howwiththatweaponhehewedleftandright，makingthepriestsflybeforehim，andrunawaysqueaking："Vaya！quedemonioeseste！"Ay，andwhenhethinksoftheplentyofBibleswordswhichheleftbehindhim，destinedtoprove，andwhichhavealreadyproved，prettycalthropsintheheelsofPopery。"Halloo！Batuschca，"heexclaimedtheothernight，onreadinganarticleinanewspaper；"whatdoyouthinkofthepresentdoingsinSpain？Youroldfriendthezingaro，thegitanowhorodeaboutSpain，tosaynothingofGalicia，withtheGreekBuchinibehindhimashissquire，hadahandinbringingthemabout；therearemanybraveSpaniardsconnectedwiththepresentmovementwhotookBiblesfromhishands，andreadthemandprofitedbythem，learningfromtheinspiredpagethedutiesofonemantowardsanother，andtherealvalueofapriesthoodandtheirhead，whosetatnoughtthewordofGod，andthinkonlyoftheirowntemporalinterests；ay，andwholearnedGitano—theirownGitano—
　　fromthelipsoftheLondonCaloro，andalsosongsinthesaidGitano，veryfittodumbfounderyoursemi—Buddhistpriestswhentheyattempttobewilderpeople’smindswiththeirschool—logicandpseudo—ecclesiasticalnonsense，songssuchas—
　　"UnErajaiSinabachibandounsermon—。"
　　—Butwiththatsocietyhehaslongsinceceasedtohaveanyconnection；hebadeitadieuwithfeelingsofloveandadmirationmorethanfourteenyearsago；so，incontinuingtoassaultPopery，nohopesofinterestfoundedonthatsocietycanswayhismind—interest！who，withworldlyinterestinview，wouldeverhaveanythingtodowiththatsociety？Itispoorandsupported，likeitsfounderChrist，bypoorpeople；andsofarfromhavingpoliticalinfluence，itisinsuchdisfavour，andhaseverbeen，withthedastardlygreat，towhomthegovernmentofEnglandhasformanyyearspastbeenconfided，thattheyhavingborneitscoloursonlyforamonthwouldbesufficienttoexcludeanyman，whateverhistalents，hislearning，orhiscouragemaybe，fromtheslightestchanceofbeingpermittedtoservehiscountryeitherforfee，orwithout。Afellowwhounitesinhimselfthebankrupttrader，thebrokenauthor，orratherbook—maker，andthelaughed—downsinglespeechspouteroftheHouseofCommons，maylookforward，alwayssupposingthatatonetimehehasbeenafoamingradical，tothegovernmentofanimportantcolony。Ay，anancientfoxwhohaslosthistailmay，providedhehasascoreofradicalfriends，whowillswearthathecanbarkChinese，thoughChineseisnotbarkedbutsung，beforceduponaChinesecolony，thoughitiswellknownthattohavelostone’stailisconsideredbytheChineseingeneralasanirreparableinfamy，whilsttohavebeenonceconnectedwithacertainsociety，towhich，toitshonourbeitsaid，alltheradicalpartyarevehementlyhostile，wouldbequitesufficienttokeepanyonenotonlyfromagovernment，butsomethingmuchless，eventhoughhecouldtranslatetherhymed"SessionsofHariri，"andwereversed，stillretaininghistail，inthetwolanguagesinwhichKien—LoungwrotehisEulogiumonMoukden，thatpiecewhich，translatedbyAmyot，thelearnedJesuit，wontheapplauseofthecelebratedVoltaire。
　　No！weretheauthorinfluencedbyhopesoffeeorreward，hewould，insteadofwritingagainstPopery，writeforit；allthetrumperytitled—hewillnotcallthemgreatagain—
