WhenThrasymachushasbeensilenced，thetwoprincipalrespondents，GlauconandAdeimantus，appearonthescene：here，asinGreektragedy，threeactorsareintroduced。AtfirstsightthetwosonsofAristonmayseemtowearafamilylikeness，likethetwofriendsSimmiasandCebesinthePhaedo。Butonanearerexaminationofthemthesimilarityvanishes，andtheyareseentobedistinctcharacters。Glauconistheimpetuousyouthwhocan"justneverhaveenoughoffechting"（cf。thecharacterofhiminXen。Mem。iii。6）；
　　themanofpleasurewhoisacquaintedwiththemysteriesoflove；
　　the"juvenisquigaudetcanibus，"andwhoimprovesthebreedofanimals；theloverofartandmusicwhohasalltheexperiencesofyouthfullife。Heisfullofquicknessandpenetration，piercingeasilybelowtheclumsyplatitudesofThrasymachustotherealdifficulty；heturnsouttothelighttheseamysideofhumanlife，andyetdoesnotlosefaithinthejustandtrue。ItisGlauconwhoseizeswhatmaybetermedtheludicrousrelationofthephilosophertotheworld，towhomastateofsimplicityis"acityofpigs，"whoisalwayspreparedwithajestwhentheargumentoffershimanopportunity，andwhoiseverreadytosecondthehumorofSocratesandtoappreciatetheridiculous，whetherintheconnoisseursofmusic，orintheloversoftheatricals，orinthefantasticbehaviorofthecitizensofdemocracy。HisweaknessesareseveraltimesalludedtobySocrates，who，however，willnotallowhimtobeattackedbyhisbrotherAdeimantus。Heisasoldier，and，likeAdeimantus，hasbeendistinguishedatthebattleofMegara。
　　ThecharacterofAdeimantusisdeeperandgraver，andtheprofounderobjectionsarecommonlyputintohismouth。Glauconismoredemonstrative，andgenerallyopensthegame。Adeimantuspursuestheargumentfurther。Glauconhasmoreofthelivelinessandquicksympathyofyouth；Adeimantushasthematurerjudgmentofagrown—upmanoftheworld。Inthesecondbook，whenGlauconinsiststhatjusticeandinjusticeshallbeconsideredwithoutregardtotheirconsequences，Adeimantusremarksthattheyareregardedbymankindingeneralonlyforthesakeoftheirconsequences；andinasimilarveinofreflectionheurgesatthebeginningofthefourthbookthatSocratesfallsinmakinghiscitizenshappy，andisansweredthathappinessisnotthefirstbutthesecondthing，notthedirectaimbuttheindirectconsequenceofthegoodgovernmentofaState。Inthediscussionaboutreligionandmythology，Adeimantusistherespondent，butGlauconbreaksinwithaslightjest，andcarriesontheconversationinalightertoneaboutmusicandgymnastictotheendofthebook。ItisAdeimantusagainwhovolunteersthecriticismofcommonsenseontheSocraticmethodofargument，andwhorefusestoletSocratespasslightlyoverthequestionofwomenandchildren。
　　ItisAdeimantuswhoistherespondentinthemoreargumentative，asGlauconinthelighterandmoreimaginativeportionsoftheDialogue。Forexample，throughoutthegreaterpartofthesixthbook，thecausesofthecorruptionofphilosophyandtheconceptionoftheideaofgoodarediscussedwithAdeimantus。ThenGlauconresumeshisplaceofprincipalrespondent；buthehasadifficultyinapprehendingthehighereducationofSocrates，andmakessomefalsehitsinthecourseofthediscussion。OncemoreAdeimantusreturnswiththeallusiontohisbrotherGlauconwhomhecomparestothecontentiousState；inthenextbookheisagainsuperseded，andGlauconcontinuestotheend。
　　ThusinasuccessionofcharactersPlatorepresentsthesuccessivestagesofmorality，beginningwiththeAtheniangentlemanoftheoldentime，whoisfollowedbythepracticalmanofthatdayregulatinghislifebyproverbsandsaws；tohimsucceedsthewildgeneralizationoftheSophists，andlastlycometheyoungdisciplesofthegreatteacher，whoknowthesophisticalargumentsbutwillnotbeconvincedbythem，anddesiretogodeeperintothenatureofthings。Thesetoo，likeCephalus，Polemarchus，Thrasymachus，areclearlydistinguishedfromoneanother。NeitherintheRepublic，norinanyotherDialogueofPlato，isasinglecharacterrepeated。
