3。ContradictionintheTempersofsomeSouthernNations。TheIndians[5]
　　arenaturallyapusillanimouspeople；eventhechildren[6]ofEuropeansborninIndialosethecouragepeculiartotheirownclimate。Buthowshallwereconcilethiswiththeircustomsandpenancessofullofbarbarity？Themenvoluntarilyundergothegreatesthardships，andthewomenburnthemselves；herewefindaveryoddcompoundoffortitudeandweakness。
　　Nature，havingframedthosepeopleofatexturesoweakastofillthemwithtimidity，hasformedthematthesametimeofanimaginationsolivelythateveryobjectmakesthestrongestimpressionuponthem。Thatdelicacyoforganswhichrendersthemapprehensiveofdeathcontributeslikewisetomakethemdreadathousandthingsmorethandeath：theverysamesensibilityinducesthemtoflyanddarealldangers。
　　Asagoodeducationismorenecessarytochildrenthantosuchashavearrivedatmaturityofunderstanding，sotheinhabitantsofthosecountrieshavemuchgreaterneedthantheEuropeannationsofawiserlegislator。Thegreatertheirsensibility，themoreitbehovesthemtoreceiveproperimpressions，toimbibenoprejudices，andtoletthemselvesbedirectedbyreason。
　　AtthetimeoftheRomanstheinhabitantsofthenorthofEuropeweredestituteofarts，education，andalmostoflaws；andyetthegoodsenseannexedtothegrossfibresofthoseclimatesenabledthemtomakeanadmirablestandagainstthepowerofRome，tillthememorableperiodinwhichtheyquittedtheirwoodstosubvertthatgreatempire。
　　4。CauseoftheImmutabilityofReligion，Manners，Customs，andLawsintheEasternCountries。Iftothatdelicacyoforganswhichrenderstheeasternnationssosusceptibleofeveryimpressionyouaddlikewiseasortofindolenceofmind，naturallyconnectedwiththatofthebody，bymeansofwhichtheygrowincapableofanyexertionoreffort，itiseasytocomprehendthatwhenoncethesoulhasreceivedanimpressionitcannotchangeit。Thisisthereasonthatthelaws，manners，andcustoms，[7]eventhosewhichseemquiteindifferent，suchastheirmodeofdress，arethesametothisverydayineasterncountriesastheywereathousandyearsago。
　　5。ThatthosearebadLegislatorswhofavourtheVicesoftheClimate，andgoodLegislatorswhoopposethoseVices。TheIndiansbelievethatreposeandnon—existencearethefoundationofallthings，andtheendinwhichtheyterminate。Hencetheyconsiderentireinactionasthemostperfectofallstates，andtheobjectoftheirdesires。TotheSupremeBeingtheygivethetitleofimmovable。[8]TheinhabitantsofSiambelievethattheirutmosthappiness[9]consistsinnotbeingobligedtoanimateamachine，ortogivemotiontoabody。
　　Inthosecountrieswheretheexcessofheatenervatesandexhauststhebody，restissodelicious，andmotionsopainful，thatthissystemofmetaphysicsseemsnatural；andFoe，[10]thelegislatoroftheIndies，wasdirectedbyhisownsensationswhenheplacedmankindinastateextremelypassive；buthisdoctrinearisingfromthelazinessoftheclimatefavoureditalsoinitsturn；whichhasbeenthesourceofaninfinitedealofmischief。
　　ThelegislatorsofChinaweremorerationalwhen，consideringmennotinthepeacefulstatewhichtheyaretoenjoyhereafter，butinthesituationproperfordischargingtheseveraldutiesoflife，theymadetheirreligion，philosophy，andlawsallpractical。Themorethephysicalcausesinclinemankindtoinaction，themorethemoralcausesshouldestrangethemfromit。
　　6。OfAgricultureinwarmClimates。Agricultureistheprincipallabourofman。Themoretheclimateinclineshimtoshunthislabour，themorethereligionandlawsofthecountryoughttoincitehimtoit。ThustheIndianlaws，whichgivethelandstotheprince，anddestroythespiritofpropertyamongthesubjects，increasethebadeffectsoftheclimate，thatis，theirnaturalindolence。
　　7。OfMonkery。Theverysamemischiefsresultfrommonkery：ithaditsriseinthewarmcountriesoftheEast，wheretheyarelessinclinedtoactionthantospeculation。
