Theywouldnotsurrendertheircharter。Thenawritofquowarrantowasissued;trialbeforetheKing’sBenchfollowed;andjudgmentwasrenderedagainsttheCompanyinthespringtermof1624。ThuswithclangorfellthefamousVirginiaCompany。
Thatwasoneyear。TheMarchofthenextyearJamesStuart，KingofEngland，died。ThatyoungHenrywhowasPrinceofWaleswhentheSusanConstant，theGoodspeed，andtheDiscoverysailedpastacapeandnameditforhimCapeHenry，alsohaddied。HisyoungerbrotherCharles，forwhomwasnamedthatotherandoppositecape，nowascendedthethroneasKingCharlestheFirstofEngland。
InVirginianomoreGeneralAssembliesareheldforfouryears。KingCharlesembarksupon"personalrule。"SirFrancisWyatt，agoodGovernor，isretainedbycommissionandaCouncilisappointedbytheKing。Nolongerareaffairstobeconductedafterafashion"democraticalandtumultuous。"
OrdersaretransmittedfromEngland;theGovernor，assistedbytheCouncil，willtakeintocognizancepurelylocalneeds;andwhenheseessomeoccasionhewillissueaproclamation。
Wyatt，recalledfinallytoEngland;GeorgeYeardleyagain，whodiedinayear’stime;FrancisWest，thatbrotherofLordDeLaWarrandanancientplanter—theseinquicksuccessionsitintheGovernor’schair。FollowingthemJohnPott，doctorofmedicine，hashisshortterm。ThentheKingsendsoutSirJohnHarvey，avariciousandarbitrary，"sohaughtyandfurioustotheCouncilandthebestgentlemenofthecountry，"saysBeverley，"thathistyrannygrewatlastinsupportable。"
TheCompanypreviously，andnowtheKing，hadurgedupontheVirginiansadiversifiedindustryandagriculture。ButEnglishmeninVirginiahadthefamiliaremigrantideaofmakingtheirfortunes。TheyhadleftEngland;
theyhadtakentheirlivesintheirhands;theyhadsufferedfevers，Indianattacks，homesickness，deprivation。TheyhadcometoVirginiatogetrich。
Nowclapboardsandsassafras，pitch，tar，andpinetreesformasts，weremakingnofortuneforVirginiashippers。Howcouldthey，thesefewfolkfaroffinAmerica，competeinproductsoftheforestwithnorthernEurope？Astominesofgoldandsilver，thatfirstrichvisionhadprovedadishearteningmirage。"Theyhavegreathopesthatthemountainsareveryrich，fromthediscoveryofasilverminemadenineteenyearsago，ataplaceaboutfourdays’journeyfromthefallsofJamesriver;buttheyhavenotthemeansoftransportingtheore。"So，dissatisfiedwithsomemeansoflivelihoodanddisappointedinothers，theVirginiansturnedtotobacco。
Everyyeareachplantergrewmoretobacco;everyyearmoreshipswereladen。In1628morethanfivehundredthousandpoundsweresenttoEngland，fortoEnglanditmustgo，andnotelsewhere。ThereitmuststrugglewiththebestSpanish，foralongtimevaluedabovethebestVirginian。Finally，however，JamesandafterhimCharles，agreedtoexcludetheSpanish。
VirginiaandtheSomersIslandsalonemightimporttobaccointoEngland。
Butoffsettingthis，customswentupruinously;agreatlumpsummustgoannuallytotheKing;theleafmustenteronlyattheportofLondon;soforthandsoon。FinallyCharlesputforthhisproposaltomonopolizetheindustry，givingVirginiatobaccotheEnglishmarketbutlimitingitsproductiontotheamountwhichtheGovernmentcouldselladvantageously。
Suchapolicyrequiredcooperationfromthecolonists。TheKingthereforeorderedtheGovernortograntaVirginiaAssembly，whichinturnshoulddutifullyenterintopartnershipwithhim——uponhisterms。SotheVirginiaAssemblythuscamebackintohistory。Itmadea"HumbleAnswere"inwhich，forallitshumility，theKing’sproposalwasdeclined。Theideaoftheroyalmonopolyfadedout，andVirginiacontinuedonitsownway。
TheGeneralAssembly，havingoncemet，seemsofitsownmotiontohavecontinuedmeeting。ThenextyearwefinditinsessionatJamestown，andresolving"thatweshouldgothreeseverallmarchesupontheIndians，atthreeseveralltimesoftheyeare，"andalso"thattherebeanespeciallcaretakenbyallcommandersandothersthatthepeopledoerepairetotheirchurchesontheSabothday，andtoseethatthepenaltyofonepoundoftobaccoforeverytimeofabsence，and50poundsforeverymonth’sabsence……belevyed，andthedelinquentstopaythesame。"Aboutthistimeweread："Dr。JohnPott，lateGovernor，indicted，arraigned，andfoundguiltyofstealingcattle，13jurors，3whereofcouncellors。Thisdaywhollyspentinpleading;nextday，inunnecessarydisputation。"
Theseweremovingtimesinthelittlecolonywhosepopulationmaybynowhavebeenfivethousand。Harvey，theGovernor，wasrapacious;theKingathome，autocratic。Meanwhile，signsofchangeandofunrestwerenotwantinginEurope。Englandwashasteningtowardrevolution;inGermanytheThirtyYears’Warwasinmid—career;FranceandItalywererackedbystrife;overtheworldthepeoplesgroanedunderthestrainofoppression。Inscience，too，therewaspromiseofrevolution。Harvey——notthatGovernorHarveyofVirginia，butagreaterinEnglandwaswritinguponthecirculationoftheblood。Galileobroodedoverideasofthemovementoftheearth;Kepler，overcelestialharmoniesandsolarrule。Descarteswaslayingthefoundationofanewphilosophy。
Inthemeantime，faracrosstheAtlantic，bandsofVirginianswentoutagainsttheIndians——whomight，ormightnot，Godknows！haveputinaclaimtobeconsideredamongtheoppressedpeoples。InVirginiathefat，black，tobacco—fields，steamingunderasunlikethesunofSpain，calledforandgotmorelaborandstillmorelabor。Everylittlesailingshipbroughtwhiteworkmen——calledservants——consigned，indentured，apprenticedtomany—acredplanters。These，inreturnfortheirpassagemoney，mustserveLabanforatermofyears，butthenwouldreceiveRachel，oratleastLeah，intheshapeoffreedomandasmallholdingandprovisionwithwhichtobeginagaintheirindividuallife。Iftheywereambitiousandenergetictheymightpresentlybeable，inturn，toimportlaborfortheirownacres。
Asyet，inVirginia，therewerefewAfricanslaves——notmoreperhapsthanacoupleofhundred。Butwhenevershipsbroughtthemtheywerereadilypurchased。
InVirginia，aseverywhereintimeofchange，therearoseanomalies。Sidebysidepersisted’aromanticdevotiontotheKingandadeterminationtohavepopularassemblies;agreatsenseoftherightsofthewhiteindividualtogetherwithAfricanslavery;apractical，easy—going，debonairnaturalismsidebysidewithanEstablishedChurchpenalizingalikePapist，Puritan，andatheist。Evensoearlyasthis，thesocialtonewassetthatwastoholdformanyandmanyayear。Thesuaveclimatewassomehowtofosteralikeasenseofcasteandgoodneighborliness—classdistinctionsandrepublicanideas。
The"towns"wereofthefewestandrudest——littlemorethansmallpalisadedhamlets，builtofframeorlog，poisednearthewateroftheriverJames。
