ColonistscamefasttothisCarolinalyingsouth。Barbadossentmany;
England，Scotland，andIrelandcontributedashare;therecameHuguenotsfromFrance，andacertainnumberofGermans。Intenyearsafterthefirstsettlingthepopulationnumberedtwelvehundred，andthispresentlydoubledandwentontoincrease。Theearlytimesweretakenupwiththewrestlewiththeforest，withtheIndians，withSpanishalarms，withincompetentgovernors，withtheLordsProprietaries’FundamentalConstitutions，andwiththerestrictionswhichEnglishNavigationLawsimposeduponEnglishcolonies。Whatgrainsandvegetablesandtobaccotheycouldgrow，whatcattleandswinetheycouldbreedandexport，preoccupiedthemindsofthesepioneerfarmers。TherewerestrugglingforgrowtharoughagricultureandahamperedtradewithBarbados，Virginia，andNewEngland——tradelikewisewiththebuccaneerswhoswarmedintheWestIndianwaters。
Fivehundredgoodreasonsallowed，andhadlongallowed，freebooterytoflourishinAmericanseas。Grossgovernmentalfaults，NavigationActs，andahundredpettyandgreatoppressions，generalpoverty，adventurousness，lawlessness，andsympathyofmishandledfolkwithlawlessness，allcombinedtokeepBrotheroftheCoast，Buccaneer，andFilibusteralive，andtheirshipsuponallseas。Manywerenoworsethansmugglers;otherswererobberswithviolence;andafewhadadashofthefiend。Allnationshadsonsinthebusiness。EnglandtothesouthinAmericahadjusttheraggedcoastline，withitsoff—lyingislandsandislets，likedbyallthisgentry，whethersmugglerorpirateoutright。Throughmuchoftheseventeenthcenturythesettlersontheseshoresneverviolentlydisapprovedofthepirate。Hewasoftena"goodfellow。"Hebroughtinneededarticleswithoutdues，andhadSpanishgoldinhispouch。Hewasshruggedoverandtradedwith。
HecameashoretoCharlesTown，andtheytradedwithhimthere。AtonetimeCharlesTowngotthenameof"Rogue’sHarbor。"Butthatwasnotforever，norindeed，asyearsarecounted，forlong。Betterandbetteremigrantsarrived，toaddtothegoodalreadythere。Thebettertypeprevailed，andgaveitstonetotheplace。Theresetin，ontheAshleyandCooperrivers，afairurbanlifethatyetpersists。
SouthCarolinawastryingtobaccoandwheat。ButinthelastyearsoftheseventeenthcenturyashiptouchingatCharlestonleftthereabagofMadagascarrice。Planted，itgaveincreasethatwasplantedagain。Suddenlyitwasfoundthatthiswasthecropforlow—lyingCarolina。Ricebecameherstaple，aswastobaccoofVirginia。
Fortherice—fieldsSouthCarolinasoonwantedAfricanslaves，andtheywereconsequentlybroughtinnumbers，inEnglishships。Therebegan，inthispartoftheworld，evenmorethaninVirginia，thesystemoflargeplantationsandtheaccompanyingaristocraticstructureofsociety。ButinVirginiatheplanterfamilieslivedbroadcastovertheland，eachuponitsownplantation。InSouthCarolina，toescapeheatandsickness，theplantersofriceandindigogaveovertoemployeesthecareoftheirgreatholdingsandlivedthemselvesinpleasantCharleston。Theseplantations，withtheirgreatgangsofslavesunderoverseers，differedatmanypointsfromthemorekindly，semi—patriarchallifeoftheVirginianplantation。ToSouthCarolinacamealsotheindenturedwhitelaborer，buttheblackwasimportedinincreasingnumbers。
FromthefirstintheCarolinastherehadbeenpromisedfairfreedomfortheunorthodox。Thechartersprovided，saysanearlyGovernor，"anoverpluspowertograntlibertyofconscience，althoughathomewasahotpersecutingtime。"Huguenots，Independents，Quakers，dissentersofmanykinds，foundonthewholerefugeandharbor。Ineverycolonysoonbeganthestrugglebythedominantcolorandcastetowardpoliticalliberty。King，Company，LordsProprietaries，mightstrivetorulefromovertheseas。Butthenewlandfastbredapracticalroughfreedom。TheEnglishsettlerscameoutfromalandwherepoliticalchangewasintheair。Thestreamwassettowardthecrumblingoffeudalism，theriseofdemocracy。IntheNewWorld，circumstancesfavoring，thestreambecameatidalriver。Governors，councils，assemblies，mightuseamisleadingphraseologyofaquaintservilitytowardtheconstitutedpowersinEngland。Torypartiesmightattimesseemtocolorthelandtheirownhue。Buttherealwaysran，thoughoftenroughlyandwithturbulence，asetofthestreamagainstautocracy。
InCarolina，SouthandNorth，bytheAshleyandCooperrivers，andinthatregioncalledAlbemarle，justbackofVirginia，therearoseandwenton，throughtheremainderoftheseventeenthcenturyandintheeighteenth，struggleswiththeLordsProprietariesandtheGovernorsthatthesenamed，andbehindthisamorecovertstrugglewiththeCrown。Thedetailsdiffered，buttheissuesMvolvedweremuchthesameinNorthandSouthCarolina。Thestrugglelastedforthethreescoreandoddyearsoftheproprietarygovernmentandreneweditselfuponoccasionafter1729whentheCarolinasbecameroyalcolonies。Later，itwasswept，astrongaffluent，intothegreatgeneralstreamofcolonialrevolt，culminatingintheRevolution。
IntoNorthCarolina，besidetheborderpopulationenteringthroughVirginiaandcontainingmuchofabackwoodsandderelictnature，camemanyHuguenots，thebestoffolk，andindustriousSwiss，andGermansfromtheRhine。ThentheScotchbegantocomeinnumbers，andfamiliesofScotchdescentfromthenorthofIreland。Thetoneofsocietyconsequentlychangedfromthatoftheearlydays。Theruffianandtheshiftlesssanktothebottom。TheregrewupinNorthCarolinaapeople，agriculturalbutwithoutgreatplantations，hardworkingandfreedom—loving。
SouthCarolina，ontheotherhand，hadgreatplantations，atownsociety，suaveandpolished，alearnedclergy，anaristocraticcasttolife。Forlong，bothNorthandSouthclungtothesea—lineandtothelowerstretchesofriverswheretheshipscouldcomein。OnlybydegreesdidEnglishcoloniallifepushbackintotheforestsawayfromthesea，tothehills，andfinallyacrossthemountains。
CHAPTERXV。ALEXANDERSPOTSWOOD
Inthespringof1689，VirginiansflockedtoJamestowntohearWilliamandMaryproclaimedLordandLadyofVirginia。Thenextyearthereentered，asLieutenantGovernor，FrancisNicholson，anoddcharacterinwhomanimmediateviolenceoftemperwentwithastatesmanlikeconceptionofthingstobe。Twoyearshegovernedhere，thenwastransferredtoMaryland，andtheninsevenyearscamebacktotheJames。Hehadnotbeenlikedthere，butwhilehewasgoneVirginiahadenduredinhissteadSirEdmundAndros。
