Chapter1—"UNCLESAM"
　　THEgentlemanwhogracedthegubernatorialarm—chairofourstatewhenthiscenturywasbornhappenedtobeanadmirerofclassicloreandthesonorousnamesofantiquity。
　　Itisowingtohisweaknessinbestowingpompouscognomensonourembryotownsandvillagesthatto—daynameslikeUtica，Syracuse，andIthaca，insteadofevokingvisionsofhistoricpompandcircumstance，raiseinthemindsofmostAmericansthepictureofcockylittlecities，richonlyintrolley—carsandMethodistmeeting—houses。
　　When，however，thisculturedgovernor，inhisardor，christenedoneofthecitiesTroy，andthehillinitsvicinityMountIda，helittledreamedthatayouthwaslivingonitsslopeswhosenamewasdestinedtobecomeahouseholdwordtheworldover，asthesynonymfortheproudestandwealthiestrepublicyetknowntohistory，asobriquetthatwouldbefamiliarinthemouthsofracestowhosecontinentseventhetitlesofJupiterorMarshadneverpenetrated。
　　Alittlebeforethiscenturybegan，twoboyswithpacksboundontheirstalwartshoulderswalkedfromNewYorkandestablishedabrickyardintheneighborhoodofwhatisnowPerryStreet，Troy。EbenezerandSamuelWilsonsoonbecameesteemedcitizensoftheinfantcity，theirkindlinessandbenevolencewinningforthemtheaffectionandrespectofthecommunity。
　　Theyoungerbrother，Samuel，wasanespecialfavoritewiththechildrenoftheplace，whoseexplorationsintohisdeeppocketsweregenerallyrewardedbythediscoveryofsomesimple"sweet"orhome—madetoy。Theslenderyouthwiththe"nutcracker"faceprovingtobethemerriestofplayfellows，intheirlovehislittlebandofadmirersgavehimthepetnameof"UncleSam，"bywhichhequicklybecameknown，totheexclusionofhisrealname。Thisisthekindlyandhumbleoriginofatitlethemerespeakingofwhichto—dayquickensthepulseandmoistenstheeyesofmillionsofAmericanswiththesamethrillthatthedearoldflagarouseswhenwecatchsightofit，especiallyanunexpectedglimpseinsomeforeignland。
　　Withincreasingwealththebrick—yardoftheWilsonbrotherswasreplacedbyanextensiveslaughteringbusiness，inwhichmorethanahundredmenweresoonemployed—avastestablishmentforthatday，killingweeklysomethousandheadofcattle。Duringthemilitaryoperationsof1812thebrotherssignedacontracttofurnishthetroopsatGreenbushwithmeat，"packedinfullboundbarrelsofwhiteoak"；soonafter，SamuelwasappointedInspectorofProvisionsforthearmy。
　　ItisacuriouscoincidencethatEnglandalsoshouldhavetakenanex—army—contractorasherpatronsaint，forifwearetobelievetradition，St。GeorgeofCappadociafilledthatpositionunsatisfactorilybeforehepassedthroughmartyrdomtosainthood。
　　Trueprototypeofthenationthatwaslatertoadopthimasitsgodfather，theshrewdandhonestpatriot，"UncleSam，"notonlylivedloyallyuptohiscontracts，givingfullmeasureandofhisbest，butprovedhimselfincorruptible，makingithisbusinesstoseethatotherstoofulfilledtheirengagementsbothintheletterandthespirit；sothatthe"U。S。"（abbreviationofUnitedStates）whichhepencilledonallprovisionsthathadpassedhisinspectionbecameintheeyesofofficersandsoldiersaguaranteeofexcellence。
　　Samuel’soldfriends，theboysofTroy（nowenlistedinthearmy），naivelyimaginingthatthemysticinitialswereanallusiontothepetnametheyhadgivenhimyearsbefore，wouldacceptnomeatsbut"UncleSam’s，"murmuringifotherviandswereofferedthem。Theircomradeswithoutinquiryfollowedthisexample；untilsostrongdidtheprejudiceforfoodmarked"U。S。"become，thatothercontractors，inorderthattheirprovisionsshouldfindfavorwiththesoldiers，tooktoannouncing"UncleSam"brands。
　　Tothegreaterpartofthetroops，ignorant（asaremostAmericansto—day）oftherealoriginofthispseudonym，"UncleSam’s"beefandbreadmeantmerelygovernmentprovisions，andthestepfromnationalbelongingstoanimpersonationofourcountrybyanideal"UncleSam"wasbutalogicalsequence。
　　Inhisvigorousoldage，SamuelWilsonagainlivedonMountIda，neartheestatesoftheWarrenfamily，whereaschildrenweweretakentovisithishouseandhearanecdotesoftheagedpatriot’shospitalityandhumor。Thehonorinwhichhewasheldbythecountry—side，theinfluenceforgoodheexerted，andtheinformaltribunalheheld，towhichhisneighborscametogettheirdifferencesstraightenedoutbyhiscommonsense，arestilltalkedofbytheolderinhabitants。Onestoryinparticularusedtocharmourboyishears。ItwasaboutadisputeoverlandbetweentheLivingstonsandtheVanRensselaers，whichwasbroughttoanendby"UncleSam’s"producingabarrelofoldpapers（confidedtohimbybothfamiliesduringthewar，forsafekeeping）andextractingfromthisoriginal"strongbox"titledeedstothepropertyinlitigation。
　　Now，inthesetroubledtimesofours，whenrumorsofwarareagainintheair，one’sthoughtsrevertwithpleasuretothehalf—mythicalfigureonthethresholdofthecentury，andtolegendsoftheclear—eyedgiant，withthequizzicalsmileandthetender，loyalheart，whoselife’sworkmakeshimamorelovablemodelandanoblerexampletoholdupbeforetheyouthofto—daythanallthemythologicaldeitiesthateverdisportedthemselvesontheoriginalMountIda。
　　Thereisasingularfitnessinthischoiceof"UncleSam"asourpatronsaint，fortobehonestandloyalandmodest，tolovelittlechildren，todoone’sdutyquietlyintheheydayoflife，andbecomeamediatorinoldage，istofulfilaboutthewholedutyofman；andeverypatrioticheartmustwishtheanalogymaybelongmaintained，thatourlovedcountry，likeitsprototype，maycontinuetheprotectorofthefeebleandapeace—makeramongnations。
　　Chapter2—DomesticDespotsTHOSEwhowalkthroughthewell—to—doquartersofourcity，andglance，perhapsalittleenviouslyastheypass，towardthecheerfulfiresides，donotreflectthatinalmosteveryoneoftheseapparentlyhappyhomesapitilesstyrantreigns，amisshapenmonsterwithoutbowelsofcompassionorthoughtbeyonditsowngreedyappetites，whositslikeSinbad’sawfulburdenonthenecksoftenderwomenanddistractedmen。
　　Sometimesthisincubustakestheformofapug，sometimesofapoodle，orsimplyabastardcuradmittedtothefamilybosominamomentofunreflectingpity；sizeandpedigreeareofnoimportance；theresultisalwaysthesame。OnceCalibanisinstalledinhisstronghold，peaceandindependencedesertthatroof。
　　Wereaddailyoffatherstyrannizingovertremblingfamilies，ofstepmothersandunnaturalchildrenturningwhatmightbehappyhomesintoamateurInfernos，andsigh，aswethinkofmartyrdomsenduredbyoverworkedanimals。