Thegeniusoftheland—wasfortheplantationratherthanthetown。Thefairandlargebrickorframeplanter’shouseofalatertimehadnotyetrisen，butthesystemwaswellinauguratedthatsetamainor"big"houseuponsomefairsite，withcabinsclusterednearit，andallsurrounded，saveontheriverfront，withfar—flungacres，someplantedwithgrainandtherestwithtobacco。Upanddowntherivertheseestateswerestrungtogetherbytherudestroads，meretracksthroughfieldandwood。Thecartwasasyetthesolewheeledvehicle。ButtheVirginiaplanter——ahorsemaninEngland——broughtoverhorses，bredhorses，andearlyplacedhorsemanshipinthecatalogueofthenecessarycolonialvirtues。Atthispoint，however，inalandofgreatandlesserrivers，withanetworkofcreeks，theboatprovidedthechiefmeansofcommunication。Behindall，envelopingall，stillspreadtheillimitableforest，thehauntofIndiansandinnumerablegame。
Virginianswerealreadypreparingforanexpansiontothenorth。TherewasamaninVirginianamedWilliamClaiborne。Thisindividual——able，determined，self—reliant，energetic——hadcomeinasayoungman，withthetitleofsurveyorgeneralfortheCompany，intheshipthatbroughtSirFrancisWyatt，justbeforethemassacreof1622。HehadprosperedandwasnowSecretaryoftheProvince。Heheldlands，andwasendowedwithabold，adventuroustemperandageniusforbusiness。InafewyearshehadestablishedwidespreadtradingrelationswiththeIndians。HeandthemenwhomheemployedpenetratedtotheuppershoresofChesapeake，intotheforestborderingPotomacandSusquehanna：Knivesandhatchets，beads，trinkets，andcoloredclothwerechangedforrichfursandvariousarticlesthattheIndianscouldfurnish。TheskinsthusgatheredClaiborneshippedtoLondonmerchants，andwasliketogrowwealthyfromwhathistradingbrought。
Lookinguponthefutureandcontemplatingbarteronaprincelyscale，hesettoworkandobtainedexhaustivelicensesfromtheimmediateVirginianauthorities，andatlastfromtheKinghimself。Underthesegrants，Claibornebegantoprovidesettlementsforhisnumeroustraders。FaruptheChesapeake，ahundredmilesorsofromPointComfort，hefoundanislandthatheliked，andnameditKentIsland。Hereforhismenhebuiltcabinswithgardensaroundthem，amillandachurch。HewasfarfromtheriverJamesandthemassofhisfellows，butheesteemedhimselftobeinVirginiaanduponhisownland。WhatcameofClaiborne’senterprisethesequelhastoshow。
CHAPTERIX。MARYLAND
TherenowentersuponthesceneinVirginiaamanofmiddleage，notwithoutexperienceinplantingcolonies，bynameGeorgeCalvert，firstLordBaltimore。OfFlemishancestry，borninYorkshire，scholaratOxford，traveler，clerkofthePrivyCouncil，aSecretaryofStateunderJames，memberoftheHouseofCommons，memberoftheVirginiaCompany，heknewmanyoftheramificationsoflife。Amanofworthandweight，hewasplacedbytemperamentandeducationuponthesideofthecourtpartyandtheCrowninthegrowingcontestoverrights。Abouttheyear1625，underwhatinfluenceisnotknown，hehadopenlyprofessedtheRomanCatholicfaith——andthattookcourageintheseventeenthcentury，inEngland！
Someyearsbefore，CalverthadobtainedfromtheCrownagrantofapartofNewfoundland，hadnameditAvalon，andhadbuiltgreathopesuponitssettlement。Butthenorthernwinterhadworkedagainsthim。Heknew，forhehadresidedtherehimselfwithhisfamilyinthatharshclime。"FromthemiddleofOctobertothemiddleofMaythereisasadfareofwinteronallthisland。"HeiswritingtoKingCharles，andhegoesontosay"Ihavehadstrongtemptationstoleaveallproceedingsinplantations……butmyinclinationcarryingmenaturallytothesekindofworks……Iamdeterminedtocommitthisplacetofishermenthatareabletoencounterstormsandhardweather，andtoremovemyselfwithsomefortypersonstoyourMajesty’sdominionofVirginiawhere，ifyourMajestywillpleasetograntmeaprecinctofland……Ishallendeavourtotheutmostofmypower，todeserveit。"
Withhisimmediatefollowinghethereupondoessailfarsouthward。InOctober，1629，hecomesinbetweenthecapes，pastPointComfortandsouptoJamestown——totheembarrassmentofthatcapital，aswillsoonbeevident。
HereinChurchofEnglandVirginiawasa"popishrecusant！"Herewasanold"courtparty"man，oneofJames’scommissioners，apersonofrankandprestige，known，forallhisrecusancy，tobeinfavorwiththepresentKing。HerewastheProprietaryofAvalon，guessedtobedissatisfiedwithhischillyholding，onthescentperhapsofbalmier，easierthings！
TheAssemblywasinsessionwhenLordBaltimorecametoJamestown。AllarriversinVirginiamusttaketheoathofsupremacy。TheAssemblyproposedthistothevisitorwho，asRomanCatholic，couldnottakeit，andsaidasmuch，butofferedhisowndeclarationoffriendlinesstothepowersthatwere。Thiswasdeclined。Debatefollowed，endingwitharequestfromtheAssemblythatthevisitordepartfromVirginia。Someharshnessofspeechensued，buthospitalityandtheamenitiesfairlysavedthesituation。OneThomasTindallwaspilloriedfor"givingmylordBaltimorethelieandthreateningtoknockhimdown。"Baltimorethereuponsetsail，butnot，perhaps，untilhehadgainedthatknowledgeofconditionswhichhedesired。
InEnglandhefoundtheKingwillingtomakehimalargegrant，withnolesspowersthanhadclothedhiminAvalon。TerritoryshouldbetakenfromtheoldVirginia;itmustbeofunsettledland——Indiansofcoursenotcounting。BaltimorefirstthoughtofthestretchsouthoftheriverJamesbetweenVirginiaandSpanishFlorida——afairlandofwoodsandstreams，ofgoodharbors，andsummerweather。ButsuddenlyWilliamClaibornewasfoundtobeinLondon，senttherebytheVirginians，withrepresentationsinhispocket。Virginiawasalreadysettledandhadtheintentionherselfofexpandingtothesouth。
Baltimore，theKing，andthePrivyCouncilweighedthematter。Westward，thebluemountainsclosedtheprospect。WastheSouthSeajustbeyondtheirsunsetslopes，orwasitmuchfartheraway，overunknownlands，thanthefirstadventurershadguessed？Eitherway，tooruggedhardshipmarkedthewest！Eastrolledtheocean。North，then？ItwerewelltostepinbeforethoseHollandersaboutthemouthoftheHudsonshouldcastnetstothesouth。BaltimoreaccordinglyaskedforagrantnorthofthePotomac。
Hereceivedahugeterritory，stretchingoverwhatisnowMaryland，Delaware，andapartofPennsylvania。ThePotomac，fromsourcetomouth，withalineacrossChesapeakeandtheEasternShoretotheoceanformedhissouthernfrontier;hisnorthernwasthefortiethparallel，fromtheoceanacrosscountrytotheduepointabovethespringsofthePotomac。Overthisgreatexpansehebecame"trueandabsolutelordandproprietary，"holdingfealtytoEngland，butotherwiseatlibertytoruleinhisowndomainwitheverypoweroffeudaldukeorprince。TheKinghadhisallegiance，likewiseafifthpartofgoldorsilverfoundwithinhislands。Allpersonsgoingtodwellinhispalatinateweretohave"rightsandlibertiesofEnglishmen。"
But，thisaside，hewaslordparamount。ThenewcountryreceivedthenameTerraMariae——Maryland——forHenriettaMaria，thenQueenofEngland。
