I。
ASTOHUMANNESS。
Letusbegin，inoffensively，withsheep。Thesheepisabeastwithwhichweareallfamiliar，beingmuchusedinreligiousimagery;thecommonstockofpainters;astaplearticleofdiet;oneofourmainsourcesofclothing;andaneverydaysymbolofbashfulnessandstupidity。
Insomegrazingregionsthesheepisanobjectofterror，destroyinggrass，bushandforestbyomnipresentnibbling;onthegreatplains，sheep—keepingfrequentlyresultsininsanity，owingtothelonelinessoftheshepherd，andthemonotonousappearanceandbehaviorofthesheep。
Bythepoet，youngsheeparepreferred，thelambgambollinggaily;
unlessitbeinhymns，where"allwelikesheep"arerepeatedlydescribed，andmuchstressislaiduponthestrayingpropensitiesoftheanimal。
Tothescientificmindthereisspecialinterestinthesequacityofsheep，theirhabitoffollowingoneanotherwithautomaticimitation。
Thisinstinct，wearetold，hasbeendevelopedbyagesofwildcrowdedracingonnarrowledges，alongprecipices，chasms，aroundsuddenspursandcorners，onlytheleaderseeingwhen，whereandhowtojump。Ifthosebehindjumpedexactlyashedid，theylived。Iftheystoppedtoexerciseindependentjudgment，theywerepushedoffandperished;theyandtheirjudgmentwiththem。
Allthesethings，andmanythataresimilar，occurtouswhenwethinkofsheep。Theyarealsoewesandrams。Yes，truly;butwhatofit？
Allthathasbeensaidwassaidofsheep，_genusovis，_thatblandbeast，compoundofmutton，wool，andfoolishness。sowidelyknown。Ifwethinkofthesheep—dog（anddog—ess），theshepherd（andshepherd—ess），oftheferocioussheep—eatingbirdofNewZealand，theKea（andKea—ess），alltheseherd，guard，orkillthesheep，bothramsandewesalike。Inregardtomutton，towool，togeneralcharacter，wethinkonlyoftheirsheepishness，notatalloftheirramishnessoreweishness。Thatwhichisovineorbovine，canine，felineorequine，iseasilyrecognizedasdistinguishingthatparticularspeciesofanimal，andhasnorelationwhatevertothesexthereof。
Returningtoourmuttons，letusconsidertheram，andwhereinhischaracterdiffersfromthesheep。Wefindhehasamorequarrelsomedisposition。Hepawstheearthandmakesanoise。Hehasatendencytobutt。Sohasagoat——Mr。Goat。SohasMr。Buffalo，andMr。Moose，andMr。Antelope。Thistendencytoplungeheadforemostatanadversary——andtofindanyothergentlemananadversaryonsight——evidentlydoesnotpertaintosheep，to_genusovis;_buttoanymalecreaturewithhorns。
As"functioncomesbeforeorgan，"wemayevengiveareminiscentglancedownthelongpathofevolution，andseehowthemereactofbutting——passionatelyandperpetuallyrepeated——bornofthebeliggerentspiritofthemale——producedhorns！
Theewe，ontheotherhand，exhibitsloveandcareforherlittleones，givesthemmilkandtriestoguardthem。Butsodoesagoat——Mrs。Goat。
SodoesMrs。Buffaloandtherest。Evidentlythismotherinstinctisnopeculiarityof_genusovis，_butofanyfemalecreature。
Eventhebird，thoughnotamammal，showsthesamemother—loveandmother—care，whilethefatherbird，thoughnotabutter，fightswithbeakandwingandspur。Hiscompetitionismoreeffectivethroughdisplay。Thewishtoplease，theneedtoplease，theovermasteringnecessityuponhimthathesecurethefavorofthefemale，hasmadethemalebirdblossomlikeabutterfly。Heblazesingorgeousplumage，rearshaughtycrestsandcombs，showsdroopingwattlesanddanglingblobssuchastheturkey—cockaffords;longsplendidfeathersforpureornamentappearuponhim;whatinherisameretail—effectbecomesinhimamassofglitteringdrapery。
Partridge—cock，farmyard—cock，peacock，fromsparrowtoostrich，observehismien！Tostrutandlanguish;toexhibiteverybeauteouslure;tosacrificeease，comfort，speed，everything——tobeauty——forhersake——thisisthenatureofthehe—birdofanyspecies;thecharacteristic，notoftheturkey，butofthecock！Withdrummingofloudwings，withcrowandquackandburstsofglorioussong，hewooshismate;displayshissplendorsbeforeher;fightsfiercelywithhisrivals。Tobutt——tostrut——tomakeanoise——allforlove’ssake;theseactsarecommontothemale。
Wemaynowgeneralizeandclearlystate：Thatismasculinewhichbelongstothemale——toanyorallmales，irrespectiveofspecies。Thatisfemininewhichbelongstothefemale，toanyorallfemales，irrespectiveofspecies。Thatisovine，bovine，feline，canine，equineorasininewhichbelongstothatspecies，irrespectiveofsex。
Inourownspeciesallthisischanged。Wehavebeensotakenupwiththephenomenaofmasculinityandfemininity，thatourcommonhumanityhaslargelyescapednotice。Weknowwearehuman，naturally，andareveryproudofit;butwedonotconsiderinwhatourhumannessconsists;
norhowmenandwomenmayfallshortofit，oroverstepitsbounds，incontinualinsistenceupontheirspecialdifferences。Itis"manly"todothis;itis"womanly"todothat;butwhatahumanbeingshoulddounderthecircumstancesisnotthoughtof。
Theonlytimewhenwedorecognizewhatwecall"commonhumanity"isinextremecases，mattersoflifeanddeath;wheneithermanorwomanisexpectedtobehaveasiftheywerealsohumancreatures。Sincetherangeoffeelingandactionpropertohumanity，assuch，isfarwiderthanthatpropertoeithersex，itseemsatfirstsomewhatremarkablethatwehavegivenitsolittlerecognition。
Alittleclassificationwillhelpushere。Wehavecertainqualitiesincommonwithinanimatematter，suchasweight，opacity，resilience。Itisclearthatthesearenothuman。Wehaveotherqualitiesincommonwithallformsoflife;cellularconstruction，forinstance，thereproductionofcellsandtheneedofnutrition。Theseagainarenothuman。Wehaveothers，manyothers，commontothehighermammals;whicharenotexclusivelyours——arenotdistinctively"human。"Whatthenaretruehumancharacteristics？Inwhatwayisthehumanspeciesdistinguishedfromallotherspecies？
Ourhuman—nessisseenmostclearlyinthreemainlines：itismechanical，psychicalandsocial。Ourpowertomakeandusethingsisessentiallyhuman;wealonehaveextra—physicaltools。Wehaveaddedtoourteeththeknife，sword，scissors，mowingmachine;toourclawsthespade，harrow，plough，drill，dredge。Weareaproteancreature，usingthelargerbrainpowerthroughawidevarietyofchangingweapons。Thisisoneofourmainandvitaldistinctions。Ancientanimalracesaretracedandknownbymerebonesandshells，ancienthumanracesbytheirbuildings，toolsandutensils。
Thatdegreeofdevelopmentwhichgivesusthehumanmindisacleardistinctionofrace。Thesavagewhocancountahundredismorehumanthanthesavagewhocancountten。
Moreprominentthaneitheroftheseisthesocialnatureofhumanity。
Wearebynomeanstheonlygroup—animal;thatancienttypeofindustrytheant，andeventhewell—wornbee，aresocialcreatures。Butinsectsoftheirkindarefoundlivingalone。Humanbeingsnever。Ourhuman—nessbeginswithsomelowformofsocialrelationandincreasesasthatrelationdevelops。
HumanlifeofanysortisdependentuponwhatKropotkincalls"mutualaid，"andhumanprogresskeepsstepabsolutelywiththatinterchangeofspecializedserviceswhichmakessocietyorganic。Thenomad，livingoncattleasantsliveontheirs，islesshumanthanthefarmer，raisingfoodbyintelligentlyappliedlabor;andtheextensionoftradeandcommerce，frommerevillagemarket—placestotheworld—exchangesofto—day，isextensionofhuman—nessaswell。
Humanity，thusconsidered，isnotathingmadeatonceandunchangeable，butastageofdevelopment;andisstill，asWellsdescribesit，"inthemaking。"Ourhuman—nessisseentolienotsomuchinwhatweareindividually，asinourrelationstooneanother;andeventhatindividualityisbuttheresultofourrelationstooneanother。Itisinwhatwedoandhowwedoit，ratherthaninwhatweare。Some，philosophicallyinclined，exalt"being"over"doing。"Tothemthisquestionmaybeput："Canyoumentionanyformoflifethatmerely’is，’
withoutdoinganything？"
Takenseparatelyandphysically，weareanimals，_genushomo_;takensociallyandpsychically，weare，invaryingdegree，human;andourrealhistoryliesinthedevelopmentofthishuman—ness。
Ourhistoricperiodisnotverylong。Realwrittenhistoryonlygoesbackafewthousandyears，beginningwiththestonerecordsofancientEgypt。DuringthisperiodwehavehadalmostuniversallywhatisherecalledanAndrocentricCulture。Thehistory，suchasitwas，wasmadeandwrittenbymen。