　　Itischeeringtoknowthatsocietieshavebeenformedfortheprotectionofdumbbrutesandhelplesschildren。Willnoattemptbemadetoalleviatethisotherformofsuffering，whichhasapparentlyescapedtheeyeofthereformer？
　　Theanimalkingdomisdivided—likeallGaul—intothreedivisions：wildbeasts，thatareobligedtohustleforthemselves；laboringandproducinganimals，forwhichmanprovidesbecausetheyareusefultohim—anddogs！Ofallcreatedthingsonourglobethecanineracehavethesoftest"snap。"Themoreonethinksaboutthiscuriousexceptionintheirfavorthemoreunaccountableitappears。Weneglectsuchwildthingsaswedonotslaughter，andexacttoilfromdomesticatedanimalsinreturnfortheirkeep。Dogsalone，shirkingallcaresandlabor，liveinidlecomfortatman’sexpense。
　　WhenthatpainfulfamilyjarbrokeupthelittlegardenpartyinEdenandforcedourfirstparentstoworkorhuntforaliving，theoriginalDog（equallydisgustedwitheitheralternative）hitontheluminousideaofposingasthechampionofthedisgracedcouple，andattachedhimselftoAdamandEve；notthatheapprovedoftheirconduct，butsimplybecauseheforesawthatifhemadehimselfcompanionableandcosyhewouldbeaskedtostaytodinner。
　　Fromthatdaytothepresent，withtheexceptionofoccasionallywatchingsheepandhouses—alazyoccupationatthebest—andalittlelightcartinginBelgium（dogsweregivenupasturn—spitscenturiesago，becausetheyperformedthatdutybadly），nocaninehasraisedapawtodoanhonestday’swork，neitherhasanymemberofthegenusbeenknownvoluntarilytoperformausefulact。
　　Howthen—oneasksone’sselfinawonder—didthemythoriginatethatDogwasthefriendofMan？Likeamultitudeofotherfallaciestaughttoinnocentchildren，thisfollymustbeunlearnedlater。Friendofman，indeed！Why，the"LittleBrothersoftheRich"areguilelessphilanthropistsincomparisonwithmostcanines，andunworthytobenamedinthesamebreathwiththem。Dogsdiscoveredcenturiesagothattoliveinluxury，itwasonlynecessarytoassumeanexaggeratedaffectionforsomewealthymortal，andhavesinceprovedthemselvespastmastersinadifficultartinwhichfewmensucceed。Thenumberofhumanbeingswhomanagetoliveontheirfriendsissmall，whereastheveriestmongrelcurcontrivestoenjoyfoodandlodgingatsomedupe’sexpense。
　　Factssuchasthese，however，havenotover—thrownthegreatdogmyth。Onecanhardlyopenachild’sbookwithoutcomingacrosssometaleofcanineintelligenceanddevotion。Mytenderyouthwassaddenedbythestoryofonedisinteresteddogthatrefusedtoleavehismaster’sgraveandwasfoundfrozenathispostonableakwinter’smorning。WiththeexperienceofyearsinpetdogsInowsuspectthat，insteadofactinginthistheatricalfashion，thatpuptrottedhomefromthefuneralwiththemostprosperousandsimple—mindedcoupleintheneighborhood，andafterasubstantialmealwenttosleepbythefire。Hemusthavebeenacleverdogtogetsomuchfreeadvertisement，soprobablystrolledouttohismaster’sgravethenextnoon，whenpeoplewereabouttohearhim，andhowledalittletokeepupappearances。
　　Ihavewritten"therichestandmostsimplemindedcouple，"
　　becausecenturiesofself—seekinghavedevelopedinthesebeastsanespecialaptitudeforspottingpossiblevictimsataglance。Youwillrarelyfinddogscoquettingwiththestrong—
　　mindedorwastingblandishmentswherethereisnottheprobabilityofimmediateprofit；butonceletevenapuppygetatenderheartedgirloragedcoupleunderhisinfluence，nopitywillbeshownthevictims。
　　ThereisahousenotasquareawayfromMr。Gerry’sphilanthropicheadquarters，whereastateofthingsexistscalculatedtoextracttearsfromacustom—houseofficial。TwoelderlyvirginsarethereheldinbondagebyaMinotaurnobiggerthanyourtwofists。Thesegooddameshaveatastefortravelling，butchangeofclimatedisagreeswiththeirtyrant。
　　Theydislikehouse—keepingand，likegoodAmericans，wouldpreferhotellife，neverthelesstheykeepupanestablishmentinacheerlesssidestreet，witharetinueofservants，because，forsooth，theirsatrapexactsabackyardwherehecanwalkofamorning。Thesespinsters，althoughlovingsisters，nolongergoabouttogether，Caligula’snervesbeingsoshakenthatsolitudeupsetsthem。Hewouldsoonerexpirethanbeleftalonewiththeservant，fortheexcellentreasonthathisbadtemperandabsurdairshavemadehimdangerousenemiesbelowstairs—andheknowsit！
　　Anotherhouseholdinthiscityrevolvesaroundtwobrainless，goggle—eyedbeasts，importedatmuchexpensefromtheslopesofFuji—yama。Thecarethatislavishedonthoseheathenmonsterspassesbelief。Maidsareemployedtocarrythemupanddownstairs，andmenarecalledinthenighttohurryforadoctorwhenChihasover—eatenorFudevelopscolic；yettheirdevotedmistresstellsme，withtearsinhereyes，thatinspiteofthiscare，whenshetakesherdarlingsforawalktheydonotknowherfromthefirststrangerthatpasses，andwillfollowanyboywhowhistlestotheminthestreet。
　　Whatrevoltsmeinthecharacterofdogsisthat，notcontentwithescapingfromtheresponsibilitiesentailedonalltheotherinhabitantsofourglobebythestruggleforexistence，thesefour—leggedPecksniffshavesucceededinmakingforthemselvesafallaciousreputationforhonestyanddevotion。
　　WhatlittlelingeringbeliefIhadincaninefidelitysuccumbedthenIwastoldthatSt。Bernards—thosemodelsofintegrityandcourage—havefallenintothehabitofcarryingtheflasksofbrandythatthekindmonksprovideforthesuccorofsnowboundtravellers，totheneighboringhamletsandexchangingthecontentsfor—chops！
　　Willtheworldeverwaketothetruecharacterofthesefour—
　　leggedimpostorsandrealizethatinsteadofbeingdisinterestedandsincere，mostfamilypetsareconsummatehypocrites。Innocent？Pshaw！Theirpretty，coaxingwaysandpretencesofaffectionareunadulteratedguile；theirostentatiousdevotion，simplyaclevermanoeuvretoexciteinterestandobtainunmeritedpraise。Itisuseless，however，tohopethatthingswillchange。Solongasthisgiddyoldworldgoesonwaltzinginspace，solongshallwecontinuetobedupedbyshamsandpinourfaithonfrauds，confoundinganattractivebearingwithasweetdispositionandmistakingdishevelledhairandeccentricappearanceforbrains。EvenintheOrient，wheredogshavebeengrantedimmunityfromotherlaborontheconditionthattheyorganizedaneffectivestreet—cleaningdepartment，theyhavebeenfalsetotheirtrustandhaveevadedtheircontractsquiteasiftheywereTammanybraves，likewhomtheypasstheirdaysinslumberandtheirnightsinsettlingprivatedisputes，whilethecityremainsuncleaned。