　　InAsiathenumberofdervishesormonksseemstoincreasetogetherwiththewarmthoftheclimate。TheIndies，wheretheheatisexcessive，arefullofthem；andthesamedifferenceisfoundinEurope。
　　Inordertosurmountthelazinessoftheclimate，thelawsoughttoendeavourtoremoveallmeansofsubsistingwithoutlabour：butinthesouthernpartsofEuropetheyactquitethereverse。Tothosewhowanttoliveinastateofindolence，theyaffordretreatsthemostproperforaspeculativelife，andendowthemwithimmenserevenues。Thesemen，wholiveinthemidstofplentywhichtheyknownothowtoenjoy，areintherighttogivetheirsuperfluitiesawaytothecommonpeople。Thepoorarebereftofproperty；andthesemenindemnifythembysupportingtheminidleness，soastomakethemevengrowfondoftheirmisery。
　　8。AnexcellentCustomofChina。Thehistoricalrelations[11]ofChinamentionaceremony[12]ofopeningthegroundwhichtheemperorperformseveryyear。Thedesignofthispublicandsolemnactistoexcitethepeopletotillage。[13]
　　Further，theemperoriseveryyearinformedofthehusbandmanwhohasdistinguishedhimselfmostinhisprofession；andhemakeshimamandarinoftheeighthorder。
　　AmongtheancientPersians[14]thekingsquittedtheirgrandeurandpompontheeighthdayofthemonth，calledChorrem—ruz，toeatwiththehusbandmen。Theseinstitutionswereadmirablycalculatedfortheencouragementofagriculture。
　　9。MeansofencouragingIndustry。Weshallshow，inthenineteenthbook，thatlazynationsaregenerallyproud。Nowtheeffectmightwellbeturnedagainstthecause，andlazinessbedestroyedbypride。InthesouthofEurope，wherepeoplehavesuchahighnotionofthepointofhonour，itwouldberighttogiveprizestohusbandmenwhohadexcelledinagriculture；ortoartistswhohadmadethegreatestimprovementsintheirseveralprofessions。ThispracticehassucceededinourdaysinIreland，whereithasestablishedoneofthemostconsiderablelinenmanufacturesinEurope。
　　10。OftheLawsinrelationtotheSobrietyofthePeople。Inwarmcountriestheaqueouspartofthebloodlosesitselfgreatlybyperspiration；[15]itmustthereforebesuppliedbyalikeliquid。Wateristhereofadmirableuse；strongliquorswouldcongealtheglobules[16]
　　ofbloodthatremainafterthetransudingoftheaqueoushumour。
　　Incoldcountriestheaqueouspartofthebloodisverylittleevacuatedbyperspiration。Theymaythereforemakeuseofspirituousliquors，withoutwhichthebloodwouldcongeal。Theyarefullofhumours；
　　consequentlystrongliquors，whichgiveamotiontotheblood，areproperforthosecountries。
　　ThelawofMahomet，whichprohibitsthedrinkingofwine，isthereforefittedtotheclimateofArabia：andindeed，beforeMahomet’stime，waterwasthecommondrinkoftheArabs。Thelaw[17]whichforbadetheCarthaginianstodrinkwinewasalawoftheclimate；and，indeed，theclimateofthosetwocountriesisprettynearlythesame。
　　Suchalawwouldbeimproperforcoldcountries，wheretheclimateseemstoforcethemtoakindofnationalintemperance，verydifferentfrompersonalebriety。Drunkennesspredominatesthroughouttheworld，inproportiontothecoldnessandhumidityoftheclimate。Gofromtheequatortothenorthpole，andyouwillfindthisviceincreasingtogetherwiththedegreeoflatitude。Gofromtheequatoragaintothesouthpole，andyouwillfindthesamevicetravellingsouth，[18]
　　exactlyinthesameproportion。
　　Itisverynaturalthatwherewineiscontrarytotheclimate，andconsequentlytohealth，theexcessofitshouldbemoreseverelypunishedthanincountrieswhereintoxicationproducesveryfewbadeffectstotheperson，fewertothesociety，andwhereitdoesnotmakepeoplefranticandwild，butonlystupidandheavy。Hencethoselaws[19]
　　whichinflictedadoublepunishmentforcrimescommittedindrunkennesswereapplicableonlytoapersonal，andnottoanational，ebriety。A
　　Germandrinksthroughcustom，andaSpaniardbychoice。