Themental，themechanical，thesocialdevelopment，wasalmostwhollytheirs。Wehave，sofar，livedandsufferedanddiedinaman—madeworld。Sogeneral，sounbroken，hasbeenthiscondition，thattomentionitarousesnomoreremarkthanthestatementofanaturallaw。
Wehavetakenitforgranted，sincethedawnofcivilization，that"mankind"meantmen—kind，andtheworldwastheirs。
Womenwehavesharplydelimited。Womenwereasex，"thesex，"accordingtochivalroustoasts;theyweresetapartforspecialservicespeculiartofemininity。AsoneEnglishscientistputit，in1888，"Womenarenotonlynottherace——theyarenotevenhalftherace，butasubspeciestoldoffforreproductiononly。"
ThismentalattitudetowardwomenisevenmoreclearlyexpressedbyMr。
H。B。Marriot—Watsoninhisarticleon"TheAmericanWoman"inthe"NineteenthCentury"forJune，1904，wherehesays："Herconstitutionalrestlessnesshascausedhertoabdicatethosefunctionswhichaloneexcuseorexplainherexistence。"Thisisapeculiarlyhappyandcondensedexpressionoftherelativepositionofwomenduringourandrocentricculture。Themanwasacceptedastheracetypewithoutonedissentientvoice;andthewoman——astrange，diversecreature，quitedisharmoniousintheacceptedschemeofthings——wasexcusedandexplainedonlyasafemale。
Shehasneededvolumesofsuchexcuseandexplanation;also，apparently，volumesofabuseandcondemnation。Inanylibrarycataloguewemayfindbooksuponbooksaboutwomen：physiological，sentimental，didactic，religious——allmannerofbooksaboutwomen，assuch。Evento—dayintheworksofMarholm——pooryoungWeininger，Moebius，andothers，wefindthesameperpetualdiscussionofwomen——assuch。
Thisisabookaboutmen——assuch。Itdifferentiatesbetweenthehumannatureandthesexnature。Itwillnotgosofarastoallegeman’smasculinetraitstobeallthatexcuse，orexplainhisexistence：butitwillpointoutwhataremasculinetraitsasdistinctfromhumanones，andwhathasbeentheeffectonourhumanlifeoftheunbridleddominanceofonesex。
Wecanseeatonce，glaringly，whatwouldhavebeentheresultofgivingallhumanaffairsintofemalehands。Suchanextraordinaryanddeplorablesituationwouldhave"feminized"theworld。Weshouldhaveallbecome"effeminate。"
Seehowinouruseoflanguagethecaseisclearlyshown。Theadjectivesandderivativesbasedonwoman’sdistinctionsarealienandderogatorywhenappliedtohumanaffairs;"effeminate"——toofemale，connotescontempt，buthasnomasculineanalogue;whereas"emasculate"——notenoughmale，isatermofreproach，andhasnofeminineanalogue。"Virile"——manly，weopposeto"puerile"——childish，andtheveryword"virtue"isderivedfrom"vir"——aman。
Eveninthenamingofotheranimalswehavetakenthemaleastheracetype，andputonaspecialterminationtoindicate"hisfemale，"asinlion，lioness;leopard，leopardess;whileallourhumanschemeofthingsrestsonthesametacitassumption;manbeingheldthehumantype;womanasortofaccompanimentaudsubordinateassistant，merelyessentialtothemakingofpeople。
Shehasheldalwaystheplaceofaprepositioninrelationtoman。Shehasbeenconsideredabovehimorbelowhim，beforehim，behindhim，besidehim，awhollyrelativeexistence——"Sydney’ssister，""Pembroke’smother"——butneverbyanychanceSydneyorPembrokeherself。
Actingonthisassumption，allhumanstandardshavebeenbasedonmalecharacteristics，andwhenwewishtopraisetheworkofawoman，wesayshehas"amasculinemind。"
Itisnoeasymattertodenyorreverseauniversalassumption。Thehumanmindhashadagoodmanyjoltssinceitbegantothink，butaftereachupheavalitsettlesdownaspeacefullyasthevine—growersonVesuvius，acceptingthelastlavacrustaspermanentground。
Whatweseeimmediatelyaroundus，whatwearebornintoandgrowupwith，beitmentalfurnitureorphysical，weassumetobetheorderofnature。
Ifagivenideahasbeenheldinthehumanmindformanygenerations，asalmostallourcommonideashave，ittakessincereandcontinuedefforttoremoveit;andifitisoneoftheoldestwehaveinstock，oneofthebig，common，unquestionedworldideas，vastisthelaborofthosewhoseektochangeit。
Nevertheless，ifthematterisoneofimportance，ifthepreviousideawasapalpableerror，oflargeandevileffect，andifthenewoneistrueandwidelyimportant，theeffortisworthmaking。
Thetaskhereundertakenisofthissort。Itseekstoshowthatwhatwehaveallthistimecalled"humannature"anddeprecated，wasingreatpartonlymalenature，andgoodenoughinitsplace;thatwhatwehavecalled"masculine"andadmiredassuch，wasinlargeparthuman，andshouldbeappliedtobothsexes：thatwhatwehavecalled"feminine"andcondemned，wasalsolargelyhumanandapplicabletoboth。Ourandrocentriccultureissoshowntohavebeen，andstilltobe，amasculinecultureinexcess，andthereforeundesirable。
Inthepreliminaryworkofapproachingthesefactsitwillbewelltoexplainhowitcanbethatsowideandseriousanerrorshouldhavebeenmadebypracticallyallmen。Thereasonissimplythattheyweremen。
Theyweremales，avidsawwomenasfemales——andnototherwise。
Soabsoluteisthisconvictionthatthemanwhoreadswillsay，"Ofcourse！Howelsearewetolookatwomenexceptasfemales？Theyarefemales，aren’tthey？"Yes，theyare，asmenaremalesunquestionably;
butthereispossibletheframeofmindoftheoldmarquisewhowasaskedbyanEnglishfriendhowshecouldbeartohavethefootmanserveherbreakfastinbed——tohaveamaninherbed—chamber——andrepliedsincerely，"Callyouthatthingthereaman？"
Theworldisfullofmen，buttheirprincipaloccupationishumanworkofsomesort;andwomenseeinthemthehumandistinctionpreponderantly。Occasionallysomeunhappyladymarrieshercoachman——longcontemplationofbroadshouldershavinganeffect，apparently;butingeneralwomenseethehumancreaturemost;themalecreatureonlywhentheylove。
Totheman，thewholeworldwashisworld;hisbecausehewasmale;andthewholeworldofwomanwasthehome;becauseshewasfemale。Shehadherprescribedsphere，strictlylimitedtoherfeminineoccupationsandinterests;hehadalltherestoflife;andnotonlyso，but，havingit，insistedoncallingitmale。
Thisaccountsforthegeneralattitudeofmentowardthenowrapidhumanizationofwomen。Fromherfirstfaintstrugglestowardfreedomandjustice，toherpresentvalianteffortstowardfulleconomicandpoliticalequality，eachstephasbeentermed"unfeminine"andresentedasanintrusionuponman’splaceandpower。Hereshowstheneedofournewclassification，ofthethreedistinctfieldsoflife——masculine，feminineandhuman。
Asamatteroffact，thereisa"woman’ssphere，"sharplydefinedandquitedifferentfromhis;thereisalsoa"man’ssphere，"assharplydefinedandevenmorelimited;butthereremainsacommonsphere——thatofhumanity，whichbelongstobothalike。
Intheearlierpartofwhatisknownas"thewoman’smovement，"itwassharplyopposedonthegroundthatwomenwouldbecome"unsexed。"Letusnoteinpassingthattheyhavebecomeunsexedinoneparticular，mostglaringlyso，andthatnoonehasnoticedorobjectedtoit。
Aspartofourandrocentricculturewemaypointtothepeculiarreversalofsexcharacteristicswhichmakethehumanfemalecarrytheburdenofornament。Shealone，ofallhumancreatures，hasadoptedtheessentiallymasculineattributeofspecialsex—decoration;shedoesnotfightforhermateasyet，butshebloomsforthasthepeacockandbirdofparadise，inpoignantreversalofnature’slaws，evenwearingmasculinefeatherstofurtherherfeminineends。
Woman’snaturalworkasafemaleisthatofthemother;man’snaturalworkasamaleisthatofthefather;theirmutualrelationtothisendbeingasourceofjoyandwell—beingwhenrightlyheld：buthumanworkcoversallourlifeoutsideofthesespecialties。Everyhandicraft，everyprofession，everyscience，everyart，allnormalamusementsandrecreations，allgovernment，education，religion;thewholelivingworldofhumanachievement：allthisishuman。
Thatonesexshouldhavemonopolizedallhumanactivities，calledthem"man’swork，"andmanagedthemassuch，iswhatismeantbythephrase"AndrocentricCulture。"
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
