,&c。,art。5。
  108。Amongothers,thatofLotharius,iii,tit。3,cap。vi。
  109。Intheyear829,art。7,inBaluzius,i,p。663。
  110。InthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。3,§8。
  111。ItisakindofcodicilproducedbyEginhard,anddifferentfromthewillitself,whichwefindinGoldastusandBaluzius。
  112。SeetheCapitularyofCharlemagneintheyear803,art。2,Baluzius’sedition,p。379;andtheedictofLouistheDebonnaireintheyear834,inGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,i。
  113。Thisismentionedinthefamouscanon,egoLudovicus,whichisapalpableforgery;itisBaluzius’sedition,p。591,intheyear817。
  114。AsappearsbyhisCapitulary,intheyear801,art。17,inBaluzius,i,p。360。
  115。Seehisconstitution,insertedinthecodeoftheLombards,iii,tit。1,§44。
  116。Seetheaboveconstitution,andtheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear846,cap。xx。inVillaSparnaco,Baluzius’sedition,ii。p。
  31,andthatoftheyear853,cap。iiiandv,intheSynodofSoissons,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。54;andthatoftheyear854,apudAttiniacum,cap。x。Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。70。SeealsothefirstCapitularyofCharlemagne,incertianni,art。49and56。Baluzius’sedition,i,p。519。
  117。SeetheCapitularies,v。art。44,andtheedictofPistesintheyear869,art。8and9,wherewefindthehonoraryrightsofthelordsestablished,inthesamemannerastheyareatthisveryday。
  121。HistoriansofFrancebytheBenedictines,v,p。9。
  122。Ibid。,p。10。
  123。Intheyear768。
  124。Tom。ii,lectionisantiqu?。
  125。EditionoftheCapitularies,i,p。188。
  126。Inthe1stCapitularyoftheyear806。Baluzius’sedition,p。439,art。5。
  127。InGoldast,Constit。Impérial。,ii,p。19。
  128。Baluzius’sedition,p。574,art。14。
  129。Capitularyoftheyear877。Baluzius’sedition,p。272。
  130。InFatherLabbe’sCouncils,ix,col。424;andinDumont’sCorp。
  Diplomat。,i,art。36。
  131。Bythemother’sside。
  132。SeehisthirdCapitularyoftheyear811,p。486,art。1,2,3,4,5,6,7,and8;andthefirstCapitularyoftheyear812,p。490,art。
  1;andtheCapitularyoftheyear812,p。494,art。9and11,etc。
  133。SeetheCapitularydeVillisintheyear800;hissecondCapitularyoftheyear813,art。6and19;andthefifthbookoftheCapitularies,art。303。
  134。CapitularydeVillis,art。39。SeethiswholeCapitulary,whichisamasterpieceofprudence,goodadministration,andeconomy。
  135。SeeamongothersthefoundationoftheArchbishopricofBremen,intheCapitularyoftheyear789。Baluzius’sedition,p。245。
  136。Forinstance,theprohibitionoftheking’sjudgesagainstenteringupontheterritorytodemandthefreda,andotherduties。Ihavesaidagooddealconcerningthisintheprecedingbook,20,21,22。
  137。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。295。
  138。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,tom。ii,p。333。
  139。Hedirectedhimtoshowunlimitedclemency(indeficientemmisericordiam)tohissisters,hisbrothers,andhisnephews。TeganinthecollectionofDuchesne,ii,p。276。
  140。Seehisletters。
  141。Seehistrialandthecircumstancesofhisdeposition,inDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。331。SeealsohislifewrittenbyTegan:
  "Tantoenimodiolaborabat,utt?dereteosvitaipsius,"saysthisanonymousauthorinDuchesne,ii,p。307。
  142。TheanonymousauthoroftheLifeofLouistheDebonnaireinDuchesne’sCollection,ii,p。298。
  143。TegansaysthatwhatseldomhappenedunderCharlemagnewasacommonpracticeunderLouis。
  144。Beingdesiroustocheckthenobility,hepromotedoneBernardtotheplaceofchamberlain,bywhichthegreatlordswereexasperatedtothehighestpitch。
  145。Tegan,DeGestisLudovicipii。
  146。Nitard,iv,propefinem。
  147。Ibid。
  148。Seebookxxx。13。
  149。Hincmar,let。1,toLouistheStammerer。
  150。SeethefragmentoftheChronicleoftheMonasteryofSt。SergiusofAngers,inDuchesne,ii,p。401。
  151。Seewhatthebishopssayinthesynodoftheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。4。
