Butsomemayaskwhenitispropertopunish，andwhentopardon。Thisisapointmoreeasilyfeltthatprescribed。Whenthereisdangerintheexerciseofclemency，itisvisible；nothingsoeasyastodistinguishitfromthatimbecilitywhichexposesprincestocontemptandtotheveryincapacityofpunishing。
TheEmperorMauricemadearesolutionnevertospillthebloodofhissubjects。Anastasius[64]punishednocrimesatall。IsaacAngelustookanoaththatnooneshouldbeputtodeathduringhisreign。ThoseGreekemperorsforgotthatitwasnotfornothingtheywereentrustedwiththesword。
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1。InMazulipatamitcouldneverbefoundoutthattherewassuchathingasawrittenlaw。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv。，partI，p。391。TheIndiansareregulatedintheirdecisionsbycertaincustoms。TheVedanandsuchbooksdonotcontaincivillaws，butreligiousprecepts。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv。
2。C？sar，Cromwell，andmanyothers。
3。Nonliquet。
4。Quasactionesnepopulusproutvelletinstitueret，certassolemnesqueessevoluerunt——Dig。deOrig。Jur。，ii，§6。
5。InFranceaperson，thoughsuedformorethanheowes，loseshiscostsifhehasnotofferedtopaytheexactdebt。
6。DiscourseonthefirstdecadeofLivy，i。7。
7。ThisiswellexplainedinCicero’sorationProC？cina，towardstheend，100。
8。ThiswasthelawatAthens，asappearsbyDemosthenes。Socratesrefusedtomakeuseofit。
9。Demosthenes，ProCorona，p。494，Frankfort，1604。
10。SeePhilostratus，LivesoftheSophists，i。Lifeof？schines。
11。Platodoesnotthinkitrightthatkings，who，ashesays，arepriests，shouldpresideattrialswherepeoplearecondemnedtodeath，toexile，ortoimprisonment。
12。SeetheaccountofthetrialoftheDukedelaValette。ItisprintedintheMemoirsofMontresor，ii，p。62。
13。Itwasafterwardsrevoked。Seethesameaccount，ii。p。236。Itwasordinarilyarightofthepeeragethatapeercriminallyaccusedshouldbejudgedbytheking，asFrancisIIinthetrialofthePrinceofCondé，andCharlesVIIinthecaseoftheDucd’Alen？on。To—day，thepresenceofthekingatthetrialofapeer，inordertocondemnhimwouldseemanactoftyranny。——Voltaire。
14。Annals，xi。5。
15。Ibid。，xiii。4。
16。Histories，v。
17。ThesamedisorderhappenedunderTheodosiustheyounger。
18。SecretHistory。
19。SeeLeg。2，§24，Dig。ff。deorig。jur。
20。Quodpaterpuellceabesset，locuminjuriaesseratus。——Livy，dec。
I，iii。44。
21。Andinagreatmanyothercities。
22。SeeinTacitustherewardsgiventothoseinformers。——Annals，i。
30。
23。Bookix。
24。IshallshowhereafterthatChinais，inthisrespect，inthesamecaseasarepublicoramonarchy。
25。Suppose，forinstance，topreventtheexecutionofadecree，thecommonpeoplepaidafineoffortysous，andthenobilityofsixtylivres。——SommeRurale，ii，p。198，ed。Goth。1512；andBeaumanoir，61，p。309。
26。SeetheCouncilofPeterDefontaines，13，especiallyart。22。
27。ItwasmadebyValeriusPublicolasoonaftertheexpulsionofthekings，andwastwicerenewed，bothtimesbymagistratesofthesamefamily。AsLivyobserves，x，9，thequestionwasnottogiveitagreaterforce，buttorenderitsinjunctionsmoreperfect。"Diligentiussanctum，"saysLivy，ibid。
28。LexPorciaprotergociviumlata。Itwasmadeinthe454thyearofthefoundationofRome。
29。Nihilultraquamimprobefactumadjecet——Livy，loc。cit。
30。Theyslithisnoseorcutoffhisears。
31。Xenophon，Hist。，iii。8，§§20—22。
32。OfThoseWhoAreIntrustedwiththeDirectionoftheStateAffairs，14。
33。SeeKempfer。
34。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iii，partI，p。428。
35。Letthisbeobservedasamaximinpractice，withregardtocaseswherethemindsofpeoplehavebeendepravedbytoogreataseverityofpunishments。
36。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，p。2。