　　Inurseyetanothergrudgeagainstthecaninerace！ThatVoltaireofawhelp，whoimposedhimselfuponourconfidingfirstparents，musthavehadanimportantpullatheadquarters，forhecertainlysucceededingettingthedecreeconcerningbeautyandfitnesswhichappliestoallmammals，includingmanhimself，reversedinfavorofdogs，andhandeddowntohisdescendantsthesecretofmakingdefectsanddeformitiespasscurrentasqualities。Whileotheranimalsarevaluedforsleekcoatsandslenderproportions，caninemonstrositieshavealwaysbeenindemand。Wedonotadmiresquintsorprotrudingunderjawsinourownrace，yetbulldogshavepersuadedmanyweak—mindedpeoplethatthesedefectsarecharmingwhencombinedinanindividualoftheirbreed。
　　Thefoxinthefable，whoafterlosinghistailtriedtomakethatbereavementthefashion，failedinhisundertaking；Dutchcanal—boatdogshave，however，beensuccessfulwherethefoxfailed，andareto—daypamperedandprizedforacurtailmentthatwouldcondemnanyotheranimal（exceptperhapsaManxcat）toawaterygraveatbirth。
　　Icanonlyrecalltwoinstanceswherecaninesycophantsgottheirdeserts；thefirsttale（probablyapocryphal）isaboutadonkey，foryearsthesilentvictimofalittleterrierwhohadbeentrainedtoleadhimtowaterandback。Thedog—asmighthavebeenexpected—abusedthesituation，whilepretendingtobeverykindtohischarge，neverallowedhimtorollonthegrass，ashewouldhaveliked，ordrinkinpeace，andharassedthepoorbeastinmanyotherways，getting，however，muchcreditfromtheneighborsfordevotionandintelligence。Finally，onedayaftermonthsofwaiting，thepatientvictim’schancecame。Gettinghistormentorwelloutintodeepwater，thedonkeyquietlysatdownonhim。
　　Theothertaleistrue，forIknewtheladywhoprovidedinherwillthatherentireestablishmentshouldbekeptupforthecomfortandduringthelifeofthethreefatspanielsthathadsolacedherdecliningyears。Theheirstriedtobreakthewillandfailed；thedelighteddomestics，seeingbeforethemaperiodofrepose，proceeded（headedbytheportlyhousekeeper）
　　toconsulta"vet"astohowthelifeofthepreciouslegateesmightbeprolongedtotheutmost。Hisadvicewastostopallsweetsandrichfoodandgiveeachoftheanimalsatleastthreehoursofhardexerciseaday。Fromthatmomentthelazybrutesledadog’slife。Waterandthedetested"Spratt"
　　biscuit，scornedinhappierdays，formedtheirmeagreordinary；insteadofsomnolentairingsinasoftlycushionedlandautheyweretornfromchimneycornermusingstoberacedthroughcold，muddystreetsbyagroomonhorseback。
　　Thosetwotalesgivemethekeenestpleasure。WhenIamreceivedonenteringafriend’sroomwithachorusofyelpsandattackedindarkcornersbysnarlinglittlehypocriteswhofawnonmeintheirmaster’spresence，IhumblypraythatsomesuchNemesismaybeinstorefortheseFAUXBONHOMMESbeforetheyleavethisworld，asapparentlynoprovisionhasbeenmadefortheirpunishmentinthenext。
　　Chapter3—Cyrano，Rostand，CoquelinAMONGtheproverbsofSpanishfolk—lorethereisasayingthatgoodwineretainsitsflavorinspiteofrudebottlesandcrackedcups。ThesuccessofM。Rostand’sbrilliantdrama，CYRANODEBERGERAC，initsEnglishdressprovesoncemorethetruthofthisadage。Thefunandpathos，thewitandsatire，oftheoriginalpiercethroughthehalting，feebletranslationlikelightthrougharaggedcurtain，dazzlingthespectatorsandsettingtheirenthusiasmablaze。
　　Thosewholovethetheatreatitsbest，whenitappealstoourfinerinstinctsandmovesustohealthylaughterandtears，oweadebtofgratitudetoRichardMansfieldforhiscourageingivingus，asfarasthedifferenceoflanguageandrhythmwouldallow，thisCHEFD’OEUVREunchanged，freefromthemutilationsoftheadapter，withtheauthor’swishesandthestagedecorationsfollowedintothesmallestdetail。InthiswayweprofitbythevastlaborandstudywhichRostandandCoquelingavetotheoriginalproduction。
　　RumorsofthesuccessattainedbythisplayinParissoonfloatedacrosstous。ThetwoorthreeFrenchbooksellersherecouldnotimportthepiecefastenoughtomeettheeverincreasingdemandofourreadingpublic。Bythetimespringcame，therewerefewcultivatedpeoplewhohadnotreadthenewworkanddiscusseditsoriginallanguageanddaringtreatment。
　　OnarrivinginParis，myfirsteveningwaspassedatthePorteSt。Martin。Afterthepiecewasover，IdroppedintoCoquelin’sdressing—roomtoshakethisoldacquaintancebythehandandgivehimnewsofhismanyfriendsinAmerica。
　　Coquelininhisdressing—roomisoneofthemostdelightfulofmortals。Theeffortofplayingsetshisbloodinmotionandhiswitsparkling。Heseemedasfreshandgaythateveningasthoughtherewerenotfivekillingactsbehindhimandthefatigueofatwo—hundred—nightrun，uninterruptedevenbySundays，addedtohis"record。"
　　Aftertheoperationofremovinghishistoricnosehadbeenperformedandtheactorhadresumedhisownclothesandfeatures，wegotintohiscarriageandweredriventohisapartmentinthePlacedel’Etoile，acosymuseumfullofcomfortablechairsandpricelessbric—a—brac。Theconversationnaturallyturnedduringsupperonthepieceandthisnewauthorwhohadsprunginanightfromobscuritytoaglobe—embracingfame。How，Iasked，didyoucomeacrosstheplay，andwhatdecidedyoutoproduceit？
　　Coquelin’sreplywassointerestingthatitwillbebettertorepeattheactor’sownwordsashetoldhistaleoverthedismantledtableinthetranquilmidnighthours。
　　"Ihad，likemostParisians，knownRostandforsometimeastheauthorofafewgracefulversesandaplay（LES
　　ROMANESQUES）whichpassedalmostunnoticedattheFrancais。
　　"AboutfouryearsagoSarahBernhardtaskedmetoher`hotel’
　　tohearM。Rostandreadaplayhehadjustcompletedforher。
　　Iacceptedreluctantly，asatthatmomentwewerebusyatthetheatre。Ialsodoubtediftherecouldbemuchinthenewplaytointerestme。ItwasLAPRINCESSELOINTAINE。IshallrememberthatafternoonaslongasIlive！Fromthefirstlinemyattentionwasrivetedandmysenseswerecharmed。
　　Whatstruckmeasevenmoreremarkablethanthepiecewasthemasterlypowerandfinishwithwhichtheboyishauthordeliveredhislines。Where，Iaskedmyself，hadhelearnedthatdifficultart？Thegreatactress，alwaysquicktorespondtothevoiceofart，acceptedtheplaythenandthere。