Thathadbeenswappingthewitchforthedevil。Virginiain1698seemstohavewelcomedthereturningNicholson。
Jamestownhadbeenhastilyrebuilt，afterBacon’sburning，andthenbyaccidentburnedagain。Thewordmalariawasnotinuse，butallknewthattherehadalwaysbeensicknessonthatlowspitrunningoutfromthemarshes。Theplacemightwellseemhaunted，somanyhadsufferedthereanddiedthere。Poeticalimaginationmighthaveevokedapieceofsadpageantry——starvingtimes，massacres，quarrels，executions，cruelandunusualpunishments，glidingIndians。Apracticalquestion，however，facedtheinhabitants，andallwerewillingtomakeelsewhereanewcapitalcity。
SevenmilesbackfromtheJames，abouthalfwayovertotheblueYork，stoodthatclusterofhousescalledMiddlePlantation，whereBacon’smenhadtakenhisOath。TherewasplannedandbuildedWilliamsburg，whichwastobefornearlyahundredyearsthecapitalofVirginia。ItwasnamedforKingWilliam，andtherewasinthemindsofsomeloyalcoloniststhenotion，eventuallyabandoned，ofrunningthestreetsinthelinesofahugeWandM。ThelongmainstreetwascalledDukeofGloucesterStreet，fortheshort—livedsonofthatAnnewhowassoontobecomeQueen。Atoneendofthisthoroughfarestoodafairbrickcapitol。AttheotherendnearlyamileawayrosethebrickWilliamandMaryCollege。Itsstoryisworththetelling。
TheformalacquisitionofknowledgehadlongbeenaprobleminVirginia。
Adultcolonistscamewiththeireducation，muchorlittle，gainedalreadyinthemothercountry。Inmostcases，doubtless，itwaslittle，butinmanycasesitwasmuch。Bookswerebroughtinwithotherhouseholdfurnishing。
Whentherebegantobenative—bornVirginians，thesechildrenreceivedfromparentsandkindredsomemanneroftraining。Ministersweresupposedtocatechiseandteach。Well—to—doandeducatedparentsbroughtovertutors。
PromisingsonsweresenttoEnglandtoschoolanduniversity。Butthelackofmeanstoknowledgeforthemassofthecolonybegantobepainfullyapparent。
InthetimeofCharlestheFirstoneBenjaminSymmshadlefthismeansforthefoundingofafreeschoolinElizabethCounty，andhisactionhadbeensolemnlyapprovedbytheAssembly。Bydegreesthereappearedothersimilarfreeschools，thoughtheywerenevermanynoradequate。ButthefirstAssemblyaftertheRestorationhadmadeprovisionforacollege。Landwastohavebeenpurchasedandthebuildingcompletedasspeedilyasmightbe。
Theintenthadbeengood，butnothingmorehadbeendone。
TherewasinVirginia，sentasCommissioneroftheEstablishedChurch，aScotchecclesiastic，Dr。JamesBlair。Invirtueofhisofficehehadaseatin，theCouncil，andhisintegrityandforcesoonmadehimaleaderinthecolony。AcollegeinVirginiabecameBlair’sdream。HewassupportedbyVirginiaplanterswithsonstoeducate——daughters’educationbeingpurelyadomesticaffair。BeforelongBlairhadraisedinpromisedsubscriptionswhatwasforthetimealargesum。WiththisforanucleushesailedtoEnglandandtherecollectedmore。Tillotson，ArchbishopofCanterbury，andStillingfleet，BishopofWorcester，helpedhimmuch。TheKingandQueeninclinedafavorableear，and，thoughhemetwithoppositionincertainquarters，Blairatlastobtainedhischarter。TherewastobebuiltinVirginiaandtobesustainedbytaxationagreatschool，"aseminaryofministersofthegospelwhereyouthsmaybepiouslyeducatedingoodlettersandmanners;acertainplaceofuniversalstudy，orperpetualcollegeofdivinity，philosophy，languagesandothergoodartsandsciences。"BlairsailedbacktoVirginiawiththecharterofthecollege，somemoney，aplanforthemainbuildingdrawnbyChristopherWren，andforhimselftheofficeofPresident。
TheAssembly，forthebenefitofthecollege，taxedrawandtannedhides，dressedbuckskin，skinsofdoeandelk，muskratandraccoon。TheconstructionofthenewseatoflearningwasbegunatWilliamsburg。Whenitwascompletedandopenedtostudents，itwasnamedWilliamandMary。ItsnameandrecordshinefairinoldVirginia。ColonialworthiesingoodlynumberwereeducatedatWilliamandMary，aswerelaterrevolutionarysoldiersandstatesmen，andmenofnameandfameintheUnitedStates。
ThreeAmericanPresidents——Jefferson，Monroe，andTyler——weretrainedthere，aswellasMarshall，theChiefJustice，foursignersoftheDeclarationofIndependence，andmanyanothermanofmark。
Theseventeenthcenturyisabouttopass。FranceandEnglandareatwar。
Thecolonialairvibrateswiththestruggle。Thereistobeabrieflullafter1697，buttheconflictwillsoonberesumed。Themorenortherlycolonies，thenearertoNewFrance，feelthestrongerpulsation，butVirginia，too，isshaken。EnglandandFrancealikeplayforthesupportoftheredman。AllthewesternsideofAmericaliesopentoincursionfromthatpressed—backIndianseaofunknownextentandvolume。Upanddown，thepeople，whohavehadnopartinmakingthatEuropeanwar，aresensitivetothemenaceofitsdangers。InVirginiatheybuildblockhousesandtheykeeprangersonguardfarupthegreatrivers。
Alltheworldischanging，andthechangesarefraughtwithsignificanceforAmerica。Feudalismhaspassed;scholasticismhasgone;politics，commerce，philosophy，religion，science，invention，music，art，andliteraturearerapidlyaltering。InEnglandWilliamandMarypassaway。
QueenAnnebeginsherreignoftwelveyears。Then，in1714，enterstheHouseofHanoverwithGeorgetheFirst。ItisthedayofNewtonandLockeandBerkeley，ofHume，ofSwift，Addison，Steele，Pope，Prior，andDefoe。
Thegreatromanticsixteenthcentury，Elizabeth’sspacioustime，isgone。
Thedeepandnarrow，theintense，religious，individualisticseventeenthcenturyisgone。Theeighteenthcentury，immediateparentofthenineteenth，grandparentofthetwentieth，occupiesthestage。