HerewasanewlandandaLordProprietorwithkinglypowers。VirginiansseatedontheJamespromptlypetitionedKingCharlesnottodothemwrongbysodividingtheirportionoftheearth。ButKingandPrivyCouncilansweredonlythatVirginiaandMarylandmust"assisteachotheronalloccasionsasbecomethfellow—subjects。"WilliamClaiborne，indeed，continuedwithadeterminedvoicetocryoutthatlandsgiventoBaltimorewerenot，ashadbeenclaimed，unsettled，seeingthathehimselfhadunderpatentatownonKentIslandandanotheratthemouthoftheSusquehanna。
Baltimorewasareflectiveman，adreamerinthegoodsenseoftheterm，andreligiouslyminded。Attheheightofseeminggoodfortunehecouldwrite：
"Allthings，mylord，inthisworldpassaway……TheyarebutlentustillGodpleasetocallforthembackagain，thatwemaynotesteemanythingourown，orsetourheartsuponanythingbutHimalone，whoonlyremainsforever。"LikehisKing，Baltimorecouldcarryfarhisprerogativeandprivilege，maintainingthewhilenotafewdegreesofinnerfreedom。
Likeallmen，herehewasbound，andherehewasfree。
Baltimore’sdesirewasfor"enlarginghisMajesty’sEmpire，"andatthesametimetoprovideinMarylandarefugeforhisfellowCatholics。ThesewerenowinEnglandsodisabledandlimitedthattheirstatusmightfairlybecalledthatofapersecutedpeople。ThemountingPuritanismpromisednoimprovement。TheKinghimselfhadnofierceantagonismtotheoldreligion，butitwasbeginningtobeseenthatCharlesandCharles’srealmweretwodifferentthings。Ahavenshouldbeprovidedbeforethestormblackenedfurther。Baltimorethussawputintohishandsahighandholyopportunity，andmadenodoubtthatitwasGod—given。Hischarter，indeed，seemedtocontemplateanestablishedchurch，foritgavetoBaltimorethepatronageofallchurchesandchapelswhichweretobe"consecratedaccordingtotheecclesiasticallawsofourkingdomofEngland";nevertheless，nointerpretationofthecharterwastobemadeprejudicialto"God’sholyandtrueChristianreligion。"WhatwasChristianandwhatwasprejudicialwas，fortunatelyforhim，leftundefined。NoobstacleswereplacedbeforeaCatholicemigration。
Baltimorehadthisideaandperhapsastillwiderone：aland——Mary’sland——whereallChristiansmightforegather，brothersandsistersinonehome！Religioustolerance——practicalseparationofChurchandState——thatwasabroadideaforhisage，agenerousideaforaRomanCatholicofatimenotsofarremovedfromthemediaeval。True，whereverhewentandwhatevermightbehisownthoughtandfeeling，hewouldstillhaveforoverlordaProtestantsovereign，andthewordsofhischarterforbadehimtomakelawsrepugnanttothelawsofEngland。ButMarylandwasdistant，andwisemanagementmightdomuch。Catholics，Anglicans，Puritans，Dissidents，andNonconformistsofalmostanyphysiognomy，mightcomeandbeathome，unpunishedforvariationsinbelief。
OnlythepersonalfriendshipofEngland’sKingandthetactandsuavesagacityoftheProprietaryhimselfcouldhaveprocuredthesigningofthischarter，sinceitwasknown——asitwastoallwhocaredtobusythemselveswiththematter—thatherewasaCatholicmeaningtotakeotherCatholics，togetherwithotherscarcelylessabominablesectaries，outofthereachofRecusancyActsandreligiouspainsandpenalties，tosetthemfreeinEngland—in—America;and，raisingthereastateonthenovelbasisoffreereligion，perhapstoconverttheheathentoallmannerofrrors，andembarkonmischiefsfartoolargefordefinition。Takingthingsastheywereintheworld，rememberingactsoftheCatholicChurchinthenotdistantpast，theill—disposedmightfindsomecolorfortheagitationwhichpresentlydidarise。BaltimorewasknowntobeincorrespondencewithEnglishJesuits，anditsoonappearedthatJesuitpriestsweretoaccompanythefirstcolonists。AtthattimetheSocietyofJesusloomedlargebothpoliticallyandeducationally。ManymayhavethoughtthattherethreatenedaRomeinAmerica。
But，howeverthatmayhavebeen，therewassmallchanceforanysuccessfuloppositiontothecharter，sinceParliamenthadbeendissolvedbytheKing，nottobesummonedagainforelevenyears。ThePrivyCouncilwassubservient，and，astheSovereignwashisfriend，Baltimoresawthesigningofthecharterassuredandbegantogathertogetherhisfirstcolonists。Then，somewhatsuddenly，inApril，1632，hesickened，anddiedattheageoffifty—three。
Hisson，CecilCalvert，secondLordBaltimore，tookuphisfather’swork。
Thisyoungman，likewiseableandsagacious，andateverystepinhisfather’sconfidence，couldanddidproceedevenindetailaccordingtowhathadbeenplanned。Allhisfather’srightshaddescendedtohim;inMarylandhewasProprietarywithasamplepoweraseveraCountPalatinehadenjoyed。Hetookuptheadvantageandtheburden。
Thefather’sideahadbeentogowithhiscoloniststoMaryland，andthisitseemsthatthesonalsomeanttodo。Butnow，inLondon，theredeepenedaclamoragainstsuchCatholicenterprise。Oncehewereaway，lipswouldbeattheKing’sear。AndwithEnglandsorestless，inaturmoilofnewthought，itmightevenarisethatKingandPrivyCouncilwouldfindtroubleinactingaftertheirwill，goodthoughthatmightbe。ThesecondBaltimorethereforeremainedinEnglandtosafeguardhischarterandhisinterests。
ThefamilyofBaltimorewasanableone。CecilCalverthadtwobrothers，LeonardandGeorge，andthesewouldgotoMarylandinhisplace。LeonardhemadeGovernorandLieutenant—general，andappointedhimcouncilor。Shipsweremadeready——theArkofthreehundredtonsandtheDoveoffifty。ThecolonistswentaboardatGravesend，wheretheseshipsrodeatanchor。OfthecompanyagreatnumberwereProtestants，willingtotakeland，iftheirconditionwerebetteredso，withCatholics。DifficultiesofmanykindskeptthemalllongatthemouthoftheThames，butatlast，lateinNovember，1633，theArkandtheDovesetsail。TouchingattheIsleofWight，theytookaboardtwoJesuitpriests，FatherWhiteandFatherAltham，andanumberofothercolonists。Baltimorereportedthattheexpeditionconsistedof"twoofmybrotherswithveryneartwentyothergentlemenofverygoodfashion，andthreehundredlabouringmenwellprovidedinallthings。"
Theseships，withthefirstMarylanders，wentbytheoldWestIndiessearoute。WefindthemrestingatBarbados;thentheyswungtothenorthand，inFebruary，1634，cametoPointComfortinVirginia。Heretheytooksupplies，beingtreatedbySirJohnHarvey（whohadreceivedaletterfromtheKing）with"courtesyandhumanity。"Withoutlongtarrying，fortheyweresicknowforlandoftheirown，theysailedonupthegreatbay，theChesapeake。
SoontheyreachedthemouthofthePotomac——arivermuchgreaterthananyofthem，saveshipmastersandmariners，hadeverseen——andintothisturnedtheArkandtheDove。Afterafewleaguesofsailingupthewide’stream，theycameuponanisletcoveredwithtrees，leafless，forspringhadhardlybroken。Theshipsdroppedanchor;theboatswerelowered;thepeoplewentashore。HeretheCalvertsclaimedMaryland"forourSaviorandforourSovereignLordtheKingofEngland，"andheretheyheardMass。St。
Clement’stheycalledtheisland。