　　wouldthenbeforhim，andtheirmasterstheradicals，withtheirhostsofnewspapers，wouldbeforhim，moreespeciallyifhewouldcommencemaligningthesocietywhosecolourshehadonceonhishat—asocietywhich，asthepriestsaysinthetext，isoneoftheveryfewProtestantinstitutionsforwhichthePopishChurchentertainsanyfear，andconsequentlyrespect，asitrespectsnothingwhichitdoesnotfear。Thewritersaidthatcertain"rulers"wouldneverforgivehimforhavingbeenconnectedwiththatsociety；hewentperhapstoofarinsaying"never。"Itisprobablethattheywouldtakehimintofavourononecondition，whichis，thatheshouldturnhispenandhisvoiceagainstthatsociety；suchamark"ofabetterwayofthinking"wouldperhapsinducethemtogivehimagovernment，nearlyasgoodasthatwhichtheygavetoacertainancientradicalfoxattheintercessionofhisradicalfriends（whowereboundtokeephimfromthepauper’skennel），afterhehadpromisedtofoam，bark，andsnarlatcorruptionnomore；hemightevenentertainhopesofsucceeding，nay，ofsuperseding，theancientcreatureinhisgovernment；butevenwereheasbadlyoffasheiswelloff，hewoulddonosuchthing。Hewouldratherexistoncrustsandwater；hehasoftendoneso，andbeenhappy；nay，hewouldratherstarvethanbearogue—foreventhefeelingofstarvationishappinesscomparedwithwhathefeelswhoknowshimselftobearogue，providedhehasanyfeelingatall。
　　Whatistheuseofamitreorknighthoodtoamanwhohasbetrayedhisprinciples？Whatistheuseofagiltcollar，nay，evenofapairofscarletbreeches，toafoxwhohaslosthistail？Oh！thehorrorwhichhauntsthemindofafoxwhohaslosthistail；andwithreason，forhisverymateloatheshim，andmoreespeciallyif，likehimself，shehaslostherbrush。Oh！thehorrorwhichhauntsthemindofthetwo—leggedroguewhohaspartedwithhisprinciples，orthosewhichheprofessed—forwhat？We’llsupposeagovernment。
　　What’stheuseofagovernment，ifthenextdayafteryouhavereceivedit，youareobligedforveryshametoscurryofftoitwiththehootofeveryhonestmansoundinginyourears？
　　"Lightlyliarleapedandawayran。"
　　PIERSPLOWMAN。
　　Butbigotry，ithasbeensaid，makestheauthorwriteagainstPopery；andthorough—goingbigotry，indeed，willmakeapersonsayordoanything。Butthewriterisaveryprettybigottruly！Wherewillthepublicfindtracesofbigotryinanythinghehaswritten？HehaswrittenagainstRomewithallhisheart，withallhismind，withallhissoul，andwithallhisstrength；butasapersonmaybequitehonest，andspeakandwriteagainstRome，inlikemannerhemayspeakandwriteagainsther，andbequitefreefrombigotry；thoughitisimpossibleforanyonebutabigotorabadmantowriteorspeakinherpraise；herdoctrines，actions，andmachinationsbeingwhattheyare。
　　Bigotry！Theauthorwasborn，andhasalwayscontinuedinthewrongchurchforbigotry，thequiet，unpretendingChurchofEngland；achurchwhich，haditbeenabigotedchurch，andnotlongsufferingalmosttoafault，mightwithitsopportunities，asthepriestsaysinthetext，havestoodinaverydifferentpositionfromthatwhichitoccupiesatpresent。No！letthosewhoareinsearchofbigotry，seekforitinachurchverydifferentfromtheinoffensiveChurchofEngland，whichneverencouragescrueltyorcalumny。LetthemseekforitamongstthemembersoftheChurchofRome，andmoreespeciallyamongstthosewhohaverenegadedtoit。
　　Thereisnothing，howeverfalseandhorrible，whichaperverttoRomewillnotsayforhischurch，andwhichhispriestswillnotencouragehiminsaying；andthereisnothing，howeverhorrible—themorehorribleindeedandrevoltingtohumannature，themoreeagerhewouldbetodoit—whichhewillnotdoforit，andwhichhispriestswillnotencouragehimindoing。