37。Ibid。
38。Theguiltywerecondemnedtoafine；theycouldnotbeadmittedintotherankofsenators，nornominatedtoanypublicoffice。——Dio，xxxvi。
21。
39。Ibid。
40。Booki。28。
41。Wefindtherethepunishmentoffire，andgenerallycapitalpunishments，theftpunishedwithdeath，&c。
42。Sulla，animatedwiththesamespiritasthedecemvirs，followedtheirexampleinaugmentingthepenallawsagainstsatiricalwriters。
43。Booki，28。
44。Poenasfacinorumauxit，cumlocupleteseofaciliusscelereseobligarent，quodintegrispatrimoniisexularent。——SuetoniusinLifeofJuliusC？sar，162。
45。SeetheLeg。3，§legis，adleg。Cornel，desicariis，andavastnumberofothersintheDigestandintheCodex。
46。Sublimiores。
47。Medios。
48。Infirnos。Leg。3，§legis，adleg。Cornel，desicariis。
49。Jul。Cap。，Maximiniduo，8。
50。Chapter17。
51。Hist。ofNicephorus，patriarchofConstantinople。
52。InNicephorus’History。
53。FatherDuHalde，i，p。6。
54。PresentStateofRussia，Perry。
55。TheEnglish。
56。ThecitizensofAthenscouldnotbeputtotherack（Lysias，Orat。
contraAgorat。）unlessitwasforhightreason。Thetorturewasusedwithinthirtydaysaftercondemnation。（CuriusFortunatus。Rhetor，scol。，ii。）Therewasnopreparatorytorture。InregardtotheRomans，theLeg。3，4，adleg。Jul。majest。，showthatbirth，dignity，andthemilitaryprofessionexemptedpeoplefromtherack，exceptincasesofhightreason。SeetheprudentrestrictionsofthispracticemadebythelawsoftheVisigoths。
57。SeeKempfer。
58。ItisestablishedintheKoran。Seethechapter，OftheCow。
59。Simembrumrupit，nicumeopacit，talioesto。AulusGellius，xx。i。
60。Ibid。
61。SeealsotheLawoftheVisigoths，vi，tit。4，§§3，5。
62。SeeGarcilasso，HistoryoftheCivilWarsoftheSpaniardsintheWestIndies。
63。"Insteadofpunishingthem，"saysPlato，"theyoughttobecommendedfornothavingfollowedtheirfathers’example。"——Laws，ix。
64。FragmentofSuidas，inConstantinePorphyrogenitus。
BookVII。ConsequencesoftheDifferentPrinciplesoftheThreeGovernmentswithRespecttoSumptuaryLaws，Luxury，andtheConditionofWomen1。OfLuxury。Luxuryiseverinproportiontotheinequalityoffortunes。Iftherichesofastateareequallydividedtherewillbenoluxury；foritisfoundedmerelyontheconveniencesacquiredbythelabourofothers。
Inordertohavethisequaldistributionofriches，thelawoughttogivetoeachmanonlywhatisnecessaryfornature。Iftheyexceedthesebounds，somewillspend，andotherswillacquire，bywhichmeansaninequalitywillbeestablished。
Supposingwhatisnecessaryforthesupportofnaturetobeequaltoagivensum，theluxuryofthosewhohaveonlywhatisbarelynecessarywillbeequaltoacipher：ifapersonhappenstohavedoublethatsum，hisluxurywillbeequaltoone；hethathasdoublethelatter’ssubstancewillhavealuxuryequaltothree；ifthisbestilldoubled，therewillbealuxuryequaltoseven；sothatthepropertyofthesubsequentindividualbeingalwayssupposeddoubletothatofthepreceding，theluxurywillincreasedouble，andaunitbealwaysadded，inthisprogression，0，1，3，7，15，31，63，127
InPlato’srepublic，[1]luxurymighthavebeenexactlycalculated。Therewerefoursortsofcensusesorratesofestates。Thefirstwasexactlythetermbeyondpoverty，thesecondwasdouble，thethirdtriple，thefourthquadrupletothefirst。Inthefirstcensus，luxurywasequaltoacipher；inthesecondtoone，inthethirdtotwo，inthefourthtothree：andthusitfollowedinanarithmeticalproportion。
Consideringtheluxuryofdifferentnationswithrespecttooneanother，itisineachstateacompoundproportiontotheinequalityoffortunesamongthesubjects，andtotheinequalityofwealthindifferentstates。
InPoland，forexample，thereisanextremeinequalityoffortunes，butthepovertyofthewholebindersthemfromhavingsomuchluxuryasinamoreopulentgovernment。