  152。Seethesynodintheyear845,apudTeudonisvillam,art。3and4,whichgivesaveryexactdescriptionofthings;asalso,thatofthesameyear,heldatthepalacesofVernes,art。12,andthesynodofBeauvais,alsointhesameyear,art。3,4,and6,intheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846,art。20,andtheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswrotein858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。
  153。SeetheCapitularyinvillaSparnaco,intheyear846。ThenobilityhadsettheKingagainstthebishops,insomuchthatheexpelledthemfromtheassembly;afewofthecanonsenactedincouncilwerepickedout,andtheprelatesweretoldthattheseweretheonlyoneswhichshouldbeobserved;nothingwasgrantedthemthatcouldberefused。Seeart。20,21and22。SeealsotheletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8,andtheedictofPistes,intheyear864,art。5。
  154。SeethisveryCapitularyintheyear846,invillaSparnaco。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheassemblyheldapudMarsnamintheyear847,art。4,whereintheclergyreducedthemselvestodemandonlytherestitutionofwhattheyhadbeenpossessedofunderLouistheDebonnaire。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear851,apudMarsnam,art。
  6,and7,whichconfirmsthenobilityandclergyintheirseveralpossessions,andthatapudBonoilum,intheyear856,whichisaremonstranceofthebishopstotheking,becausetheevils,aftersomanylaws,hadnotbeenredressed;and,infine,theletterwhichthebishopsassembledatRheimswroteintheyear858,toLouis,KingofGermany,art。8。
  155。Art。8。
  156。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear851,art。6and7。
  157。CharlestheBald,intheSynodofSoissons,says,thathehadpromisedthebishopsnottoissueanymorepreceptsrelatingtochurch—lands。Capitularyoftheyear853,art。11,Baluzius’sedition。
  ii,p。56。
  158。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,apudSaponarias,intheyear859,art。3。"Venilon,whomImadeArchbishopofSens,hasconsecratedme;andIoughtnottobeexpelledthekingdombyanybody。"
  159。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,DeCarisiaco,intheyear857,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。88,§§1,2,3,4,and7。
  160。SeethesynodofPistesintheyear862,art。4,andtheCapitularyofLewisII,apudVernispalatium,intheyear883,art。4and5。
  161。Capitularyoftheyear876,underCharles,theBald,insynodoPontigonensi,Baluzius’sedition,art。12。
  162。Seewhathasbeensaidalready,bookxxx,lastchapter,towardstheend。
  163。Intheyear587,inGregoryofTours,ix。
  164。Seethefollowingchapter,whereIshallspeakmorediffuselyofthosepartitions;andthenotesinwhichtheyarequoted。
  165。Intheyear806,betweenCharles,Pepin,andLouis,itisquotedbyGoldast,andbyBaluzius,ii,p。439。
  166。Art。9,p。443,whichisagreeabletothetreatyofAndelot,inGregoryofTours,ix。
  167。Art。10,andthereisnomentionmadeofthisinthetreatyofAndelot。
  168。InBaluzius,i,p。174,art。9。Seealsothedivisionmadebythesameemperorintheyear837,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。686。
  169。Intheyear811,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。486,art。7and8,andthatoftheyear812,ibid。p。490,art。1。SeealsotheCapitularyoftheyear807,Baluzius’sedition,i,p。458。
  170。Intheyear793,insertedinthelawoftheLombards,iii,tit。9,cap。ix。
  171。Intheyear847,quotedbyAubertleMire,andBaluzius,ii,page42。
  172。Adnunciatio。
  173。Art。2,oftheDeclarationofCharles。
  174。Capitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum,similiteretdenostrisvassallisfaciendumest,&c。ThisCapitularyrelatestoanotherofthesameyear,andofthesameplace,art。3。
  175。CapitularyofAixlaChapelle,intheyear813,art。16,andtheCapitularyofPepin,intheyear783,art。5。
  176。SeethecapitularydeCarisiaco,intheyear856,art。10and13。
  Baluzius’sedition,tom。ii,p。83,inwhichtheking,togetherwiththelordsspiritualandtemporal,agreedtothis。
  177。Intheyear757,art。6,Baluzius’sedition,p。181。
  178。Booki,1。
  179。AtleastinItalyandGermany。
  180。Booki,offiefs,1。
  181。Ibid。
  182。Capitularyoftheyear802,art。7,Baluzius’sedition,p。365。
  183。ApudMarsnam,intheyear847,Baluzius’sedition,p。42。