Butitwastoosmallforahome。TheArkwasleftatanchor，whileLeonardCalvertwentexploringwiththeDove。UpthePotomacsomedistancehewent，butatthelasthewiselydeterminedtochoosefortheirfirsttownasitenearerthesea。TheDoveturnedandcamebacktotheArk，andbothsailedondownthestreamfromSt。Clement’sIsle。Beforelongtheycametothemouthofatributarystreamflowinginfromthenorth。TheDove，goingforthagain，enteredthisriver，whichpresentlythepartynamedtheRiverSt。George。Soontheycametoahighbankwithtreestingedwiththefoliageofadvancingspring。HereuponthisbanktheEnglishfoundanIndianvillageandasmallAlgonquingroup，inthecourseofextinctionbytheirformidableIroquoisneighbors，thegiantSusquehannocks。Thewhitemenlanded，bearingastoreofhatchets，gewgaws，andcoloredcloth。ThefirstLordBaltimore，havinghadopportunityenoughforobservingsavages，hadprobablyhandedontohissagacioussonshisconclusionsastowaysofdealingwiththenativesoftheforest。AndtheundeniablelogicofeventswasatlastteachingtheEnglishhowtocolonize。EnglishmenonRoanokeIsland，EnglishmenonthebanksoftheJames，EnglishmeninthatfirstNewEnglandcolony，hadbornetheweightofearlyinexperienceandallthecatalogueofwoesthatfollowignorance。Alltheseearlycolonistsalikehadbeenquicklyentangledinstrifewiththepeoplewhomtheyfoundintheland。
Firsttheyfellontheirknees，AndthenontheAborigines。
Butbynowmuchwaterhadpassedthemill。Thethinkingkind，thewisersort，mightperceivemorethingsthanone，andamongthesethefactthatsavageshadasenseofjusticeandwouldevenfightagainstinjustice，realorfancied。
TheCalverts，throughtheirinterpreter，conferredwiththeinhabitantsofthisIndianvillage。Wouldtheyselllandswherethewhitemenmightpeaceablysettle，undertheirgivenwordtodealinfriendlywisewiththeredmen？Manyhatchetsandaxesandmuchclothwouldbegiveninreturn。
Toasylvanpeoplestoreofhatchetsandaxeshadavaluebeyondmanyfieldsoftheboundlessearth。TheDoveappearedbeforethem，too，atthepsychologicalmoment。Theyhadjustdiscussedremoving，bagandbaggage，fromtheproximityoftheIroquois。Intheend，theseIndianssoldtotheEnglishtheirvillagehuts，theirclearedandplantedfields，andmilesofsurroundingforest。Moreovertheystayedlongenoughinfriendshipwiththenewcomerstoteachthemmanythingsofvalue。Thentheydeparted，leavingwiththeEnglishacleartitletoasmuchlandastheycouldhandle，atleastforsometimetocome。Later，withotherIndians，aswiththese，theCalvertspursuedaconciliatorypolicy。Theywere，aidedbythefactthattheSusquehannockstothenorth，whomighthavegiventrouble，wereinvolvedinwarwithyetmorenortherlytribes，andcouldpayscantattentiontotheincomingwhitemen。Butevenso，theCalvertsproved，asWilliamPennprovedlater，thatmenmayliveatpeacewithmen，honestlyandhonorably，eventhoughhueofskinandplaneofdevelopmentdiffer。
NowtheArkjoinstheDoveintheRiverSt。George。Thepiecesofordnancearefired;thecolonistsdisembark;andonthe27thofMarch，1634，theIndianvillage，nowEnglish，becomesSt。Mary’s。
Onthewholehowadvantageouslyaretheyplaced！ThereispeacewiththeIndians。Huts，lodges，arealreadybuilt，fieldsalreadyclearedorplanted。Thesiteishighandhealthful。Theyhaveatfirstfewdissensionsamongthemselves。NoraretheyentirelyaloneorisolatedintheNewWorld。
ThereisaNewEnglandtothenorthofthemandaVirginiatothesouth。
Fromtheonetheygetintheautumnsaltedfish，fromtheotherstoreofswineandcattle。Famineandpestilencearefarfromthem。Theybuilda"fort"andperhapsastockade，buttherearenoneofthestealthydeathsgivenbyarrowandtomahawkinthenorth，norarethereanyoftheSpanishalarmsthatterrifiedthesouth。Fromthefirsttheyhavewiththemwomenandchildren。Theyknowthattheirsettlementis"home。"SoonothershipsandcolonistsfollowtheArkandtheDovetoSt。Mary’s，andthehistoryofthismiddlecolonyiswellbegun。
InVirginia，meantime，therewasjealousyenoughofthenewcolony，takingasitdidterritoryheldtobeVirginianandrenamingit，notfortheold，independent，Protestant，virginqueen，butforaFrench，Catholic，queenconsort——evensettlingitwithbelieversintheMassandbringinginJesuits！Itwas，saysaJamestownsettler，"accountedacrimealmostasheinousastreasontofavour，naytospeakwellofthatcolony。"BesidetheVirginianfolkasawhole，oneman，inparticular，WilliamClaiborne，nursedanindividualgrievance。HehaditfromGovernorCalvertthathemightdwelloninKentIsland，tradingfromthere，butonlyunderlicensefromtheLordProprietorandasaninhabitantofMaryland，notofVirginia。
Claiborne，withtheAssemblyatJamestownsecretlyonhisside，resistedthisinterferencewithhisrights，and，ashecontinuedtotradewithahighhand，hesoonfellundersuspicionofstirringuptheIndiansagainsttheMarylanders。
Atthetime，thisquarrelrangloudthroughMarylandandVirginia，andevenechoedacrosstheAtlantic。LeonardCalverthadatrading—boatofClaiborne’sseizedinthePatuxentRiver。ThereuponClaiborne’smen，withtheshallopCockatrice，inretaliationattackedMarylandpinnacesandlostboththeirlivesandtheirboat。ForseveralyearsMarylandandKentIslandcontinuedintermittentlytomakepettywaroneachother。Atlast，in1638，CalverttooktheislandbymainforceandhangedforpiracyacaptainofClaiborne’s。TheMarylandAssemblybroughtthetraderunderaBillofAttainder;andalittlelater，inEngland，theLordsCommissionersofForeignPlantationsformallyawardedKentIslandtotheLordProprietor。
Thusdefeated，Claiborne，nursinghiswrath，moveddownthebaytoVirginia。
CHAPTERX。CHURCHANDKINGDOM
Virginia，allthistime，withMarylandathorninherside，waswrestlingwithanautocraticgovernor，JohnHarvey。Thisavaricioustyrantsowedthewinduntilin1635hewasliketoreapthewhirlwind。ThoughhewastheKing’sGovernorandingoododorinEngland，whererestedtheoverpowertowhichVirginiamustbow，yetinthisyearVirginiablewuponhercourageuntilitwasglowingandlaidrudehandsuponhim。Weread："AnAssemblytobecalledtoreceivecomplaintsagainstSr。JohnHarvey，onthepetitionofmanyinhabitants，tomeet7thofMay。"But，beforethatmonthwascome，theCouncil，seizingopportunity，actedforthewhole。Immediatelybelowtheentryabovequotedappears："Onthe28thofApril，1635，Sr。JohnHarveythrustoutofhisgovernment，andCapt。JohnWestactsasGovernortilltheKing’spleasureknown。"*
*Hening’s"Statutes"vol。Ip。223。
SoVirginiabeganhercourseasrebelagainstpoliticalevils！ItisofinteresttonotethatNicholasMartian，oneofthemenfoundactiveagainsttheGovernor，wasanancestorofGeorgeWashington。
Harvey，thrustout，tookfirstshipforEngland，andtherealsosailedcommissionersfromtheVirginiaAssemblywithadeclarationofwrongsfortheKing’sear。ButwhentheycametoEngland，theyfoundthattheKing’searwasfortheGovernorwhomhehadgiventotheVirginiansandwhomthey，withaudaciousdisobedience，haddeposed。BackshouldgoSirJohnHarvey，stillgoverningVirginia;backwithoutaudiencetheso—calledcommissioners，happytoescapeameritedhanging！AgaintoJamestownsailedHarvey。InsilenceVirginiareceivedhim，andwhileheremainedGovernornoAssemblysat。