II。
THEMAN—MADEFAMILY。
Thefamilyisolderthanhumanity，andthereforecannotbecalledahumaninstitution。Apostoffice，now，iswhollyhuman;noothercreaturehasapostoffice，buttherearefamiliesinplentyamongbirdsandbeasts;allkindspermanentandtransient;monogamous，polygamousandpolyandrous。
Wearenowtoconsiderthegrowthofthefamilyinhumanity;whatisitsrationaldevelopmentinhumanness;inmechanical，mentalandsociallines;intheextensionofloveandservice;andtheeffectuponitofthisstrangenewarrangement——amasculineproprietor。
Likeallnaturalinstitutionsthefamilyhasapurpose;andistobemeasuredprimarilyasitservesthatpurpose;whichis，thecareandnurtureoftheyoung。Toprotectthehelplesslittleones，tofeedandshelterthem，toensurethemthebenefitsofaneverlongerperiodofimmaturity，andsotoimprovetherace——thisistheoriginalpurposeofthefamily。
Whenanaturalinstitutionbecomeshumanitenterstheplaneofconsciousness。Wethinkaboutit;and，inourstrangenewpowerofvoluntaryactiondothingstoit。Wehavedonestrangethingstothefamily;or，morespecifically，menhave。
Balsac，athisbitterest，observed，"Women’svirtueisman’sbestinvention。"Balsacwaswrong。Virtue——theunswervingdevotiontoonemate——iscommonamongbirdsandsomeofthehighermammals。IfBalsacmeantcelibacywhenhesaidvirtue，whythatisoneofman’sinventions——thoughhardlyhisbest。
Whatmanhasdonetothefamily，speakingbroadly，istochangeitfromaninstitutionforthebestserviceofthechildtoonemodifiedtohisownservice，thevehicleofhiscomfort，powerandpride。
AmongtheheavymillionsofthestirredEast，achild——necessarilyamalechild——isdesiredforthecreditandgloryofthefather，andhisfathers;inplaceofseeingthatallaparentisforisthebestserviceofthechild。Ancestorworship，thatgrossreversalofallnaturallaw，isofwhollyandrocentricorigin。Itisstrongestamongoldpatriarchalraces;lingersoninfeudalEurope;istobetracedeveninAmericatodayinafewsporadiceffortstomagnifythedeedsofourancestors。
Thebestthinganyofuscandoforourancestorsistobebetterthantheywere;andweoughttogiveourmindstoit。Whenweuseourpastmerelyasaguide—book，andconcentrateournobleemotionsonthepresentandfuture，weshallimprovemorerapidly。
Thepeculiarchangesbroughtaboutinfamilylifebythepredominanceofthemaleareeasilytraced。Inthesestudieswemustkeepclearlyinmindthebasicmasculinecharacteristics：desire，combat，self—expression——alllegitimateandrightinproperuse;onlymischievouswhenexcessiveoroutofplace。Throughthemthemaleisledtostrenuouscompetitionforthefavorofthefemale;intheoverflowingardoursofsong，asinnightingaleandtomcat;inwastefulsplendorofpersonaldecoration，fromthepheasant’sbreasttoanembroideredwaistcoat;andindirectstrugglefortheprize，fromthestag’slockedhornstotheclashingspearsofthetournament。
Itisearnestlyhopedthatnoreaderwilltakeoffenceatthenecessarilyfrequent，referencetotheseessentialfeaturesofmaleness。
Inthemanybooksaboutwomenitis，naturally，theirfemalenessthathasbeenstudiedandenlargedupon。Andthoughwomen，afterthousandsofyearsofsuchdiscussion，havebecomealittlerestiveundertheconstantuseofthewordfemale：men，asrationalbeings，shouldnotobjecttoananalogousstudy——atleastnotforsometime——afewcenturiesorso。
How，then，dowefindthesemasculinetendencies，desire，combatandself—expression，affectthehomeandfamilywhengiventoomuchpower？
Firstcomestheeffectinthepreliminaryworkofselection。Oneofthemostupliftingforcesofnatureisthatofsexselection。Themales，numerous，varied，pouringafloodofenergyintowidemodifications，competeforthefemale，andsheselectsthevictor，thissecuringtotheracethenewimprovements。
Informingtheproprietaryfamilythereisnosuchcompetition，nosuchselection。Theman，byviolenceorbypurchase，doesthechoosing——heselectsthekindofwomanthatpleaseshim。Naturedidnotintendhimtoselect;heisnotgoodatit。Neitherwasthefemaleintendedtocompete——sheisnotgoodatit。
Ifthereisaracebetweenmalesforamate——theswiftestgetsherfirst;butifonemaleischasinganumberoffemaleshegetstheslowestfirst。Theonemethodimprovesourspeed：theotherdoesnot。
Ifmalesstruggleandfightwithoneanotherforamate，thestrongestsecuresher;ifthemalestrugglesandfightswiththefemale——（apeculiarandunnaturalhorror，knownonlyamonghumanbeings）hemostreadilysecurestheweakest。Theonemethodimprovesourstrength——theotherdoesnot。
Whenwomenbecamethepropertyofmen;soldandbartered;"givenaway"
bytheirpaternalownertotheirmaritalowner;theylostthisprerogativeofthefemale，thisprimaldutyofselection。Themaleswerenolongerimprovedbytheirnaturalcompetitionforthefemale;andthefemaleswerenotimproved;becausethemaledidnotselectforpointsofracialsuperiority，butforsuchqualitiesaspleasedhim。
ThereisalocalityinnorthernAfrica，whereyounggirlsaredeliberatelyfedwithacertainoilyseed，tomakethemfat，——thattheymaybethemorereadilymarried，——asthemenlikefatwives。AmongcertainmoresavageAfricantribesthechief’swivesarepreparedforhimbybeingkeptinsmalldarkhutsandfedon"mealies’andmolasses;
preciselyasaStrasbourggooseisfattenedforthegourmand。Nowfatnessisnotadesirableracecharacteristic;itdoesnotaddtothewoman’shappinessorefficiency;ortothechild’s;itismerelyanaccessorypleasanttothemaster;hisattitudebeingmuchastheamorousmonadecstaticallyputsit，inSill’squaintpoem，"FiveLives，"
"Othelittlefemalemonad’slips！
Othelittlefemalemonad’seyes！
Othelittle，little，female，femalemonad！"
ThisultralittlenessandultrafemalenesshasbeendemandedandproducedbyourAndrocentricCulture。
Followingthis，andpartofit，comestheeffectonmotherhood。Thisfunctionwastheoriginalandlegitimatebaseoffamilylife;anditsamplesustainingpowerthroughoutthelongearlyperiodof"themother—right;"oraswecallit，thematriarchate;thefatherbeingherassistantinthegreatwork。Thepatriarchate，withitsproprietaryfamily，changedthisaltogether;thewoman，asthepropertyofthemanwasconsideredfirstandforemostasameansofpleasuretohim;andwhileshewasstillvaluedasamother，itwasinatributarycapacity。
Herchildrenwerenowhis;hisproperty，asshewas;thewholeengineryofthefamilywasturnedfromitstrueusetothisnewone，hithertounknown，theserviceoftheadultmale。
Tothisdaywearelivingundertheinfluenceoftheproprietaryfamily。
Thedutyofthewifeisheldtoinvolveman—serviceaswellaschild—service，andindeedfarmore;asthedutyofthewifetothehusbandquitetranscendsthedutyofthemothertothechild。
SeeforinstancetheEnglishwifestayingwithherhusbandinIndiaandsendingthechildrenhometobebroughtup;becauseIndiaisbadforchildren。Seeourcommonlawthatthemandecidestheplaceofresidence;ifthewiferefusestogowithhimtohowsoeverunfitaplaceforherandforthelittleones，suchrefusalonherpartconstitutes"desertion"andisgroundfordivorce。
Seeagaintheideathatthewifemustremainwiththehusbandthoughadrunkard，ordiseased;regardlessofthesinagainstthechildinvolvedinsucharelation。Publicfeelingonthesemattersisindeedchanging;
butasawholetheidealsoftheman—madefamilystillobtain。
Theeffectofthisonthewomanhasbeeninevitablytoweakenandovershadowhersenseoftherealpurposeofthefamily;oftherelentlessresponsibilitiesofherdutyasamother。Sheisfirsttaughtdutytoherparents，withheavyreligioussanction;andthendutytoherhusband，similarlybuttressed;butherdutytoherchildrenhasbeenlefttoinstinct。Sheisnottaughtingirlhoodastoherpreeminentpoweranddutyasamother;heryoungidealsareallofdevotiontotheloverandhusband：withonlythevaguestsenseofresults。
Theyounggirlisrearedinwhatwecall"innocence;"poeticallydescribedas"bloom;"andthisconditionisheldoneofherchief"charms。"Therequisiteiswhollyandrocentric。This"innocence"doesnotenablehertochooseahusbandwisely;shedoesnotevenknowthedangersthatpossiblyconfronther。Wevaguelyimaginethatherfatherorbrother，whodoknow，willprotecther。Unfortunatelythefatherandbrother，underourcurrent"doublestandard"ofmoralitydonotjudgetheapplicantsasshewouldifsheknewthenatureoftheiroffenses。