　　ThedelineationofSocratesintheRepublicisnotwhollyconsistent。InthefirstbookwehavemoreoftherealSocrates，suchasheisdepictedintheMemorabiliaofXenophon，intheearliestDialoguesofPlato，andintheApology。Heisironical，provoking，questioning，theoldenemyoftheSophists，readytoputonthemaskofSilenusaswellastoargueseriously。ButinthesixthbookhisenmitytowardstheSophistsabates；heacknowledgesthattheyaretherepresentativesratherthanthecorruptersoftheworld。Healsobecomesmoredogmaticandconstructive，passingbeyondtherangeeitherofthepoliticalorthespeculativeideasoftherealSocrates。
　　InonepassagePlatohimselfseemstointimatethatthetimehadnowcomeforSocrates，whohadpassedhiswholelifeinphilosophy，togivehisownopinionandnottobealwaysrepeatingthenotionsofothermen。ThereisnoevidencethateithertheideaofgoodortheconceptionofaperfectStatewerecomprehendedintheSocraticteaching，thoughhecertainlydweltonthenatureoftheuniversalandoffinalcauses（cp。Xen。Mem。i。4；Phaedo97）；andadeepthinkerlikehiminhisthirtyorfortyyearsofpublicteaching，couldhardlyhavefalledtotouchonthenatureoffamilyrelations，forwhichthereisalsosomepositiveevidenceintheMemorabilia（Mem。i。2，51
　　foll。）TheSocraticmethodisnominallyretained；andeveryinferenceiseitherputintothemouthoftherespondentorrepresentedasthecommondiscoveryofhimandSocrates。Butanyonecanseethatthisisamereform，ofwhichtheaffectationgrowswearisomeastheworkadvances。Themethodofinquiryhaspassedintoamethodofteachinginwhichbythehelpofinterlocutorsthesamethesisislookedatfromvariouspointsofview。
　　ThenatureoftheprocessistrulycharacterizedbyGlaucon，whenhedescribeshimselfasacompanionwhoisnotgoodformuchinaninvestigation，butcanseewhatheisshown，andmay，perhaps，givetheanswertoaquestionmorefluentlythananother。
　　Neithercanwebeabsolutelycertainthat，Socrateshimselftaughttheimmortalityofthesoul，whichisunknowntohisdiscipleGlauconintheRepublic；noristhereanyreasontosupposethatheusedmythsorrevelationsofanotherworldasavehicleofinstruction，orthathewouldhavebanishedpoetryorhavedenouncedtheGreekmythology。Hisfavoriteoathisretained，andaslightmentionismadeofthedaemonium，orinternalsign，whichisalludedtobySocratesasaphenomenonpeculiartohimself。ArealelementofSocraticteaching，whichismoreprominentintheRepublicthaninanyoftheotherDialoguesofPlato，istheuseofexampleandillustration（’taphorhtikaautoprhospherhontez’）："Letusapplythetestofcommoninstances。""You，"saysAdeimantus，ironically，inthesixthbook，"aresounaccustomedtospeakinimages。"Andthisuseofexamplesorimages，thoughtrulySocraticinorigin，isenlargedbythegeniusofPlatointotheformofanallegoryorparable，whichembodiesintheconcretewhathasbeenalreadydescribed，orisabouttobedescribed，intheabstract。ThusthefigureofthecaveinBookVIIisarecapitulationofthedivisionsofknowledgeinBookVI。
　　ThecompositeanimalinBookIXisanallegoryofthepartsofthesoul。ThenoblecaptainandtheshipandthetruepilotinBookVIareafigureoftherelationofthepeopletothephilosophersintheStatewhichhasbeendescribed。Otherfigures，suchasthedoginthesecond，third，andfourthbooks，orthemarriageoftheportionlessmaideninthesixthbook，orthedronesandwaspsintheeighthandninthbooks，alsoformlinksofconnectioninlongpassages，orareusedtorecallpreviousdiscussions。
