THOSEwhocomposedwhatarecalled"TheCnidianSentences"havedescribedaccuratelywhatsymptomsthesickexperienceineverydisease，andhowcertainofthemterminate；andinsofaraman，evenwhoisnotaphysician，mightdescribethemcorrectly，providedheputtheproperinquiriestothesickthemselveswhattheircomplaintsare。Butthosesymptomswhichthephysicianoughttoknowbeforehandwithoutbeinginformedofthembythepatient，are，forthemostpart，omitted，someinonecaseandsomeinothers，andcertainsymptomsofvitalimportanceforaconjecturaljudgment。Butwhen，inadditiontothediagnosis，theydescribehoweachcomplaintshouldbetreated，inthesecasesIentertainastillgreaterdifferenceofopinionwiththemrespectingtherulestheyhavelaiddown；andnotonlydoInotagreewiththemonthisaccount，butalsobecausetheremediestheyusearefewinnumber；for，withtheexceptionofacutediseases，theonlymedicineswhichtheygivearedrasticpurgatives，withwhey，andmilkatcertaintimes。If，indeed，theseremedieshadbeengoodandsuitabletothecomplaintsinwhichtheyarerecommended，theywouldhavebeenstillmoredeservingofrecommendation，if，whilefewinnumber，theyweresufficient；butthisisbynomeansthecase。Those，indeed，whohaveremodeledthese"Sentences"havetreatedoftheremediesapplicableineachcomplaintmoreinamedicalfashion。Butneitherhavetheancientswrittenanythingworthregimen，althoughthisbeagreatomission。Someofthem，indeed，werenotignorantofthemanyvarietiesofeachcomplaint，andtheirmanifolddivisions，butwhentheywishtotellclearlythenumbers（species？）ofeachdiseasetheydonotwritefortheirspecieswouldbealmostinnumerableifeverysymptomexperiencedbythepatientswereheldtoconstituteadisease，andreceiveadifferentname。
　　2。Formypart，Iapproveofpayingattentiontoeverythingrelatingtotheart，andthatthosethingswhichcanbedonewellorproperlyshouldallbedoneproperly；suchascanbequicklydoneshouldbedonequickly；suchascanbeneatlydoneshouldbedoneneatly；suchoperationsascanbeperformedwithoutpainshouldbedonewiththeleastpossiblepain；andthatallotherthingsofthelikekindshouldbedonebetterthantheycouldbemanagedbytheattendants。ButI
　　wouldmoreespeciallycommendthephysicianwho，inacutediseases，bywhichthebulkofmankindarecutoff，conductsthetreatmentbetterthanothers。Acutediseasesarethosewhichtheancientsnamedpleurisy，pneumonia，phrenitis，lethargy，causus，andtheotherdiseasesalliedtothese，includingthecontinualfevers。For，unlesswhensomegeneralformofpestilentialdiseaseisepidemic，anddiseasesaresporadicand[not]ofasimilarcharacter，therearemoredeathsfromthesediseasesthanfromalltheotherstakentogether。
　　Thevulgar，indeed，donotrecognizethedifferencebetweensuchphysiciansandtheircommonattendants，andareratherdisposedtocommendandcensureextraordinaryremedies。This，then，isagreatproofthatthecommonpeoplearemostincompetent，ofthemselves，toformajudgmenthowsuchdiseasesshouldbetreated：sincepersonswhoarenotphysicianspassforphysiciansowingmostespeciallytothesediseases，foritisaneasymattertolearnthenamesofthosethingswhichareapplicabletopersonslaboringundersuchcomplaints。
　　For，ifonenamesthejuiceofptisan，andsuchandsuchawine，andhydromel，thevulgarfancythatheprescribesexactlythesamethingsasthephysiciansdo，boththegoodandthebad，butinthesemattersthereisagreatdifferencebetweenthem。
　　3。Butitappearstomethatthosethingsaremoreespeciallydeservingofbeingconsignedtowritingwhichareundeterminedbyphysicians，notwithstandingthattheyareofvitalimportance，andeitherdomuchgoodormuchharm。ByundeterminedImeansuchasthese，whereforecertainphysicians，duringtheirwholelives，areconstantlyadministeringunstrainedptisans，andfancytheythusaccomplishthecureproperly，whereasotherstakegreatpainsthatthepatientshouldnotswallowaparticleofthebarley（thinkingitwoulddomuchharm），butstrainthejuicethroughaclothbeforegivingit；others，again，willneithergivethickptisannorthejuice，someuntiltheseventhdayofthedisease，andsomeuntilafterthecrisis。Physiciansarenotinthepracticeofmootingsuchquestions；nor，perhaps，ifmooted，wouldasolutionofthembefound；