Buthavingassertedhisauthority，theKinginafewyears’timewaswillingtorecallhisunwelcomerepresentative。Soin1639GovernorHarveyvanishesfromthescene，andincomesthewell—likedSirFrancisWyattasGovernorforthesecondtime。Fortwoyearsheremains，andisthensupersededbySirWilliamBerkeley，anotablefigureinVirginiaformanyyearstocome。Thepopulationwasnowperhapstenthousand，bothEnglishbornandVirginiansbornofEnglishparents。Afewhundrednegroesmovedinthetobaccofields。Morewouldbebroughtinandyetmore。AndnowaboveamillionpoundsoftobaccoweregoingannuallytoEngland。
Thecenturywaspredominantlyoneofinnerandouterreligiousconflict。
WhatwentonathomeinEnglandreechoedinVirginia。ThenewGovernorwasadyed—in—the—woolCavalier，utterlystubbornforKingandChurch。TheAssemblieslikewiseleanedthatway，aspresumablydidthemassofthepeople。Itwasorderedin1631："ThattherebeeauniformitiethroughoutthiscolonybothinsubstanceandcircumstancetothecannonsandconstitutionsofthechurchofEnglandasneereasmaybee，andthateverypersonyealdreadieobedienceuntothemupponpenaltieofthepaynesandforfeituresinthatcaseappoynted。"And，indeed，thepainsandforfeituresthreatenedweresavageenough。
OfficialVirginia，loyaltotheEstablishedChurch，wasjealousandfearfulofPapistryandlookedaskanceatPuritanism。Itfrownedupontheseanduponagnosticisms，atheisms，pantheisms，religiousdoubts，andalterationsinjudgment——uponanything，inshort，thatseemedtopushafingeragainstChurchandKingdom。YetinthisVirginia，governedbySirWilliamBerkeley，agentlemanmorecavalierthantheCavaliers，moreroyalistthantheKing，morechurchlythantheChurch，therelivednotafewPuritansandDissidents，goingonasbesttheymightwithEstablishedChurchandfieryKing’smen。CertainparisheswerepredominantlyPuritan;certainministerswereknowntohaveleaningsawayfromsurplicesandgenuflectionsandtoholdthatArchbishopLaudwassomekintothePope。In1642，toreenforcetheseministers，camethreemorefromNewEngland，activelyaversetoconformity。ButGovernorandCouncilandthemajorityoftheBurgesseswillhavenoneofthat。TheAssemblyof1643takessharpaction。
Forthepreservationofthepuritieofdoctrineandunitieofthechurch，ITISENACTEDthatallministerswhatsoeverwhichshallresideinthecollonyaretobeconformabletotheordersandconstitutionsofthechurchofEngland，andthelawsthereinestablished，andnototherwisetobeadmittedtoteachorpreachpublicklyorprivately。AndthattheGov。andCounseldotakecarethatallnonconformistsuponnoticeofthemshallbecompelledtodepartthecollonywithallconveniencie。AndsoinconsequenceoutofVirginia，toNewEnglandwhereIndependentswerewelcome，ortoMarylandwhereanyChristianmightdwell，wentthesetaintedministers。ButtherestayedbehindPuritanandnonconformingmindsinthebodiesofmanyparishioners。Theymustholdtheirtongues，indeed，andoutwardlyconform——buttheywatchedlynx—eyedfortheiropportunityandamorefavorablefortune。
Havinglaunchedthunderboltsagainstschismaticsofthissort，Berkeley，himselfactiveandpowerful，withtheCouncilalmostwhollyofhispartyandtheHouseofBurgessesdominantlyso，turnedhisattentionto"popishrecusants。"OfthesetherewerefewornonedwellinginVirginia。LetthemthennotattempttocomefromMaryland！Therulersofthecolonylegislatedwithvigor：papistsmaynotholdanypublicplace;allstatutesagainstthemshallbedulyexecuted;popishpriestsbychanceorintentarrivingwithintheboundsofVirginiashallbegivenfivedays’warning，and，ifattheendofthistimetheyareyetuponVirginiansoil，actionshallbebroughtagainstthem。Berkeleysweepswithanimpatientbroom。
TheKingdomiscaredfornotlessthantheChurchinVirginia。AnyandallpersonscomingintothecolonybylandandbyseashallhaveadministeredtothemtheOathofSupremacyandllegiance。"Whichifanyshallrefusetotake，"thecommanderofthefortatPointComfortshall"committhimorthemtoprison。"Foreignersinbirthandtongue，foreignersinthought，musthavefoundtheplaceandtimenarrowindeed。
OntheeveofcivilwartherearoseonthepartofsomeinEnglandaprojecttoreviveandrestoretheoldVirginiaCompanybyprocuringfromCharles，nowdeepintroublesofhisown，arenewaloftheoldletterspatentandthetransferenceofthedirectgovernmentofthecolonyintothehandsofareorganizedandvastcorporation。Virginia，whichascoreofyearsbeforehaddefendedtheCompany，nowprotestedvigorously，and，withregardtothelongviewofthings，itmaybethoughtwisely。Theprojectdiedanaturaldeath。ThepetitionsentfromVirginiashowsplainlyenoughthepenofBerkeley。ThereareamultitudeofreasonswhyVirginiashouldnotpassfromKingtoCompany，amongwhichtheseareworthyofnote："WemaynotadmitofsounnaturaladistanceasaCompanywillinterposebetweenhissacredmajestyandushissubjectsfromwhoseimmediateprotectionwehavereceivedsomanyroyalfavoursandgraciousblessings。
For，bysuchadmissions，weshalldegeneratefromtheconditionofourbirth，beingnaturalizedunderamonarchicalgovernmentandnotapopularandtumultuarygovernmentdependinguponthegreatestnumberofvotesofpersonsofseveralhumoursanddispositions。"
WhenthispaperreachedEngland，itcametoacountryatcivilwar。TheLongParliamentwasinsession。Staffordhadbeenbeheaded，theStarChambersweptaway，theGrandRemonstrancepresented。OnEdgehillbloomedflowersthatwouldsoonbetrampledbyRupert’scavalry。InVirginiatheAssemblytooknoticeofthese"unkinddifferencesnowinEngland，"andprovidedbytithingfortheGovernor’spensionandallowance，whichwereforthepresentsuspendedandendangeredbythetroublesathome。ThattheforcesbandedagainsttheLord’sanointedwouldprovevictoriousmustatthistimehaveappearedpreposterouslyunlikelytothefieryGovernorandtheultra—loyalVirginiawhomheled。ThePuritansandIndependentsinVirginia——estimatedalittleearlierat"athousandstrong"andnow，foralltheactsagainstthem，probablystrongeryet——weretobefoundchieflyintheparishesofIsleofWightandNansemond，buthadrepresentativesfromtheFallstotheEasternShore。WhattheseVirginiansthoughtofthe"unkinddifferences"doesnotappearintherecord，butprobablytherewasthoughtenoughandsecrethopes。
In1644，theyearofMarstonMoor，Virginia，too，sawbattleandsuddenandbloodydeath。ThatOpechancanoughwhohadsucceededPowhatanwasnowonehundredyearsold，hardlyabletowalkortosee，dwellingharmlesslyinavillageupontheupperPamunkey。AlltheIndianswerebrokenanddispersed;
seriousdangerwasnottobethoughtof。Then，ofasudden，theflameleapedagain。Therefellfromtheblueskyamassacredirectedagainsttheoutlyingplantations。Threehundredmen，women，andchildrenwerekilledbytheIndians。Withfurythewhitemenattackedinreturn。Theysentbodiesofhorseintotheuntouchedwesternforests。Theychasedandslewwithoutmercy。In1646Opechancanough，broughtaprisonertoJamestown，endedhislongtaleofyearsbyashotfromoneofhiskeepers。TheIndianswerebeaten，and，lackingsuchanotherleader，madenomoreorganizedandgeneralattacks。Butforlongyearsakindofborderwarfarestillwenton。