Intheyear1704，justoveradecadesinceDr。BlairhadobtainedthecharterforhisCollege，theerraticandableGovernorofVirginia，FrancisNicholson，wasrecalled。Forallthathewasawildtalker，hehadonthewholedonewellforVirginia。Hewas，asfarasisknown，thefirstpersonactuallytoproposeafederationorunionofallthoseEnglish—speakingpoliticaldivisions，royalprovinces，dominions，palatinates，orwhatnot，thathadbeenhewedawayfromthevastoriginalVirginia。HedidwhathecouldtoforwardthemovementforeducationandthefortunesoftheWilliamandMaryCollege。Butheisquotedashavingenoneoccasioninformedthebodyofthepeoplethat"thegentlemenimposeduponthem。"Again，heissaidtohaveremarkedoftheservantpopulationthattheyhadallbeenkidnappedandhadalawfulactionagainsttheirmasters。"Sir，"hestatedtoPresidentBlair，whowouldhavegivenhimadvicefromtheBishopofLondon，"Sir，IknowhowtogovernVirginiaandMarylandbetterthanallthebishops。inEngland！IfIhadnothamperedtheminMarylandandkeptthemunder，Ishouldneverhavebeenabletogovernthem！"TowhichBlairhadtosay，"Sir，ifIknowanythingofVirginia，theyareagood—natured，tractablepeopleasanyintheworld，andyoumaydoanythingwiththembywayofcivility，butyouwillneverbeabletomanagetheminthatwayyouspeakof，byhamperingandkeepingthemunder！"*
*WilliamandMaryCollegeQuarterly，vol。I，p。66。
AboutthistimearrivedClaudedeRichebourgwithanumberofHuguenotswhosettledabovetheFalls。Firstandlast，VirginiareceivedmanyofthisgoodFrenchstrain。TheOldDominionhadnowapopulationofovereightythousandpersons——whites，Indiansinnogreatnumber，andnegroes。Theredmenaremerescattereddwellersinthelandeastofthemountains。ThereareIndianvillages，buttheyarefarapart。Saveuponthefrontierfringe，theIndianattacksnomore。ButtheAfricanisheretostay。
"TheNegroesliveinsmallCottagescalledQuarters……underthedirectionofanOverseerorBailiff;whotakescarethattheytendsuchLandastheOwnerallotsandorders，uponwhichtheyraiseHogsandCattleandplantIndianCorn，andTobaccofortheUseoftheirMaster……TheNegroesareverynumerous，DomeGentlemenhavingHundredsofthemofallSorts，towhomtheybringgreatProfitt;fortheSakeofwhichtheyareobligedtokeepthemwell，andnotover—work，starveorfamishthem，besidesotherInducementstofavourthem;whichisdoneinagreatDegree，tosuchespeciallythatarelaborious，carefulandhonest;tho’indeedsomeMasters，carelessoftheirownInterestordeputation，aretoocruelandnegligent。TheNegroesarenotonlyencreasedbyfreshsuppliesfromAfricaandtheWestIndiaIslands，butalsoareveryprolificamongthemselves;
andtheythatarebornheretalkgoodEnglishandaffectourLanguage，HabitsandCustoms……TheirworkorChimericalhardSlavery）isnotverylaborious;theirgreatestHardshipconsistinginthattheyandtheirPosterityarenotattheirownLibertyorDisposal，butarethePropertyoftheirOwners;andwhentheyarefreetheyknownothowtoprovidesowellforthemselvesgenerally;neitherdidtheylivesoplentifullynor（manyofthem）soeasilyintheirownCountrywheretheyaremadeSlavestooneanother，ortakenCaptivebytheirEnnemies。"*
*ItisanEnglishclergyman，theReverendHughJones，whoiswriting（"ThePresentStateofVirginia"）intheyear1724。Hewritesandneverseesthat，thougheveryameliorationbetrue，yetthereishereoldInequity。
ThewhiteVirginianslivedbothafterthefashionofEnglandandafterfashionsmadebytheirNewWorldenvironment。Theyaresaidtohavebeeningeneralahandsomefolk，tall，well—formed，andwithareadyandcourteousmanner。Theyweregreatloversofriding，andofallcountrylife，andfewfolkintheworldmightoverpasstheminhospitality。Theyweregenial，theylikedagoodlaugh，andtheydancedtogoodmusic。Theyhadbynatureanexcellentunderstanding。Yet，thinksatleasttheReverendHughJones，they"aregenerallydivertedbyBusinessorInclinationfromprofoundStudy，andpryingintotheDepthofThings……TheyaremoreinclinabletoreadMenbyBusinessandConversation，thantodiveintoBooks……
theyareapttolearn，yettheyarefondofandwillfollowtheirownWays，HumoursandNotions，beingnoteasilybroughttonewProjectsandSchemes。"
ItwasasGovernorofthesepeoplethat，insuccessiontoNicholson，EdwardNottcametoVirginia，thedeputyofmyLordOrkney。Nottdiedsoonafterward，andin1710OrkneysenttoVirginiainhissteadAlexanderSpotswood。ThismanstandsinVirginiahistoryamanly，honorable，popularfigure。OfScotchparentage，borninMorocco，soldierunderMarlborough，woundedatBlenheim，hewasyetinhisthirtieswhenhesailedacrosstheAtlantictotheriverJames。Virginialikedhim，andhelikedVirginia。A
manofenergyandvision，hefirstmadehimselfathomewithall，andthenafterhisownimpulsesanduponhisownlineswentabouttodevelopandtobetterthecolony。Hehadhisprojectsandhishobbies，mostlyuseful，andmanysoundingwithastrongmoderntone。NowandagainhequarreledwiththeAssembly，andhemadeitmanyacuttingspeech。Butit，too，andallVirginiaandtheworldweregrowingmodern。Issuesweredisengagingthemselvesandwerebecomingdistinct。Intheseearlyyearsoftheeighteenthcentury，WhigandToryinEnglanddrewsharplyoveragainsteachother。InVirginia，too，asinMaryland，theCarolinas，andalltherestofEngland—in—America，partieswereemerging。TheVirginianflairforpoliticallifewasthusearlyinevidence。TothecarelesseyethecolonymightseemoverwhelminglyforKingandChurch。"IfNewEnglandbecalledaReceptacleofDissenters，andanAmsterdamofReligion，PennsylvaniatheNurseryofQuakers;MarylandtheRetirementofRomanCatholicks，NorthCarolinatheRefugeofRunawaysandSouthCarolinatheDelightofBuccaneersandPyrates，VirginiamaybejustlyesteemedthehappyRetreatoftrueBritonsandtrueChurchmenforthemostPart。"This"forthemostpart"paintsthesituation，forthereexistedanopposition，aminority，whichmightgrowtobalance，andoverbalance。InthemeantimetheHouseofBurgessesatWilliamsburgprovidedaSchoolforDiscussion。
AtthetimewhenParsonJoneswithhisshrewdeyeswasobservingsocietyintheOldDominion，Williamsburgwasstillasmallvillage，eventhoughitwasthecapital。Townsindeed，inanytruesense，werenowheretobefoundinVirginia。YetWilliamsburghadacertaindistinction。Withinittherearose，beneathandbetweenoldforesttrees，thecollege，anadmirablechurch——BrutonChurch——thecapitol，theGovernor’shouseor"palace，"andmanyverytolerabledwelling—housesofframeandbrick。Therewerealsotaverns，amarketplace，abowling—green，anarsenal，andpresentlyaplayhouse。ThecapitolatWilliamsburgwasacommodiousone，abletohousemostofthemachineryofstate。HereweretheCouncilChamber，"wheretheGovernorandCouncilsitinverygreatstate，inimitationoftheKingandCouncil，ortheLordChancellorandHouseofLords，"andthegreatroomoftheHouseofBurgesses，"notunliketheHouseofCommons。"Here，atthecapitol。mettheGeneralCourtsinAprilandOctober，theGovernorandCouncilactingasjudges。TherewerealsoOyerandTerminerandAdmiraltyCourts。Therewereofficesandcommitteerooms，andonthecupolaagreatclock，andnearthecapitolwas"astrong，sweetPrisonforCriminals;andontheothersideofanopenCourtanotherforDebtors……butsuchPrisonersareveryrare，theCreditorsbeinggenerallyverymerciful……AttheCapitol，atpublickTimes，maybeseenagreatNumberofhandsome，well—dressed，compleatGentlemen。AndattheGovernor’sHouseuponBirth—Nights，andatBallsandAssemblies，IhaveseenasfineanAppearance，asgoodDiversion，andassplendidEntertainments，inGovernorSpotswood’sTime，asIhaveseenanywhereelse。"
ItisafarcryfromtheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscovery，fromthosefirstboothsatJamestown，fromtheStarvingTime，fromChristopherNewportandEdward—MariaWingfieldandCaptainJohnSmithtothesedaysofGovernorSpotswood。Andyet，consideringthechangesstilltocome，acenturyseemsbutalittletimeandthefarcrynotsoveryfar。
ThoughtheVirginianswereinthemasscountryfolk，yetvillagesorhamletsarose，clustersofhousespressingabouttheCourtHouseofeachcounty。Therewerenowinthecolonyoverascoreofsettledcounties。Thewesternmostofthese，thefrontiercounties，weresohugethattheyranatleasttothemountains，and，foralloneknewtothecontrary，presumablybeyond。But"beyond"wasamysteriouswordofunknowncontent，fornoVirginianofthatdayhadgonebeyond。AllthewayfromCanadaintoSouthCarolinaandtheFloridaofthattimestretchedthemightysystem。oftheAppalachians，fifteenhundredmilesinlengthandthreehundredinbreadth。
Herewasabarrierlongandthick，withridgeafterridgeofliftedandforestedearth，withknife—bladevalesbetween，andonlyhereandthereabreakawayandanencompassedtreasureofbroadandfertilevalley。TheAppalachiansmadeatrueChineseWall，shuttingallEngland—in—America，inthoseearlydays，outfromthevastinlandplateauofthecontinent，keepingupontheseaboardallEngland—in—America，fromthenorthtothesouth。ToVirginiathesewerethemysteriousmountainsjustbeyondwhich，atfirst，wereheldtobetheSouthSeaandCathay。Now，men’sknowledgebeinglargerbyahundredyears，itwasknownthattheSouthSeacouldnotbesonear。TheFrenchfromCanada，goingbywayoftheSt。LawrenceandtheGreatLakes，hadpenetratedveryfarbeyondandhadfoundnottheSouthSeabutamightyriverflowingintotheGulfofMexico。Whatwastherealnatureofthisworldwhichhadbeenfoundtolieoverthemountains？MoreandmoreVirginianswereinclinedtofindout，foreseeingthattheywouldneedroomfortheirgrowingpopulation。ContinuouslycameinfolkfromtheOldCountry，andcontinuouslyVirginianswereborn。Marylanddwelttothenorth，Carolinatothesouth。Virginia，seekingspace，mustbegintogrowwestward。
ThereweresettlementsfromtheseatotheFallsoftheJames，andupontheYork，theRappahannock，andthePotomac。Beyondthese，inthewilderness，mightbefoundafewlonelycabins，ascatteredhandfulofpioneerfolk，smallblockhouses，andsmallcompaniesofrangerschargedwithprotectingallfromIndianforay。Allthiscountrywasrollingandhilly，butbeyonditstoodthemountains，awallofenchantment，againstthewest。
AlexanderSpotswood，hardyScot，endowedwithagoodtemperamentalblendoftheimaginativeandtheactive，wasjusttheman，thetimebeingripe，toencounterandsurmountthatwall。Fortunately，too，theVirginianswerehorsemen，manandhorseonepiecealmost，NewWorldcentaurs。Theywouldfollowthebridle—tracksthatpiercedtothehillycountry，andbeyondthattheymightyetmakewaythroughtheprimevalforest。Theywouldencounterdangers，buthardlytheoldperilsofseacoastandfoothills。Different，indeed，isthisadventureoftheGovernorofVirginiaandhischosenbandfromtheoldpushafootintofrowninghostilewoodsbythemenofahundredandoddyearsbefore！
Spotswoodrodewestwardwithacompanydrawnlargelyfromthecolonialgentry，menyounginbodyorinspirit，gayandadventurous。Thewholeexpeditionwasconceivedandexecutedinakeybothhumorousandknightly。
These"Knights"*setfacetowardthemountainsinAugust，1716。Theyhadguideswhoknewtheupcountry，acertainnumberofrangersusedtoIndianways，andservantswithfoodandmuchwineintheircharge。SooutofsettledVirginiatheyrode，andupthelong，gradualliftofearthabovesea—levelintoamountainouswilderness，wherebeforethemtheAryanhadnotcome。Bydaytheytraveled，andbivouackedatnight。
*OnthesandyroadsofsettledVirginiahorseswentunshod，butforthestonyhillsandtheultimatecliffstheymusthaveironshoes。Aftertheadventureandwhenthepartyhadreturnedtocivilization，theGovernor，bethinkinghimselfthatthereshouldbesometokenandmementooftheexploit，hadmadeinLondonanumberofsmallgoldenhorseshoes，setaspinstobeworninthelacecravatsoftheperiod。Eachadventurertothemountainsreceivedone，andthebandhaskept，inVirginianlore，thetitleoftheKnightsoftheGoldenHorseshoe。
Higherandmoreruggedgrewthemountains。Sometrickofthelightmadethemshowblue，sothattheypresentlycametobecalledtheBlueRidge，incontradistinctiontothewestwardlying，grayAlleghanies。Theywerelikeverylongoceancombers，withatintervalsanabruptbreak，agap，cliff—guarded，boulder—strewn，withanarrowrushingstreammakingwaybetweenhemlocksandpines，sycamore，ashandbeech，walnutandlinden。
TowardsthesebluemountainsSpotswoodandhisknightsrodedayafterdayandcameatlasttothefootofthesteepslope。Thelongridgeswerehigh，butnotsohighbutthathorseandmanmightmakeshifttoscrambletothecrest。UptheyclimbedandfromtheheightstheylookedacrossanddownintotheValleyofVirginia，twentymileswide，ahundredandtwentylong——afertilegardenspot。AcrosstheshimmeringdistancestheysawthegrayAlleghanies，freshbarriertoafreshwest。Belowthemranaclearriver，afterwardstobecalledtheShenandoah。Theygazed——theypredictedcolonists，futureplantations，futuretowns，forthatgreatvalley，largeindeedasaresomeOldWorldkingdoms。TheydrankthehealthofEngland’sKing，andnamedtwooutstandingpeaksMountGeorgeandMountAlexander;
then，becausetheirsenseswereravishedbytheEdenbeforethem，theydubbedtheriverEuphrates。TheyplungedandscrambleddownthemountainsidetotheEuphrates，drankofit，bathedinit，rested，ate，anddrankagain。Thedeepgreenwoodswerearoundthem;abovethemtheycouldseethehawk，theeagle，andthebuzzard，andattheirfeetthebrightfishoftheriver。