　　Inwarmcountriestherelaxingofthefibresproducesagreatevacuationoftheliquids，butthesolidpartsarelesstranspired。Thefibres，whichactbutfaintly，andhaveverylittleelasticity，arenotmuchimpaired；andasmallquantityofnutritiousjuiceissufficienttorepairthem；forwhichreasontheyeatverylittle。
　　Itisthevarietyofwantsindifferentclimatesthatfirstoccasionedadifferenceinthemannerofliving，andthisgaverisetoavarietyoflaws。Wherepeopleareverycommunicativetheremustbeparticularlaws，andotherswherethereisbutlittlecommunication。
　　11。OftheLawsinrelationtotheDistempersoftheClimate。
　　Herodotus[20]informsusthattheJewishlawsconcerningtheleprosywereborrowedfromthepracticeoftheEgyptians。And，indeed，thesamedistemperrequiredthesameremedies。TheGreeksandtheprimitiveRomanswerestrangerstotheselaws，aswellastothedisease。TheclimateofEgyptandPalestinerenderedthemnecessary；andthefacilitywithwhichthisdiseaseisspreadissufficienttomakeussensibleofthewisdomandsagacityofthoselaws。
　　Evenweourselveshavefelttheeffectsofthem。TheCrusadesbroughttheleprosyamongstus；butthewiseregulationsmadeatthattimehindereditfrominfectingthemassofthepeople。
　　WefindbythelawoftheLombards[21]thatthisdiseasewasspreadinItalybeforetheCrusades，andmeritedtheattentionofthelegislature。
　　Rotharisordainedthatalepershouldbeexpelledfromhishouse，banishedtoaparticularplace，andrenderedincapableofdisposingofhisproperty；becausefromtheverymomenthehadbeenturnedoutofhishousehewasreckoneddeadintheeyeofthelaw。Inordertopreventallcommunicationwithlepers，theywererenderedincapableofcivilacts。
　　IamapttothinkthatthisdiseasewasbroughtintoItalybytheconquestsoftheGreekemperors，inwhosearmiestheremightbesomesoldiersfromPalestineorEgypt。Bethatasitmay，theprogressofitwasstoppedtillthetimeoftheCrusades。
　　ItisrelatedthatPompey’ssoldiersreturningfromSyriabroughtadistemperhomewiththemnotunliketheleprosy。Wehavenoaccountofanyregulationmadeatthattime；butitishighlyprobablethatsomesuchstepwastaken，sincethedistemperwascheckedtillthetimeoftheLombards。
　　Itisnowtwocenturiessinceadiseaseunknowntoourancestorswasfirsttransplantedfromthenewworldtoours，andcametoattackhumannatureevenintheverysourceoflifeandpleasure。MostoftheprincipalfamiliesinthesouthofEuropewereseentoperishbyadistemperthathadgrowntoocommontobeignominious，andwasconsideredinnootherlightthaninthatofitsbeingfatal。Itwasthethirstofgoldthatpropagatedthisdisease；theEuropeanswentcontinuallytoAmerica，andalwaysbroughtbackanewleavenofit。
　　Reasonsdrawnfromreligionseemedtorequirethatthispunishmentofguiltshouldbepermittedtocontinue；buttheinfectionhadreachedthebosomofmatrimony，andgiventhevicioustainteventoguiltlessinfants。
　　Asitisthebusinessoflegislatorstowatchoverthehealthofthecitizens，itwouldhavebeenawisepartinthemtohavestoppedthiscommunicationbylawsmadeontheplanofthoseofMoses。
　　Theplagueisadiseasewhoseinfectiousprogressismuchmorerapid。
　　Egyptisitsprincipalseat，whenceitspreadsoverthewholeglobe。
　　MostcountriesinEuropehavemadeexceedinglygoodregulationstopreventthisinfection，andinourtimesanadmirablemethodhasbeencontrivedtostopit；thisisbyformingalineoftroopsroundtheinfectedcountry，whichcutsoffallmannerofcommunication。
　　TheTurks，[22]whohavenosuchregulations，seetheChristiansescapethisinfectioninthesametown，andnonebutthemselvesperish；theybuytheclothesoftheinfected，wearthem，andproceedintheiroldway，asifnothinghadhappened。Thedoctrineofarigidfate，whichdirectstheirwholeconduct，rendersthemagistrateaquietspectator；
　　hethinksthateverythingcomesfromthehandofGod，andthatmanhasnothingmoretodothantosubmit。