　　Platoismosttruetothecharacterofhismasterwhenhedescribeshimas"notofthisworld。"AndwiththisrepresentationofhimtheidealStateandtheotherparadoxesoftheRepublicarequiteinaccordance，thoughtheycannotbeshowntohavebeenspeculationsofSocrates。Tohim，astoothergreatteachersbothphilosophicalandreligious，whentheylookedupward，theworldseemedtobetheembodimentoferrorandevil。Thecommonsenseofmankindhasrevoltedagainstthisview，orhasonlypartiallyadmittedit。AndeveninSocrateshimselfthesternerjudgmentofthemultitudeattimespassesintoasortofironicalpityorlove。Meningeneralareincapableofphilosophy，andarethereforeatenmitywiththephilosopher；buttheirmisunderstandingofhimisunavoidable：fortheyhaveneverseenhimashetrulyisinhisownimage；theyareonlyacquaintedwithartificialsystemspossessingnonativeforceoftruth——wordswhichadmitofmanyapplications。Theirleadershavenothingtomeasurewith，andarethereforeignorantoftheirownstature。Buttheyaretobepitiedorlaughedat，nottobequarrelledwith；theymeanwellwiththeirnostrums，iftheycouldonlylearnthattheyarecuttingoffaHydra’shead。ThismoderationtowardsthosewhoareinerrorisoneofthemostcharacteristicfeaturesofSocratesintheRepublic。InallthedifferentrepresentationsofSocrates，whetherofXenophonorPlato，andthedifferencesoftheearlierorlaterDialogues，healwaysretainsthecharacteroftheunweariedanddisinterestedseekeraftertruth，withoutwhichhewouldhaveceasedtobeSocrates。
　　LeavingthecharacterswemaynowanalyzethecontentsoftheRepublic，andthenproceedtoconsider（1）ThegeneralaspectsofthisHellenicidealoftheState，（2）ThemodernlightsinwhichthethoughtsofPlatomayberead。
　　BOOKI
　　SOCRATES—GLAUCON
　　IWENTdownyesterdaytothePiraeuswithGlauconthesonofAriston，thatImightofferupmyprayerstothegoddess；andalsobecauseIwantedtoseeinwhatmannertheywouldcelebratethefestival，whichwasanewthing。Iwasdelightedwiththeprocessionoftheinhabitants；butthatoftheThracianswasequally，ifnotmore，beautiful。Whenwehadfinishedourprayersandviewedthespectacle，weturnedinthedirectionofthecity；andatthatinstantPolemarchusthesonofCephaluschancedtocatchsightofusfromadistanceaswewerestartingonourwayhome，andtoldhisservanttorunandbiduswaitforhim。Theservanttookholdofmebythecloakbehind，andsaid：Polemarchusdesiresyoutowait。
　　Iturnedround，andaskedhimwherehismasterwas。
　　Thereheis，saidtheyouth，comingafteryou，ifyouwillonlywait。
　　Certainlywewill，saidGlaucon；andinafewminutesPolemarchusappeared，andwithhimAdeimantus，Glaucon’sbrother，NiceratusthesonofNicias，andseveralotherswhohadbeenattheprocession。
　　SOCRATES—POLEMARCHUS—GLAUCON—ADEIMANTUS
　　Polemarchussaidtome：Iperceive，Socrates，thatyouandourcompanionarealreadyonyourwaytothecity。
　　Youarenotfarwrong，Isaid。
　　Butdoyousee，herejoined，howmanyweare？
　　Ofcourse。
　　Andareyoustrongerthanallthese？forifnot，youwillhavetoremainwhereyouare。
　　Maytherenotbethealternative，Isaid，thatwemaypersuadeyoutoletusgo？
　　Butcanyoupersuadeus，ifwerefusetolistentoyou？hesaid。
　　Certainlynot，repliedGlaucon。
　　Thenwearenotgoingtolisten；ofthatyoumaybeassured。
　　Adeimantusadded：Hasnoonetoldyouofthetorch—raceonhorsebackinhonourofthegoddesswhichwilltakeplaceintheevening？
　　Withhorses！Ireplied：Thatisanovelty。Willhorsemencarrytorchesandpassthemonetoanotherduringtherace？