AtlasttheyreclimbedtheBlueRidge，descendeditseasternface，and，leavingthegreatwaveofitbehindthem，rodehomewardtoWilliamsburgintriumph。
Wearethus，withSpotswoodandhisband，onthethresholdofexpandingAmericanvistas。ThisValleyofVirginia，firstadistantBeulahlandfortheeyeoftheimaginationonly，presentlybecamealandofpioneercabins，farapart——veryfarapart——thenasettledland，offarms，hamlets，andmarkettowns。NordidthefolkcomeonlyfromthatelderVirginiaoftidalwatersandmuchtobacco，of"compleatgentlemen"atthecapital，andofmanyslavesinthefields。ButdownwardfromthePotomac，theycamesouthintothisvalley，fromPennsylvaniaandMaryland，manyofthemUlsterScotswhohadsailedtothewesternworld。InAmericatheyarecalledtheScotchIrish，andinthemaintheybroughtstouthearts，longarms，andlevelheads。WiththesetheybroughtinasluggagethedogmasofCalvin。
TheypermeatedtheValleyofVirginia;manymovedonsouthintoCarolina;
finally，inlargepart，theymadeKentuckyandTennessee。Germans，too，cameintothevalley—downfromPennsylvania——quiet，thriftyfolk，driventhusfarwestwardfromawar—ravishedRhine。
ShrewdpracticalitytrodhardupontheheelsofromanticfancyinthemindofSpotswood。HisOrderoftheKnightsoftheHorseshoehadafleetingexistence，buttheVisionoftheWestlivedon。FrontierfolkingrowingnumberswereencouragedtomaketheirwayfromtidewatertothefootoftheBlueRidge。SpotsylvaniaandKingGeorgewerenamesgiventonewcountiesinthePiedmontinhonoroftheGovernorandthesovereign。Germancraftsmen，whohadbeensentoverbyQueenAnne——vine—dressersandironworkers——weresettledonSpotswood’sownestateabovethefallsoftheRapidan。ThelittletownofGermannasprangup，famousforitssmeltingfurnaces。
TohiscountryseatinSpotsylvania，AlexanderSpotswoodretiredwhenhelaiddowntheofficeofGovernorin1722。Buthistalentsweretoovaluabletobeallowedtorustininactivity。HewasappointeddeputyPostmaster—GeneralfortheEnglishcolonies，andinthecourseofhisadministrationmadeoneBenjaminFranklinPostmasterforPhiladelphia。HewasonthepointofsailingwithAdmiralVernonontheexpeditionagainstCartagenain1740，whenhewassuddenlystrickenanddied。HewasburiedatTempleFarmbyYorktown。OntheexpeditiontoCartagenawentoneLawrenceWashington，whonamedhiscountryseataftertheAdmiralandwhosebrotherGeorgemanyyearslaterwastoreceivethesurrenderofCornwallisandhisarmyhardbytheresting—placeofAlexanderSpotswood。ColonialVirginialiesbehindus。Theeraofrevolutionandstatehoodbeckonsuson。
CHAPTERXVI。GEORGIA
BelowCharlestoninSouthCarolina，belowCapeFear，belowPortRoyal，agreatrivercalledtheSavannahpouredintothesea。BelowtheSavannah，pasttheOgeechee，sailingsouthbetweenthesandyislandsandthemain，shipscametothemouthoftheriverAltamaha。ThusfarwasCarolina。ButbelowAltamahathecoastandthecountryinlandbecamedebatable，probablyFloridaandSpanish，liableatanyratetobeclaimedassuch，andcertainlyopentoattackfromSpanishSt。Augustine。
Herelayastretchofseacoastandcountrywithinhailingdistanceofsemi—tropicallands。Itwaslowandsandy，withinnumerableslow—flowingwatercourses，creeks，andinletsfromthesea。Thebackcountry，runninguptohillsandevenmountainsstuffedwithores，wasnotknown——thoughindeedSpanishadventurershadwanderedthereandminedforgold。Butthelowlandswerewarmanddensewithtreesandwildlife。TheHuguenotRibault，makingreportofthisregionyearsandyearsbefore，calledit"afayrecoaststretchingofagreatlength，coveredwithaninfinitenumberofhighandfayretrees，"andhedescribedthelandasthe"fairest，fruitfullest，andpleasantestofalltheworld，aboundinginhony，venison，wildefowle，forests，woodsofallsorts，Palm—trees，CypresseandCedars，Bayesyehighestandgreatest;withalsothefayrestvinesinalltheworld……
Andthesightofthefairemedowsisapleasurenotabletobeexpressedwithtongue;fullofHernes，Curlues，Bitters，Mallards，Egrepths，Woodcocks，andallotherkindofsmallbirds;withHarts，Hindes，Buckes，wildeSwine，andallotherkindesofwildebeastes，asweperceivedwell，bothbytheirfootingthereand……theircrieandroaringinthenight。"*Thisisthecountryoftheliveoakandthemagnolia，thegray，swingingmossandtheyellowjessamine，thechameleonandthemockingbird。
*Winsor’s"NarrativeandCriticalHistoryofAmerica"，vol。V，p。357。
TheSavannahandAltamahariversandthewideanddeeplandsbetweenfellinthatgrantofCharlesII’stotheeightLordsProprietorsofCarolina——Albemarle，Clarendon，andtherest。Butthisregionremainedasyetunpeopledsavebycopperhuedfolk。True，afterthe"AmericanTreaty"of1670betweenEnglandandSpain，theEnglishbuiltasmallfortuponCumberlandIsland，southoftheAltamaha，andpresentlyanotherFortGeorge——tothenorthwestofthefirst，attheconfluenceoftheriversOconeeandOemulgee。Therewere，however，notruecolonistsbetweentheSavannahandtheAltamaha。
Intheyear1717——theyearafterSpotswood’sExpedition—theCarolinaProprietariesgrantedtooneSirRobertMountgomeryallthelandbetweentheriversSavannahandAltamaha，"withproperjurisdictions，privileges，prerogatives，andfranchises。"Thearrangementwasfeudalenough。ThenewprovincewastobecalledtheMargravateofAzilia。Mountgomery，asMargrave，wastorendertotheLordsofCarolinaanannualquitrentandone—fourthpartofallgoldandsilverfoundinAzilia。HemustgoverninaccordancewiththelawsofEngland，mustupholdtheestablishedreligionofEngland，andprovidebytaxationforthemaintenanceoftheclergy。Inthreeyears’timethenewMargravemustcolonizehisMargravate，andifhefailedtodoso，allhisrightswoulddisappearandAziliawouldagaindissolveintoCarolina。
Thiswaswhathappened。Forwhateverreason，Mountgomerycouldnotobtainhiscolonists。Aziliaremainedapaperland。Theyearswentby。Thecountry，unsettledyet，lapsedintotheCarolinafromwhichsotentativelyithadbeenparted。OveritsspacestheIndianstillroved，thetallforestsstillliftedtheirgreencrowns，andnoaxewasheardnoranyEnglishvoice。
Inthedecadethatfollowed，theLordsProprietorsofCarolinaceasedtobeLordsProprietors。Theirgovernmenthadbeen，saveatexceptionalmoments，confused，oppressive，nowabsent—minded，andnowmistakenandarbitrary。