Furthermore，ifherheartissetononeofthem，noamountofgeneraladviceandoppositionservestopreventhermarryinghim。"Ilovehim！"
shesays，sublimely。"Idonotcarewhathehasdone。Iwillforgivehim。Iwillsavehim！"
Thisstateofmindservestoforwardtheinterestsofthelover，butisofnoadvantagetothechildren。Wehavemagnifiedthedutiesofthewife，andminifiedthedutiesofthemother;andthisisinevitableinafamilyrelationeverylawandcustomofwhichisarrangedfromthemasculineviewpoint。
Fromthissameviewpoint，equallyessentialtotheproprietaryfamily，comestherequirementthatthewomanshallservetheman。Herserviceisnotthatoftheassociateandequal，aswhenshejoinshiminhisbusiness。Itisnotthatofabeneficialcombination，aswhenshepracticesanotherbusinessandtheysharetheprofits;itisnoteventhatofthespecialist，astheserviceofatailororbarber;itispersonalservice——theworkofaservant。
Inlargegeneralization，thewomenoftheworldcookandwash，sweepanddust，sewandmend，forthemen。
Wearesoaccustomedtothisrelation;havehelditforsolongtobethe"natural"relation，thatitisdifficultindeedtoshowthatitisdistinctlyunnaturalandinjurious。Thefatherexpectstobeservedbythedaughter，aservicequitedifferentfromwhatheexpectsoftheson。
Thisshowsatoncethatsuchserviceisnointegralpartofmotherhood，orevenofmarriage;butissupposedtobetheproperindustrialpositionofwomen，assuch。
Whyisthisso？Why，onthefaceofit，givenadaughterandason，shouldaformofservicebeexpectedoftheone，whichwouldbeconsideredignominiousbytheother？
Theunderlyingreasonisthis。Industry，atitsbase，isafemininefunction。Thesurplusenergyofthemotherdoesnotmanifestitselfinnoise，orcombat，ordisplay，butinproductiveindustry。Becauseofhermother—powershebecamethefirstinventorandlaborer;beingintruththemotherofallindustryaswellasallpeople。
Man’sentranceuponindustryislateandreluctant;aswillbeshownlaterintreatinghiseffectoneconomics。Inthisfieldoffamilylife，hiseffectwasasfollows：
Establishingtheproprietaryfamilyatanagewhentheindustrywasprimitiveanddomestic;andthereafterconfiningthewomansolelytothedomesticarea，hetherebyconfinedhertoprimitiveindustry。Thedomesticindustries，inthehandsofwomen，constituteasurvivalofourremotestpast。Suchworkwas"woman’swork"aswasalltheworkthenknown;suchworkisstillconsideredwoman’sworkbecausetheyhavebeenpreventedfromdoinganyother。
Theterm"domesticindustry"doesnotdefineacertainkindoflabor，butacertaingradeoflabor。Architecturewasadomesticindustryonce——wheneverysavagemothersetupherowntepee。Tobeconfinedtodomesticindustryisnoproperdistinctionofwomanhood;itisanhistoricdistinction，aneconomicdistinction，itsetsadateandlimittowoman’sindustrialprogress。
Inthisrespecttheman—madefamilyhasresultedinarrestingthedevelopmentofhalfthefield。Wehaveaworldwhereinmen，industrially，liveinthetwentiethcentury;andwomen，industrially，liveinthefirst——andbackofit。
Tothesamesourcewetracethesocialandeducationallimitationssetaboutwomen。Thedominantmale，holdinghiswomenasproperty，andfiercelyjealousofthem，consideringthemalwaysas_his，_notbelongingtothemselves，theirchildren，ortheworld;hashedgedtheminwithrestrictionsofathousandsorts;physical，asinthecrippledChineseladyortheimprisonedodalisque;moral，asintheoppressivedoctrinesofsubmissiontaughtbyallourandrocentricreligions;
mental，asintheenforcedignorancefromwhichwomenarenowsoswiftlyemerging。
Thisabnormalrestrictionofwomenhasnecessarilyinjuredmotherhood。
Theman，free，growingintheworld’sgrowth，hasmountedwiththecenturies，fillinganeverwiderrangeofworldactivities。Thewoman，bound，hasnotsogrown;andthechildisborntoaprogressivefatherhoodandastationarymotherhood。Thustheman—madefamilyreactsunfavorablyuponthechild。Werobourchildrenofhalftheirsocialhereditybykeepingthemotherinaninferiorposition;howeverlegalized，hallowed，orossifiedbytime，thepositionofadomesticservantisinferior。
Itisforthisreasonthatchildcultureisatsolowalevel，andforthemostpartutterlyunknown。Today，whentheforcesofeducationaresteadilyworkingnearertothecradle，anewsenseiswakeningoftheimportanceoftheperiodofinfancy，anditswisertreatment;yetthosewhoknowofsuchamovementarefew，andofthemsomearecontenttoearneasypraise——andpay——bybelittlingrightprogresstogratifytheprejudicesoftheignorant。
Thewholepositionissimpleandclear;andeasilytraceabletoitsroot。Givenaproprietaryfamily，wherethemanholdsthewomanprimarilyforhissatisfactionandservice——thennecessarilyheshutsherupandkeepsherforthesepurposes。Beingsokept，shecannotdevelophumanly，ashehas，throughsocialcontact，socialservice，truesociallife。（Wemaynoteinpassing，herpassionatefondnessforthechild—gamecalled"society"shehasbeenallowedtoentertainherselfwithal;thatpoorsimiacrumofrealsociallife，inwhichpeopledecoratethemselvesandmadlycrowdtogether，chattering，forwhatiscalled"entertainment。"）Thuscheckedinsocialdevelopment，wehavebutalowgrademotherhoodtoofferourchildren;andthechildren，rearedintheprimitiveconditionsthusartificiallymaintained，enterlifewithafalseperspective，notonlytowardmenandwomen，buttowardlifeasawhole。
Thechildshouldreceiveinthefamily，fullpreparationforhisrelationtotheworldatlarge。Hiswholelifemustbespentintheworld，servingitwellorill;andyouthisthetimetolearnhow。Buttheandrocentrichomecannotteachhim。Weliveto—dayinademocracy—theman—madefamilyisadespotism。Itmaybeaweakone;thedespotmaybedethronedandovermasteredbyhislittleharemofone;butinthatcaseshebecomesthedespot——thatisall。Themaleisesteemed"theheadofthefamily;"itbelongstohim;hemaintainsit;andtherestoftheworldisawidehuntinggroundandbattlefieldwhereinhecompeteswithothermalesasofold。
Thegirl—child，peeringout，seesthisforbiddenfieldasbelongingwhollytomen—kind;andherrelationtoitistosecureoneforherself——notonlythatshemaylove，butthatshemaylive。Hewillfeed，clotheandadornher——shewillservehim;fromthesubjectionofthedaughtertothatofthewifeshesteps;fromonehometotheother，andneverenterstheworldatall——man’sworld。
Theboy，ontheotherhand，considersthehomeasaplaceofwomen，aninferiorplace，andlongstogrowupandleaveit——fortherealworld。
Heisquiteright。Theerroristhatthisgreatsocialinstinct，callingforfullsocialexercise，exchange，service，isconsideredmasculine，whereasitishuman，andbelongstoboyandgirlalike。
Thechildisaffectedfirstthroughtheretardeddevelopmentofhismother，thenthroughthearrestedconditionofhomeindustry;andfurtherthroughthewrongidealswhichhavearisenfromtheseconditions。Anormalhome，wheretherewashumanequalitybetweenmotherandfather，wouldhaveabetterinfluence。
Wemustnotoverlooktheeffectoftheproprietaryfamilyontheproprietorhimself。He，too，hasbeenheldbacksomewhatbythisreactionaryforce。Intheprocessofbecominghumanwemustlearntorecognizejustice，freedom，humanrights;wemustlearnself—controlandtothinkofothers;havemindsthatgrowandbroadenrationally;wemustlearnthebroadmutualinterserviceandunboundedjoyofsocialintercourseandservice。Thepettydespotoftheman—madehomeishinderedinhishumannessbytoomuchmanness。
Foreachmantohaveonewholewomantocookforandwaituponhimisapooreducationfordemocracy。Theboywithaservilemother，themanwithaservilewife，cannotreachthesenseofequalrightsweneedto—day。Tooconstantconsiderationofthemaster’stastesmakesthemasterselfish;andtheassaultuponhisheartdirect，orthroughthatproverbialside—avenue，thestomach，whichthedependentwomanneedsmustmakewhenshewantsanything，isbadfortheman，aswellasforher。