Luxuryisalsoinproportiontothepopulousnessofthetowns，andespeciallyofthecapital；sothatitisinacompoundproportiontotherichesofthestate，totheinequalityofprivatefortunes，andtothenumberofpeoplesettledinparticularplaces。
Inproportiontothepopulousnessoftowns，theinhabitantsarefilledwithnotionsofvanity，andactuatedbyanambitionofdistinguishingthemselvesbytrifles。[2]Iftheyareverynumerous，andmostofthemstrangerstooneanother，theirvanityredoubles，becausetherearegreaterhopesofsuccess。Asluxuryinspiresthesehopes，eachmanassumesthemarksofasuperiorcondition。Butbyendeavouringthusatdistinction，everyonebecomesequal，anddistinctionceases；asallaredesirousofrespect，nobodyisregarded。
Hencearisesageneralinconvenience。Thosewhoexcelinaprofessionsetwhatvaluetheypleaseontheirlabour；thisexampleisfollowedbypeopleofinferiorabilities，andthenthereisanendofallproportionbetweenourwantsandthemeansofsatisfyingthem。WhenIamforcedtogotolaw，Imustbeabletofeecounsel；whenIamsick，Imusthaveitinmypowertofeeaphysician。
Itistheopinionofseveralthattheassemblageofsogreatamultitudeofpeopleincapitalcitiesisanobstructiontocommerce，becausetheinhabitantsarenolongerataproperdistancefromeachother。ButI
cannotthinkso；formenhavemoredesires，morewants，morefancies，whentheylivetogether。
2。OfsumptuaryLawsinaDemocracy。Wehaveobservedthatinarepublic，whererichesareequallydivided，therecanbenosuchthingasluxury；andaswehaveshowninthe5thBook[3]thatthisequaldistributionconstitutestheexcellenceofarepublicangovernment；
henceitfollows，thatthelessluxurythereisinarepublic，themoreitisperfect。TherewasnoneamongtheoldRomans，noneamongtheLaced？monians；andinrepublicswherethisequalityisnotquitelost，thespiritofcommerce，industry，andvirtuerenderseverymanableandwillingtoliveonhisownproperty，andconsequentlypreventsthegrowthofluxury。
Thelawsconcerningthenewdivisionoflands，insisteduponsoeagerlyinsomerepublics，wereofthemostsalutarynature。Theyaredangerous，onlyastheyaresudden。Byreducinginstantlythewealthofsome，andincreasingthatofothers，theyformarevolutionineachfamily，andmustproduceageneraloneinthestate。
Inproportionasluxurygainsgroundinarepublic，themindsofthepeopleareturnedtowardstheirparticularinterests。Thosewhoareallowedonlywhatisnecessaryhavenothingbuttheirownreputationandtheircountry’sgloryinview。Butasouldepravedbyluxuryhasmanyotherdesires，andsoonbecomesanenemytothelawsthatconfineit。
TheluxuryinwhichthegarrisonofRhegiumbegantolivewasthecauseoftheirmassacringtheinhabitants。
NosoonerweretheRomanscorruptedthantheirdesiresbecameboundlessandimmense。Ofthiswemayjudgebythepricetheysetonthings。A
pitcherofFalernianwine[4]wassoldforahundredRomandenarii；abarrelofsaltmeatfromthekingdomofPontuscostfourhundred；agoodcookfourtalents；andforboys，nopricewasreckonedtoogreat。Whenthewholeworld，impelledbytheforceofcorruption，isimmersedinvoluptuousness[5]whatmustthenbecomeofvirtue？
3。OfsumptuaryLawsinanAristocracy。Thereisthisinconvenienceinanill—constitutedaristocracy，thatthewealthcentresinthenobility，andyettheyarenotallowedtospend；forasluxuryiscontrarytothespiritofmoderation，itmustbebanishedthence。Thisgovernmentcomprehends，therefore，onlypeoplewhoareextremelypoorandcannotacquire，andpeoplewhoarevastlyrichandcannotspend。
InVenice，theyarecompelledbythelawstomoderation。Theyaresohabituatedtoparsimonythatnonebutcourtesanscanmakethempartwiththeirmoney。Suchisthemethodmadeuseofforthesupportofindustry；