　　12。OftheLawsagainstSuicides。WedonotfindinhistorythattheRomanseverkilledthemselveswithoutacause；buttheEnglishareapttocommitsuicidemostunaccountably；theydestroythemselveseveninthebosomofhappiness。ThisactionamongtheRomanswastheeffectofeducation，beingconnectedwiththeirprinciplesandcustoms；amongtheEnglishitistheconsequenceofadistemper，[23]beingconnectedwiththephysicalstateofthemachine，andindependentofeveryothercause。
　　Inallprobabilityitisadefectofthefiltrationofthenervousjuice：themachine，whosemotivefacultiesareoftenunexerted，iswearyofitself；thesoulfeelsnopain，butacertainuneasinessinexisting。
　　Painisalocalsensation，whichleadsustothedesireofseeinganendofit；theburdenoflife，whichpromptsustothedesireofceasingtoexist，isanevilconfinedtonoparticularpart。
　　Itisevidentthatthecivillawsofsomecountriesmayhavereasonsforbrandingsuicidewithinfamy：butinEnglanditcannotbepunishedwithoutpunishingtheeffectsofmadness。
　　13。EffectsarisingfromtheClimateofEngland。Inanationsodistemperedbytheclimateastohaveadisrelishofeverything，nay，evenoflife，itisplainthatthegovernmentmostsuitabletotheinhabitantsisthatinwhichtheycannotlaytheiruneasinesstoanysingleperson’scharge，andinwhich，beingunderthedirectionratherofthelawsthanoftheprince，itisimpossibleforthemtochangethegovernmentwithoutsubvertingthelawsthemselves。
　　Andifthisnationhaslikewisederivedfromtheclimateacertainimpatienceoftemper，whichrendersthemincapableofbearingthesametrainofthingsforanylongcontinuance，itisobviousthatthegovernmentabovementionedisthefittestforthem。
　　Thisimpatienceoftemperisnotveryconsiderableofitself；butitmaybecomesowhenjoinedwithcourage。
　　Itisquiteadifferentthingfromlevity，whichmakespeopleundertakeordropaprojectwithoutcause；itbordersmoreuponobstinacy，becauseitproceedsfromsolivelyasenseofmiserythatitisnotweakenedevenbythehabitofsuffering。
　　Thistemperinafreenationisextremelyproperfordisconcertingtheprojectsoftyranny，[24]whichisalwaysslowandfeebleinitscommencement，asintheenditisactiveandlively；whichatfirstonlystretchesoutahandtoassist，andexertsafterwardsamultitudeofarmstooppress。
　　Slaveryiseverprecededbysleep。Butapeoplewhofindnorestinanysituation，whocontinuallyexploreeverypart，andfeelnothingbutpain，canhardlybelulledtosleep。
　　Politicsisasmoothfile，whichcutsgradually，andattainsitsendbyaslowprogression。Nowthepeopleofwhomwehavebeenspeakingareincapableofbearingthedelays，thedetails，andthecoolnessofnegotiations：inthesetheyaremoreunlikelytosucceedthananyothernation；hencetheyareapttolosebytreatieswhattheyobtainbytheirarms。
　　14。OtherEffectsoftheClimate。Ourancestors，theancientGermans，livedinaclimatewherethepassionswereextremelycalm。Theirlawsdecidedonlyinsuchcaseswheretheinjurywasvisibletotheeye，andwentnofurther。Andastheyjudgedoftheoutragesdonetomenfromthegreatnessofthewound，theyactedwithnootherdelicacyinrespecttotheinjuriesdonetowomen。ThelawoftheAlemans[25]onthissubjectisveryextraordinary。Ifapersonuncoversawoman’shead，hepaysafineoffiftysous；ifheuncoversherleguptotheknee，hepaysthesame；anddoublefromthekneeupwards。Onewouldthinkthatthelawmeasuredtheinsultsofferedtowomenaswemeasureafigureingeometry；itdidnotpunishthecrimeoftheimagination，butthatoftheeye。ButuponthemigrationofaGermannationintoSpain，theclimatesoonfoundanecessityfordifferentlaws。ThelawoftheVisigothsinhibitedthesurgeonstobleedafreewoman，excepteitherherfather，mother，brother，son，orunclewaspresent。Astheimaginationofthepeoplegrewwarm，sodidthatofthelegislators；thelawsuspectedeverythingwhenthepeoplehadbecomesuspicious。