Weareslowlyforminganoblertypeoffamily;theunionoftwo，basedonloveandrecognizedbylaw，maintainedbecauseofitshappinessanduse。Weareevennowapproachingatendernessandpermanenceoflove，highpureenduringlove;combinedwiththebroaddeep—rootedfriendlinessandcomradeshipofequals;whichpromisesusmorehappinessinmarriagethanwehaveyetknown。Itwillbegoodforallthepartiesconcerned——man，womanandchild：andpromoteourgeneralsocialprogressadmirably。
Ifitneeds"ahead"itwillelectachairmanprotem。Friendshipdoesnotneed"ahead。"Lovedoesdotneed"ahead。"Whyshouldafamily？
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
III。
HEALTHANDBEAUTY。
NOTE——Theword"Androcentric"weowetoProf。LesterF。Ward。Inhisbook，"PureSociology，"Chap。14，hedescribestheAndrocentricTheoryoflife，hithertouniversallyaccepted;andintroduceshisown"GyneacocentricTheory。"Allwhoareinterestedinthedeeperscientificaspectsofthisquestionareurgedtoreadthatchapter。
Prof。Ward’stheoryistomymindthemostimportantthathasbeenofferedtheworldsincetheTheoryofEvolution;andwithoutexceptionthemostimportantthathaseverbeenputforwardconcerningwomen。
Amongthemanyparadoxeswhichwefindinhumanlifeisourlowaveragestandardofhealthandbeauty，comparedwithourpowerandknowledge。
Allcreaturessufferfromconflictwiththeelements;fromenemieswithoutandwithin——theprowlingdevourersoftheforest，and"theterrorthatwalkethindarkness"andattacksthebodyfrominside，inhiddenmillions。
Amongwildanimalsgenerally，thereisacertainstandardofexcellence;
ifyoushootabearorabird，itisafairsampleofthespecies;youdonotsay，"Owhatanuglyone！"or"Thismusthavebeenaninvalid！"
Wherewehavedomesticatedanyanimal，andinterferedwithitsnaturalhabits，illnesshasfollowed;thedogissaidtohavethemostdiseasessecondtoman;thehorsecomesnext;butthewildonesputustoshamebytheirsuperiorhealthandthebeautythatbelongstorightdevelopment。
Inourlongagesofblindinfancyweassumethatsicknesswasavisitationfrownthegods;somestillbelievethis，holdingittobeaspecialprerogativeofdivinitytoafflictusinthisway。Wespeakof"theillsthatfleshisheirto"asiftheinheritancewasentailedandinalienable。Onlyoflateyears，aftermuchstudyandlongstrugglewiththisoldbeliefwhichmadeussubmittosicknessasablowfromthehandofGod，wearebeginningtolearnsomethingofthemanycausesofourmanydiseases，andhowtoremovesomeofthem。
Itisstilltrue，however，thatalmosteveryoneofusistosomedegreeabnormal;thefeaturesasymmetrical，thevisiondefective，thedigestionunreliable，thenervoussystemerratic——wearebutajobloteveninwhatwecall"goodhealth";andaresubjecttoaburdenofpainandprematuredeaththatwouldmakelifehideousifitwerenotsoridiculouslyunnecessary。
Astobeauty——wedonotthinkofexpectingitsaveintherarelyexceptionalcase。Lookatthefaces——thefigures——inanycrowdyoumeet;comparetheaveragemanortheaveragewomanwiththenormaltypeofhumanbeautyasgivenusinpictureandstatue;andconsiderifthereisnotsomegeneralcauseforsogeneralaconditionofugliness。
Moreover，leavingourdefectivebodiesconcealedbygarments;whatarethosegarments，asconducivetohealthandbeauty？Isthepracticaluglinessofourmen’sattire，andtheimpracticalabsurdityofourwomen’s，anycontributiontohumanbeauty？Lookatourhouses——aretheybeautiful？Eventhehousesoftherich？
Wedonotevenknowthatweoughttoliveinaworldofoverflowingloveliness;andthatourcontributiontoitshouldbetheloveliestofall。Wearesosoddeninthedulluglinessofourinteriors，sousedtocallingatamewearylow—tonedcolorscheme"goodtaste，"thatonlychildrendarefranklyyearnforBeauty——andtheyarespeedilyeducatedoutofit。
Thereasonsspeciallygivenforourlowstandardsofhealthandbeautyareignorance，poverty，andtheevileffectsofspecialtrades。TheManwiththeHoebecomesbrothertotheoxbecauseofover—muchhoeing;thehousepainterislead—poisonedbecauseofhispainting;bookshavebeenwrittentoshowtheinjuriousinfluenceofnearlyallourindustriesuponworkers。
Thesecausesaresoundasfarastheygo;butdonotcoverthewholeground。
Thefarmermaybemuscle—boundandstoopingfromhislabor;butthatdoesnotaccountforhisdyspepsiaorhisrheumatism。
Thenweallegepovertyascoveringall。Povertydoescoveragooddeal。
Butwhenwefindevenahalf—fedsavagebetterdevelopedthanawellpaidcashier;andapoorpeasantwomanamorevigorousmotherthantheidlewifeofarichman，povertyisnotenough。
Thenwesayignoranceexplainsit。Buttherearemostlearnedprofessorswhoareuglyandasthmathic;thereareevendoctorswhocanboastnobeautyandbutmoderatehealth;therearesomeofthepettedchildrenofthewealthy，uponwhomeverycareislavishedfrombirth，andwhostillareilltolookatandworsetomarry。
Allthesespecialcausesareadmitted，giventheirdueshareinloweringourstandards，butthereisanotherfarmoreuniversalinitsapplicationanditseffects。Letuslookbackonourlittleancestorsthebeasts，andseewhatkeepsthemsotruetotype。
Thetypeitselfsetbythatbalanceofconditionsandforceswecall"naturalselection。"Astheenvironmentchangestheymustbeadaptedtoit，iftheycannotsoadaptthemselvestheydie。Thosewholiveare，byliving，provencapableofmaintainingthemselves。Everycreaturewhichhasremainedonearth，whilesomanylesseffectivekindsdiedout，remainsasaconqueror。Thespeedofthedeer——theconstantuseofspeed——iswhatkeepsitaliveandmakesithealthyandbeautiful。Thevariedactivitiesofthelifeofaleopardarewhathavedevelopedthesinuousgracilestrengthwesoadmire。Itiswhatthecreaturedoesforitsliving，itsdailylife—longexercisewhichmakesitwhatitis。
Butthereisanothergreatnaturalforcewhichworkssteadilytokeepallanimalsuptotheracestandard;thatissexualselection。
Throughoutnaturethemaleisthevariant，aswehavealreadynoted。
HisenergyfindsventnotonlyinthatprofuseoutputofdecorativeappendagesWarddefinesas"masculineefflorescence"butinvariationsnotdecorative，notusefulordesirableatall。
Thefemale，ontheotherhand，variesmuchless，remainingnearertheracetype;andherfunctionistoselectamongthesevaryingmalesthespecimensmostvaluabletotherace。Intheintensemasculinecompetitionthevictormustnecessarilybestrongerthanhisfellows;heisfirstprovenequaltohisenvironmentbyhavinglivedtogrowup，thenmorethanequaltohisfellowsbyovercomingthem。Thishighergradeofselectionalsodevelopsnotonlythecharacteristicsnecessarytomakealiving;butsecondaryones，oftenofapurelyaestheticnature，whichmakemuchofwhatwecallbeauty。Betweenthetwo，allwholivemustbeuptoacertaingrade，andthosewhobecomeparentsmustbeaboveit;amasterlyarrangementsurely！
Hereiswhere，duringtheperiodofourhumanhistory，weinournewbornconsciousnessandimperfectknowledge，havegrieviouslyinterferedwiththelawsofnature。Theancientproprietaryfamily，treatingthewomanasaslave，keepingheraprisonerandsubjecttothewillofhermaster，cutheroffatoncefromtheexerciseofthoseactivitieswhichalonedevelopandmaintaintheracetype。
Taketheonesimplequalityofspeed。Weareacreaturebuiltforspeed，afreeswiftgracefulanimal;andamongsavagesthisisstillseen——thecapacityforrunning，mileaftermile，hourafterhour。
Runningisasnaturalagaitfor_genushomo_asfor_genuscervus。_
Nowsupposeamongdeer，thedoewasprohibitedfromrunning;thestagcontinuingfreeonthemountain;thedoelivingincavesandpens，unequaltoanyexercise。Theeffectonthespecieswouldbe，inevitably，toreduceitsspeed。
Inthisway，bykeepingwomentoonesmallrangeofduties，andinmostcaseshousebound，wehaveinterferedwithnaturalselectionanditsresultanthealthandbeauty。Itcaneasilybeseenwhattheeffectontheracewouldhavebeenifallmenhadbeenveiledandswathed，hiddeninharems，kepttothetentorhouse，andconfinedtotheactivitiesofahouse—servant。Ourstalwartlaborers，ourproudsoldiers，ourathletes，wouldneverhaveappearedundersuchcircumstances。Theconfinementtothehousealone，cuttingwomenofffromsunshineandair，isbyitselfaninjury;andtherangeofoccupationallowedthemisnotsuchastodevelopahighstandardofeitherhealthorbeauty。Thuswehavecutoffhalftheracefromthestrengtheninginfluenceofnaturalselection，andsoloweredourrace—standardsinlargedegree。
