Muchlessshouldtheyofferapublicaffronttoanyoftheirsubjects；
　　kingswereinstitutedtopardonandtopunish，butnevertoinsult。
　　Whentheyaffronttheirsubjects，theirtreatmentismorecruelthanthatoftheTurkortheMuscovite。Theinsultsoftheseareahumiliation，notadisgrace；butbothmustfollowfromtheinsolentbehaviourofmonarchs。
　　Suchistheprejudiceoftheeasternnationsthattheylookuponanaffrontfromtheprinceastheeffectofpaternalgoodness；andsuch，onthecontrary，isourwayofthinkingthatbesidesthecruelvexationofbeingaffronted，wedespairofeverbeingabletowipeoffthedisgrace。
　　Princesoughttobeoverjoyedtohavesubjectstowhomhonourisdearerthanlife，anincitementtofidelityaswellastocourage。
　　Theyshouldrememberthemisfortunesthathavehappenedtosovereignsforinsultingtheirsubjects：therevengeofCh？rea，oftheeunuchNarses，ofCountJulian，and，infine，oftheDuchessofMontpensier，who，beingenragedagainstHenryIIIforhavingpublishedsomeofherprivatefailings，tormentedhimduringherwholelife。
　　29。OfthecivilLawsproperformixingsomeportionofLibertyinadespoticGovernment。Thoughdespoticgovernmentsareoftheirownnatureeverywherethesame，yetfromcircumstances——fromareligiousopinion，fromprejudice，fromreceivedexamples，fromaparticularturnofmind，frommannersormorals——itispossibletheymayadmitofaconsiderabledifference。
　　Itisusefulthatsomeparticularnotionsshouldbeestablishedinthosegovernments。ThusinChinatheprinceisconsideredasthefatherofhispeople；andatthecommencementoftheempireoftheArabs，theprincewastheirpreacher。[76]
　　Itisproperthereshouldbesomesacredbooktoserveforarule，astheKoranamongtheArabs，thebooksofZoroasteramongthePersians，theVedaamongtheIndians，andtheclassicbooksamongtheChinese。Thereligiouscodesuppliesthecivilandfixestheextentofarbitrarysway。
　　Itisnotatallamissthatindubiouscasesthejudgesshouldconsulttheministersofreligion。[77]Thus，inTurkey，theCadisconsulttheMollahs。Butifitisacapitalcrime，itmaybeproperfortheparticularjudge，ifsuchtherebe，totakethegovernor’sadvice，totheendthatthecivilandecclesiasticalpowermaybetemperedalsobythepoliticalauthority。
　　30。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Nothingbuttheveryexcessandrageofdespoticpowerordainedthatthefather’sdisgraceshoulddragafteritthatofhiswifeandchildren。Theyarewretchedenoughalreadywithoutbeingcriminals：besides，theprinceoughttoleavesuppliantsormediatorsbetweenhimselfandtheaccused，toassuagehiswrathortoinformhisjustice。
　　ItisanexcellentcustomoftheMaldivians[78]thatwhenalordisdisgracedhegoeseverydaytopayhiscourttothekingtillheistakenagainintofavour：hispresencedisarmstheprince’sindignation。
　　Insomedespoticgovernments[79]theyhaveanotionthatitistrespassingagainsttherespectduetotheirprincetospeaktohiminfavourofapersonindisgrace。Theseprincesseemtousealltheirendeavourstodeprivethemselvesofthevirtueofclemency。
　　ArcadiusandHonorius，byalaw[80]onwhichwehavealreadydescanted，[81]positivelydeclarethattheywillshownofavourtothosewhoshallpresumetopetitiontheminbehalfoftheguilty。[82]Thiswasaverybadlawindeed，sinceitisbadevenunderadespoticgovernment。
　　ThecustomofPersia，whichpermitseverymanthatpleasestoleavethekingdom，isexcellent；andthoughthecontrarypracticederivesitsoriginfromdespoticpower，whichhaseverconsideredthesubjectsasslaves[83]andthosewhoquitthecountryasfugitives，yetthePersianpracticeisusefuleventoadespoticgovernment，becausetheapprehensionofpeople’swithdrawingfordebtrestrainsormoderatestheoppressionsofpashasandextortioners。