themostcontemptibleofwomenmaybeprofusewithoutdanger，whilstthosewhocontributetotheirextravaganceconsumetheirdaysinthegreatestobscurity。
AdmirableinthisrespectweretheinstitutionsoftheprincipalrepublicsofGreece。Therichemployedtheirmoneyinfestivals，musicalchoruses，chariots，horse—races，andchargeableoffices。Wealthwas，therefore，asburdensomethereaspoverty。
4。OfsumptuaryLawsinaMonarchy。Tacitussays[6]thattheSuiones，aGermannation，hasaparticularrespectforriches；forwhichreasontheyliveunderthegovernmentofoneperson。Thisshowsthatluxuryisextremelyproperformonarchies，andthatunderthisgovernmenttheremustbenosumptuarylaws。
Asriches，bytheveryconstitutionofmonarchies，areunequallydivided，thereisanabsolutenecessityforluxury。Weretherichnottobelavish，thepoorwouldstarve。Itisevennecessaryherethattheexpensesoftheopulentshouldbeinproportiontotheinequalityoffortunes，andthatluxury，aswehavealreadyobserved，shouldincreaseinthisproportion。Theaugmentationofprivatewealthisowingtoitshavingdeprivedonepartofthecitizensoftheirnecessarysupport；
thismustthereforeberestoredtothem。
Henceitisthatforthepreservationofamonarchicalstate，luxuryoughtcontinuallytoincrease，andtogrowmoreextensive，asitrisesfromthelabourertotheartificer，tothemerchant，tothemagistrate，tothenobility，tothegreatofficersofstate，uptotheveryprince；
otherwisethenationwillbeundone。
InthereignofAugustus，aproposalwasmadeintheRomansenate，whichwascomposedofgravemagistrates，learnedcivilians，andofmenwhoseheadswerefilledwiththenotionoftheprimitivetimes，toreformthemannersandluxuryofwomen。ItiscurioustoseeinDio，[7]withwhatartthisprinceeludedtheimportunatesolicitationsofthosesenators。
Thiswasbecausehewasfoundingamonarchy，anddissolvingarepublic。
UnderTiberius，the？dilesproposedinthesenatethere—establishmentoftheancientsumptuarylaws。[8]Thisprince，whodidnotwantsense，opposedit。"Thestate，"saidhe，"couldnotpossiblysubsistinthepresentsituationofthings。HowcouldRome，howcouldtheprovinces，live？Wewerefrugal，whilewewereonlymastersofonecity；nowweconsumetherichesofthewholeglobe，andemployboththemastersandtheirslavesinourservice。"Heplainlysawthatsumptuarylawswouldnotsuitthepresentformofgovernment。
Whenaproposalwasmadeunderthesameemperortothesenate，toprohibitthegovernorsfromcarryingtheirwiveswiththemintotheprovinces，becauseofthedissolutenessandirregularitywhichfollowedthoseladies，theproposalwasrejected。Itwassaidthattheexamplesofancientausterityhadbeenchangedintoamoreagreeablemethodofliving。[9]Theyfoundtherewasanecessityfordifferentmanners。
Luxuryisthereforeabsolutelynecessaryinmonarchies；asitisalsoindespoticstates。Intheformer，itistheuseofliberty；inthelatter，itistheabuseofservitude。Aslaveappointedbyhismastertotyranniseoverotherwretchesofthesamecondition，uncertainofenjoyingtomorrowtheblessingsofto—day，hasnootherfelicitythanthatofgluttingthepride，thepassions，andvoluptuousnessofthepresentmoment。
Hencearisesaverynaturalreflection。Republicsendwithluxury；
monarchieswithpoverty。[10]
5。InwhatCasessumptuaryLawsareusefulinaMonarchy。Whetheritwasfromarepublicanspirit，orfrom。someotherparticularcircumstance，sumptuarylawsweremadeinAragon，inthemiddleofthethirteenthcentury。JamestheFirstordainedthatneitherthekingnoranyofhissubjectsshouldhaveabovetwosortsofdishesatameal，andthateachdishshouldbedressedonlyoneway，exceptitweregameoftheirownkilling。[11]
Inourdays，sumptuarylawshavebeenalsoenactedinSweden；butwithadifferentviewfromthoseofAragon。