　　"AfterthereadingwasoverIwalkedhomewithM。Rostand，andhadalongtalkwithhimabouthisworkandambitions。Whenwepartedathisdoor，Isaid：`Inmyopinion，youaredestinedtobecomethegreatestdramaticpoetoftheage；I
　　bindmyselfhereandnowtotakeanyplayyouwrite（inwhichthereisapartforme）withoutreadingit，tocancelanyengagementsImayhaveonhand，andproduceyourpiecewiththeleastpossibledelay。’AnofferIdon’timaginemanyyoungpoetshaveeverreceived，andwhichIcertainlyneverbeforemadetoanyauthor。
　　"Aboutsixweekslatermynewacquaintancedroppedinonemorningtoreadmethesketchhehadworkedoutforadrama，thetitleroleofwhichhethoughtwouldpleaseme。Iwasdelightedwiththeidea，andtoldhimtogoahead。Amonthlaterwemetinthestreet。Onaskinghimhowtheplaywasprogressing，tomyastonishmentheansweredthathehadabandonedthatideaandhituponsomethingentirelydifferent。
　　ChancehadthrowninhiswayanoldvolumeofCyranodeBergerac’spoems，whichsodelightedhimthathehadbeenreadingupthelifeanddeathofthatunfortunatepoet。FromthisreadinghadsprungtheideaofmakingCyranothecentralfigureofadramalaidinthecityofRichelieu，d’Artagnan，andthePRECIEUSESRIDICULES，aseventeenth—centuryParisofloveandduelling。
　　"Atfirstthisideastruckmeasunfortunate。TheelderDumashadworkedthatveinsowellandsocompletely，Idoubtedifanyliterarygoldremainedforanotherauthor。ItseemedfoolhardytoresuscitatetheTHREEGUARDSMENepoch—andI
　　doubtedifitwerepossibletocarryouthisideaandplayanintenseandpatheticroledisguisedwithaburlesquenose。
　　"Thiscontrastingofthegrotesqueandthesentimentalwasofcoursenotnew。VictorHugohadbrokenawayfromclassictraditionwhenhemadeahunchbacktheheroofadrama。Thereremained，however，theriskofourParisianpublicnotacceptingthenewsituationseriously。Itseemedtomelikebringingthesublimeperilouslyneartheridiculous。
　　"Fortunately，Rostanddidnotsharethisopinionormydoubts。
　　Hewasfullofenthusiasmforhispieceandconfidentofitssuccess。Wesatwherewehadmet，underthetreesoftheChampsElysees，foracoupleofhours，turningthesubjectaboutandlookingatthequestionfromeverypointofview。
　　Beforewepartedthepoethadconvincedme。Therole，asheconceivedit，wascertainlyoriginal，andthereforetempting，openingvastpossibilitiesbeforemydazzledeyes。
　　"IfoundoutlaterthatRostandhadgonestraighthomeafterthatconversationandworkedfornearlytwentyhourswithoutleavingthestudy，wherehiswifefoundhimatdaybreak，fastasleepwithhisheadonapileofmanuscript。HewasatmyroomsthenextdaybeforeIwasup，sittingonthesideofmybed，readingtheresultofhislabor。AsthestoryunfoldeditselfIwasmoreandmoredelighted。HisideaofresuscitatingthequaintinterioroftheHoteldeBourgogneTheatrewasoriginal，andthebalconyscene，eveninoutline，enchanting。AfterthereadingRostanddashedoffashehadcome，andformanyweeksIsawnomoreofhim。
　　"LAPRINCESSELOINTAINEwas，inthemeantime，producedbySarah，firstinLondonandtheninParis。IntheEnglishcapitalitwasafailure；withusitgainedaSUCCESD’ESTIME，thefantasticgraceandlightnessofthepiecesavingitfromabsoluteshipwreckintheeyesoftheliterarypublic。
　　"Betweenourselves，"continuedCoquelin，pushingasidehisplate，atwinkleinhissmalleyes，"isthereasonofthislackofsuccessverydifficulttodiscover？ThePrincessinthepieceissupposedtobeafairyenchantressinhersixteenthyear。Theplayturnsonheryouthandinnocence。
　　Now，honestly，isSarah，evenonthestage，anyone’sidealofyouthandinnocence？"ThiswasaskedsonaivelythatIburstintoalaugh，inwhichmyhostjoinedme。Unfortunately，thisgrandmamma，likeEllenTerry，cannotbemadetounderstandthattherearerolessheshouldleavealone，thatwithalltheillusionsthestagelendsshecannolongerplaygirlishpartswithsuccess。
　　"ThefailureofhisplayproducedthemostdisastrouseffectonRostand，whohadgivenupayearofhislifetoitscompositionandwasprofoundlychagrinedbyitsfall。Hesankintoamildmelancholy，refusingformorethaneighteenmonthstoputpentopaper。OntherareoccasionswhenwemetI
　　urgedhimtopullhimselftogetherandriseabovedisappointment。Littlebylittle，hisfriendswereabletoawakenhisdormantinterestandgethimtoworkagainonCYRANO。Asheslowlyregainedconfidenceandbegantakingpleasureoncemoreinhiswork，theboyishauthortooktodroppinginonmeatimpossiblemorninghourstoreadsomescenehotfromhisardentbrain。Whenseatedbymybedside，hedeclaimedhislinesuntil，litathisflame，Iwouldjumpoutofbed，andwrappingmydressing—gownhastilyaroundme，seizethemanuscriptoutofhishands，and，beforeIknewit，findmyselfaddressingimaginaryaudiences，pokerinhand，inlieuofasword，withanyhatthatcametohanddoingdutyfortheplumedheadgearofourhero。Littlebylittle，lineuponline，themasterpiecegrewunderhishands。Mycareerasanactorhasthrownmeinwithmanyformsofliteraryindustryanddoggedapplication，butthepowerofsustainedeffortanduntiring，unflaggingzealpossessedbythatfragileyouthsurpassedanythingIhadseen。
　　"Astheworkbegantakingform，Rostandhiredaplaceinthecountry，sothatnovisitorsorinvitationsmighttempthimawayfromhisdailytoil。Rich，young，handsome，marriedtoawomanallPariswasadmiring，witheverydoor，socialorBohemian，wideopenbeforehisbirthandtalent，hevoluntarilyshuthimselfupforoverayearinadismalsuburb，allowingnoamusementtodisturbhisincessanttoil。
　　Mme。Rostandhassincetoldmethatatonetimesheseriouslyfearedforhisreasonifnotforhislife，asheaveragedtenhoursadaysteadywork，andwhenthespellwasonhimwouldpassnightafternightathisstudytable，rewriting，cutting，modellinghisplay，nevercontented，alwaysstrivingafteramoreexpressiveadjective，amoreharmoniousororiginalrhyme，castingasideamonth’sfinishedworkwithoutasecondthoughtwhenhejudgedthatanotherformexpressedhisideamoreperfectly。
　　"ThatnosuccessischeaplyboughtIhavelongknown；myprofessionaboveallothersiscalculatedtoteachonethattruth。
　　"IfRostand’splayisthebestthiscenturyhasproduced，andourgreatestcriticsareunanimousinpronouncingitequal，ifnotsuperior，toVictorHugo’smasterpieces，theyoungauthorhasnotstolenhislaurels，butgainedthemleafbyleafduringendlessmidnighthoursofbrain—wringingeffort—apricethatfewinagenerationwouldbewillingtogiveorcapableofgivingforfame。Thelaborhadbeeninproportiontothesuccess；italwaysis！Idoubtifthereisonewordinhis`duel’balladthathasnotbeenchangedagainandagainforamorefittingexpression，asonemightassorttheshadesofamosaicuntilaharmoniouswholeisproduced。Ihavethereinmydeskwholescenesthathediscardedbecausetheywerenotessentialtotheactionofthepiece。Theywillprobablyneverbeprinted，yetareasbrilliantandcosttheirauthorasmuchlaborasanythatthepublicapplaudedto—