　　______
　　1。Politics，ii。8。
　　2。TarquiniusPriscus。SeeDionysiusHalicarnassus，iv。
　　3。Asearlyastheyear560。
　　4。Aristotle，Politics，ii。12。HegavehislawsatThuriuminthe84thOlympiad。
　　5。SeeAristides，Orat。inMinervam。
　　6。DionysiusHalicarnassusonthejudgmentofCoriolanus，vii。
　　7。Minerv？calculus。
　　8。St。Louismadesuchseverelawsagainstthosewhosworethatthepopethoughthimselfobligedtoadmonishhimforit。Thisprincemoderatedhiszeal，andsoftenedhislaws。SeehisOrdinances。
　　9。FatherRougerel。
　　10。Nicetas，LifeofManuelComnenus，iv。
　　11。Ibid。
　　12。Theophylactus，HistoryoftheEmperorMaurice，11。
　　13。SecretHistory。
　　14。FatherDuHalde，i，p。43。
　　15。FatherParenninintheEdifyingLetters。
　　16。Bookxxix。
　　17。Gratian，Valentinian，andTheodosius。ThisisthesecondintheCod。
　　decrimin。sacril。
　　18。Sacrilegiiinstarestdubitareanisdignussitquemelegeritimperator。——Cod。decrimin。sacril。ThislawhasservedasamodeltothatofRogerintheconstitutionofNaples，tit。4。
　　19。Leg。5，adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　20。ArcadiusandHonorius。
　　21。MemoirsofMontresor，i，p。238，Cologne，1723。
　　22。Namipsiparscorporisnostrisunt——ThesamelawoftheCod。，adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　23。Itisthe9thoftheCod。Theod。defalsamoneta。
　　24。Etiamexaliiscausismajestatiscriminacessantmeos？culo——Leg。
　　1。Cod。，ix，tit。8，adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　25。Alienamsect？me？solicitudinemconcepisti。——Leg。2，Cod。，iii，tit。4，adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　26。Leg。4，§1，ff。adleg。，Jul。Majest。，xlviii，tit。4。
　　27。SeeLeg。5，§2，ff。ibid。
　　28。Ibid。，§1。
　　29。Aliudvequidsimileadmiserint——Leg。6，ff。adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　30。Inthelastlaw，ff。adleg。Jul。deadulteriis。
　　31。SeeBurnet，HistoryoftheReformation。
　　32。Plutarch，Dionysius。
　　33。Thethoughtmustbejoinedwithsomesortofaction。
　　34。Sinontalesitdelictuminquodvelscripturalegisdescenditveladexemplumlegisvindicandumest，saysModestinusinLeg。7，§3，ff。
　　adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　35。In1740。
　　36。Neclubricumlingu？adpoenamfaciletrahendumest。——Modestinus，inLeg。7，§3，ff。adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　37。Siidexlevitateprocesserit，contemnendumest；siexinsania，miserationedignissimum；siabinjuria，remittendum。——Leg。unica。Cod。
　　siquisImperat。maled。
　　38。Tacitus，Annals，i。72。Thiscontinuedunderthefollowingreigns。
　　SeethefirstlawintheCod。defamosislibellis。
　　39。Tacitus，Annals，iv。34。
　　40。ThelawoftheTwelveTables。
　　41。Suetonius，LifeofTiberius，61。
　　42。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，partII。
　　43。Ibid。，p。496。
　　44。Dio，inXiphilin。，lv。5。Tacitus，Annals，ii。30，iii。67，attributesthislaw，nottoAugustus，buttoTiberius。
　　45。FlaviusVopiscusinhisLife，9。
　　46。Sullamadealawofmajesty，whichismentionedinCicero’sOrations，ProCluentio，art。3；InPisonem，art。21；andagainstVerres，art。5。FamiliarEpistles，iii，11。C？sarandAugustusinsertedthemintheJulianLaws；othersmadeadditionstothem。
　　47。Etquoquisdistinctioraccusator，eomagishonoresassequebatur，acvelutisacrosanctuserat。——Tacitus，Annals，iv。36。
　　48。Deut。，13。6—9。
　　49。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，partII，p。423。
　　50。DionysiusHalicarnassus，RomanAntiquities，viii。
　　51。Tyrannooccisoquinqueejusproximoscognationemagistratusnecato。