Thisalone，however，wouldnothavehidsuchmischievouseffectsbutforourfurtherblunderincompletelyreversingnature’sorderofsexualselection。Itisquitepossiblethatevenunderconfinementandrestrictionwomencouldhavekeptuptheracelevel，passably，throughthisgreatfunctionofselection;buthereisthegreatfundamentalerroroftheAndrocentricCulture。Assumingtobethepossessorofwomen，theirownerandmaster，ableatwilltogive，buyandsell，ordowithashepleases，manbecametheselector。
Itseemsasimplechange;andinthoseearlydays，whollyignorantofnaturallaws，therewasnosuspicionthatanymischiefwouldresult。Inthelightofmodernknowledge，however，thecaseisclear。Thewomanwasdeprivedofthebeneficentactionofnaturalselection，andthemanwasthen，byhisownact，freedfromthesternbutelevatingeffectofsexualselection。Nothingwasrequiredofthewomanbynaturalselectionsavesuchcapacityasshouldpleasehermaster;nothingwasrequiredofthemanbysexualselectionsavepowertotakebyforce，orbuy，awoman。
Itdoesnottakeaveryhighstandardoffeminineintelligence，strength，skill，health，orbeautytobeahouseservant，orevenahousekeeper;witnesstheaverage。
Itdoesnottakeaveryhighstandardofmasculine，intelligence，strength，skill，healthorbeautytomaintainawomaninthatcapacity——witnessaverage。
Hereattheveryrootofourphysiologicalprocess，atthebeginningoflife，wehavepervertedtheorderofnature，andaresufferingtheconsequences。
Ithasbeenheldbysomethatmanastheselectorhasdevelopedbeauty，morebeautythanwehadbefore;andwepointtothecharmsofourwomenascomparedwiththoseofthesquaw。Theanswertothisisthatthesquawbelongstoadecadentrace;thatshetooissubjecttotheman，thatthecomparisontohaveweightshouldbemadebetweenourwomenandthewomenofthematriarchate——anobviousimpossibility。Wehavenotonearthwomeninastateofnormalfreedomandfulldevelopment;butwehaveenoughdifferenceintheirplacingtolearnthathumanstrengthandbeautygrowswithwoman’sfreedomandactivity。
Thesecondansweristhatmuchofwhatmancallsbeautyinwomanisnothumanbeautyatall，butgrossoverdevelopmentofcertainpointswhichappealtohimasamale。Theexcessivefatness，previouslyreferredto，isacaseinpoint;thatbeingconsideredbeautyinawomanwhichisinrealityanelementofweakness，inefficiencyandill—health。Therelativelysmallsizeofwomen，deliberatelypreferred，steadfastlychosen，andsobuiltintotherace，isablowatrealhumanprogressineveryparticular。Inourupwardjourneyweshouldanddogrowlarger，leavingfarbehindusourdwarfishprogenitors。Yetthemale，inhisunnaturalpositionasselector，preferringforreasonsbothpracticalandsentimental，tohave"hiswoman"smallerthanhimself，hasdeliberatelystriventolowerthestandardofsizeintherace。Weusedtoreadinthenovelsofthelastgeneration，"Hewasamagnificentspecimenofmanhood"——"Hergoldenheadreachedscarcelytohisshoulder"——"Shewasafairycreature——thetiniestofhersex。"Thuswehavemated，andyetexpectedthatbysomehocuspocustheboyswouldall"takeaftertheirfather，"andthegirls，theirmother。Inhiseffortstoimprovethebreedofotheranimals，manhasnevertriedtodeliberatelycrossthelargeandsmallandexpecttokeepupthestandardofsize。
Asamaleheisappealedtobytheultra—feminine，andhasgivensmallthoughttoeffectsontherace。Hewasnotdesignedtodotheselecting。Underhisfosteringcarewehavebredaraceofwomenwhoarephysicallyweakenoughtobehandedaboutlikeinvalids;ormentallyweakenoughtopretendtheyare——andtolikeit。Wehavemadewomenwhorespondsoperfectlytotheforcewhichmadethem，thattheyattachalltheirideaofbeautytothosecharacteristicswhichattractmen;
sometimeshumanlyuglywithoutevenknowingit。
Forinstance，ourlongrestrictiontohouse—limits，theheavylimitationsofourclothing，andtheheavieronesoftraditionaldecorum，havemadewomendisproportionatelyshort—legged。Thisisaparticularlyundignifiedandinjuriouscharacteristic，bredinwomenandinheritedbymen，mostseenamongthoseraceswhichkeeptheirwomenmostclosely。Yetwhenonewomanescapesthetendencyandappearswithanormallengthoffemurandtibia，anormalheightofhipandshoulder，sheiscriticizedandcalledawkwardbyhersquattysisters！
ThemostconvenientproofoftheinferiorityofwomeninhumanbeautyisshownbythosecompositestatuespreparedbyMr。SargentfortheWorld’sFairof’93。TheseweremadefromgymnasiummeasurementsofthousandsofyoungcollegiansofbothsexesalloverAmerica。Thestatueofthegirlhasaprettyface，smallhandsandfeet，rathernicearms，thoughweak;butthelegsaretoothickandshort;thechestandshoulderspoor;andthetrunkisquitepitifulinitsweakness。Thefigureofthemanismuchbetterproportioned。
Thustheeffectonhumanbeautyofmasculineselection。
Beyondthispositivedeteriorativeeffectonwomenthroughman’sarbitrarychoicecomesthenegativeeffectofwoman’slackofchoice。
Boughtorstolenorgivenbyherfather，shewasdeprivedoftheinnatelyfemininerightanddutyofchoosing。"Whogiveththiswoman？"
westillinquireinourarchaicmarriageservice，andonemanstepsforwardandgiveshertoanotherman。
Free，thefemalechosethevictor，andthevanquishedwentunmated——andwithoutprogeny。Dependent，havingtobefedandcaredforbysomeman，thevictorstaketheirpickperhaps，butthevanquishedtakewhatisleft;andthepoorwomen，"marryingforahome，"takeanything。Asaconsequencetheinferiormaleisasfreetotransmithisinferiorityasthesuperiortogivebetterqualities，anddoesso——beyondcomputation。
Inmoderndays，womenarefreer，insomecountriesfreerthaninothers;
hereinmodernAmericafreestofall;andtheresultisseeninourimprovingstandardsofhealthandbeauty。
Stillthereremainsthefieldofinter—masculinecompetition，doestherenot？Donotthemalesstillstruggletogether？Isnotthatasofold，asourceofraceadvantage？
Tosomedegreeitis。Whenlifewassimpleandouractivitiesconsistedmainlyinfightingandhardwork;themalewhocouldvanquishtheotherswasbiggerandstronger。Butinter—masculinecompetitionceasestobeofsuchadvantagewhenweenterthefieldofsocialservice。Whatisrequiredinorganizedsocietyisthespecializationoftheindividual，thedevelopmentofspecialtalents，notalwaysofimmediatebenefittothemanhimself，butofultimatebenefittosociety。Thebestsocialservant，progressive，meetingfutureneeds，isalmostalwaysatadisadvantagebesidesthewell—establishedlowertypes。Weneed，forsocialservice，qualitiesquitedifferentfromthesimplemasculinecharacteristics——desire，combat，self—expression。
Bykeepingwhatwecall"theoutsideworld"sowhollymale，wekeepupmasculinestandardsattheexpenseofhumanones。Thismaybebroadlyseenintheslowandpainfuldevelopmentofindustryandscienceascomparedtotheeasydominanceofwarfarethroughoutallhistoryuntilourowntimes。
Theeffectofallthisultramasculinecompetitionuponhealthandbeautyisbuttooplainlytobeseen。Amongmenthemaleideaofwhatisgoodlookingisaccentuatedbeyondreason。Readaboutany"hero"youplease;orstudytheproductsoftheillustratorandnotethebroadshoulders，theruggedfeatures，thestrong，square，determinedjaw。
Thatjawisinevidenceifeverythingelsefails。Hemaybecross—eyed，wide—eared，thick—necked，bandy—legged——whatyouplease;buthemusthaveamoreorlessprognathousjaw。
Meanwhileanyanthropologistwillshowyouthatthelineofhumandevelopmentisawayfromthatfeatureofthebulldogandthealligator，andtowardthemeasureddignityoftheGreektype。Thepossessorofthatkindofjawmayenablemaletoconquermale，butdoesnotmakehimofanymoreservicetosociety;ofanybetterhealthorhigherbeauty。
Further，intheexternaldecorationofourbodies，whatistheinfluencehereofmasculinedominance。