　　Yes，saidPolemarchus，andnotonlyso，butafestivalwillhecelebratedatnight，whichyoucertainlyoughttosee。Letusrisesoonaftersupperandseethisfestival；therewillbeagatheringofyoungmen，andwewillhaveagoodtalk。Staythen，anddonotbeperverse。
　　Glauconsaid：Isuppose，sinceyouinsist，thatwemust。
　　Verygood，Ireplied。
　　GLAUCON—CEPHALUS—SOCRATES
　　AccordinglywewentwithPolemarchustohishouse；andtherewefoundhisbrothersLysiasandEuthydemus，andwiththemThrasymachustheChalcedonian，CharmantidesthePaeanian，andCleitophonthesonofAristonymus。TheretoowasCephalusthefatherofPolemarchus，whomIhadnotseenforalongtime，andIthoughthimverymuchaged。Hewasseatedonacushionedchair，andhadagarlandonhishead，forhehadbeensacrificinginthecourt；andthereweresomeotherchairsintheroomarrangedinasemicircle，uponwhichwesatdownbyhim。Hesalutedmeeagerly，andthenhesaid：——
　　Youdon’tcometoseeme，Socrates，asoftenasyouought：IfIwerestillabletogoandseeyouIwouldnotaskyoutocometome。ButatmyageIcanhardlygettothecity，andthereforeyoushouldcomeoftenertothePiraeus。Forletmetellyou，thatthemorethepleasuresofthebodyfadeaway，thegreatertomeisthepleasureandcharmofconversation。Donotthendenymyrequest，butmakeourhouseyourresortandkeepcompanywiththeseyoungmen；weareoldfriends，andyouwillbequiteathomewithus。
　　Ireplied：ThereisnothingwhichformypartIlikebetter，Cephalus，thanconversingwithagedmen；forIregardthemastravellerswhohavegoneajourneywhichItoomayhavetogo，andofwhomIoughttoenquire，whetherthewayissmoothandeasy，orruggedanddifficult。AndthisisaquestionwhichIshouldliketoaskofyouwhohavearrivedatthattimewhichthepoetscallthe’thresholdofoldage’——Islifehardertowardstheend，orwhatreportdoyougiveofit？
　　Iwilltellyou，Socrates，hesaid，whatmyownfeelingis。Menofmyageflocktogether；wearebirdsofafeather，astheoldproverbsays；andatourmeetingsthetaleofmyacquaintancecommonlyis——Icannoteat，Icannotdrink；thepleasuresofyouthandlovearefledaway：therewasagoodtimeonce，butnowthatisgone，andlifeisnolongerlife。Somecomplainoftheslightswhichareputuponthembyrelations，andtheywilltellyousadlyofhowmanyevilstheiroldageisthecause。Buttome，Socrates，thesecomplainersseemtoblamethatwhichisnotreallyinfault。Forifoldagewerethecause，Itoobeingold，andeveryotheroldman，wouldhavefeltastheydo。Butthisisnotmyownexperience，northatofotherswhomIhaveknown。HowwellIremembertheagedpoetSophocles，wheninanswertothequestion，Howdoeslovesuitwithage，Sophocles，——areyoustillthemanyouwere？Peace，hereplied；mostgladlyhaveIescapedthethingofwhichyouspeak；IfeelasifIhadescapedfromamadandfuriousmaster。Hiswordshaveoftenoccurredtomymindsince，andtheyseemasgoodtomenowasatthetimewhenheutteredthem。Forcertainlyoldagehasagreatsenseofcalmandfreedom；whenthepassionsrelaxtheirhold，then，asSophoclessays，wearefreedfromthegraspnotofonemadmasteronly，butofmany。Thetruthis，Socrates，thattheseregrets，andalsothecomplaintsaboutrelations，aretobeattributedtothesamecause，whichisnotoldage，butmen’scharactersandtempers；
　　forhewhoisofacalmandhappynaturewillhardlyfeelthepressureofage，buttohimwhoisofanoppositedispositionyouthandageareequallyaburden。
　　Ilistenedinadmiration，andwantingtodrawhimout，thathemightgoon——Yes，Cephalus，Isaid：butIrathersuspectthatpeopleingeneralarenotconvincedbyyouwhenyouspeakthus；theythinkthatoldagesitslightlyuponyou，notbecauseofyourhappydisposition，butbecauseyouarerich，andwealthiswellknowntobeagreatcomforter。