Agovernmentmaymakesumptuarylawswithaviewtoabsolutefrugality；
thisisthespiritofsumptuarylawsinrepublics；andtheverynatureofthethingshowsthatsuchwasthedesignofthoseofAragon。
Sumptuarylawsmaylikewisebeestablishedwithadesigntopromotearelativefrugality：whenagovernment，perceivingthatforeignmerchandise，beingattoohighaprice，willrequiresuchanexportationofhomemanufacturesastodeprivethemofmoreadvantagesbythelossofthelatterthantheycanreceivefromthepossessionoftheformer，theywillforbidtheirbeingintroduced。AndthisisthespiritofthelawswhichinourdayshavebeenpassedinSweden。[12]Sucharethesumptuarylawsproperformonarchies。
Ingeneral，thepoorerastate，themoreitisruinedbyitsrelativeluxury；andconsequentlythemoreoccasionithasforrelativesumptuarylaws。Thericherastate，themoreitthrivesbyitsrelativeluxury；
forwhichreasonitmusttakeparticularcarenottomakeanyrelativesumptuarylaws。Thisweshallbetterexplaininthebookoncommerce；[13]herewetreatonlyofabsoluteluxury。
6。OftheLuxuryofChina。Sumptuarylawsmay，insomegovernments，benecessaryforparticularreasons。Thepeople，bytheinfluenceoftheclimate，maygrowsonumerous，andthemeansofsubsistingmaybesouncertain，astorenderauniversalapplicationtoagricultureextremelynecessary。Asluxuryinthosecountriesisdangerous，theirsumptuarylawsshouldbeverysevere。Inorder，therefore，tobeabletojudgewhetherluxuryoughttobeencouragedorproscribed，weshouldexaminefirstwhatrelationthereisbetweenthenumberofpeopleandthefacilitytheyhaveofprocuringsubsistence。InEnglandthesoilproducesmoregrainthanisnecessaryforthemaintenanceofsuchascultivatetheland，andofthosewhoareemployedinthewoollenmanufactures。Thiscountrymaybethereforeallowedtohavesometriflingarts，andconsequentlyluxury。InFrance，likewise，thereiscornenoughforthesupportofthehusbandmanandofthemanufacturer。
Besides，aforeigntrademaybringinsomanynecessariesinreturnfortoysthatthereisnodangertobeapprehendedfromluxury。
Onthecontrary，inChina，thewomenaresoprolific，andthehuma。nspeciesmultipliessofast，thatthelands，thoughneversomuchcultivated，arescarcelysufficienttosupporttheinhabitants。Here，therefore，luxuryispernicious，andthespiritofindustryandeconomyisasrequisiteasinanyrepublic。[14]Theyareobligedtopursuethenecessaryarts，andtoshunthoseotluxuryandpleasure。
ThisisthespiritoftheexcellentdecreesoftheChineseemperors。
"Ourancestors，"saysanemperorofthefamilyoftheTangs[15]"helditasamaximthatiftherewasamanwhodidnotwork，orawomanthatwasidle，somebodymustsuffercoldorhungerintheempire。"AndonthisprincipleheorderedavastnumberofthemonasteriesofBonzestobedestroyed。
Thethirdemperoroftheone—and—twentiethdynasty，[16]towhomsomepreciousstoneswerebroughtthathadbeenfoundinamine，orderedittobeshutup，notchoosingtofatiguehispeoplewithworkingforathingthatcouldneitherfeednorclothethem。
"Sogreatisourluxury，"saysKiayventi，[17]"thatpeopleadornwithembroiderytheshoesofboysandgirls，whomtheyareobligedtosell。"
Isemployingsomanypeopleinmakingclothesforonepersonthewaytopreventagreatmanyfromwantingclothes？Therearetenmenwhoeatthefruitsoftheearthtooneemployedinagriculture；andisthisthemeansofpreservingnumbersfromwantingnourishment？