EvenMaryland，tolerantandjustaswastheCalvertpolicy，didnotaltogetherescapeIndiantroubles。ShehadtocontendwithnosuchablechiefasOpechancanough，andshesufferednosweepingmassacres。Butafterthefirstidyllicyearorsotheresetinasmall，constantfriction。SofastdidtheMarylandcolonistsarrivethatsoontherewaspressureofpopulationbeyondthosefirstpurchasedbounds。ThemorethoughtfulamongtheIndiansmaywellhavetakenalarmlesttheirvillagesandhunting—groundsmightnotenduretheseinroads。ErelongtheEnglishinMarylandwereplacing"centinells"overfieldswheremenworked，andprovidingpenaltiesforthosewhosoldthesavagesfirearms。ButatnotimedidyoungMarylandsuffertheIndianwoesthathadvexedyoungVirginia。
NordidMarylandescapetheclashofinterestswhichbesetthebeginningsofrepresentativeassembliesinallproprietaryprovinces。Thesecond，likethefirst，LordBaltimore，wasabelieverinkingsandaristocracies，inanaturaldivisionofhumansocietyintomastersandmen。HiseffortwastoplantintactinMarylandafeudalorder。HewouldbePalatine，theKinghissuzerain。InMarylandthegreatplanters，ineffecthisbarons，shouldliveuponestates，manorialinsizeandwithmanorialrights。Thelaboringmen——
theimpecuniousadventurerswhomthesegreateradventurersbroughtout——
wouldformatenantry，theLordProprietary’smen’smen。Itistruethat，accordingtocharter，provisionwasmadeforanAssembly。Hereweretosit"freemenoftheprovince，"thatistosay，allwhitemaleswhowerenotinthepositionofindenturedservants。ButwiththeProprietary，andnotwiththeAssembly，wouldrestprimarilythelawmakingpower。TheLordProprietarywouldproposelegislation，andthefreemenofthecountrywoulddebate，inameasureadvise，represent，actasconsultants，andfinallyconfirm。Baltimorewaspreparedtobeabenevolentlord，wise，fatherly。
In1635metthefirstAssembly，LeonardCalvertandhisCouncilsittingwiththeburgesses，andthisgatheringoffreemenproceededtoinauguratelegislation。TherewaspassedastringofenactmentswhichpresumablydealtwithimmediatewantsatSt。Mary’s，andwhich，theAssemblyrecognized，musthavetheLordProprietary’sasassent。Acopywasthereforesentbythefirstshiptoleave。SolongwerethevoyagesandsoslowtheprocedureinEnglandthatitwas1637beforeBaltimore’svetoupontheAssembly’slawsreachedMaryland。ItwouldseemthathedidnotdisapprovesomuchofthelawsthemselvesasoftheboldinitiativeoftheAssembly，forheatoncesentovertwelvebillsofhisowndrafting。LeonardCalvertwasinstructedtobringallfreementogetherinAssemblyandpresentfortheiracceptancethesubstitutedlegislation。
Earlyin1638thisMarylandAssemblymet。TheGovernorputbeforeitforadoptiontheProprietary’slaws。Thevotewastaken。Governorandsomeotherswerefor，theremainderoftheAssemblyunanimouslyagainst，theproposedlegislation。Therefollowedayearortwoofstruggleoverthisquestion，butintheendtheProprietaryineffectacknowledgeddefeat。Thecolonists，throughtheirAssembly，mightthereafterproposelawstomeettheirexigencies，andGovernorCalvert，actingforhisbrother，shouldapproveorvetoaccordingtoneed。
WhencivilwarbetweenKingandParliamentbrokeoutinEngland，sentimentinMarylandasinVirginiainclinedtowardtheKing。ButthatPuritan，Non—conformist，andrepublicanelementthatwasinbothcoloniesmightbeexpectedtogainif，athomeinEngland，theParliamentarypartygained。A
RoyalGovernororaLordProprietary’sGovernormightalikebeperplexedbythepoliticalturmoilinthemothercountry。LeonardCalvertfelttheneedoffirst—handconsultationwithhisbrother。LeavingGilesBrentinhisplace，hesailedforEngland，talkedtherewithBaltimorehimself，perplexedandfilledwithforeboding，andreturnedtoMarylandnotgreatlywiserthanwhenhewent。
MarylandwassoonconvulsedbydisorderswhichinmanywaysreflectedtheunsettledconditionsinEngland。ALondonship，commandedbyRichardIngle，aPuritanandastaunchupholderofthecauseofParliament，arrivedbeforeSt。Mary’s，wherehegavegreatoffensebyhisblatantremarksabouttheKingandRupert，"thatPrinceRogue。"Thoughhewaspromptlyarrestedonthechargeoftreason，hemanagedtoescapeandsoonlefttheloyalcolonyfarastern。
InthemeantimeLeonardCalverthadcomebacktoMaryland，wherehefoundconfusionandagrowingheatandfactionandside—takingofabittersort。
Toaddtotheturmoil，WilliamClaiborne，amongwhosedominanttraitswasaninabilitytorecognizedefeat，wasmakingattemptsuponKentIsland。
CalvertwasnotlongatSt。Mary’sereInglesailedinagainwithletters—of—marquefromtheLongParliament。IngleandhismenlandedandquicklyfoundouttheProtestantmoietyofthecolonists。Therefollowedanactualinsurrection，theMarylandersjoiningwithIngleandmuchaidedbyClaiborne，whonowretookKentIsland。TheinsurgentsthencapturedSt。
Mary’sandforcedtheGovernortofleetoVirginia。FortwoyearsIngleruledandplundered，sequestratinggoodsoftheProprietary’sadherents，anddeportinginironsJesuitpriests。AttheendofthistimeCalvertreappeared，andbehindhimatroopgatheredinVirginia。NowitwasIngle’sturntoflee。Regaininghisship，hemadesailforEngland，andMarylandsettleddownagaintotheancientorder。TheGovernorthenreducedKentIsland。Claiborne，againdefeated，retiredtoVirginia，whencehesailedforEngland。
In1647LeonardCalvertdied。UntiltheProprietary’swillshouldbeknown，ThomasGreeneactedasGovernor。OverinEngland，LordBaltimorestoodatthepartingoftheways。TheKing’scausehadahopelesslook。RoundheadandParliamentweremakingwayinamightytide。BaltimorewasmarkedforaroyalistandaCatholic。Ifthetiderosefarther，hemightloseMaryland。
Asagaciousmind，heproceededtodoallthathecould，shortofdenyinghiseverybelief，toplacatehisenemies。HeappointedasGovernorofMarylandWilliamStone，aPuritan，andintotheCouncil，numberingfivemembers，heputthreePuritans。OntheotherhandtheinterestsofhisMarylandCatholicsmustnotbeendangered。HerequiredofthenewGovernornottomolestanyperson"professingtobelieveinJesusChrist，andinparticularanyRomanCatholic。"Inthiswayhethoughtthat，rightandleft，hemightprovideagainstpersecution。
UnderthesecomplexinfluencestheMarylandAssemblypassedin1649anActconcerningReligion。Itreveals，upontheonehand，Christendom’smercilessnesstowardthefreethinker——inwhichmercilessness，whetherthroughconvictionorpolicy，Baltimoreacquiesced——and，ontheotherhand，thataspirationtowardfriendshipwithintheChristianfoldwhichisevenyethardlymorethanapiouswish，andwhichintheseventeenthcenturycouldhavebeenfeltbyveryfew。ToBaltimoreandtheAssemblyofMarylandbelongs，notthegloryofinauguratinganeraofwidetolerationformenandwomenofallbeliefsordisbeliefs，whetherChristianornot，buttherealthoughlessergloryofestablishingentiretolerationamongthedivisionswithintheChristiancircleitself。AccordingtotheAct，*