　　Youareright，hereplied；theyarenotconvinced：andthereissomethinginwhattheysay；not，however，somuchastheyimagine。I
　　mightanswerthemasThemistoclesansweredtheSeriphianwhowasabusinghimandsayingthathewasfamous，notforhisownmeritsbutbecausehewasanAthenian：’IfyouhadbeenanativeofmycountryorIofyours，neitherofuswouldhavebeenfamous。’Andtothosewhoarenotrichandareimpatientofoldage，thesamereplymaybemade；fortothegoodpoormanoldagecannotbealightburden，norcanabadrichmaneverhavepeacewithhimself。
　　MayIask，Cephalus，whetheryourfortunewasforthemostpartinheritedoracquiredbyyou？
　　Acquired！Socrates；doyouwanttoknowhowmuchIacquired？IntheartofmakingmoneyIhavebeenmidwaybetweenmyfatherandgrandfather：formygrandfather，whosenameIbear，doubledandtrebledthevalueofhispatrimony，thatwhichheinheritedbeingmuchwhatIpossessnow；butmyfatherLysaniasreducedthepropertybelowwhatitisatpresent：andIshallbesatisfiedifIleavetothesemysonsnotlessbutalittlemorethanIreceived。
　　ThatwaswhyIaskedyouthequestion，Ireplied，becauseIseethatyouareindifferentaboutmoney，whichisacharacteristicratherofthosewhohaveinheritedtheirfortunesthanofthosewhohaveacquiredthem；themakersoffortuneshaveasecondloveofmoneyasacreationoftheirown，resemblingtheaffectionofauthorsfortheirownpoems，orofparentsfortheirchildren，besidesthatnaturalloveofitforthesakeofuseandprofitwhichiscommontothemandallmen。Andhencetheyareverybadcompany，fortheycantalkaboutnothingbutthepraisesofwealth。Thatistrue，hesaid。
　　Yes，thatisverytrue，butmayIaskanotherquestion？Whatdoyouconsidertobethegreatestblessingwhichyouhavereapedfromyourwealth？
　　One，hesaid，ofwhichIcouldnotexpecteasilytoconvinceothers。
　　Forletmetellyou，Socrates，thatwhenamanthinkshimselftobeneardeath，fearsandcaresenterintohismindwhichheneverhadbefore；thetalesofaworldbelowandthepunishmentwhichisexactedthereofdeedsdoneherewereoncealaughingmattertohim，butnowheistormentedwiththethoughtthattheymaybetrue：eitherfromtheweaknessofage，orbecauseheisnowdrawingnearertothatotherplace，hehasaclearerviewofthesethings；suspicionsandalarmscrowdthicklyuponhim，andhebeginstoreflectandconsiderwhatwrongshehasdonetoothers。Andwhenhefindsthatthesumofhistransgressionsisgreathewillmanyatimelikeachildstartupinhissleepforfear，andheisfilledwithdarkforebodings。Buttohimwhoisconsciousofnosin，sweethope，asPindarcharminglysays，isthekindnurseofhisage：
　　Hope，hesays，cherishesthesoulofhimwholivesinjusticeandholinessandisthenurseofhisageandthecompanionofhisjourney；
　　——hopewhichismightiesttoswaytherestlesssoulofman。
　　Howadmirablearehiswords！Andthegreatblessingofriches，I
　　donotsaytoeveryman，buttoagoodman，is，thathehashadnooccasiontodeceiveortodefraudothers，eitherintentionallyorunintentionally；andwhenhedepartstotheworldbelowheisnotinanyapprehensionaboutofferingsduetothegodsordebtswhichheowestomen。Nowtothispeaceofmindthepossessionofwealthgreatlycontributes；andthereforeIsay，that，settingonethingagainstanother，ofthemanyadvantageswhichwealthhastogive，toamanofsensethisisinmyopinionthegreatest。
　　Wellsaid，Cephalus，Ireplied；butasconcerningjustice，whatisit？——tospeakthetruthandtopayyourdebts——nomorethanthis？
　　Andeventothisaretherenotexceptions？Supposethatafriendwheninhisrightmindhasdepositedarmswithmeandheasksforthemwhenheisnotinhisrightmind，oughtItogivethembacktohim？NoonewouldsaythatIoughtorthatIshouldberightindoingso，anymorethantheywouldsaythatIoughtalwaystospeakthetruthtoonewhoisinhiscondition。