　　OfthereadinesswhichconvertstoPoperyexhibittosacrificeallthetiesofbloodandaffectionontheshrineoftheirnewly—adoptedreligion，thereisacuriousillustrationintheworkofLuigiPulci。Thisman，whowasbornatFlorenceintheyear1432，andwhowasdeeplyversedintheBible，composedapoem，calledthe"MorganteMaggiore，"whichherecitedatthetableofLorenzodeMedici，thegreatpatronofItaliangenius。Itisamock—
　　heroicandreligiouspoem，inwhichthelegendsofknight—
　　errantry，andofthePopishChurch，areturnedtounboundedridicule。Thepretendedheroofitisaconvertedgiant，calledMorgante；thoughhisadventuresdonotoccupythetwentiethpartofthepoem，theprincipalpersonagesbeingCharlemagne，Orlando，andhiscousinRinaldoofMontalban。
　　Morgantehastwobrothers，bothofthemgiants，andinthefirstcantoofthepoem，Morganteisrepresentedwithhisbrothersascarryingonafeudwiththeabbotandmonksofacertainconvent，builtupontheconfinesofheathenesse；thegiantsbeinginthehabitofflingingdownstones，orratherhugerocks，ontheconvent。Orlando，however，whoisbanishedfromthecourtofCharlemagne，arrivingattheconvent，undertakestodestroythem，and，accordingly，killsPassamonteandAlabastro，andconvertsMorgante，whosemindhadbeenpreviouslysoftenedbyavision，inwhichthe"BlessedVirgin"figures。Nosoonerisheconvertedthan，asasignofhispenitence，whatdoeshedo，buthastensandcutsoffthehandsofhistwobrothers，saying—
　　"Iovo’tagliarlemaniatuttiquantiEporterolleaque’monacisanti。"
　　Andhedoescutoffthehandsofhisbrethren，andcarriesthemtotheabbot，whoblesseshimforsodoing。Pulcihereisholdinguptoridiculeandexecrationthehorridbutcheryorbetrayaloffriendsbypopishconverts，andtheencouragementtheyreceivefromthepriest。NosoonerisapersonconvertedtoPopery，thanhisprincipalthoughtishowhecanbringthehandsandfeetofhisbrethren，howeverharmlesstheymaybe，anddifferentfromthegiants，tothe"holypriests，"who，ifhemanagestodoso，neverfailtopraisehim，sayingtothemiserablewretch，astheabbotsaidtoMorgante：—
　　"TusaraiorperfettoeveroamicoACristo，quantotuglierinemico。"
　　CantheEnglishpublicdenythejusticeofPulci’sillustration，aftersomethingwhichithaslatelywitnessed？
　　Hasitnotseenequivalentsforthehandsandfeetofbrotherscarriedbypopishpervertstothe"holypriests，"
　　andhasitnotseenthemannerinwhichtheofferinghasbeenreceived？LetthosewhoareinquestofbigotryseekforitamongthepervertstoRome，andnotamongstthosewho，borninthepaleoftheChurchofEngland，havealwayscontinuedinit。
　　CHAPTERIII
　　OnForeignNonsense。
　　WITHrespecttothethirdpoint，variouslessonswhichthebookreadstothenationatlarge，andwhichitwouldbewellforthenationtoponderandprofitby。
　　Therearemanyspeciesofnonsensetowhichthenationismuchaddicted，andofwhichtheperusalofLavengrooughttogivethemawholesomeshame。Firstofall，withrespecttotheforeignnonsensesoprevalentnowinEngland。Theheroisascholar；but，thoughpossessedofagreatmanytongues，heaffectstobeneitherFrenchman，norGerman，northisorthatforeigner；heisonewholoveshiscountry，andthelanguageandliteratureofhiscountry，andspeaksupforeachandallwhenthereisoccasiontodoso。NowwhatisthecasewithnineoutoftenamongstthoseoftheEnglishwhostudyforeignlanguages？