　　——Cicero，DeInvent。ii。29。
　　52。Cookviii，p。547。
　　53。OftheCivilWars，iv。
　　54。Itisnotsufficientinthecourtsofjusticeofthatkingdomthattheevidencebeofsuchanatureastosatisfythejudges；theremustbealegalproof；andthelawrequiresthedepositionoftwowitnessesagainsttheaccused。Nootherproofwilldo。Now，ifapersonwhoispresumedguiltyofhightreasonshouldcontrivetosecretethewitnesses，soastorenderitimpossibleforhimtobelegallycondemned，thegovernmentthenmaybringahillofattainderagainsthim；thatis，theymayenactaparticularlawforthatsinglefact。Theyproceedtheninthesamemannerasinallotherbillsbroughtintoparliament；itmustpassthetwohouses，andhavetheking’sconsent，otherwiseitisnotabill：thatis，asentenceofthelegislature。Thepersonaccusedmaypleadagainstthehillbycounsel，andthemembersofthehousemayspeakindefenceofthebill。
　　55。Legemdesingularialiquorogato，nisisexmillibusitavisum。——
　　FromAndocidis，DeMysteriis。ThisiswhattheycallOstracism。
　　56。Deprivishominibuslat？。——Cicero，DeLeg。，iii。19。
　　57。Scitumestjussuminomnes。——Ibid。
　　58。SeePhilostratus，i：LivesoftheSophists：？schines。SeelikewisePlutarchandPhocius。
　　59。BytheRemnianlaw。
　　60。Plutarch，inatreatiseentitled。HowaPersonMayReapAdvantagefromhisEnemies。
　　61。"Agreatmanysoldtheirchildrentopaytheirdebts。"——Plutarch，Solon。
　　62。Ibid。
　　63。ItappearsfromhistorythatthiscustomwasestablishedamongtheRomansbeforetheLawoftheTwelveTables。——Livy，dec。1，ii。23，24。
　　64。DionysiusHalicarnassus。RomanAntiquities，vi。
　　65。Plutarch，FuriusCamillas。
　　66。Seebelow，xxii。22。
　　67。OnehundredandtwentyyearsafterthelawoftheTwelveTables：EoannoplebiRoman？，velutaliudinitiumlibertatisfactumest，quodnectidesierunt。——Livy，viii。38。
　　68。Bonadebitoris，noncorpusobnoxiumesset。——Ibid。
　　69。TheyearofRome465。
　　70。ThatofPlautiuswhomadeanattemptuponthebodyofVeturius。——
　　ValeriusMaximus，vi，1，art。9。Thesetwoeventsoughtnottobeconfounded；theyareneitherthesamepersonsnorthesametimes。
　　71。SeeafragmentofDionysiusHalicarnassusintheextractofVirtuesandVices[Historica]；Livy’sEpitome，ii。，andFreinshemius，ii。
　　72。Plutarch，ComparisonofsomeRomanandGreekHistories，ii，p。487。
　　73。Leg。6，Cod。Theod。defamosislibellis。
　　74。"Nerva，"saysTacitus，"increasedtheeaseofgovernment。"
　　75。StateofRussia，p。173，Paris，1717。
　　76。TheCaliphs。
　　77。HistoryoftheTartars，partIII，p。277，intheremarks。
　　78。SeeFrancisPirard。
　　79。AsatpresentinPersia，accordingtoSirJohnChardin，thiscustomisveryancient。"TheyputCavades，"saysProcopius，"intothecastleofoblivion；thereisalawwhichforbidsanyonetospeakofthosewhoareshutup，oreventomentiontheirname。"
　　80。ThefifthlawintheCod。adleg。Jul。Majest。
　　81。Inthe8thchapterofthisbook。
　　82。FrederickcopiedthislawintheConstitutionsofNaples，i。
　　83。Inmonarchiesthereisgenerallyalawwhichforbidsthosewhoareinvestedwithpublicemploymentstogooutofthekingdomwithouttheprince’sleave。Thislawoughttobeestablishedalsoinrepublics。Butinthosethathaveparticularinstitutionstheprohibitionoughttobegeneral，inordertopreventtheintroductionofforeignmanners。
　　BookXIII。OftheRelationWhichtheLevyingofTaxesandtheGreatnessofthePublicRevenuesBeartoLiberty1。OfthePublicRevenues。Thepublicrevenuesareaportionthateachsubjectgivesofhisproperty，inordertosecureorenjoytheremainder。
　　Tofixtheserevenuesinapropermanner，regardshouldbehadbothtothenecessitiesofthestateandtothoseofthesubject。Therealwantsofthepeopleoughtnevertogivewaytotheimaginarywantsofthestate。