　　althoughthewholeartistherebyexposedtomuchcensurefromthevulgar，whofancythattherereallyisnosuchscienceasmedicine，since，inacutediseases，practitionersdiffersomuchamongthemselves，thatthosethingswhichoneadministersasthinkingitthebestthatcanbegiven，anotherholdstobebad；and，inthisrespect，theymightsaythattheartofmedicineresemblesaugury，sinceaugursholdthatthesamebird（omen）ifseenonthelefthandisgood，butifontherightbad：andindivinationbytheinspectionofentrailsyouwillfindsimilardifferences；butcertaindivinersholdtheveryoppositeoftheseopinions。Isay，then，thatthisquestionisamostexcellentone，andalliedtoverymanyothers，someofthemostvitalimportanceintheArt，forthatitcancontributemuchtotherecoveryofthesick，andtothepreservationofhealthinthecaseofthosewhoarewell；andthatitpromotesthestrengthofthosewhousegymnasticexercises，andisusefultowhateveronemaywishtoapplyit。
　　4。Ptisan，then，appearstometobejustlypreferredbeforealltheotherpreparationsfromgraininthesediseases，andIcommendthosewhomadethischoice，forthemucilageofitissmooth，consistent，pleasant，lubricant，moderatelydiluent，quenchesthirstifthisberequired，andhasnoastringency；givesnotroublenorswellsupinthebowels，forintheboilingitswellsupasmuchasitnaturallycan。Those，then，whomakeuseofptisaninsuchdiseases，shouldneverforadayallowtheirvesselstobeemptyofit，ifImaysayso，butshoulduseitandnotintermit，unlessitbenecessarytostopforatime，inordertoadministermedicineoraclyster。Andtothosewhoareaccustomedtotaketwomealsinthedayitistobegiventwice，andtothoseaccustomedtoliveuponasinglemealitistobegivenonceatfirst，andthen，ifthecasepermit，itistobeincreasedandgiventwicetothem，iftheyappeartostandinneedofit。Atfirstitwillbepropernottogivealargequantitynorverythick，butinproportiontothequantityoffoodwhichonehasbeenaccustomedtotake，andsoasthattheveinsmaynotbemuchemptied。And，withregardtotheaugmentationofthedose，ifthediseasebeofadriernaturethanonehadsupposed，onemustnotgivemoreofit，butshouldgivebeforethedraughtofptisan，eitherhydromelorwine，inasgreatquantityasmaybeproper；andwhatisproperineachcasewillbeafterwardstatedbyus。Butifthemouthandthepassagesfromthelungsbeinaproperstateastomoisture，thequantityofthedraughtistobeincreased，asageneralrule，foranearlyandabundantstateofmoistureindicatesanearlycrisis，butalateanddeficientmoistureindicatesaslowercrisis。
　　AndthesethingsareasIhavestatedforthemostpart；butmanyotherthingsareomittedwhichareimportanttotheprognosis，aswillbeexplainedafterwards。Andthemorethatthepatientistroubledwithpurging，insomuchgreaterquantityisittobegivenuntilthecrisis，andmoreoveruntiltwodaysbeyondthecrisis，insuchcasesasitappearstotakeplaceonthefifth，seventh，orninthday，soastohaverespectbothfortheoddandevenday：afterthisthedraughtistobegivenearlyintheday，andtheotherfoodinplaceistobegivenintheevening。Thesethingsareproper，forthemostpart，tobegiventothosewho，fromthefirst，haveusedptisancontainingitswholesubstance；forthepainsinpleuriticaffectionsimmediatelyceaseoftheirownaccordwheneverthepatientsbegintoexpectorateanythingworthmentioning，andthepurgingsbecomemuchbetter，andempyemamuchmoreseldomtakesplace，thanifthepatientsusedadifferentregimen，andthecrisesaremoresimple，occurearlier，andthecasesarelesssubjecttorelapses。