Nosoonerhavetheypickedupasmatteringofthisorthatspeechthantheybegintoabusetheirowncountry，andeverythingconnectedwithit，moreespeciallyitslanguage。ThisisparticularlythecasewiththosewhocallthemselvesGermanstudents。Itissaid，andthewriterbelieveswithtruth，thatwhenawomanfallsinlovewithaparticularlyuglyfellow，shesqueezeshimwithtentimesmorezestthanshewouldahandsomeone，ifcaptivatedbyhim。SoitiswiththeseGermanstudents；nosoonerhavetheytakenGermaninhandthanthereisnothinglikeGerman。Oh，thedeardelightfulGerman！HowproudIamthatitisnowmyown，andthatitsdivineliteratureiswithinmyreach！Andallthiswhilstmumblingthemostuncouthspeech，andcrunchingthemostcrabbedliteratureinEurope。ThewriterisnotanexclusiveadmirerofeverythingEnglish；hedoesnotadvisehiscountrypeoplenevertogoabroad，nevertostudyforeignlanguages，andhedoesnotwishtopersuadethemthatthereisnothingbeautifulorvaluableinforeignliterature；heonlywishesthattheywouldnotmakethemselvesfoolswithrespecttoforeignpeople，foreignlanguagesorreading；thatiftheychancetohavebeeninSpain，andhavepickedupalittleSpanish，theywouldnotaffecttheairsofSpaniards；thatifmalestheywouldnotmakeTomfoolsofthemselvesbystickingcigarsintotheirmouths，dressingthemselvesinzamarras，andsaying，carajo！（2）andiffemalesthattheywouldnotmakezaniesofthemselvesbystickingcigarsintotheirmouths，flingingmantillasovertheirheads，andbysayingcarai，andperhapscarajotoo；oriftheyhavebeeninFranceorItaly，andhavepickedupalittleFrenchorItalian，theywouldnotaffecttobeFrenchorItalians；andparticularly，afterhavingbeenamonthortwoinGermany，orpickedupalittleGermaninEngland，theywouldnotmakethemselvesfoolishabouteverythingGerman，astheAnglo—Germaninthebookdoes—arealcharacter，thefounderoftheAnglo—GermanschoolinEngland，andthecleverestEnglishmanwhoevertalkedorwroteencomiasticnonsenseaboutGermanyandtheGermans。Ofallinfatuationsconnectedwithwhatisforeign，theinfatuationabouteverythingthatisGerman，toacertainextentprevalentinEngland，isassuredlythemostridiculous。Onecanfindsomethinglikeapalliationforpeoplemakingthemselvessomewhatfoolishaboutparticularlanguages，literatures，andpeople。TheSpanishcertainlyisanoblelanguage，andthereissomethingwildandcaptivatingintheSpanishcharacter，anditsliteraturecontainsthegrandbookoftheworld。Frenchisamanlylanguage。TheFrencharethegreatmartialpeopleintheworld；andFrenchliteratureisadmirableinmanyrespects。Italianisasweetlanguage，andofbeautifulsimplicity—itsliteratureperhapsthefirstintheworld。TheItalians！—wonderfulmenhavesprungupinItaly。Italyisnotmerelyfamousforpainters，poets，musicians，singers，andlinguists—thegreatestlinguisttheworldeversaw，thelateCardinalMezzofanti，wasanItalian；butitiscelebratedformen—
　　menemphaticallyspeaking：ColumbuswasanItalian，AlexanderFarnesewasanItalian，sowasthemightiestofthemighty，NapoleonBonaparte；—buttheGermanlanguage，Germanliterature，andtheGermans！ThewriterhasalreadystatedhisopinionwithrespecttoGerman；hedoesnotspeakfromignoranceorprejudice；hehasheardGermanspoken，andmanyotherlanguages。Germanliterature！Hedoesnotspeakfromignorance，hehasreadthatandmanyaliterature，andherepeats—However，heacknowledgesthatthereisonefinepoemintheGermanlanguage，thatpoemisthe"Oberon；"apoem，bythebye，ignoredbytheGermans—aspeakingfact—