　　Imaginarywantsarethosewhichflowfromthepassionsandtheweaknessofthegovernors，fromthevainconceitofsomeextraordinaryproject，fromtheinordinatedesireofglory，andfromacertainimpotenceofmindincapableofwithstandingtheimpulseoffancy。Oftenhaveministersofarestlessdispositionimaginedthatthewantsoftheirownmeanandignoblesoulswerethoseofthestate。
　　Nothingrequiresmorewisdomandprudencethantheregulationofthatportionofwhichthesubjectisdeprived，andthatwhichheissufferedtoretain。
　　Thepublicrevenuesshouldnotbemeasuredbythepeople’sabilitiestogive，butbywhattheyoughttogive；andiftheyaremeasuredbytheirabilitiestogive，itshouldbeconsideredwhattheyareabletogiveforaconstancy。
　　2。ThatitisbadReasoningtosaythattheGreatnessofTaxesisgoodinitsownNature。Therehavebeeninstancesinparticularmonarchiesofpettystatesexemptfromtaxesthathavebeenasmiserableasthecircumjacentplaceswhichgroanedundertheweightofexactions。Thechiefreasonofthisis，thatthepettystatecanhardlyhaveanysuchthingasindustry，arts，ormanufactures，becauseofitsbeingsubjecttoathousandrestraintsfromthegreatstatebywhichitisenvironed。
　　Thegreatstateisblessedwithindustry，manufactures，andarts，andestablisheslawsbywhichthoseseveraladvantagesareprocured。Thepettystatebecomes，therefore，necessarilypoor，letitpayneversofewtaxes。
　　Andyetsomehaveconcludedfromthepovertyofthosepettystatesthatinordertorenderthepeopleindustrioustheyshouldbeloadedwithtaxes。Butitwouldbeajusterinference，thattheyoughttopaynotaxesatall。Noneliveherebutwretcheswhoretirefromtheneighbouringpartstoavoidworking——wretcheswho，disheartenedbylabour，maketheirwholefelicityconsistinidleness。
　　Theeffectofwealthinacountryistoinspireeveryheartwithambition：thatofpovertyistogivebirthtodespair。Theformerisexcitedbylabour，thelatterissoothedbyindolence。
　　Natureisjusttoallmankind，andrepaysthemfortheirindustry：sherendersthemindustriousbyannexingrewardsinproportiontotheirlabour。Butifanarbitraryprinceshouldattempttodeprivethepeopleofnature’sbounty，theywouldfallintoadisrelishofindustry；andthenindolenceandinactionmustbetheironlyhappiness。
　　3。OfTaxesinCountrieswherePartofthePeopleareVillainsorBondmen。Thestateofvillainageissometimesestablishedafteraconquest。Inthatcase，thebondmanorvillainthattillsthelandoughttohaveakindofpartnershipwithhismaster。Nothingbutacommunicationoflossorprofitcanreconcilethosewhoaredoomedtolabourtosuchasareblessedwithastateofaffluence。
　　4。OfaRepublicinthelikeCase。Whenarepublichasreducedanationtothedrudgeryofcultivatingherlands，sheoughtnevertosufferthefreesubjecttohavethepowerofincreasingthetributeofthebondman。
　　ThiswasnotpermittedatSparta。ThosebravepeoplethoughttheHelotes[1]wouldbemoreindustriousincultivatingtheirlands，andknowingthattheirservitudewasnottoincrease；theyimagined，likewise，thatthemasterswouldbebettercitizens，whentheydesirednomorethanwhattheywereaccustomedtoenjoy。
　　5。OfaMonarchyinthelikeCase。Whenthenoblesofamonarchicalstatecausethelandstobecultivatedfortheirownusebyaconqueredpeople，theyoughtnevertohavethepowerofincreasingtheserviceortribute。[2]Besides，itisrighttheprinceshouldbesatisfiedwithhisowndemesneandthemilitaryservice。Butifhewantstoraisetaxesonthevassalsofhisnobility，thelordsoftheseveraldistrictsoughttobeanswerableforthetax，[3]andbeobligedtopayitforthevassals，bywhomtheymaybeafterwardsreimbursed。Ifthisrulebenotfollowed，thelordandthecollectorsofthepublictaxeswillharassthepoorvassalbyturnstillheperisheswithmiseryorfliesintothewoods。