  184。Art。5,ibid。,p。44。
  185。ApudArgentoratum,inBaluzius,Capitularies,ii,p。39。
  186。SeethelawofGuy,KingoftheRomans,amongthosewhichwereaddedtotheSaliclaw,andtothatoftheLombards,tit。6,§2inEchard。
  187。SomeauthorspretendthattheCountyofToulousehadbeengivenawaybyCharlesMartel,andpassedbyinheritancedowntoRaymond,thelastcount;but,ifthisbetrue,itwasowingtosomecircumstanceswhichmighthavebeenaninducementtochoosetheCountsofToulousefromamongthechildrenofthelastpossessor。
  188。SeehisCapitularyoftheyear877,tit。53,art。9and10,apudCarisiacum。ThisCapitularybearsrelationtoanotherofthesameyearandplace,art。3。
  189。ThethirdCapitularyoftheyear812,art。7,andthatoftheyear815,art。6,ontheSpaniards。ThecollectionoftheCapitularies,book5,art。288,andtheCapitularyoftheyear869,art。2,andthatoftheyear877,art。13,Baluzius’sedition。
  190。AsappearsfromOthoofFrissingue,OftheActionsofFrederic,ii。
  29。
  191。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustusintheyear1209,inthenewcollection。
  192。Booki,tit。1。
  193。Ibid。
  194。AtleastinItalyandGermany。
  195。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。
  196。GerardusNigerandAubertusdeOrto。
  197。Booki,offiefs,tit。1。
  198。Cujashasproveditextremelywell。
  199。Ibid。
  200。ArnoldandhissonLouisIV。
  201。Intheyear926,quotedbyAubertleMire,Cod。donationumpiarum,27。
  202。SeetheCapitularyofCharlestheBald,intheyear877,apudCarisiacum,ontheimportanceofParis,St。Denis,andthecastlesontheLoire,inthosedays。
  203。Seeabove,chapter30。
  204。SeetheSaliclaw,andthelawoftheRipuarians,inthetitleofAllodia。
  205。SeetheCapitularyoftheyear817,whichcontainsthefirstpartitionmadebyLouistheDebonnaireamonghischildren。
  206。Seehistwolettersuponthissubject,thetitleofoneofwhichisDeDivisioneimperii。
  207。SeetheordinanceofPhilipAugustus,intheyear1209,onthefiefs。
  208。Wefindseveraloftheseconventionsinthecharters,asintheregisterbookofVend?me,andthatoftheabbey,inSt。CyprianinPoitou,ofwhichMr。Gallandhasgivensomeextracts,p。55。
  209。Buttheycouldnotabridgethefiefs,thatis,abolishaportionofit。
  210。Theyfixedtheportionwhichtheycoulddismember。
  211。Thiswasthereasonthatthelordsobligedthewidowtomarryagain。
  212。Mostofthegreatfamilieshadtheirparticularlawsofsuccession。
  SeewhatM。delaThaumassièresaysconcerningthefamiliesofBerri。
  213。WeseeintheCapitularyoftheyear817,apudCarisiacum,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,ii,p。269,themomentinwhichthekingscausedthefiefstobeadministeredinordertopreservethemfortheminors;anexamplefollowedbythelords,andwhichgaverisetowhatwehavementionedbythenameoftheguardianshipofanobleman’schildren。
  214。WefindtheformulathereofinthesecondCapitularyoftheyear802。Seealsothatoftheyear854,art。13,andothers。
  215。M。DuCangeinthewordhominium,p。1163,andinthewordfidelitas,p。474,citesthechartersoftheancienthomageswherethesedifferencesarefound,andagreatnumberofauthoritieswhichmaybeseen。Inpayinghomage,thevassalputhishandonthatofhislord,andtookhisoath;theoathoffealtywasmadebyswearingonthegospels。
  Thehomagewasperformedkneeling,theoathoffealtystanding。Nonebutthelordcouldreceivehomage,buthisofficersmighttaketheoathoffealty。——SeeLittleton,§§91,92,faithandhomage,thatis,fidelityandhomage。
  216。CapitulariesofCharlestheBald,intheyear860,postreditumaConftuentibus,art。3,Baluzius’sedition,p。145。
  217。Ibid。,art。1。
  218。Suger,Lib。deadministrationesua。
  219。Year757,cap。xvii。
  220。Onewouldthinkthatherewasanhomageandanoathoffealty。Seenote6,p。314。
  221。Bookiv,defendis,tit。59。
  222。InthetitleofAllodia。
  223。SommeRurale,i,tit。76,p。447。
  224。AccordingtoanordinanceofSt。Louis,intheyear1246tosettlethecustomsofAnjouandMaine;thosewhoshallhavethecareoftheheiressofafiefshallgivesecuritytothelord,thatsheshallnotbemarriedwithouthisconsent。
  225。Decision155,No。8;and204,No。38。
  226。InCapell。Thol。,decision453。
  227。?neid,iii,523。
  TheEnd