　　andofcourse，bytheAnglo—Germanists。TheGermans！hehasbeenamongstthem，andamongstmanyothernations，andconfessesthathisopinionoftheGermans，asmen，isaverylowone。Germany，itistrue，hasproducedoneverygreatman，themonkwhofoughtthePope，andnearlyknockedhimdown；butthismanhiscountrymen—atellingfact—affecttodespise，and，ofcourse，theAnglo—Germanists：thefatherofAnglo—GermanismwasveryfondofinveighingagainstLuther。
　　Themadness，orratherfoolery，oftheEnglishforforeigncustoms，dresses，andlanguages，isnotanaffairofto—day，oryesterday—itisofveryancientdate，andwasveryproperlyexposednearlythreecenturiesagobyoneAndrewBorde，whounderthepictureofa"Nakedman，withapairofshearsinonehand，andarollofclothintheother，"（3）
　　insertedthefollowinglinesalongwithothers：—
　　"IamanEnglishman，andnakedIstandhere，MusinginmymindwhatgarmentIshallweare；
　　FornowIwillwearethis，andnowIwillwearethat，NowIwillweare，Icannottellwhat。
　　Allnewfashionsbepleasanttomee，Iwillhavethem，whetherIthriveorthee；
　　WhatdoIcareifalltheworldmefail？
　　Iwillhaveagarmentreachtomytaile；
　　ThenamIaminion，forIwearthenewguise。
　　ThenextyeareafterIhopetobewise，Notonlyinwearingmygorgeousarray，ForIwillgotolearningawholesummer’sday；
　　IwilllearnLatine，Hebrew，Greek，andFrench，AndIwilllearnDutch，sittingonmybench。
　　IhadnopeereiftomyselfIweretrue，BecauseIamnotso，diverstimesdoIrue。
　　YetIlackenothing，IhaveallthingsatwillIfIwerewiseandwouldholdmyselfstill，Andmeddlewithnomattersbuttomepertaining，ButevertobetruetoGodandmyking。
　　ButIhavesuchmattersrowlinginmypate，ThatIwillanddo—Icannottellwhat，"etc。
　　CHAPTERIV
　　OnGentilityNonsense—IllustrationsofGentility。
　　WHATisgentility？PeopleindifferentstationsinEngland—
　　entertaindifferentideasofwhatisgenteel，（4）butitmustbesomethinggorgeous，glittering，ortawdry，tobeconsideredgenteelbyanyofthem。Thebeau—idealoftheEnglisharistocracy，ofcoursewithsomeexceptions，issomeyoungfellowwithanimperialtitle，amilitarypersonageofcourse，forwhatismilitaryissoparticularlygenteel，withflamingepaulets，acockedhatandplume，aprancingcharger，andabandoffellowscalledgeneralsandcolonels，withflamingepaulets，cockedhatsandplumes，andprancingchargersvapouringbehindhim。ItwasbutlatelythatthedaughterofanEnglishmarquiswasheardtosay，thatthesoleremainingwishofherheart—shehadknownmisfortunes，andwasnotfarfromfifty—wastobeintroducedto—whom？
　　TheEmperorofAustria！Thesoleremainingwishoftheheartofonewhooughttohavebeenthinkingofthegraveandjudgment，wastobeintroducedtothemiscreantwhohadcausedthebloodofnobleHungarianfemalestobewhippedoutoftheirshoulders，fornoothercrimethandevotiontotheircountry，anditstallandheroicsons。Themiddleclasses—
　　ofcoursetherearesomeexceptions—admirethearistocracy，andconsiderthempinks，thearistocracywhoadmiretheEmperorofAustria，andadoredtheEmperorofRussia，tillhebecameold，ugly，andunfortunate，whentheiradorationinstantlyterminated；forwhatismoreungenteelthanage，ugliness，andmisfortune！Thebeau—idealwiththoseofthelowerclasses，withpeasantsandmechanics，issomeflourishingrailroadcontractor：look，forexample，howtheyworshipMr。Flamson。Thispersonmakeshisgranddebutintheyear’thirty—nine，atapublicmeetingintheprincipalroomofacountryinn。