　　night。
　　"AsourrehearsalsproceededIsawanothersideofRostand’scharacter；theenergyandendurancehiddeninhisalmosteffeminateframeastonishedusall。Healmostlivedatthetheatre，drillingeachactor，designingeachcostume，orderingthesettingofeachscene。Therewasnotadressthathedidnotcopyfromsomeoldprint，oraPASSADEthathedidnotindicatetothehumblestmemberofthetroop。ThemarvellousdictionthatIhadnoticedduringthereadingatSarah’sservedhimnowandgavethekeytotheentireperformance。I
　　haveneverseenhimpeevishordiscouraged，butalwayscourteousandcheerfulthroughallthosewearyweeksofrepetition，wheneventhemostenthusiasticfeeltheircourageoozingawayundertheawfulgrindofafternoonandeveningrehearsal，thelatterbeginningatmidnightaftertheregularperformancewasover。
　　"Thenewswassomehowspreadamongthetheatre—lovingpublicthatsomethingoutiftheordinarywasinpreparation。Thepaperstookupthetaleandrepeatedituntilthewholecapitalwaskeyeduptoconcertpitch。Theopeningnightwaseagerlyawaitedbythecritics，theliteraryandtheartisticworlds。Whenthecurtainroseonthefirstacttherewastheemotionofagreateventfloatingintheair。"HereCoquelin’sfaceassumedanintenseexpressionIhadrarelyseentherebefore。Hewasbackonthestage，livingoveragaintheglorioushoursofthatnight’striumph。Hisbreathwascomingquickandhiseyesaglowwiththememoryofthatevening。"Never，neverhaveIlivedthroughsuchanevening。
　　VictorHugo’sgreatesttriumph，thefirstnightofHERNANI，wastheonlytheatricaleventthatcancomparetoit。It，however，wasinjuredbytheenmityofacliquewhopersistentlyhissedthenewplay。Thereisbutonephrasetoexpresstheenthusiasmatourfirstperformance—UNESALLEEN
　　DELIREgivessomeideaofwhattookplace。Asthecurtainfelloneachsucceedingacttheentireaudiencewouldrisetoitsfeet，shoutingandcheeringfortenminutesatatime。
　　Thecoulisseandthedressing—roomswerepackedbythecriticsandtheauthor’sfriends，besidethemselveswithdelight。I
　　wastremblingsoIcouldhardlygetfromonecostumeintoanother，andhadtorefusemydoortoeveryone。AmidallthisconfusionRostandaloneremainedcoolandseemedunconsciousofhisvictory。Hecontinuedquietlygivinglastrecommendationstothefigurants，overseeingthesettingofthescenes，andthankingtheactorsastheycameoffthestage，withthesameself—possessedurbanityhehadshownduringtherehearsals。Finally，whentheplaywasover，andwehadtimetoturnandlookforhim，ourauthorhaddisappeared，havingquietlydrivenoffwithhiswifetotheirhouseinthecountry，fromwhichhenevermovedforaweek。"
　　Itstrucktwoo’clockasCoquelinended。Thesleeplesscityhadatlastgonetorest。Atourfeet，aswestoodbytheopenwindow，thegreatsquarearoundtheArcdeTriomphelaysilentandempty，itsvastarchrisingdimlyagainstthenightsky。
　　AsIturnedtogo，Coquelintookmyhandandremarked，smiling："Nowyouhaveheardthestoryofagenius，anactor，andamasterpiece。"
　　Chapter4—Machine—madeMenAMONGthecommonplacewhiteandyellowenvelopesthatcomposethebulkofone’scorrespondence，appearfromtimetotimedaintyepistlesontintedpaper，adornedwithcrestsormonograms。"Ha！ha！"Ithinkwhenoneoftheseappears，"hereissomethingworthopening！"Forbetweenourselves，readermine，oldbachelorslovetoreceivenotesfromwomen。It’ssoflatteringtoberememberedbythedearcreatures，andrecallsthetimewhenlifewasbeginning，andPOULETSinfemininewritingsuggestedsuchdelightfulpossibilities。
　　OnlythismorninganenvelopeofdelicateNilegreencausedmeadistinctthrillofanticipation。Tojudgebyappearancesitcouldcontainnothinglessattractivethanadeclaration，so，tearingithurriedlyopen，Iread："Messrs。Sparks&Splitherstakepleasureincallingattentiontotheirpatentsuspendersandnewestdesignsinreversiblepapercollars！"
　　Now，ifthat’snotenoughtoputanymaninabadhumorfortwenty—fourhours，Ishouldliketoknowwhatis？Moreover，I
　　have"patents"inhorror，experiencehavinglongagorevealedthefactthatapatentisprettysuretobeonlyanewwayofdoingfastandcheaplysomethingthatformerlywasaccomplishedslowlyandwell。
　　Fewpeoplestoptothinkhowquicklythislandofoursisdegeneratingintoaparadiseofthecheapandnasty，butallowthemselvestobeheatedandcooledandwhirledaboutthestreetstothedetrimentoftheirnervesanddigestions，undertheimpressionthattheyareenjoyingthebenefitsofmodernprogress。
　　Socomplexhaslifebecomeintheselaterdaysthattheverybedswelieonandthemealsweeatarecontrolledbypatents。
　　Everygarmentandpieceoffurniturenowpaysa"royalty"tosomeinventor，fromthehatsonourheadstothecarpetsunderfoot，whichlatterarenotonlymanufactured，butcleanedandshakenbymachinery，and（beitremarkedENPASSANT）losetheirnapprematurelyintheprocess。Tosatisfyournationalloveofthenew，anendlessandnamelessvarietyoftriflesappearseachseason，so—calledlaborandtime—savingcombinations，thatenjoyabriefhourofvogue，onlytomakewayforanewerseriesofinventions。
　　Aslongasourgeniusesconfinedthemselvestomakinglifeonelongandbreathlessscramble，itwasbadenough，butalineshouldhavebeendrawnwheremeddlingwiththesanctityofthetoiletbegan。This，alas！wasnotdone。Nothinghasremainedsacredtotheinventor。Inconsequence，theaverageup—to—
　　dateAmericanisawalkingcollectionofYankeenotions，aningeniousillusion，madeupofpatents，requiringasniceadjustmenttoputtogetherandundoasathirteenth—centurywarrior，andcarryinghardlylessmetalabouthispersonthanaCrusaderofold。
　　ThereareanumberofhaberdasheryshopsonBroadwaythathavecausedmetowastemanypreciousminutesgazingintotheirwindowsandwonderingwhatthestrangeinstrumentsofsteelandelasticcouldbe，thatwereexhibitedalongsideofthesocksandties。Theusesofthesewould，inallprobability，haveremainedwrappedinmysterybutfortheexperienceofonefatefulmorning（afteranightinasleeping—car），whencountlesshiddenthingsweremadeclear，asIsat，anawe—
　　struckwitnesstomyfellow—passengers’—toilets？—No！