Wehavebeforespokenofthepeculiarpositionofourraceinthatthewomanistheonlyfemalecreaturewhocarriestheburdenofsexornament。Thisamazingreversaloftheorderofnatureresultsatitsmildestinaperversionofthenaturalfeminineinstinctsofloveandservice，andanappearanceofthemasculineinstinctsofself—expressionanddisplay。Aloneamongallfemalethingsdowomendecorateandpreenthemselvesandexhibittheirborrowedplumage（literally！）toattractthefavorofthemale。Thisignominyisforceduponthembytheirpositionofeconomicdependence;andtheirgeneralhelplessness。Asallbroaderlifeismadetodepend，forthem，onwhomtheymarry，indeedaseventhenecessitiesoflifesooftendependontheirmarryingsomeone，theyhavebeendrivenintothisformofcompetition，soalientothetruefemaleattitude。
Theresultisenoughtomakeangelsweep——andlaugh。Perhapsnostepintheevolutionofbeautywentfartherthanourhumanpowerofmakingacontinuousfabric;softandmobile，showinganycolorandtexturedesired。Thebeautyofthehumanbodyissupreme，andwhenweaddtoittheflowofcolor，therippleoffluentmotion，thatcomesofasoft，lightgarmentoverfreelimbs——itisanewfieldoflovelinessanddelight。Naturallythisshouldhavefilledthewholeworldwithanewpleasure。Ourgarments，firstunderrightnaturalselectiondevelopingperfectuse，underrightsexselectiondevelopingbeauty;andfurther，asourhumanaestheticsenseprogresses，showinganoblesymbolism，wouldhavebeenanaddedstrengthandglory，aceaselessjoy。
Whatisthecase？
Men，underatoostrictlyinter—masculineenvironment，haveevolvedthemainlyusefulbutbeautilesscostumecommonto—day;andwomen——？
Womenwearbeautifulgarmentswhentheyhappentobethefashion;anduglygarmentswhentheyarethefashion，andshownosignsofknowingthedifference。Theyshownoaddedprideinthebeautiful，nohintofmortificationinthehideous，andarenotevensensitiveundercriticism，oropentoanypersuasionorargument。Whyshouldtheybe？
Theircondition，physicalandmental，islargelyabnormal，theirwholepassionateabsorptionindressanddecorationisabnormal，andtheyhaveneverlooked，fromafranklyhumanstandpoint，attheirpositionanditspeculiarities，untilthepresentage。
Intheeffectofourwrongrelationontheworld’shealth，wehavespokenofthechecktovigorandgrowthduetothehouseboundstateofwomenandtheirburdensomeclothes。Therefollowotherinfluences，similarinorigin，evenmoreevilinresult。Toroughlyandbrieflyclassifywemaydistinguishthediseasesduetobadair，tobadfood，andthatfieldofcruelmischiefweareonlynowbeginningtodiscuss——thediseasesdirectlyduetotheerroneousrelationbetweenmenandwomen。
Wearetheonlyracewherethefemaledependsonthemaleforalivelihood。Wearetheonlyracethatpracticesprostitution。Fromthefirstharmless—lookingbutabnormalgeneralrelationfollowsthewellrecognizedevilofthesecond，solongcalled"asocialnecessity，"andfromit，indeadlysequence，comesthe"wagesofsin;"deathnotonlyoftheguilty，butoftheinnocent。ItisnolightpartofourcriticismoftheAndrocentricCulturethatasocietybasedonmasculinedesiresalone，haswillinglysacrificedsuchanarmyofwomen;andhasrepaidthesacrificebytheheaviestpunishments。
Thattheunfortunatewomanshouldsickenanddiewasheldtobeherjustpunishment;thatmantooshouldbearpartpenaltywasfoundunavoidable，thoughmuchlegislationandmedicalefforthasbeenspenttoshieldhim;
buttothefurtherconsequencessocietyisbutnowwakingup。
OURANDROCENTRICCULTURE;or，THEMAN—MADEWORLD
IV。
MENANDART。
Amongthemanycountsinwhichwomenhavebeenproveninferiortomeninhumandevelopmentistheoft—heardchargethattherearenogreatwomenartists。Whereoneortwoareproudlyexhibitedinevidence，theyareeitherpooh—poohedasnotverygreat，orheldtobethetriflingexceptionswhichdobutprovetherule。
Defendersofwomengenerallymakethemistakeofover—estimatingtheirperformances，insteadofaccepting，andexplaining，thevisiblefacts。
Whatarethefactsastotherelationofmenandwomentoart？Andwhat，inespecial，hasbeentheeffectuponartofasolelymasculineexpression？
Whenwelookforthebeginningsofart，wefindourselvesinaperiodofcrudedecorationofthepersonandofpersonalbelongings。Tattooing，forinstance，isanearlyformofdecorativeart，stillinpracticeamongcertainclasses，eveninadvancedpeople。Mostboys，iftheyareincontactwiththisearlyart，admireit，andwishtoadornthemselvestherewith;somedoso——tolatermortification。Earlypersonaldecorationconsistedlargelyindirectmutilationofthebody，andthehanginguponit，orfasteningtoit，ofdecorativeobjects。Thisweseeamongsavagesstill，initsgrossandprimitiveformsmonopolizedbymen，thensharedbywomen，and，inourtime，leftalmostwhollytothem。
Inpersonaldecorationtoday，womenarestillnearthesavage。The"artists"developedinthisfieldofartarethetonsorial，thesartorial，andallthosespecializedadornersofthebodycommonlyknownas"beautydoctors。"
Here，asinothercases，thegreatestartistsaremen。Thegreatestmilliners，thegreatestdressmakersandtailors，thegreatesthairdressers，andthemastersanddesignersinallourdecorativetoilettesandaccessories，aremen。Women，inthisasinsomanyotherlines，consumeratherthanproduce。Theycarrythemajorpartofpersonaldecorationtoday;butthedecoratoristheman。Inthedecorationofobjects，woman，astheoriginatorofprimitiveindustry，originatedalsotheprimitivearts;andinthepottery，basketry，leatherwork，needlework，weaving，withallbeadwork，dyeingandembroideriesofancientpeoplesweseetheworkofthewomandecorator。
Muchofthisisstrongandbeautiful，butitstimeislongpast。Theartwhichispartofindustry，natural，simple，spontaneous，makingbeautyineveryobjectofuse，addingpleasuretolaborandtolife，isnotArtwithalargeA，theArtwhichrequiresArtists，amongwhomaresofewwomenofnote。
Artasaprofession，andtheArtistasaprofessional，camelater;andbythattimewomenhadleftthefreedomandpowerofthematriarchateandbecomeslavesinvaryingdegree。Thewomenwhowereidlepetsinharems，orthewomenwhoworkedhardasservants，werealikecutofffromthejoyofmakingthings。Whereconstructiveworkremainedtothem，artremained，initsearlydecorativeform。Men，intheproprietaryfamily，restrictingthenaturalindustryofwomentopersonalservice，cutofftheirartwiththeirindustry，andbysomuchimpoverishedtheworld。
Thereisnomoreconspicuouslypatheticproofoftheaborteddevelopmentofwomenthanthiscommonplace——theirlackofacivilizedartsense。
Notonlyinthechildishandsavagedisplayupontheirbodies，butinthepitifulproductstheyhanguponthewallsofthehome，isseenthearrestinnormalgrowth。
Afteragesofculture，inwhichmenhavedevelopedArchitecture，Sculpture，Painting，MusicandtheDrama，wefindwomenintheirprimitiveenvironmentmakingflowersofwax，andhair，andworsted;
doingmottoesofperforatedcardboard，makingcrazyquiltsandmatsand"tidies"——asiftheylivedinalongpastage，orbelongedtoalowerrace。
This，aspartofthegeneralinjurytowomendatingfromthebeginningofourandrocentricculture，reactsheavilyupontheworldatlarge。
Men，specializing，givingtheirlivestothecontinuouspursuitofonelineofservice，haveliftedourstandardinaestheticculture，astheyhaveinothermatters;butbyrefusingthesamegrowthtowomen，theyhavenotonlyweakenedandreducedtheoutput，butruinedthemarketasitwere，hopelesslyandpermanentlykeptdowntheleveloftaste。
Amongthemanysidesofthisgreatquestion，somesoterrible，somesopathetic，somesoutterlyabsurd，thisparticularphaseoflifeisespeciallyeasytostudyandunderstand，andhasitsownelementsofamusement。Men，holdingwomenatthelevelofdomesticservice，goingonthemselvestolonelyheightsofachievement，havefoundtheireffortshamperedandtheirattainmentsrenderedbarrenandunsatisfactorybytheamazingindifferenceoftheworldatlarge。Astheworldatlargeconsistshalfofwomen，andwhollyoftheirchildren，itwouldseempatenttothemeanestunderstandingthatthewomenmustbeallowedtoriseinordertolifttheworld。Butsuchhasnotbeenthemethod——heretofore。