Hehascomeintotheneighbourhoodwiththecharacterofamanworthamillionpounds，whoistomakeeverybody’sfortune；atthistime，however，heisnotworthashillingofhisown，thoughheflashesaboutdexterouslythreeorfourthousandpounds，partofwhichsumhehasobtainedbyspeciouspretences，andpartfromcertainindividualswhoarehisconfederates。Butintheyear’forty—nine，heisreallyinpossessionofthefortunewhichheandhisagentspretendedtobeworthtenyearsbefore—heisworthamillionpounds。Bywhatmeanshashecomebythem？Byrailroadcontracts，forwhichhetakescaretobepaidinhardcashbeforeheattemptstoperformthem，andtocarryoutwhichhemakesuseofthesweatandbloodofwretcheswho，sincetheirorganization，haveintroducedcrimesandlanguageintoEnglandtowhichitwaspreviouslyalmostastranger—bypurchasing，withpaper，sharesbyhundredsintheschemestoexecutewhichhecontracts，andwhicharehisowndevising；whichshareshesellsassoonastheyareatahighpremium，towhichtheyarespeedilyforcedbymeansofparagraphs，insertedbyhimselfandagents，innewspapersdevotedtohisinterest，utterlyrecklessoftheterribledepreciationtowhichtheyarealmostinstantlysubjected。Butheisworthamillionpounds，therecanbenodoubtofthefact—hehasnotmadepeople’sfortunes，atleastthosewhosefortunesitwassaidhewouldmake；hehasmadethemaway；buthisownhehasmade，emphaticallymadeit；heisworthamillionpounds。Hurrahforthemillionnaire！Theclownwhoviewsthepandemoniumofredbrickwhichhehasbuiltontheestatewhichhehaspurchasedintheneighbourhoodoftheplaceofhisgranddebut，inwhicheveryspeciesofarchitecture，Greek，Indian，andChinese，isemployedincaricature—whohearsofthegrandentertainmenthegivesatChristmasintheprincipaldining—
　　room，thehundredwax—candles，thewaggon—loadofplate，andtheoceanofwinewhichformpartsofit，andaboveallthetwoostrichpoults，oneatthehead，andtheotheratthefootofthetable，exclaims，"Well！ifhea’n’tbangup，I
　　don’tknowwhobe；whyhebeatsmylordhollow！"Themechanicoftheboroughtown，whoseeshimdashingthroughthestreetsinanopenlandau，drawnbyfourmilk—whitehorses，amidsthisattendantout—riders；hiswife，amonsterofawoman，byhisside，stoutasthewifeofTamerlane，whoweighedtwentystone，andbedizenedoutlikeherwhosepersonshonewiththejewelsofplunderedPersia，stareswithsilentwonder，andatlastexclaims"That’sthemanformyvote！"
　　YoutelltheclownthatthemanofthemansionhascontributedenormouslytocorrupttheruralinnocenceofEngland；youpointtoanincipientbranchrailroad，fromaroundwhichtheaccentsofGomorraharesounding，andbeghimtolistenforamoment，andthenclosehisears。Hodgescratcheshisheadandsays，"Well，Ihavenothingtosaytothat；allIknowis，thatheisbangup，andIwishIwerehe；"perhapshewilladd—aHodgehasbeenknowntoadd—
　　"Hehasbeenkindenoughtoputmysononthatveryrailroad；
　　’tistruethecompanyissomewhatqueer，andtheworkratherkilling，buthegetstherehalf—a—crownaday，whereasfromthefarmershewouldonlygeteighteen—pence。"Youremindthemechanicthatthemaninthelandauhasbeentheruinofthousandsandyoumentionpeoplewhomhehimselfknows，peopleinvariousgradesoflife，widowsandorphansamongstthem，whoselittleallhasbeendissipated，andwhomhehasreducedtobeggarybyinducingthemtobecomesharersinhisdelusiveschemes。Butthemechanicsays，"Well，themorefoolstheytoletthemselvesberobbed。ButIdon’tcallthatkindofthingrobbery，Imerelycallitout—witting；andeverybodyinthisfreecountryhasarighttooutwitothersifhecan。Whataturn—outhehas！"Onewasonceheardtoadd，"Ineversawamoregenteel—lookingmaninallmylifeexceptone，andthatwasagentleman’swalley，whowasmuchlikehim。Itistruethatheisratherunder—sized，butthenmadam，youknow，makesupforall。"