　　Gettingtheirmachineryintorunningorderfortheday，wouldbeamorecorrectexpression。
　　Originally，"tags"werethebackboneofthetoilet，differentgarmentsbeingheldtogetherbytheiraid。Later，buttonsandattendantbutton—holeswereevolved，nowreplacedbythedevicesusedincomposingthemachine—mademan。AsfarasI
　　couldsee（Ihaveovercomeanaturaldelicacyinmakingmydiscoveriespublic，becauseitseemsunfairtokeepallthisinformationtomyself），nothingsoarchaicasabutton—holeisemployedatthepresenttimebyourpatent—riddencompatriots。
　　Theshirt，forinstance，whichwasformerlysuchasimple—
　　mindedandstraightforwardgarment，knowingnoguile，hasbecome，inthehandsoftheinventors，amerepretence，afrailscaffold，onwhichanelaboratesuperstructureofshamsiserected。
　　Thevarietiesofthisgarmentthatoneseesintheshopwindows，exposingvirginbosomstotheday，arenotwhattheyseem！Thoseverybosomsarefakes，andcannotopen，beinginsteadpiercedbyeyelets，intowhichbogusstudsarefixedbymachinery。Theownerisobligedtoenterintothosedeceptivegarmentssurreptitiouslyfromtherear，bystratagem，asitwere。Whyallthistrouble，oneasks，fornoapparentreason，exceptthatold—fashionedshirtsopenedinfront，andnoYankeewillwearanon—patentedgarment—ifhecanhelpit？
　　Therewasnotasingleaccessorytothetoiletinthatcarwhichbehavedinanormalway。Buttonsmostlybackedintoplace，tail—endforemost（likehorsesgettingbetweenshafts），wheresomehiddenmechanismscrewedorclinchedthemtotheirmoorings。
　　Collarsandcuffs（integralpartsoftheprimitivegarment）
　　arenowalabyrinth，inwhichallbuttheinitiatedmustlosethemselves，beingdouble—decked，detachable，reversible，andmadeofeveryknownsubstanceexceptlinen。Thecuffmostinfavorcanbewornfourdifferentways，andisattachedtotheshirtbyasteelinstrumentthreeincheslong，withanipperateachend。Theamountofwhitevisiblebelowthecoat—
　　sleeveisregulatedbyanothercontrivance，mostlyofelastic，wornfurtherupthearm，aroundthebiceps。Moderncollarsareretainedinpositionbyasystemofscrewsandlevers。
　　Socksareattachednolongerwiththeold—fashionedgarter，butbyaidofalittleharnesssimilartothatwornbypug—
　　dogs。
　　Onetraveller，afterlacinghisshoes，adjustedacontrivanceresemblingablackbeetleontheknottopreventitsuntying。
　　Healsowore"hygienicsuspenders，"adiscoveryofgreatimportance（overthreethousandpatentshavebeentakenoutforthisonenecessityofthetoilet！）。Thisbraceperformsseveraltasksatthesametime，suchasholdingunmentionablegarmentsinplace，keepingthewearererect，andprovidinganight—keyguard。Itisalsosaidtocureliverandkidneydiseasebymeansofanarrangementofpulleyswhichthrowthestrainaccordingtothewearer’sposition—Iomittherestofitsqualities！
　　Thewatchesofmycompanions，Inoticedwithastonishment，allworeIndia—rubberruffsaroundtheirnecks。Herecuriositygettingthebetterofdiscretion，Iaskedwhatpurposethatinventionserved。Itwasgraciouslyexplainedtomehowsuchruffspreventedtheft。Theyweresomadethatitwasimpossibletodrawyourwatchoutofapocketunlessyouknewthetrick，whichstruckmeasamitigatedblessing。Infact，theideakeptoccurringthatlifemightbecometerriblyuncomfortableunderthesecomplexconditionsforabsent—mindedpeople。
　　Pencils，Ifind，arenolongerputintopocketsorslippedbehindtheear。Everycommercial"gent"wearsapatentonhischest，wherehispenandpencilnestleinacoilofwire。
　　Eyeglassesarenotallowedtodangleaimlesslyabout，asofold，butretirewithasnapintoanovalbox，afterthefashionofrollershades。Scarf—pinshaveguardsscrewedonfrombehind，andundergarments—butheremodestystopsmypen。
　　SeeingthatIwasinterestedintheirmake—up，severaltravellingagentsonthetraingotouttheirboxesandshowedmethelatestartificesthatcouldbeattachedtotheperson。
　　Onegentlemanproducedacollectionofringsmadetogoonthefingerwithaspring，likebracelets，anarrangement，heexplained，thatwasparticularlyconvenientforpeopleafflictedwithenlargedjoints！
　　Anothertemptedmewithwhathecalleda"literaryshirtfront，"—itwasinfactapaperpad，fromwhichforcleanlinessaleafcouldbepeeledeachmorning；the"wrong"
　　sideofthesheetthusremovedcontainedacalendar，muchusefulinformation，andthechaptersofa"continued"story，whichendedwhenthe"dickey"wasusedup。
　　Athirdtravellerwas"pushing"acollar—buttonthatpliedasmanytradesasFigaro，combiningthefunctionsofcravat—
　　holder，stud，andscarf—pin。Notbeingsuccessfulinsellingmeoneofthese，hebroughtforwardsomething"withoutwhich，"
　　heassuredme，"nogentleman’swardrobewascomplete"！Itprovedtobeaninsidiousarrangementofgiltwire，whichheadjustedonhispoor，overworkedcollar—button，andthentiedhiscravatthroughandaroundit。"Notiethusmade，"hesaid，"wouldeversliporgetcrooked。"Hehadbeensocivilthatitwasembarrassingnottobuysomethingofhim；I
　　investedtwenty—fivecentsinthecravat—holder，asitseemedtheleastcomplicatedofthepatentsonexhibition；not，however，havinggraduatedinaschoolofmechanicsIhaveneverbeenabletomakeitwork。Ittakesanhourtotieacravatwithitsaid，andaslongtogetituntied。Mostofthemeninthatcar，Ifound，gotaroundthedifficultybywearingready—madetieswhichfastenedbehindwithaclasp。
　　Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereasonourcompatriotshavesuchastrainedandanxiouslookisbecausetheyarealltryingtorememberthenumbersoftheirstreetsandhouses，thefloortheirofficeison，andthecombinationoftheirsafes。Iaminclinedtothinkthatthehuntedlookwewearcomesfromanawfulfearofforgettingthesecretsofourpatentsandbeingunabletoundoourselvesinanemergency！
　　Thinkforamomentofthehorrorofcominghometiredandsleepyafteraconvivialevening，andfindingthatsomeofyourhiddenmachineryhadgonewrong；thatbyasuddenmovementyouhaddisturbedthenicebalanceofsomeleverwhichinrevengerefusedtoreleaseitsprey！Theinventorsofonewell—knowncuff—holderclaimthatithada"bull—doggrip。"Thinkofsittingdressedallnightintheembraceofthatmechanicalcanineuntiltheinventorcouldbecalledintosetyoufree！
　　IneverdoubtedthatbraverywastheleadingcharacteristicoftheAmericantemperament；sincethatglimpseintothesecretcompositionofmycompatriots，admirationhasbeenvastlyincreased。Thefoolhardydaringitmustrequire—dressedasthosemenwere—togooutinathunder—stormmakesoneshudder：itcertainlycouldnotbefoundinanyotherrace。