　　6。OfadespoticGovernmentinthelikeCase。Theforegoingruleisstillmoreindispensablynecessaryinadespoticgovernment。Thelordwhoiseverymomentliabletobestrippedofhislandsandhisvassalsisnotsoeagertopreservethem。
　　WhenPeterIthoughtpropertofollowthecustomofGermany，andtodemandhistaxesinmoney，hemadeaveryprudentregulation，whichisstillfollowedinRussia。Thegentlemanleviesthetaxonthepeasant，andpaysittotheCzar。Ifthenumberofpeasantsdiminishes，hepaysallthesame；ifitincreases，hepaysnomore；sothatitishisinterestnottoworryoroppresshisvassals。
　　7。OfTaxesinCountrieswhereVillainageisnotestablished。Whentheinhabitantsofastateareallfreesubjects，andeachmanenjoyshispropertywithasmuchrightastheprincehissovereignty，taxesmaythenbelaideitheronpersons，onlands，onmerchandise，ontwoofthese，oronallthreetogether。
　　Inthetaxingofpersons，itwouldbeanunjustproportiontoconformexactlytothatofproperty。AtAthensthepeopleweredividedintofourclasses。[4]Thosewhodrewfivehundredmeasuresofliquidordriedfruitfromtheirestatespaidatalent[5]tothepublic；thosewhodrewthreehundredmeasurespaidhalfatalent；thosewhohadtwohundredmeasurespaidtenmin？；thoseofthefourthclasspaidnothingatall。
　　Thetaxwasfair，thoughitwasnotproportionable：ifitdidnotfollowthemeasureofpeople’sproperty，itfollowedthatoftheirwants。Itwasjudgedthateverymanhadanequalshareofwhatwasnecessaryfornature，thatwhatsoeverwasnecessaryfornatureoughtnottobetaxed；
　　thattothissucceededtheuseful，whichoughttobetaxed，butlessthanthesuperfluous；andthatthelargenessofthetaxesonwhatwassuperfluouspreventedsuperfluity。
　　Inthetaxingoflandsitiscustomarytomakelistsorregisters，inwhichthedifferentclassesofestatesareranged。Butitisverydifficulttoknowthesedifferences，andstillmoresotofindpeoplethatarenotinterestedinmistakingthem。Here，therefore，aretwosortsofinjustice，thatofthemanandthatofthething。Butifingeneralthetaxbenotexorbitant，andthepeoplecontinuetohaveplentyofnecessaries，theseparticularactsofinjusticewilldonoharm。Onthecontrary，ifthepeoplearepermittedtoenjoyonlyjustwhatisnecessaryforsubsistence，theleastdisproportionwillbeofthegreatestconsequence。
　　Ifsomesubjectsdonotpayenough，themischiefisnotsogreat；theirconvenienceandeaseturnalwaystothepublicadvantage；ifsomeprivatepeoplepaytoomuch，theirruinredoundstothepublicdetriment。Ifthegovernmentproportionsitsfortunetothatofindividuals，theeaseandconvenienceofthelatterwillsoonmakeitsfortunerise。Thewholedependsuponacriticalmoment：shallthestatebeginwithimpoverishingthesubjectstoenrichitself？Orhaditbetterwaittobeenrichedbyitssubjects？Isitmoreadvisableforittohavetheformerorthelatteradvantage？Whichshallitchoose——tobeginortoendwithopulence？
　　Thedutiesfeltleastbythepeoplearethoseonmerchandise，becausetheyarenotdemandedoftheminform。Theymaybesoprudentlymanagedthatthepeoplethemselvesshallhardlyknowtheypaythem。Forthispurposeitisoftheutmostconsequencethatthepersonwhosellsthemerchandiseshouldpaytheduty。Heisverysensiblethathedoesnotpayitforhimself；andtheconsumer，whopaysitinthemain，confoundsitwiththeprice。SomeauthorshaveobservedthatNerohadabolishedthedutyofthefive—and—twentiethpartarisingfromthesaleofslaves；[6]andyethehadonlyordainedthatitshouldbepaidbythesellerinsteadofthepurchaser；thisregulation，whichlefttheimpostentire，seemedneverthelesstosuppressit。