"WhatsoeverpersonorpersonswithinthisProvinceandtheIslandsthereuntobelonging，shallfromhenceforthblasphemeGod，thatiscursehim，ordenyourSaviourJesusChristtobeethesonneofGod，orshalldenytheholyTrinity，……ortheGodheadofanyofthesaidthreepersonsoftheTrinity，ortheunityoftheGodhead，orshalluseorutteranyreproachfulspeeches，wordsorlanguageconcerningthesaidHolyTrinity，oranyofthesaidthreepersonsthereof，shallbepunishedwithdeathandconfiscationorforfeitureofallhisorherlandsandgoodstotheLordProprietaryandhisheires……Whatsoeverpersonorpersonsshallfromhenceforthuseorutteranyreproachfullwords，orspeeches，concerningtheblessedVirginMary，theMotherofourSaviour，ortheholyApostlesorEvangelists，oranyofthem，shallinsuchcaseforthefirstoffenceforfeittothesaidLordProprietaryandhisheiresthesumoffivepoundsterling……Whatsoeverpersonshallhenceforthuponanyoccasion……declare，call，ordenominateanypersonorpersonswhatsoeverinhabiting，residing，traffiqueing，tradingorcomerceingwithinthisProvince，orwithinanyofthePorts，Harbors，CreeksorHavenstothesamebelonging，anheritick，Scismatick，Idolator，puritan，Independant，Presbiterian，popishpriest，Jesuite，Jesuitedpapist，Lutheran，Calvenist，Anabaptist，Brownist，Antinomian，Barrowist，Roundhead，Sepatist，oranyothernameorterminareproachfulmannerrelatingtomatterofReligion，shallforeverysuchOffenceforfeit……thesumoftenneshillingssterling……
"WhereastheinforceingoftheconscienceinmattersofReligionhathfrequentlyfallenouttobeofdangerousConsequenceinthosecommonwealthswhereithathbeenpractised，……beitthereforealsobytheLordProprietarywiththeadviceandconsentofthisAssembly，ordeynedandenacted……thatnopersonorpersonswhatsoeverwithinthisProvince……professingtobeleiveinJesusChrist，shallfromhenceforthbeeanywaiestroubled，molestedordiscountenancedfororinrespectofhisorherreligionnorinthefreeexercisethereof……noranywaycompelledtothebeleiforexerciseofanyotherReligionagainsthisorherconsent，soeastheybenotunfaithfulltotheLordProprietaryormolestorconspireagainstthecivillGovernment……"
*"ArchivesofMaryland，ProceedingsandActsoftheGeneralAssembly"，vol。I，pp。244—247。
CHAPTERXI。COMMONWEALTHANDRESTORATION
Onthe30thofJanuary，1649，beforethepalaceofWhitehall，CharlestheFirstofEnglandwasbeheaded。InVirginiatheeventfellwithashock。
EventhosewithinthecolonywhowereCromwell’smenratherthanCharles’smenseemtohaverecoiledfromthisact。Presently，too，camefleeingroyalistsfromoverseas，toaddtheirpassionatevoicestothoseoftheroyalistsinVirginia。Manycame，"nobility，clergyandgentry，menofthefirstrate。"AthousandaresaidtohavearrivedintheyearaftertheKing’sdeath。
InOctobertheVirginiaAssemblymet。Parliamentmen——andnowthesewerewalkingwithheadintheair——mightregrettheexecutionofthepastJanuary，andyetbepreparedtoassertthatwiththefallofthekingdomfellallpowersandofficesnamedanddecreedbythehaplessmonarch。WhatwasapassionateroyalistgovernmentdoinginVirginianowthatEnglandwasaCommonwealth？ThepassionategovernmentansweredforitselfinactspassedbythisAssembly。Withswellingwords，withatragicaccent，itdenouncedthelatehappeningsinEnglandandalltheRoundheadwickednessthatleduptothem。Itproclaimedloyaltyto"hissacredMajestythatnowis"——thatis，toCharlesStuart，afterwardsCharlestheSecond，thenarefugeeontheContinent。Finallyitenactedthatanywhodefendedthelateproceedings，orintheleastaffectedtoquestion"theundoubtedandinherentrightofhisMajestythatnowistotheCollonyofVirginia"
shouldbeheldguiltyofhightreason;andthat"reportersanddivulgers"
ofrumorstendingtochangeofgovernmentshouldbepunished"eventoseverity。"
Berkeley’swordsmaybedetectedintheseactsoftheAssembly。InnogreattimetheCavalierGovernorconferredwithColonelHenryNorwood，oneoftheroyalistrefugeestoVirginia。NorwoodthereuponsailedawayuponaDutchshipandcametoHolland，wherehefound"hisMajestythatnowis。"Hereheknelt，andinvitedthatsameMajestytovisithisdominionofVirginia，and，ifhelikedit，theretorest，sovereignoftheVirginianpeople。ButCharlesstillhopedtobesovereigninEnglandandwouldnotcrosstheseas。Hesent，however，toSirWilliamBerkeleyarenewalofhisGovernor’scommission，andappointedNorwoodTreasurerofVirginia，andsaid，doubtless，manygayandpleasantthings。
InVirginiatherecontinuedtoappearfromEnglandadherentsoftheancientregime。Men，women，andchildrencameuntiltoaconsiderabledegreethetoneofsocietyrangCavalier。Thisimmigration，nowlighter，nowheavier，continuedthrougharatherprolongedperiod。TherecamenowtoVirginiafamilieswhosenamesareoftenmetinthelaterhistoryoftheland。NowWashingtonsappear，withRandolphs，Carys，Skipwiths，Brodnaxes，Tylers，Masons，Madisons，Monroes，andmanymore。Thesepersonsarenotwithoutmeans;theybringwiththemservants;theyareinhighfavorwithGovernorandCouncil;theyacquirelargetractsofvirginland;theybringinindenturedlabor;theypurchaseAfricanslaves;theycultivatetobacco。
>FrombeingEnglishcountrygentlementheyturneasilytobecomeVirginiaplanters。
ButtheVirginiaAssemblyhadthrownagauntletbeforethevictoriousCommonwealth;andtheLongParliamentnowdeclaredthecolonytobeincontumacy，assembledanddispatchedshipsagainsther，andlaidanembargoupontradewiththerebelliousdaughter。InJanuaryof1652EnglishshipsappearedoffPointComfort。FourCommissionersoftheCommonwealthwereaboard，ofwhomthatstrongmanClaibornewasone。Afterissuingaproclamationtoquietthefearsofthepeople，theCommissionersmadetheirwaytoJamestown。HerewasfoundtheindomitableBerkeleyandhisCouncilinastateofactivepreparation，cannontrained。But，whenallwassaid，theCommissionershadbroughtwiselymoderateterms：submitbecausesubmittheymust，acknowledgetheCommonwealth，and，thatdone，restunmolested！
Ifresistancecontinued，therewereenoughParliamentmeninVirginiatomakeanarmy。IndenturedservantsandslavesshouldreceivefreedominexchangeforsupporttotheCommonwealth。TheshipswouldcomeupfromPointComfort，andadeterminedwarwouldbeon。WhatSirWilliamBerkeleypersonallysaidhasnotsurvived。ButafterconsultationuponconsultationVirginiasurrenderedtothecommonwealth。
BerkeleysteppedfromtheGovernor’schair，retiringinwrathandbitternessofhearttohishouseatGreenspring。，InhisplacesatRichardBennett，oneoftheCommissioners。ClaibornewasmadeSecretary。King’smenwentoutofoffice;Parliamentmencamein。Buttherewasnopersecution。