　　Youarequiteright，hereplied。
　　Butthen，Isaid，speakingthetruthandpayingyourdebtsisnotacorrectdefinitionofjustice。
　　CEPHALUS—SOCRATES—POLEMARCHUS
　　Quitecorrect，Socrates，ifSimonidesistobebelieved，saidPolemarchusinterposing。
　　Ifear，saidCephalus，thatImustgonow，forIhavetolookafterthesacrifices，andIhandovertheargumenttoPolemarchusandthecompany。
　　IsnotPolemarchusyourheir？Isaid。
　　Tobesure，heanswered，andwentawaylaughingtothesacrifices。
　　SOCRATES—POLEMARCHUS
　　Tellmethen，Othouheiroftheargument，whatdidSimonidessay，andaccordingtoyoutrulysay，aboutjustice？
　　Hesaidthattherepaymentofadebtisjust，andinsayingsoheappearstometoberight。
　　Ishouldbesorrytodoubtthewordofsuchawiseandinspiredman，buthismeaning，thoughprobablycleartoyou，isthereverseofcleartome。Forhecertainlydoesnotmean，aswewerenowsayingthatI
　　oughttoreturnareturnadepositofarmsorofanythingelsetoonewhoasksforitwhenheisnotinhisrightsenses；andyetadepositcannotbedeniedtobeadebt。
　　True。
　　ThenwhenthepersonwhoasksmeisnotinhisrightmindIambynomeanstomakethereturn？
　　Certainlynot。
　　WhenSimonidessaidthattherepaymentofadebtwasjustice，hedidnotmeantoincludethatcase？
　　Certainlynot；forhethinksthatafriendoughtalwaystodogoodtoafriendandneverevil。
　　Youmeanthatthereturnofadepositofgoldwhichistotheinjuryofthereceiver，ifthetwopartiesarefriends，isnottherepaymentofadebt，——thatiswhatyouwouldimaginehimtosay？
　　Yes。
　　Andareenemiesalsotoreceivewhatweowetothem？
　　Tobesure，hesaid，theyaretoreceivewhatweowethem，andanenemy，asItakeit，owestoanenemythatwhichisdueorpropertohim——thatistosay，evil。
　　Simonides，then，afterthemannerofpoets，wouldseemtohavespokendarklyofthenatureofjustice；forhereallymeanttosaythatjusticeisthegivingtoeachmanwhatispropertohim，andthishetermedadebt。
　　Thatmusthavebeenhismeaning，hesaid。
　　Byheaven！Ireplied；andifweaskedhimwhatdueorproperthingisgivenbymedicine，andtowhom，whatanswerdoyouthinkthathewouldmaketous？
　　Hewouldsurelyreplythatmedicinegivesdrugsandmeatanddrinktohumanbodies。
　　Andwhatdueorproperthingisgivenbycookery，andtowhat？
　　Seasoningtofood。
　　Andwhatisthatwhichjusticegives，andtowhom？
　　If，Socrates，wearetobeguidedatallbytheanalogyoftheprecedinginstances，thenjusticeistheartwhichgivesgoodtofriendsandeviltoenemies。
　　Thatishismeaningthen？
　　Ithinkso。
　　Andwhoisbestabletodogoodtohisfriendsandeviltohisenemiesintimeofsickness？
　　Thephysician。
　　Orwhentheyareonavoyage，amidtheperilsofthesea？
　　Thepilot。
　　Andinwhatsortofactionsorwithaviewtowhatresultisthejustmanmostabletodoharmtohisenemyandgoodtohisfriends？
　　Ingoingtowaragainsttheoneandinmakingallianceswiththeother。
　　Butwhenamaniswell，mydearPolemarchus，thereisnoneedofaphysician？
　　No。
　　Andhewhoisnotonavoyagehasnoneedofapilot？
　　No。
　　Thenintimeofpeacejusticewillbeofnouse？
　　Iamveryfarfromthinkingso。
　　Youthinkthatjusticemaybeofuseinpeaceaswellasinwar？
　　Yes。
　　Likehusbandryfortheacquisitionofcorn？
　　Yes。
　　Orlikeshoemakingfortheacquisitionofshoes，——thatiswhatyoumean？
　　Yes。
　　Andwhatsimilaruseorpowerofacquisitionhasjusticeintimeofpeace？
　　Incontracts，Socrates，justiceisofuse。
　　Andbycontractsyoumeanpartnerships？
　　Exactly。
　　Butisthejustmanortheskilfulplayeramoreusefulandbetterpartneratagameofdraughts？
　　Theskilfulplayer。
　　Andinthelayingofbricksandstonesisthejustmanamoreusefulorbetterpartnerthanthebuilder？
　　Quitethereverse。