Theyhadmeantverywell，buttheirknowledgewasnotexact，andnowvirtualrevolutioninSouthCarolinaassistedtheirdemise。Afterlengthynegotiations，atlast，in1729，allexceptLordGranvillesurrenderedtotheCrown，foraconsiderablesum，theirrightsandinterests。Carolina，SouthandNorth，thereuponbecameroyalcolonies。
InEnglandtheredwelledamannamedJamesEdwardOglethorpe，sonofSirTheophilusOglethorpeofGodalminginSurrey。ThoughenteredatOxford，hesoonlefthisbooksforthearmyandwaspresentatthesiegeandtakingofBelgradein1717。Peacedescending，theyoungmanreturnedtoEngland，andonthedeathofhiselderbrothercameintotheestate，andwaspresentlymadeMemberofParliamentforHaslemereinSurrey。
Hischaracterwasafirmandgenerousone;hisbent，markedlyhumane。
"Strongbenevolenceofsoul，"Popesayshehad。Hiscentury，too，wasbecominghumane，wasinquiringintoancientwrongs。Therearose，amongotherthings，abelatednotionofprisonreform。TheEnglishParliamentundertookaninvestigation，andOglethorpewasofthosenamedtoexamineconditionsandtomakeareport。Hecameintocontactwiththeincarcerated—notalonewiththelaw—breaker，hardenedoryettobehardened，butwiththewrongfullyimprisonedandwiththedebtor。Themiseryofthedebtorseemstohavestruckwithinsistenthanduponhisheart’sdoor。Theparliamentaryinquirywasdoubtlessproductiveofsomegood，albeitevidentlynotofgreatgood。Butthoughtheinquirywasover，Oglethorpe’sconcernwasnotover。Itbrooded，and，intheinnerclearlightwhereideasgrow，eventuallybroughtforthresults。
NumbersofdebtorslayincrowdedandnoisomeEnglishprisons，thereoftenfromnotruefaultatall，attimesevenbecauseofavirtuousaction，oftenestfrommeremisfortune。Iftheymightbutstartagain，inanewland，freefromentanglements！Others，too，wereinprison，，whosecrimeswerenegligible，meremistakenmoveswithnoevilwillbehindthem—or，ifnotsonegligible，thenhappeningoftenthroughthatmiseryandignoranceforwhichthewholeworldwasatfault。Therewasalsothebroadandwell—filledprisonofpoverty，andmanyoftheprisonersthereneededonlyabetterstart。JamesEdwardOglethorpeconceivedanothersettlementinAmerica，andforcolonistshewouldhaveallthesedown—troddenandoppressed。Hewouldgather，ifhemight，onlythosewhowhenhelpedwouldhelpthemselves——whowhengivenopportunitywouldriseoutofoldsloughandbriar。Hewaspersonallyopentotheappealofstillanotherclassofunfortunatemen。HehadseenupontheContinentthedistressofthepoorandhumbleProtestantsinCatholiccountries。Folkofthiskind——fromFrance，fromGermany——hadbeengoinginathinstreamforyearstotheNewWorld。Butbyhisplanmoremightbeenabledtoescapepettytyrannyorpersecution。Hehadinfluence，andhisschemeappealedtothehumanethoughtofhisday——appealed，too，tothepoliticalthought。InAmericatherewasthatdebatableandunoccupiedlandsouthofCharlesTowninSouthCarolina。Itwouldbeverygoodtosettleit，andnonehadtakenuptheideawithseriousnesssinceAziliahadfailed。SuchacolonyaswasnowcontemplatedwoulddisposeofSpanishclaims，serveasabuffercolonybetweenFloridaandSouthCarolina，andestablishanotherplaceoftrade。
TheupshotwasthattheCrowngrantedtoOglethorpeandtwentyassociatestheunsettledlandbetweentheSavannahandtheAltamaha，withawestwarddepththatwasleftquiteindefinite。Thisterritory，whichwasnowseveredfromCarolina，wasnamedGeorgiaafterhisMajestyKingGeorgeII，andOglethorpeandanumberofprominentmenbecamethetrusteesofthenewcolony。Theyweretoactassuchfortwenty—oneyears，attheendofwhichtimeGeorgiashouldpassunderthedirectgovernmentoftheCrown。
Parliamentgavetothestartingofthingstenthousandpounds，andwealthyphilanthropicindividualsfollowedsuitwithconsiderabledonations。Thetrusteesassembled，organized，settowork。Aphilanthropicbody，theydrewfromthelikemindedfarandnear。VariousagenciesworkedtowardgettingtogetherandsiftingthecolonistsforGeorgia。Menvisitedtheprisonsfordebtorsandothers。Theydidnotchooseatrandom，butwhentheyfoundthetrulyunfortunateandundepravedinprisontheydrewthemforth，compoundedwiththeircreditors，settheprisonersfree，andenrolledthemamongtheemigrants。Likewisetheydrewtogetherthosewho，fromsheerpoverty，welcomedthisopportunity。AndtheybeganacorrespondencewithdistressedProtestantsontheContinent。Theyalsodevisedandusedallmannerofsafeguardsagainstimpositionandtheinclusionofanywhowouldbewhollyburdens，moralorphysical。Soithappenedthat，thoughmisfortunehadlaidonalmostallaheavyhand，theearlycoloniststoGeorgiawerebynomeansundesirableflotsamandjetsam。Theplansforthecolony，thehopesforitswell—being，wearatranquilandfaircountenance。
Oglethorpehimselfwouldgowiththefirstcolonists。HisshipwastheAnneoftwohundredtonsburden—thelastEnglishcolonizingshipwithwhichthisnarrativehastodo——andtoherweatheredsailstherestillclingsafascination。OnboardtheAnne，besidethecrewandmaster，areOglethorpehimselfandmorethanahundredandtwentyGeorgiasettlers，men，women，andchildren。TheAnneshookforthhersailsinmid—November，1732，upontheoldWestIndiessearoad，andaftertwomonthsofprosperousfaring，cametoanchorinCharlesTownharbor。
SouthCarolina，approvingthisGeorgiasettlementwhichwastoopenthecountrysouthwardandbeawallagainstSpain，receivedthecolonistswithhospitality。Oglethorpeandthewearycolonistsrestedfromlongtravel，thenhoistedsailagainandproceededontheirwaytoPortRoyal，andsouthwardyettothemouthoftheSavannah。HeretherewasfurthertarryingwhileOglethorpeandpickedmenwentinasmallboatuptherivertochoosethesitewheretheyshouldbuildtheirtown。
Here，uponthelowerreaches，therelayafairplateau，amilelong，risingfortyfeetabovethestream。Nearbystoodavillageofwell—inclinedIndians——theYamacraws。Shipsmightfloatupontheriver，closebeneaththetree—crownedbluff。Itwasspringtimenowandbeautifulinthesouthernland——theskyazure，theairdelicate，theearthgarbedinflowers。LittlewonderthenthatOglethorpechoseYamacrawBluffforhistown。