IntheblandandwideVirginiaairmindsfailedtocomeintohardandfrequentcollision。Foralltheferocitiesofthestatutebooks，acutesufferingfordifferenceofopinion，whetherpoliticalorreligious，didnotbulklargeinthelifeofearlyVirginia。
TheCommissioners，afterthereductionofVirginia，hadalikeparttoplaywithMaryland。AtSt。Mary’s，asatJamestown，theydemandedandatlengthreceivedsubmissiontotheCommonwealth。TherewasherethelesstroubleowingtoBaltimore’sforesightinappointingtotheofficeofGovernorWilliamStone，whoseopinions，politicalandreligious，accordedwiththoseofrevolutionaryEngland。YettheGovernorcouldnotbringhimselftoforgethisoathtoLordBaltimoreandagreetothedemandoftheCommissionersthatheshouldadministertheGovernmentintheameof"theKeepersoftheLibertiesofEngland。"AftersomehesitationtheCommissionersdecidedtorespecthisscruplesandallowhimtogoverninthenameoftheLordProprietary，ashehadsolemnlypromised。
InVirginiaandinMarylandtheCommonwealthandtheLordProtectorstandwherestoodtheKingdomandtheKing。Manyarefarbettersatisfiedthantheywerebefore;andtheconfirmedroyalistconsumeshisgrumblinginhisowncircle。Theold，exhaustingquarrelseemslaidtorest。Butwithinthiswiderpeacebreaksoutsuddenlyaninteriorstrife。Virginiawould，ifshecould，havebackallheroldnorthwardterritory。In1652Bennett’sGovernmentgoessofarastopetitionParliamenttounseattheCatholicProprietaryofMarylandandmakewholeagaintheancientVirginia。ThehandofClaiborne，thatremarkableandpersistentman，maybeseeninthis。
InMaryland，PuritansandIndependentsweresettledchieflyabouttheriversSevernandPatuxentandinavillagecalledProvidence，afterwardsAnnapolis。ThesenowsawtheirchancetothrowofftheProprietary’sruleandtocomedirectlyunderthatoftheCommonwealth。Sothinking，theyputthemselvesintocommunicationwithBennettandClaiborne。In1654StonechargedtheCommissionerswithhavingpromoted"faction，sedition，andrebellionagainsttheLordBaltimore。"Thechargewaswellfounded。
ClaiborneandBennettassumedthattheywereyetParliamentCommissioners，empoweredtobring"allplantationswithintheBayofChesapeaketotheirdueobediencetotheParliamentandCommonwealthofEngland。"AndtheywereindeedsetagainsttheLordBaltimore。ClaibornewouldheadthePuritansofProvidence;andatroopshouldberaisedinVirginiaandmarchnorthward。
TheCommissionersactuallyadvanceduponSt。Mary’s，andwithsosuperiora，forcethatStonesurrendered，andaPuritanGovernmentwasinaugurated。
APuritanAssemblymet，debarringanyCatholics。PresentlyitpassedanactannullingtheProprietary’sActofToleration。ProfessorsofthereligionofRomeshould"berestrainedfromtheexercisethereof。"Thehandofthelawwastofallheavilyupon"popery，prelacy，orlicentiousnessofopinion。"Thuswasintolerancealiveagainintheonlylandwhereshehadseemedtodie！
InEnglandnowtherewashardlyaParliament，butonlytheLordProtector，OliverCromwell。ContentwithBaltimore’srecognitionoftheProtectorate，Cromwellwasnotpreparedtoback，intheirindependentaction，theCommissionersofthatnowdissolvedParliament。Baltimoremadesureofthis，andthendispatchedmessengersoverseastoStone，biddinghimdoallthatlayinhimtoretakeMaryland。Stonethereupongatheredseveralhundredmenandafleetofsmallsailingcraft，withwhichhepushedupthebaytotheSevern。InthemeantimethePuritanshadnotbeenidle，buthadthemselvesraisedabodyofmenandhadtakenovertheGoldenLyon，anarmedmerchantmanlyingbeforetheirtown。Onthe24thofMarch，1655，thetwoforcesmetintheBattleoftheSevern。"InthenameofGod，fallon！"
criedthemenofProvidence，and"HeyforSt。Mary’s！"criedtheothers。
ThebattlewaswonbytheProvidencemen。TheysleworwoundedfiftyoftheSt。Mary’smenanddesperatelywoundedStonehimselfandtookmanyprisoners，tenofwhomwereafterwardscondemnedtodeathandfourwereactuallyexecuted。
Nowfollowedaperiodofupanddown，theCommissionersandtheProprietaryalikeappealingtotheLordProtectorforsomeexpressionofhis"determinatewill。"Bothsidesreceivedencouragementinasmuchashedecidedforneither。Hisownauthoritybeingdeniedbyneither，Cromwellmayhavepreferredtoholdthesedistantfactionsinacanceling，neutralizingposture。Butfarweightiermatters，infact，wereoccupyinghismind。In1657，wearyofher"verysad，distracted，andunsettledcondition，"Marylandherselfproceeded——Puritan，Prelatist，andCatholictogether——toagreehenceforthtodisagree。Tolerationviewedinretrospectappearsdimlytohavebeenseenfortheangelthatitwas。MarylandwouldreturntotheProprietary’srule，providedthereshouldbecompleteindemnityforpoliticaloffensesandasolemnpromisethattheTolerationActof1649shouldneverberepealed。ThiswithoutasmileBaltimorepromised。Articlesweresigned;anewAssemblycomposedofallmannerofChristianswascalled;andMarylandreturnedforatimetoherfirstallegiance。
Quietyears，onthewhole，followinVirginiaundertheCommonwealth。ThethreeGovernorsofthisperiod—Bennett，Digges，andMathewsareallchosenbytheAssembly，which，butfortheNavigationLaws，*mightalmostforgettheHomeGovernment。ThenOliverCromwelldies;and，afteraninterval，backtoEnglandcometheStuarts。CharlesIIisproclaimedKing。AndbackintoofficeinVirginiaisbroughtthatstauncholdmonarchist，SirWilliamBerkeley——firstbyaroyalistAssemblyandpresentlybycommissionfromthenewKing。
*SeeEditor’sNoteontheNavigationLawsattheendofthisvolume。
ThenVirginiahadherLongParliamentorAssembly。In1661，inthefirstgushoftheRestoration，therewaselectedaHouseofBurgessessocongenialtoBerkeley’smindthathewishedtoseeitperpetuated。Forfifteenyearsthereforehehelditinbeing，withadjournmentsfromoneyearintoanotherandwithsharprefusalstolistentoanydemandfornewelections。Yetthisdemandgrew，andstilltheGovernorshutthedoorinthefaceofthepeopleandlookedimperiouslyforthfromthewindow。Histemper，alwaysfiery，nowburnedvindictive;hiszealforKingandChurchandthehighprerogativesoftheGovernorofVirginiabecameaconsumingpassion。
WhenBerkeleyfirstcametoVirginia，andagainforamomentintheflareoftheRestoration，hispopularityhadbeenreal，butforlongnowithaddwindled。Hebelongedtoanearliertime，andheheldfasttooldideasthatweredecayingattheheart。Abigotfortheroyalpower，amanofclasswithacontemptforthegeneralityanditsclumsilyexpressedneeds，hegrewinnarrownessashegrewinyears。Berkeleycouldintheselatertimeswritehome，thoughwithsomeexaggeration："IthankGodtherearenofreeschoolsnorprinting，andIhopeweshallnothavethesehundredyears;forlearninghasbroughtdisobedienceintotheworldandprintinghasdivulgedthem，andlibelsagainstthebestgovernments！Godkeepusfromboth！"Butthatwasthesouredzealotforabsolutism——WilliamBerkeleythemanwasfondenoughofbooksandhimselfhadwrittenplays。