　　TherearetwostatesinEuropewheretheimpostsareveryheavyuponliquors：inonethebreweralonepaystheduty，intheotheritisleviedindiscriminatelyuponalltheconsumers；inthefirstnobodyfeelstherigouroftheimpost，intheseconditislookeduponasagrievance；intheformerthesubjectissensibleonlyofthelibertyhehasofnotpaying，inthelatterhefeelsonlythenecessitythatcompelshimtopay。
　　Further，theobligingtheconsumerstopayrequiresaperpetualrummagingandsearchingintotheirhouses。Nownothingismorecontrarythanthistoliberty；andthosewhoestablishthesesortsofdutieshavenotsurelybeensohappyastohituponthebestmethodofcollectingtherevenue。
　　8。InwhatMannertheDeceptionispreserved。Inordertomakethepurchaserconfoundthepriceofthecommoditywiththeimpost，theremustbesomeproportionbetweentheimpostandthevalueofthecommodity：forwhichreasonthereoughtnottobeanexcessivedutyuponmerchandiseoflittlevalue。Therearecountriesinwhichthedutyexceedsseventeenoreighteentimesthevalueofthecommodity。Inthiscasetheprinceremovesthedisguise：hissubjectsplainlyseetheyaredealtwithinanunreasonablemanner，whichrendersthemmostexquisitelysensibleoftheirservilecondition。
　　Besides，theprince，tobeabletolevyadutysodisproportionedtothevalueofthecommodity，mustbehimselfthevendor，andthepeoplemustnothaveitintheirpowertopurchaseitelsewhere：apracticesubjecttoathousandinconveniences。
　　Smugglingbeinginthiscaseextremelylucrative，thenaturalandmostreasonablepenalty，namely，theconfiscationofthemerchandise，becomesincapableofputtingastoptoit；especiallyasthisverymerchandiseisintrinsicallyofinconsiderablevalue。Recoursemustthereforebehadtoextravagantpunishments，suchasthoseinflictedforcapitalcrimes。
　　Allproportionthenofpenaltiesisatanend。Personsthatcannotreallybeconsideredasviciousarepunishedlikethemostinfamouscriminals；whichofallthingsintheworldisthemostcontrarytothespiritofamoderategovernment。
　　Again，inproportionaspeoplearetemptedtocheatthefarmeroftherevenues，themorethelatterisenriched，andtheformerimpoverished。
　　Toputastoptosmuggling，thefarmermustbeinvestedwithextraordinarymeansofoppressing，andthenthecountryisruined。
　　9。OfabadKindofImpost。Weshallhere，bytheway，takenoticeofanimpostlaidinparticularcountriesonthedifferentarticlesofcivilcontracts。Asthesearethingssubjecttoverynicedisquisitions，avastdealofknowledgeisnecessarytomakeanytolerabledefenceagainstthefarmeroftherevenues，whointerprets，inthatcase，theregulationsoftheprince，andexercisesanarbitrarypoweroverpeople’sfortunes。Experiencehasdemonstratedthatadutyonthepaperonwhichthedeedsaredrawnwouldbeoffargreaterservice。
　　10。ThattheGreatnessofTaxesdependsontheNatureoftheGovernment。
　　Taxesoughttobeverylightindespoticgovernments：otherwisewhowouldbeatthetroubleoftillingtheland？Besides，howisitpossibletopayheavydutiesinagovernmentthatmakesnomannerofreturntothedifferentcontributionsofthesubject？
　　Theexorbitantpoweroftheprince，andtheextremedepressionofthepeople，requirethatthereshouldnotbeevenapossibilityoftheleastmistakebetweenthem。Thetaxesoughttobesoeasytocollect，andsoclearlysettled，astoleavenoopportunityforthecollectorstoincreaseordiminishthem。Aportionofthefruitsoftheearth，acapitation，adutyofsomuchpercentonmerchandise，aretheonlytaxessuitabletothatgovernment。
　　Merchantsindespoticcountriesoughttohaveapersonalsafeguard，towhichallduerespectshouldbepaid。Withoutthistheywouldbetooweaktodisputewiththecustom—houseofficers。