AtraderfromCarolinawasfoundhere，andthetrader’swife，ahalf—breed，MaryMusgrovebyname，didtheEnglishgoodservice。ShemadeherIndiankindredfriendswiththenewcomers。FromthefirstOglethorpedealtwiselywiththeredmen。Inreturnformanycovetedgoods，heprocuredwithintheyearaformalcessionofthelandbetweenthetworiversandtheislandsoffthecoast。HesworefriendshipandpromisedtotreattheIndiansjustly，andhekepthisoath。Thesitechosen，henowreturnedtotheAnneandpresentlybroughthiscolonistsuptherivertothatfairplace。Assoonastheylanded，thesefirstGeorgiansbeganimmediatelytobuildatownwhichtheynamedSavannah。
Erelongotheremigrantsarrived。In1734cameseventy—eightGermanProtestantsfromSalzburg，withBaronvonReckandtwopastorsforleaders。
Thenextyearsawfifty—sevenothersaddedtothese。ThencameMoravianswiththeirpastor。Allthesestrong，industrious，religiousfolkmadesettlementsupontheriveraboveSavannah。Italianscame，Piedmontesesentbythetrusteestoteachthecovetedsilk—culture。Oglethorpe，whenhesailedtoEnglandin1734，tookwithhimTomochi—chi，chiefoftheYamacraws，andotherIndians。EnglishinterestinGeorgiaincreased。
Parliamentgavemoremoney——26，000pounds。Oglethorpeandthetrusteesgatheredmorecolonists。TheSpanishcloudseemedtoberollingupinthesouth，anditwasdesirabletohaveinGeorgiaanumberofmenwhowerebyinheritanceusedtowar。ScotchHighlanders—therewouldbetherightfolk！
Nosoonersaidthangathered。Somethingundertwohundred，courageousandhardy，wereenrolledfromtheHighlands。Themajorityweremen，buttherewerefiftywomenandchildrenwiththem。AllwenttoGeorgia，wheretheysettledtothesouthofSavannah，ontheAltamaha，neartheislandofSt。
Simon。OtherHighlandersfollowed。TheyhadafortandatownwhichtheynamedNewInverness，andtheregionthattheypeopledtheycalledDarien。
OglethorpehimselfleftEnglandlatein1735，withtwoships，theSymondandtheLondonMerchant，andseveralhundredcolonistsaboard。Ofthesefolkdoubtlessanumberwereofthetypethewholeenterprisehadbeenplannedtobenefit。OtherswereProtestantsfromtheContinent。Yetothers——notablySirFrancisBathurstandhisfamily——wentattheirowncharges。AfterOglethorpehimself，mostremarkableperhapsofthosegoingtoGeorgiawerethebrothersJohnandCharlesWesley。NotpreciselycolonistsaretheWesleys，butprospectorsforthesoulsofthecolonists，andthesoulsoftheIndians——Yamacraws，Uchees，andCreeks。
TheyalllandedatSavannah，andnowplannedtomakeasettlementsouthoftheircapitalcity，bythemouthofAltamaha。OglethorpechoseSt。Simon’sIsland，andheretheybuilt，andcalledtheirtownFrederica。
"EachFreeholderhad60FeetinFrontby90FeetindepthuponthehighStreetforHouseandGarden;butthosewhichfrontedtheRiverhadbut30
inFront，by60Feetindepth。EachFamilyhadaBowerofPalmettoLeavesfinisheduponthebackStreetintheirownLands。ThesidetowardthefrontStreetwassetoutfortheirHouses。ThesePalmettoBowerswereveryconvenientshelters，beingtightinthehardestRains;theywereabout20
Feetlongand14Feetwide，andinregularRowslookedverypretty，thePalmettoLeaveslyingsmoothandhandsome，andofagoodColour。ThewholeappearedsomethinglikeaCamp;fortheBowerslookedlikeTents，onlybeinglargerandcoveredwithPalmettoLeaves。"*
*Moore’s"VoyagetoGeorgia"。QuotedinWinsor’s"NarrativeandCriticalHistoryofAmerica"，vol。V，p。378。
Theirlifesoundsidyllic，butitwillnotalwaysbeso。Thunderswillarise;serpentsbefoundinEden。Butherenowweleavethem——ininfantSavannah——intheSalzburgers’villageofEbenezerandintheMoravianvillagenearby——inDarienoftheHighlanders——andinFrederica，whereuntilhousesarebuilttheywillliveinpalmettobowers。
Virginia，Maryland，thetwoCarolinas，Georgia——thesouthernsweepofEngland—in—America——arecolonized。TheyhavecommunicationwithoneanotherandwithmiddleandnorthernEngland—in—America。Theyalsohavecommunicationwiththemotherlandoverthesea。Thegreetingsofkindredandthefruitsoflabortraveltoandfro：overthesalt，tumblingwaves。
Butalsogomutualcriticismandcomplaint。"Eachman，"saysGoethe，"isledandmisledafterafashionpeculiartohimself。"Sowiththosemasspersonscalledcountries。Tensionwouldcomeabout，tensionwouldrelax，tensionwouldreturnandincreasebetweenMotherEnglandandDaughterAmerica。Inallthesecolonies，intheyearwithwhichthisnarrativecloses，therewerelivingchildrenandyoungpersonswhowouldseethecordbetweenbroken，wouldhearreadtheDeclarationofIndependence。So——butthetruebondcouldneverbebroken，formotheranddaughterafterallareone。
THENAVIGATIONLAWS
ThreeactsofParliament——theNavigationActof1660，theStapleActof1663，andtheActof1673imposinggPlantationDuties——laidthefoundationoftheoldcolonialsystemofGreatBritain。Contrarytothesomewhatpassionatecontentionsofolderhistorians，theywerenotdesignedinanytyrannicalspirit，thoughtheyembodiedatheoryofcolonizationandtradewhichhaslongsincebeendiscarded。Intheseventeenthcenturycolonieswereregardedasplantationsexistingsolelyforthebenefitofthemothercountry。Thereforetheirtradeandindustrymustberegulatedsoastocontributemosttotheseapower，thecommerce，andtheindustryofthehomecountrywhichgavethemprotection。SirJosiahChildwasonlyexpressingacommonplaceobservationofthemercantilistswhenhewrote"ThatallcoloniesorplantationsdoendamagetheirMother—Kingdoms，whereofthetradesofsuchPlantationsarenotconfinedbysevereLaws，andgoodexecutionofthoseLaws，totheMother—Kingdom。"
TheNavigationActof1660，followingthepolicylaiddowninthestatuteof1651enactedundertheCommonwealth，wasadirectblowaimedattheDutch，whowerefastmonopolizingthecarryingtrade。ItforbadeanygoodstobeimportedintoorexportedfromHisMajesty’splantationsexceptinEnglish，Irish，orcolonialvesselsofwhichthemasterandthreefourthsofthecrewmustbeEnglish;anditforbadetheimportationintoEnglandofanygoodsproducedintheplantationsunlesscarriedinEnglishbottoms。
ContemporaryEnglishmenhailedthisactastheMagnaChartaoftheSea。
Therewasnoattempttodisguiseitspurpose。"TheBentandDesign，"wroteCharlesDavenant，"wastomakethosecoloniesasmuchdependantaspossibleupontheirMother—Country，"bypreventingthemfromtradingindependentlyandsodivertingtheirwealth。TheeffectwouldbetogiveEnglish，Irish，andcolonialshippingamonopolyofthecarryingtradewithintheEmpire。