　　Thedangerofcross—countryhuntingorbull—fightingisasnothingcomparedtotheriskamodernAmericantakeswhenhesitsinatrolley—car，wherethechancesofhismachineryformingafatal"shortcircuit"mustbeimmense。Theutterimpossibilityinwhichhefindshimselfofmakingatoiletquicklyonaccountofsomanytime—savingaccessoriesmustincreasehischancesofgetting"left"inanaccidentaboutfiftypercent。Whobutoneofourpeoplecouldcontemplatewithequanimitythethoughtofattemptingtheadjustmentofsuchdelicateanddifficultcombinationswhileasteamerwassinkingandthelife—boatsbeingmanned？
　　Ourgrandfatherscontributedthewoodennutmegtocivilization，andendowedagratefuluniversewithothermoney—savingdevices。To—daytheinventortakestheAmericanbabyfromhiscradleanddoesnotreleasehimevenatthegrave。Whatatreatoneofthemachine—mademenofto—daywillbetothearcheologistsoftheyear3000，whentheychanceuponawell—preservedspecimen，withallhispatentsthickuponIhim！Withapropheticeyeonecanalmostseethekindlyoldgentlemanofthatdaystudyingtheparaphernaliafoundinthetombandattemptingtoaccountforthedifferentpieces。Inkwillflowanddiscussionsragebetweenthecampmaintainingthatcuff—holdersweretutelardeitiesburiedwiththedeadbypiousrelativesandthecroupassertingthatthelittlepiecesofsteelwereaformofpocketmoneyintheyear1900。BothwillprobablymisquoteTennysonandKiplinginsupportoftheirtheories。
　　Thequestionhasoftenbeenraised，Whatsideofournineteenth—centurycivilizationwillbemostadmiredbyfuturegenerations？Inviewoftheabovefactstherecanremainlittledoubtthatwhenthesecretsofthepapercollarandthetrouser—stretcherhavebecomelostarts，itwillbethosebenefitsthatremoteageswillenvyus，andrarespecimensof"ventilatedshoes"and"reversibletissue—paperundergarments"
　　willformthechoicesttreasuresofthecollector。
　　Chapter5—ParnassusMANYyearsago，agentlemanwithwhomIwasdrivinginadistantquarterofParistookmetoahouseontherueMontparnasse，whereweremainedanhourormore，hechattingwithitsowner，andIlisteningtotheirconversation，andwonderingattheconfusionofbooksinthebigroom。Aswedroveaway，mycompanionturnedtomeandsaid，"Don’tforgetthisafternoon。Youhaveseenoneofthegreatestwritersourcenturyhasproduced，althoughtheworlddoesnotyetrealizeit。Youwilllearntolovehisworkswhenyouareolder，anditwillbeasatisfactiontorememberthatyousawandspokewithhimintheflesh！"
　　WhenIreturnedlatertoParisthelittlehousehadchangedhands，andamarbletabletstatingthatSainte—Beuvehadlivedanddiedthereadorneditsfacade。Mystudentfootstepstookmemanytimesthroughthatquietstreet，butneverwithoutavisionofthepoet—criticflashingback，asIglancedupatthewindowwherehehadstoodandtalkedwithus；asmyfriendpredicted，Sainte—Beuve’swritingshadbecomeapreciouspartofmysmalllibrary，thememoryofhisgenialfaceaddingavividinteresttotheirperusal。
　　ImadealittlePilgrimagerecentlytothequietoldgardenwhere，aftermanyyears’delay，abustofthiswriterhasbeenunveiled，withthesamecompanion，nowveryold，whothirtyyearsagopresentedmetotheoriginal。
　　Thereis，perhaps，inallParisnomoreexquisitecornerthantheGardenoftheLuxembourg。Ateveryseasonitisbeautiful。ThewintersunlightseemstolingeronitsstatelyItalianterracesafterithasceasedtoshineelsewhere。Thefirstlilacsbloomhereinthespring，andwhenmidsummerhasturnedalltherestofParisintoablazing，whitewilderness，thesegardensremaincoolandtranquilintheheartofturbulent"Bohemia，"abitoffragrantnaturefilledwiththesongofbirdsandthevoicesofchildren。Surelyitwasagraciousinspirationthatselectedthisshadyparkasthe"Poets’Corner"ofgreat，newParis。HenriMurger，LecontedeLisle，TheodoredeBanville，PaulVerlaine，arehere，andnowSainte—Beuvehascomebacktohisfavoritehaunt。LikeFrancoisCoppeeandVictorHugo，helovedthesehistoricALLEES，andknewthestoneinthemasheknewthe"LatinQuater，"forhislifewaspassedbetweenthebookstallsofthequaysandtheoutlyingstreetwherehelived。
　　Aswesatrestingintheshade，mycompanion，whohadbeenoneofSainte—Beuve’spupils，felltotalkingofhismaster，hismemoryrefreshedbythefamiliarsurroundings。"Cananythingbesadder，"hesaid，"thanfindingafaceonehaslovedturnedintostone，ornamesthatwerethewatch—wordsofone’syouthservingassignsatstreetcorners—larueFlaubertorTheodoredeBanville？Howfarawaytheymakethepastseem！
　　PoorSainte—Beuve，thatbustyonderisbutapoorrewardforalifeoftoil，amodesttributetohisencyclopaedicbrain！
　　Hisworks，however，arehisbestmonument；hewouldbethelasttorepineorcavil。
　　"Theliteraryworldofmydayhadtwopoles，betweenwhichitvibrated。ThelittlehouseintherueMontparnassewasone，therockofGuernseytheother。Wespokewithaweof`FatherHugo’andmentioned`UncleBeuve’withtenderness。TheGoncourtbrothersacceptedSainte—Beuve’sjudgmentontheirworkastheverdictofa`SupremeCourt。’Notapoetorauthorofthatdaybutclimbedwithabeatingheartthenarrowstaircasethatledtothegreatwriter’slibrary。PaulVerlaineregardedashisliterarydiplomaaletterfromthis`Balzacdelacritique。’"
　　"AttheentranceofthequaintPassageduCommerce，underthearchthatleadsintotherueSaint—Andre—des—Arts，standsahotel，whereforyearsSainte—Beuvecamedailytowork（awayfromtheimportunatewhobesiegedhisdwelling）inaroomhiredundertheassumednameofDelorme。ItwastherethatwesenthimabasketoffruitonemorningaddressedtoMr。
　　Delorme，NESainte—Beuve。Itwastherethatmostofhisenormouslaborwasaccomplished。
　　"AcuriouscornerofoldParisthatCourduCommerce！JustoppositehiswindowwastheapartmentwhereDantonlived。Ifonechosetoseekforthemitwouldnotbehardtodiscoveronthepavementofthissamepassagethemarksmadebyayoungdoctorindecapitatingsheepwithhisnewlyinventedmachine。
　　Thedoctor’snamewasGuillotin。
　　"Thegreatcriticlovedtheseoldquartersfilledwithhistory。HewasfondofexplainingthatMontparnassehadbeenahillwherethestudentsoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiescametoamusethemselves。In1761theslopewaslevelledandtheboulevardlaidout，butthenamewaspredestined，hewoulddeclare，forthehabitationofthe`Parnassiens。’