　　Theselawshad，therefore，aparticularregardforthetwosexes。Butintheirpunishmentstheyseemrathertohumourtherevengefultemperofprivatepersonsthantoadministerpublicjustice。Thus，inmostcases，theyreducedboththecriminalstobeslavestotheoffendedrelativesortotheinjuredhusband；afree—bornwoman[26]whohadyieldedtotheembracesofamarriedmanwasdelivereduptohiswifetodisposeofherasshepleased。Theyobligedtheslaves，[27]iftheyfoundtheirmaster’swifeinadultery，tobindherandcarryhertoherhusband；
　　theyevenpermittedherchildren[28]tobeheraccusers，andherslavestobetorturedinordertoconvicther。Thustheirlawswerefarbetteradaptedtorefine，eventoexcess，acertainpointofhonourthantoformagoodciviladministration。Wemustnot，therefore，besurprisedifCountJulianwasofopinionthatanaffrontofthatkindoughttobeexpiatedbytheruinofhiskingandcountry：wemustnotbesurprisediftheMoors，withsuchaconformityofmanners，founditsoeasytosettleandtomaintainthemselvesinSpain，andtoretardthefalloftheirempire。
　　15。OfthedifferentConfidencewhichtheLawshaveinthePeople，accordingtotheDifferenceofClimates。ThepeopleofJapanareofsostubbornandperverseatemperthatneithertheirlegislatorsnormagistratescanputanyconfidenceinthem：theysetnothingbeforetheireyesbutjudgments，menaces，andchastisements；everysteptheytakeissubjecttotheinquisitionofthecivilmagistrate。Thoselawswhichoutoffiveheadsoffamiliesestablishoneasamagistrateovertheotherfour；thoselawswhichpunishafamilyorawholewardforasinglecrime；thoselaws，infine，whichfindnobodyinnocentwhereonemayhappentobeguilty，aremadewithadesigntoimplantinthepeopleamutualdistrust，andtomakeeverymantheinspector，witness，andjudgeofhisneighbour’sconduct。
　　Onthecontrary，thepeopleofIndiaaremild，[29]tender，andcompassionate。Hencetheirlegislatorsreposegreatconfidenceinthem。
　　Theyhaveestablished[30]veryfewpunishments；thesearenotsevere，noraretheyrigorouslyexecuted。Theyhavesubjectednephewstotheiruncles，andorphanstotheirguardians，asinothercountriestheyaresubjectedtotheirfathers；theyhaveregulatedthesuccessionbytheacknowledgedmeritofthesuccessor。Theyseemtothinkthateveryindividualoughttoplaceentireconfidenceinthegoodnatureofhisfellow—subjects。[31]
　　Theyenfranchisetheirslaveswithoutdifficulty，theymarrythem，theytreatthemastheirchildren。[32]Happyclimatewhichgivesbirthtoinnocence，andproducesalenityinthelaws！
　　______
　　1。Thisappearseveninthecountenance：incoldweatherpeoplelookthinner。
　　2。Weknowthatitshortensiron。
　　3。ThoseforthesuccessiontotheSpanishmonarchy。
　　4。Forinstance，inSpain。
　　5。"OnehundredEuropeansoldiers，"saysTavernier，"wouldwithoutanygreatdifficultybeatathousandIndiansoldiers。"
　　6。EventhePersianswhosettleintheIndiescontractinthethirdgenerationtheindolenceandcowardiceoftheIndians。SeeBernierontheMogul，i，p。182。
　　7。WefindbyafragmentofNicolausDamascenus，collectedbyConstantinePorphyrogenitus，thatitwasanancientcustomintheEasttosendtostrangleagovernorwhohadgivenanydispleasure；itwasinthetimeoftheMedes。
　　8。Panamanack：SeeKircher。
　　9。LaLoubere，AccountoftheKingdomofSiam，p。446。
　　10。Foeendeavouredtoreducethehearttoamerevacuum："Wehaveeyesandears，butperfectionconsistsinneitherseeingnorhearing；amouth，hands，&c。，butperfectionrequiresthatthesemembersshouldbeinactive。"ThisistakenfromthedialogueofaChinesephilosopher，quotedbyFatherDuHalde，iii。
　　11。FatherDuHalde，HistoryofChina，i，p。72。
　　12。SeveralofthekingsofIndiadothesame。LaLoubere，AccountoftheKingdomofSiam，p。69。
　　13。Venty，thethirdemperorofthethirddynasty，tilledthelandshimself，andmadetheempressandhiswivesemploytheirtimeinthesilkworksinhispalace。HistoryofChina。
　　14。Hyde，ReligionofthePersians。
　　15。MonsieurBernier，travellingfromLahoretoCashmere，wrotethus：
　　"Mybodyisasieve；scarcelyhaveIswallowedapintofwater，butI
　　seeittransudelikedewoutofallmylimbs，eventomyfingers’ends。