Wehavespokensofarinthischapteroftheeffectofmenonartthroughtheirinterferencewiththeartofwomen。Thereareothersidestothequestion。Letusconsideroncemoretheessentialcharacteristicsofmaleness，andseehowtheyhaveaffectedart，keepingalwaysinmindthetriunedistinctionbetweenmasculine，feminineandhuman。Perhapsweshallbestseethisdifferencebyconsideringwhatthedevelopmentofartmighthavebeenonpurelyhumanterms。
Thehumancreature，assuch，naturallydelightsinconstruction，andaddsdecorationtoconstructionasnaturally。Thecook，makinglittleregularpatternsaroundtheedgeofthepie，doessofromapurelyhumaninstinct，theinnateeye—pleasureinregularity，symmetry，repetition，andalternation。Hadthisnaturalsocialinstinctgrownuncheckedinus，itwouldhavemanifesteditselfinacertainproportionofspecialists——artistsofallsorts——andanaccompanyingdevelopmentofappreciationonthepartoftherestofus。Suchisthecaseinprimitiveart;themakerofbeautyisupheldandrewardedbyapopularappreciationofherwork——orhis。
Hadthisconditionremained，weshouldfindagenerallevelofartisticexpressionandappreciationfarhigherthanweseenow。Taketheonefieldoftextileart，forinstance：thatwideandfluentmediumofexpression，themakingofvariedfabrics，thefashioningofgarmentsandthedecorationofthem——allthisishumanworkandhumanpleasure。Itshouldhaveledustoaconditionwhereeveryhumanbeingwasapleasuretotheeye，appropriatelyandbeautifullyclothed。
Ourrealconditioninthisfieldistoopatenttoneedemphasis;thestiff，blackuglinessofourmen’sattire;theirritatingvariegatedfollyofourwomen’s;thewayinwhichwespoilthebeautyandshamethedignityofchildhoodbymodesofdress。
Innormalhumangrowth，ourhouseswouldbeapleasuretotheeye;ourfurnitureandutensils，alloursocialproducts，wouldblossomintobeautyasnaturallyastheystilldointhoselowstagesofsocialevolutionwhereourmajorerrorshavenotyetbornefullfruit。
Appliedartinallitsformsisahumanfunction，commontoeveryonetosomedegree，eitherinproductionorappreciation，orboth。"Pureart，"
asanideal，isalsohuman;andthesingle—hearteddevotionofthetrueartisttothisidealisoneofthehighestformsofthesocialsacrifice。Ofallthethousandwaysbywhichhumanityisspecializedforinter—service，noneismoreexquisitethanthis;theevolutionofthesocialEye，orEar，orVoice，thedevelopmentofthosewhoseworkiswhollyforothers，andtowhomtheappreciationofothersisasthebreadoflife。Thisweshouldhaveinaproperlydevelopedcommunity;
thepleasureofappliedartinthemakingandusingofeverythingwehave;andthenthehighjoyoftheGreatArtist，andthenobleworkthereof，spreadfarandwide。
Whatdowefind？
Appliedartataverylowlevel;smalljoyeitherforthemakerortheuser。Pureart，afine—spunspecialty，aprocesscarriedonbyanelectfewwhoopenlydespisetheunappreciativemany。Arthasbecomeanoccultprofessionrequiringalongspecialeducationeventoenjoy，andevolvingajargonofcriticismwhichbecomesmoreesotericyearly。
LetusnowseewhatpartinthisundesirableoutcomeisduetoourAndrocentricCulture。
Assoonasthemaleofourspeciesassumedtheexclusiverighttoperformallsocialfunctions，henecessarilybroughttothatperformancetheadvantages——anddisadvantages——ofmaleness，ofthosedominantcharacteristics，desire，combat，self—expression。
Desirehasoverweightedartinmanyvisibleforms;itisprominentinpaintingandmusic，almostmonopolizesfiction，andhaspitifullydegradeddancing。
Combatisnotsoeasilyexpressedinart，whereevencompetitionisonahighplane;butthelastelementisthemainevil，self—expression。
Thisimpulseisinherentlyandineradicablymasculine。Itrestsonthatmostbasicofdistinctionsbetweenthesexes，thecentripetalandcentrifugalforcesoftheuniverse。Intheverynatureofthesperm—cellandthegerm—cellwefindthisdifference：theoneattracts，gathers，drawsin;theotherrepels，scatters，pushesout。Thatprojectiveimpulseisseeninthemalenatureeverywhere;theconstanturgetowardexpression，toallboastinganddisplay。Thisspirit，likeallthingsmasculine，isperfectlyrightandadmirableinitsplace。
Itisthedutyofthemale，asamale，tovary;burstingforthinathousandchangingmodifications——thefemale，selecting，maysoincorporatebeneficialchangesintherace。Itishisdutytothusexpresshimself——anessentiallymasculineduty;butmasculinityisonething，andartisanother。Neitherthemasculinenorthefemininehasanyplaceinart——ArtisHuman。
Itisnotinanyfaintestdegreealliedtothepersonalprocessesofreproduction;butisasocialprocess，amostdistinctivesocialprocess，quiteabovetheplaneofsex。Thetrueartisttranscendshissex，orhersex。Ifthisisnotthecase，theartsuffers。
Dancingisanearly，andabeautifulart;directexpressionofemotionthroughthebody;beginninginsubhumantype，amongmalebirds，asthebower—birdofNewGuinea，andthedancingcrane，whoswingandcaperbeforetheirmates。Amongearlypeopleswefinditacommonformofsocialexpressionintribaldancesofallsorts，religious，military，andother。Lateritbecomesamoreexplicitformofcelebration，asamongtheGreeks;inwhoseexquisitepersonalculturedancingandmusicheldhighplace。
Butundertheprogressiveeffectsofpurelymasculinedominancewefindthebroaderhumanelementsofdancingleftout，andthesex—elementmoreandmoreemphasized。Aspracticedbymenalonedancinghasbecomeameredisplayofphysicalagility，aformofexhibitioncommontoallmales。Aspracticedbymenandwomentogetherwehaveoursocialdances，solackinginallthevariedbeautyofpostureandexpression，sosteadilybecomingapleasantformofdalliance。
Aspracticedbywomenalonewehaveoneoftheclearestproofsofthedegradingeffectofmasculinedominance：——thedancinggirl。InthefranksensualismoftheOrient，thispersonageisadmiredandenjoyedonhermerits。We，moresophisticatedinthismatter，jokeshamefacedlyabout"thebald—headedrow，"andoccasionallyburstforthinshrillscandaloversomedinnerpartywhereladiescladinaveilandabraceletdanceonthetable。Nowhereelseinthewholerangeoflifeonearth，isthisdegradationfound——thefemalecaperingandprancingbeforethemale。Itisabsolutelyandessentiallyhisfunction，nothers。Thatwe，asarace，presentthispitifulspectacle，anaturalartwrestedtounnaturalends，anobleartdegradedtoignobleends，hasoneclearcause。
Architecture，initsownnature，isleastaffectedbythatsamecause。
Thehumanneedssecuredbyit，aresohuman，sounescapablyhuman，thatwefindlesstraceofexcessivemasculinitythaninotherarts。Itmeetsoursocialdemands，itexpressesinlastingformoursocialfeeling，uptothehighest;andithasbeeninjurednotsomuchbyanexcessofmasculinityasbyalackoffemininity。
Themostuniversalarchitecturalexpressionisinthehome;thehomeisessentiallyaplaceforthewomanandthechild;yettheneedsofwomanandchildarenotexpressedinourdomesticarchitecture。Thehomeisbuiltonlinesofancientprecedent，mainlyasanindustrialform;thekitchenisitsworkingcentreratherthanthenursery。
Eachmanwisheshishometopreserveandsecludehiswoman，hislittleharemofone;andinitsheistolaborforhiscomfortortomanifesthisabilitytomaintainherinidleness。Thehouseisthephysicalexpressionofthelimitationsofwomen;andassuchitfillstheworldwithasmalldrabugliness。Adwellinghouseisrarelyabeautifulobject。Inordertobesuch，itshouldtrulyexpresssimpleandnaturalrelations;orgrowinlargerbeautyasourlivesdevelop。
Thedeadlockforarchitecturalprogress，thelowlevelofourgeneraltaste，theeverlastingpredominanceofthecommonplaceinbuildings，isthenaturalresultoftheproprietaryfamilyanditsexpressioninthisform。
Insculpturewehaveanobleartforcingitselfintosomeservicethroughmanylimitations。Itscheck，asfarasitcomesunderthislineofstudy，hasbeenindicatedinourlastchapter;thedegradationofthehumanbody，theviciousstandardsofsex—consciousnessenforcedunderthenameofmodesty，thecoveredugliness，whichwedonotrecognize，allthisisadeadlyinjurytofreehighworkinsculpture。
Withanoblyequalwomanhood，stalwartandathletic;withthehighstandardsofbeautyandofdecorumwhichwecanneverhavewithoutfreewomanhood;weshouldshowadifferentproductinthisgreatart。