　　"HisenemiespretendedthatyouhadbuttomentionMichelet，Balzac，andVictorHugotoseeSainte—Beuveinthreedegreesofrage。Hehad，itistrue，distinctexpressionsonhearingthoseauthorsdiscussed。Thephrasethenmuchusedinspeakingofanoriginalpersonality，`HeislikeacharacteroutofBalzac，’alwaysthrewmymasterintoatemper。I
　　cannotremember，however，havingseenhiminoneofthosefamousrageswhichmadeBarbeyd’Aurevillysaythat`Sainte—
　　Beuvewasaclevermanwiththetemperofaturkey！’TheformerwasmuchnearerthetruthwhenhecalledtheauthorofLESLUNDISaFrenchWordsworth，orcomparedhimtoalayBENEDICTIN。Hehadawayofreadinganewlyacquiredvolumeashewalkedthroughthestreetsthatwastypicalofhislife。
　　Mymasterwasalwaysstudyingandalwaysadvancing。
　　"HeneverentirelyrecoveredfromhismortificationatbeinghissedbythestudentsontheoccasionofhisfirstlectureattheCollegedeFrance。Returninghomeheloadedtwopistols，oneforthefirststudentwhoshouldagaininsulthim，andtheothertoblowouthisownbrains。Itwasnoidlethreat。ThemanGuizothadnicknamed`Werther’wascapableofexecutinghisplan，forthiscauselessunpopularitywasanguishtohim。
　　Afterhisdeath，Ifoundthosetwopistolsloadedinhisbedroom，butjusticehadbeendoneanotherway。Alloppositionhadvanished。Everystudentinthe`Quarter’
　　followedthemodestfuneraloftheirSenator，whohadbecomethechampionofliterarylibertyinanepochwhenpoetrywasheldinchains。
　　"TheEmpirewhichmadehimSenatorgained，however，butanindocilerecruit。OnhisonevisittoCompiegnein1863，theEmperor，wishingtobeparticularlygracious，saidtohim，`I
　　alwaysreadtheMONITEURonMonday，whenyourarticleappears。’Unfortunatelyforthiscompliment，itwastheCONSTITUTIONNELthathadbeenpublishingtheNOUVEAUXLUNDIS
　　formorethanfouryears。Inspiteoftheunitedeffortsofhisfriends，Sainte—BeuvecouldnotbebroughttothepointofcomplimentingNapoleonIII。onhisLIFEOFCAESAR。
　　TheauthorofLESCONSOLATIONSremainedthroughlifetheproudestandmostindependentofmen，abourgeois，enemyofalltyranny，askingprotectionofnoone。Andwhataworker！
　　Reading，sifting，studying，analyzinghissubjectbeforecomposingoneofhisfamousLUNDIS，aliteraryportraitwhichheaimedatmakingcompleteandfinal。Oneofthesearticlescosthimasmuchlaborasotherauthorsgivetothecompositionofavolume。
　　"BywayofamusementonSundayevenings，whenworkwastemporarilylaidaside，helovedthetheatre，delightingineverykindofplay，fromthebroadfarcesofthePalaisRoyaltothetragediesofRacine，andentertainingcomediansinorder，ashesaid，`tokeepyoung’！OneeveningTheophileGautierbroughtaprettyactresstodinner。Sainte—Beuve，whowaspast—masterinthedifficultartofconversation，andonwhomafairwomanactedasaninspiration，surpassedhimselfonthisoccasion，surprisingeventheGoncourtswithhisknowledgeoftheEighteenthcenturyandthewomenofthattime，Mme。deBoufflers，Mlle。deLespinasse，laMarechaledeLuxembourg。Thehoursflewbyunheededbyallofhisguestsbutone。TheDEBUTANTEwasoverheardconfiding，laterintheevening，toafriendattheGymnase，wheresheperformedinthelastact，`Ouf！I’mgladtogethere。I`vebeendiningwithastupidoldSenator。Theytoldmehewouldbeamusing，butI’vebeenboredtodeath。’WhichremindedmeofmyonevisittoEngland，whenIheardayoungnoblemandeclarethathehadbeento`suchadulldinnertomeetaduffercalled"Renan！"’
　　"Sainte—Beuve’sLARMESDERACINEwasgivenattheTheatreFrancaisduringitsauthor’slastillness。HisdisappointmentatnotseeingtheperformancewassokeenthatM。Thierry，thenADMINISTRATEURofLaComedie，tookMlle。FavarttotherueMontparnasse，thatshemightrecitehisversestothedyingwriter。Whentheactress，theninthezenithofherfameandbeauty，cametothelines—
　　JeanRacine，legrandpoete，Lepoeteaimantetpieux，ApresquesalyremuetteSefutvoileeatouslesyeux，Renoncantalagloirehumaine，S’ilsentaitensonamepleineLeflotcontenumurmurer，Nesavaitquefondreenpriere，Pencherl’urnedanslapoussiereAuxpiedsduSeigneur，etpleurer！
　　thetearsofSainte—BeuveaccompaniedthoseofRacine！"
　　Thereweretearsalsointheeyesmycompanionturnedtowardmeasheconcluded。Thesunhadsetwhilehehadbeenspeaking。Themarbleofthestatuesgleamedwhiteagainsttheshadowsofthesombreoldgarden。Theguardianswereclosingthegatesandwarningthelingeringvisitorsaswestrolledtowardtheentrance。
　　Itseemedasifwehadbeenforanhourinthepresenceoftheportlycritic；andthecircleofbrilliantmenandwittywomenwhosurroundedhim—Flaubert，Tourgueneff，TheophileGautier，Renan，GeorgeSand—wererealitiesatthatmoment，notabstractionswithgreatnames。Itwaslikereturningfromanotherage，tostepoutagainintotheglareandbustleoftheBoulevardSt。Michel。
　　Chapter6—ModernArchitectureIFaforeigntourist，ignorantofhiswhereabouts，weretosailaboutsunsetupourspaciousbayandviewforthefirsttimetheeccentricsky—lineoflowerNewYork，hewouldrubhiseyesandwonderiftheywerenotplayinghimatrick，fordistanceandtwilightlendthechaoticmassesaroundtheBatteryacertainwildgracesuggestiveofTitanstrongholdsorprehistoricabodesofWotan，ratherthanthebusinesspartofapracticalmoderncity。
　　"But，"asJohnDrewusedtosayinTHEMASKEDBALL，"whatadifferenceinthemorning！"whenavisittohisbankertakesthenewarrivaldowntoWallStreet，andouruncompromisingAmericandaylightdispelshisillusions。
　　YearsagoSPIRITUALArthurGilmanmournedoverthedecayofarchitectureinNewYorkandpointedoutthatStewart’sshop，atTenthStreet，boreaboutthesamerelationtoIctinus’
　　nobleartasanironcookingstove！ItiswelldeathremovedtheBostoncriticbeforeourcityenteredintoitspresentBrobdingnagianphase。IfheconsideredthatStewart’sandtheFifthAvenueHotelfailedinartisticbeauty，whatwouldhavebeenhisopinionofthegracelesspilesthatcrowdourislandto—day，besidewhichthoseolderbuildingsseemalmostclassicalintheirsimplicity？
　　OnehardlydarestothinkwhatimpressionastudentfamiliarwiththesymmetryofOldWorldstructuresmustreceiveonarrivingforthefirsttime，letussay，attheBowlingGreen，forthetruthwouldthendawnuponhimthatwhatappearedfromadistancetobethegroundleveloftheislandwasinrealitytherooflineofaveragefour—storybuildings，fromamongwhichthekeepsandcampanilesthathadsopleasedhim（whenviewedfromtheNarrows）riselikegiganticweedsgonetoseedinafieldofgrass。