7。FatalConsequenceofLuxuryinChina。InthehistoryofChinawefindithashadtwenty—twosuccessivedynasties，thatis，ithasexperiencedtwenty—twogeneral，withoutmentioningaprodigiousnumberofparticular，revolutions。Thefirstthreedynastieslastedalongtime，becausetheywerewiselyadministered，andtheempirehadnotsogreatanextentasitafterwardsobtained。Butwemayobserveingeneralthatallthosedynastiesbeganverywell。Virtue，attention，andvigilancearenecessaryinChina；theseprevailedinthecommencementofthedynasties，andfailedintheend。Itwasnaturalthatemperorstrainedupinmilitarytoil，whohadcompassedthedethroningofafamilyimmersedinpleasure，shouldadheretovirtue，whichtheyhadfoundsoadvantageous，andbeafraidofvoluptuousness，whichtheyknewhadprovedsofataltothefamilydethroned。Butafterthethreeorfourfirstprinces，corruption，luxury，indolence，andpleasurepossessedtheirsuccessors；theyshutthemselvesupinapalace；theirunderstandingwasimpaired；theirlifewasshortened；thefamilydeclined；thegrandeesroseup；theeunuchsgainedcredit；nonebutchildrenweresetonthethrone；thepalacewasatvariancewiththeempire；alazysetofpeoplethatdweltthereruinedtheindustriouspartofthenation；theemperorwaskilledordestroyedbyausurper，whofoundedafamily，thethirdorfourthsuccessorofwhichwentandshuthimselfupintheverysamepalace。
8。OfpublicContinency。Somanyaretheimperfectionsthatattendthelossofvirtueinwomen，andsogreatlyaretheirmindsdepravedwhenthisprincipalguardisremoved，thatinapopularstatepublicincontinencymaybeconsideredasthelastofmiseries，andasacertainforerunnerofachangeintheconstitution。
Henceitisthatthesagelegislatorsofrepublicanstateshaveeverrequiredofwomenaparticulargravityofmanners。Theyhaveproscribednotonlyvice，buttheveryappearanceofit。Theyhavebanishedevenallcommerceofgallantry——acommercethatproducesidleness，thatrendersthewomencorrupters，evenbeforetheyarecorrupted，thatgivesavaluetotrifles，anddebasesthingsofimportance：acommerce，infine，thatmakespeopleactentirelybythemaximsofridicule，inwhichthewomenaresoperfectlyskilled。
9。OftheConditionorStateofWomenindifferentGovernments。Inmonarchieswomenaresubjecttoverylittlerestraint，becauseasthedistinctionofrankscallsthemtocourt，theretheyassumeaspiritofliberty，whichisalmosttheonlyonetoleratedinthatplace。Eachcourtieravailshimselfoftheircharmsandpassions，inordertoadvancehisfortune：andastheirweaknessadmitsnotofpride，butofvanity，luxuryconstantlyattendsthem。
Indespoticgovernmentswomendonotintroduce，butarethemselvesanobjectof，luxury。Theymustbeinastateofthemostrigorousservitude。Everyonefollowsthespiritofthegovernment，andadoptsinhisownfamilythecustomsheseeselsewhereestablished。Asthelawsareverysevereandexecutedonthespot，theyareafraidlestthelibertyofwomenshouldexposethemtodanger。Theirquarrels，indiscretions，repugnancies，jealousies，piques，andthatart，infine，whichlittlesoulshaveofinterestinggreatones，wouldbeattendedtherewithfatalconsequences。
Besides，asprincesinthosecountriesmakeasportofhumannature，theyallowthemselvesamultitudeofwomen；andathousandconsiderationsobligethemtokeepthosewomenincloseconfinement。
Inrepublicswomenarefreebythelawsandrestrainedbymanners；
luxuryisbanishedthence，andwithitcorruptionandvice。
InthecitiesofGreece，wheretheywerenotundertherestraintofareligionwhichdeclaresthatevenamongstmenregularityofmannersisapartofvirtue；whereablindpassiontriumphedwithaboundlessinsolence，andloveappearedonlyinashapewhichwedarenotmention，whilemarriagewasconsideredasnothingmorethansimplefriendship；[18]suchwasthevirtue，simplicity，andchastityofwomeninthosecities，thatinthisrespecthardlyanypeoplewereeverknowntohavehadabetterandwiserpolity。[19]
10。OfthedomesticTribunalamongtheRomans。TheRomanshadnoparticularmagistrates，liketheGreeks，toinspecttheconductofwomen。Thecensorshadnotaneyeoverthem，asovertherestoftherepublic。
第11章