TheactalsoaidedEnglishmerchantsbytherequirementthatgoodsofforeignoriginshouldbeimporteddirectlyfromtheplaceofproduction;
andthatcertainenumeratedcommoditiesoftheplantationsshouldbecarriedonlytoEnglishports。Theseenumeratedcommoditieswereproductsofthesouthernandsemitropicalplantations："Sugars，Tobacco，Cotton—wool，Indicoes，Ginger，Fustickorotherdyeingwood。"
TobenefitBritishmerchantsstillmoredirectlybymakingEnglandthestaplenotonlyofplantationproductsbutalsoofallcommoditiesofallcountries，theActof1663waspassedbyParliament。"NoCommoditieoftheGrowthProductionorManufactureofEuropeshallbeimportedintoanyLandIslandPlantationColonyTerritoryorPlacetoHisMajestiebelonging……
butwhatshallbebonafideandwithoutfraudeladenandshippedinEnglandWales[and]theTowneofBerwickeuponTweedeandinEnglishbuiltShipping。"Thepreambletothisfamousactbreathednohostileintent。Thedesignwastomaintain"agreatercorrespondenceandkindnesse"betweentheplantationsandthemothercountry;toencourageshipping;torendernavigationcheaperandsafer;tomake"thisKingdomeaStaplenotonlyoftheCommoditiesofthosePlantationsbutalsooftheCommoditiesofotherCountriesandplacesforthesupplyingofthem——"it"beingtheusageofothernationstokeepetheir[Plantations]Tradetothemselves。"
TheActof1673waspassedtomeetcertaindifficultieswhicharoseintheadministrationoftheActof1660。Theearlieractpermittedcolonialvesselstocarryenumeratedcommoditiesfromtheplaceofproductiontoanotherplantationwithoutpayingduties。Undercoverofthisprovision，itwasassumedthatenumeratedcommodities，afterbeingtakentoaplantation，couldthenbesentdirectlytocontinentalportsfreeofduty。Thenewactprovidedthat，beforevesselsleftacolonialport，bondsshouldbegiventhattheenumeratedcommoditieswouldbecarriedonlytoEngland。Ifbondswerenotgivenandthecommoditiesweretakentoanothercolonialport，plantationdutieswerecollectedaccordingtoaprescribedschedule。
Theseactswerenotrigorouslyenforceduntilafterthepassageoftheadministrativeactof1696andtheestablishmentofadmiraltycourts。Eventhenitdoesnotappearthattheyboreheavilyonthecolonies，oroccasionedseriousprotest。Thetradeactsof1764and1765aredescribedin"TheEveoftheRevolution"。——EDITOR。
BIBLIOGRAPHICALNOTE
TheliteratureoftheColonialSouthisliketheleavesofVallombrosaformultitude。Heremaybeindicatedsomevolumesusefulinanygeneralsurvey。
VIRGINIA
Hakluyt’s"PrincipalVoyages。"12vols。（HakluytSociety。ExtraSeries，1905—1907。）"TheProseEpicofthemodernEnglishnation。"
"Purchas，HisPilgrims。"20vols。（HakluytSociety，ExtraSeries，1905—1907。）
Hening’s"StatutesatLarge，"publishedin1823，isaneminentlyvaluablecollectionofthelawsofcolonialVirginia，beginningwiththeAssemblyof1619。Hening’sownquotationfromPriestley，"TheLawsofacountryarenecessarilyconnectedwitheverythingbelongingtothepeopleofit：sothatathoroughknowledgeofthemandoftheirprogresswouldinformusofeverythingthatwasmostusefultobeknown，"indicatestherangeandweightofhisthirteenvolumes。
WilliamStith’s"TheHistoryoftheDiscoveryandFirstSettlementofVirginia"（1747）givessomevaluabledocumentsandapictureofthefirstyearsatJamestown。
AlexanderBrown’s"GenesisoftheUnitedStates"，2vols。（1890），isaveryvaluablework，givinghistoricalmanuscriptsandtracts。Lessvaluableishis"FirstRepublicinAmerica"（1898），inwhichtheauthorattemptstoweavehismaterialintoahistoricalnarrative。
PhilipA。Bruce’s"EconomicHistoryofVirginiaintheSeventeenthCentury"，2vols。（1896），isahighlyinterestingandexhaustivesurvey。
Thesameauthorhaswritten"SocialLifeofVirginiaintheSeventeenthCentury"（1907）and"InstitutionalHistoryofVirginiaintheSeventeenthCentury"，2vols。（1910）。
JohnFiske’s"VirginiaandHerNeighbors，"2vols。（1897），andJohnE。
Cooke’sVirginia（AmericanCommonwealthSeries，1883）arewritteninlighterveinthantheforegoinghistoriesandpossessmuchliterarydistinction。
OnCaptainJohnSmiththerearewritingsinnumerable。SomewritersgivecredencetoSmith’sownnarratives，whileothersdonot。JohnFiskeacceptsthenarrativesashistory，andEdwardArber，whohaseditedthem（2vols。，1884），holdsthatthe"GeneralHistory"（1624）ismorereliablethanthe"TrueRelation"（1608）。Ontheotherside，asdoubtersofSmith’scredibility，arerangedsuchweightyauthoritiesasCharlesDeane，HenryAdams，andAlexanderBrown。
ThomasJ。Wertenbaker’s"VirginiaundertheStuarts"（1914）isapainstakingefforttosetforththepoliticalhistoryofthecolonyinthelightofrecenthistoricalinvestigation，butthebookisdevoidofliteraryattractiveness。
MARYLAND
"TheArchivesofMaryland"，37vols。（1883—）containtheofficialdocumentsoftheprovince。JohnL。Bozman’s"HistoryofMaryland"，2vols。（1837），containsmuchvaluablematerialfortheyears1634—1658。
J。T。Scharf’s"HistoryofMaryland"，3vols。（1879），isasolidpieceofwork;butthereaderwillturnbypreferencetothemorereadablebooksbyJohnFiske，"VirginiaandHerNeighbors"，andWilliamH。Browne，"Maryland，TheHistoryofaPalatinate"（"AmericanCommonwealthSeries，"1884）。
Brownehasalsowritten"GeorgeandCeciliusCalvert"（1890）。
THECAROLINAS
"TheColonialRecordsofNorthCarolina"，10vols。（1886—1890），areamineofinformationaboutbothNorthandSouthCarolina。
FrancisL。Hawks’s"HistoryofNorthCarolina"，2vols。（1857—8），remainsthemostsubstantialworkonthecolonytotheyear1729。
SamuelA。Ashe’s"HistoryofNorthCarolina"（1908）carriesthepoliticalhistorydownto1783。
EdwardMcCrady’s"HistoryofSouthCarolinaundertheProprietaryGovernment"（1897）and"SouthCarolinaundertheRoyalGovernment"（1899）
havesupersededtheolderhistoriesbyRamsayandHewitt。
GEORGIA
ThebesthistoriesofGeorgiaarethosebyWilliamB。Stevens，2vols。
（1847，1859），andCharlesC。Jones，2vols。（1883）。RobertWright’s"MemoirofGeneralJamesOglethorpe"（1867）isstillthebestlifeofthefounderofGeorgia。
Inthe"AmericanNationSeries"andinWinsor’s"NarrativeandCriticalHistoryofAmerica"，thereaderwillfindaccountsoftheSoutherncolonieswrittenbyspecialistsandaccompaniedbymuchcriticalapparatus。FurtherlistswillbefoundappendedtothearticlesontheseveralStatesin"TheEncyclopaediaBritannica"，11thedition。