　　CHAPTERV
　　SubjectofGentilitycontinued。
　　INthelastchapterhavebeenexhibitedspecimensofgentility，soconsideredbydifferentclasses；byoneclasspower，youth，andepauletsareconsideredtheneplusultraofgentility；byanotherclasspride，stateliness，andtitle；
　　byanother，wealthandflamingtawdriness。Butwhatconstitutesagentleman？Itiseasytosayatoncewhatconstitutesagentleman，andtherearenodistinctionsinwhatisgentlemanly，（5）asthereareinwhatisgenteel。
　　Thecharacteristicsofagentlemanarehighfeeling—adeterminationnevertotakeacowardlyadvantageofanother—
　　aliberaleducation—absenceofnarrowviews—generosityandcourage，proprietyofbehaviour。Nowapersonmaybegenteelaccordingtooneoranotherofthethreestandardsdescribedabove，andnotpossessoneofthecharacteristicsofagentleman。Istheemperoragentleman，withspattersofbloodonhisclothes，scourgedfromthebacksofnobleHungarianwomen？Arethearistocracygentlefolks，whoadmirehim？IsMr。Flamsonagentleman，althoughhehasamillionpounds？No！cowardlymiscreants，admirersofcowardlymiscreants，andpeoplewhomakeamillionpoundsbymeanscomparedwithwhichthoseemployedtomakefortunesbythegettersupoftheSouthSeaBubblemightbecalledhonestdealing，aredecidedlynotgentlefolks。Nowasitisclearlydemonstrablethatapersonmaybeperfectlygenteelaccordingtosomestandardorother，andyetbenogentleman，soitisdemonstrablethatapersonmayhavenopretensionstogentility，andyetbeagentleman。Forexample，thereisLavengro！Wouldtheadmirersoftheemperor，ortheadmirersofthosewhoadmiretheemperor，ortheadmirersofMr。
　　Flamson，callhimgenteel？andgentilitywiththemiseverything！Assuredlytheywouldnot；andassuredlytheywouldconsiderhimrespectivelyasabeingtobeshunned，despised，orhooted。Genteel！Whyatonetimeheisahackauthor—writesreviewalsforeighteenpenceapage—editsaNewgatechronicle。Atanotherhewandersthecountrywithafacegrimyfromoccasionallymendingkettles；andthereisnoevidencethathisclothesarenotseedyandtorn，andhisshoesdownattheheel；butbywhatprocessofreasoningwilltheyprovethatheisnogentleman？Ishenotlearned？Hashenotgenerosityandcourage？Whilstahackauthor，doeshepawnthebooksentrustedtohimtoreview？Doeshebreakhiswordtohispublisher？Doeshewritebeggingletters？Doeshegetclothesorlodgingswithoutpayingforthem？Again，whilstawanderer，doesheinsulthelplesswomenontheroadwithlooseproposalsorribalddiscourse？Doeshetakewhatisnothisownfromthehedges？Doesheplayonthefiddle，ormakefacesinpublic—houses，inordertoobtainpenceorbeer？ordoeshecallforliquor，swallowit，andthensaytoawidowedlandlady，"Mistress，Ihavenobrass？"Inaword，whatviceandcrimedoesheperpetrate—whatlowactsdoeshecommit？Therefore，withhisendowments，whowillventuretosaythatheisnogentleman？—unlessitbeanadmirerofMr。Flamson—aclown—whowill，perhaps，shout—"Isayheisnogentleman；forwhocanbeagentlemanwhokeepsnogig？"