　　Idrinktenpintsaday，anditdoesmenomannerofharm。"——Bernier，Travels，ii，p。261。
　　16。Inthebloodthereareredglobules，fibrousparts，whiteglobules，andwater，inwhichthewholeswims。
　　17。Plato，Laws，ii；Aristotle，OftheCareofDomesticAffairs；
　　Eusebius，EvangelicalPreparation，xii。17。
　　18。ThisisseenintheHottentots，andtheinhabitantsofthemostsouthernpartofChili。
　　19。AsPittacusdid，accordingtoAristotle，Politics，ii。12。Helivedinaclimatewheredrunkennessisnotanationalvice。
　　20。Bookii。
　　21。Bookii。tit。1，§3；tit。18，§1。
　　22。Ricaut，StateoftheOttomanEmpire，p。284。
　　23。Itmaybecomplicatedwiththescurvy，which，insomecountriesespecially，rendersamanwhimsicalandunsupportabletohimself。SeePirard，Voyages，partII，21。
　　24。HereItakethiswordforthedesignofsubvertingtheestablishedpower，andespeciallythatofdemocracy；thisisthesignificationinwhichitwasunderstoodbytheGreeksandRomans。
　　25。Chapter58，§§1，2。
　　26。LawoftheVisigoths，iii，tit。4，§9。
　　27。Ibid。，§6。
　　28。Ibid。，§13。
　　29。SeeBernier，ii，p。140。
　　30。SeeintheEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv，p。403，theprincipallawsorcustomsoftheinhabitantsofthepeninsulaonthissidetheGanges。
　　31。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll，ix，p。378。
　　32。IhadoncethoughtthatthelenityofslaveryinIndiahadmadeDiodorussaythattherewasneithermasternorslaveinthatcountry；
　　butDiodorushasattributedtothewholecontinentofIndiawhat，accordingtoStrabo，xv，belongedonlytoaparticularnation。
　　BookXV。InWhatMannertheLawsofCivilSlaveryRelatetotheNatureoftheClimate1。OfcivilSlavery。Slavery，properlysocalled，istheestablishmentofarightwhichgivestoonemansuchapoweroveranotherasrendershimabsolutemasterofhislifeandfortune。Thestateofslaveryisinitsownnaturebad。Itisneitherusefultothemasternortotheslave；
　　nottotheslave，becausehecandonothingthroughamotiveofvirtue；
　　nortothemaster，becausebyhavinganunlimitedauthorityoverhisslavesheinsensiblyaccustomshimselftothewantofallmoralvirtues，andthencebecomesfierce，hasty，severe，choleric，voluptuous，andcruel。
　　Indespoticcountries，wheretheyarealreadyinastateofpoliticalservitude，civilslaveryismoretolerablethaninothergovernments。
　　Everyoneoughttobesatisfiedinthosecountrieswithnecessariesandlife。Hencetheconditionofaslaveishardlymoreburdensomethanthatofasubject。
　　Butinamonarchicalgovernment，whereitisoftheutmostimportancethathumannatureshouldnotbedebasedordispirited，thereoughttobenoslavery。Indemocracies，wheretheyarealluponequality；andinaristocracies，wherethelawsoughttousetheirutmostendeavourstoprocureasgreatanequalityasthenatureofthegovernmentwillpermit，slaveryiscontrarytothespiritoftheconstitution：itonlycontributestogiveapowerandluxurytothecitizenswhichtheyoughtnottohave。
　　2。OriginoftheRightofSlaveryamongtheRomanCivilians。Onewouldneverhaveimaginedthatslaveryshouldoweitsbirthtopity，andthatthisshouldhavebeenexcitedinthreedifferentways。[1]
　　Thelawofnationstopreventprisonersfrombeingputtodeathhasallowedthemtobemadeslaves。ThecivillawoftheRomansempowereddebtors，whoweresubjecttobeill—usedbytheircreditors，tosellthemselves。Andthelawofnaturerequiresthatchildrenwhomafatherinastateofservitudeisnolongerabletomaintainshouldbereducedtothesamestateasthefather。
　　Thesereasonsoftheciviliansareallfalse。Itisfalsethatkillinginwarislawful，unlessinacaseofabsolutenecessity：butwhenamanhasmadeanotherhisslave，hecannotbesaidtohavebeenunderanecessityoftakingawayhislife，sinceheactuallydidnottakeitaway。Wargivesnootherrightoverprisonersthantodisablethemfromdoinganyfurtherharmbysecuringtheirpersons。Allnations[2]concurindetestingthemurderingofprisonersincoldblood。