　　5。Ptisansaretobemadeoftheverybestbarley，andaretobewellboiled，moreespeciallyifyoudonotintendtousethemstrained。For，besidestheothervirtuesofptisan，itslubricantqualitypreventsthebarleythatisswallowedfromprovinginjurious，foritdoesnotsticknorremainintheregionofthebreast；forthatwhichiswellboiledisverylubricant，excellentforquenchingthirst，ofveryeasydigestion，andveryweak，allwhichqualitiesarewanted。If，then，onedonotpayproperattentiontothemodeofadministeringtheptisan，muchharmmaybedone；forwhenthefoodisshutupinthebowels，unlessoneprocuresomeevacuationspeedily，beforeadministeringthedraught，thepain，ifpresent，willbeexasperated；and，ifnotpresent，itwillbeimmediatelycreated，andtherespirationwillbecomemorefrequent，whichdoesmischief，foritdriesthelungs，fatiguesthehypochondria，thehypogastrium，anddiaphragm。Andmoreoverif，whilethepainofthesidepersists，anddoesnotyieldtowarmfomentations，andthesputaarenotbroughtup，butareviscidandunconcocted，unlessonegetthepainresolved，eitherbylooseningthebowels，oropeningavein，whicheverofthesemaybeproper；-iftopersonssocircumstancedptisanbeadministered，theirspeedydeathwillbetheresult。Forthesereasons，andforothersofasimilarkindstillmore，thosewhouseunstrainedptisandieontheseventhday，orstillearlier，somebeingseizedwithdelirium，andothersdyingsuffocatedwithorthopnoeeandriles。Suchpersonstheancientsthoughtstruck，forthisreasonmoreespecially，thatwhendeadtheaffectedsidewaslivid，likethatofapersonwhohadbeenstruck。Thecauseofthisisthattheydiebeforethepainisresolved，beingseizedwithdifficultyofrespiration，andbylargeandrapidbreathing，ashasbeenalreadyexplained，thespittlebecomingthick，acid，andunconcocted，cannotbebroughtup，but，beingretainedinthebronchiofthelungs，producesriles；and，whenithascometothis，death，forthemostpart，isinevitable；forthesputabeingretainedpreventthebreathfrombeingdrawnin，andforceitspeedilyout，andthusthetwoconspiretogethertoaggravatethesputabeingretainedrenderstherespirationfrequent，whiletherespirationbeingfrequentthickensthesputa，andpreventsthemfrombeingevacuated。Thesesymptomssupervene，notonlyifptisanbeadministeredunseasonably，butstillmoreifanyotherfoodordrinkworsethanptisanbegiven。
　　6。Forthemostpart，then，theresultsarethesame，whetherthepatienthaveusedtheunstrainedptisanorhaveusedthejuicealone；orevenonlydrink；andsometimesitisnecessarytoproceedquitedifferently。Ingeneral，oneshoulddothus：iffevercommencesshortlyaftertakingfood，andbeforethebowelshavebeenevacuated，whetherwithorwithoutpain，thephysicianoughttowithholdthedraughtuntilhethinksthatthefoodhasdescendedtothelowerpartofthebelly；andifanypainbepresent，thepatientshoulduseoxymel，hotifitiswinter，andcoldifitissummer；and，iftherebemuchthirst，heshouldtakehydromelandwater。Then，ifanypainbepresent，oranydangeroussymptomsmaketheirappearance，itwillbepropertogivethedraughtneitherinlargequantitynorthick，butaftertheseventhday，ifthepatientbestrong。Butiftheearlier-takenfoodhasnotdescended，inthecaseofapersonwhohasrecentlyswallowedfood，andifhebestrongandinthevigoroflife，aclystershouldbegiven，orifhebeweaker，asuppositoryistobeadministered，unlessthebowelsopenproperlyofthemselves。Thetimeforadministeringthedraughtistobeparticularlyobservedatthecommencementandduringthewholeillness；when，then，thefeetarecold，oneshouldrefrainfromgivingtheptisan，andmoreespeciallyabstainfromdrink；butwhentheheathasdescendedtothefeet，onemaythengiveit；andoneshouldlookuponthisseasonasofgreatconsequenceinalldiseases，andnotleastinacutediseases，especiallythoseofafebrilecharacter，andthoseofaverydangerousnature。Onemayfirstusethejuice，andthentheptisan，attendingaccuratelytotherulesformerlylaiddown。
　　7。Whenpainseizestheside，eitheratthecommencementoratalaterstage，itwillnotbeimpropertotrytodissolvethepainbyhotapplications。Ofhotapplicationsthemostpowerfulishotwaterinabottle，orbladder，orinabrazenvessel，orinanearthenone；butonemustfirstapplysomethingsofttotheside，topreventpain。Asoftlargesponge，squeezedoutofhotwaterandapplied，formsagoodapplication；butitshouldbecoveredupabove，forthustheheatwillremainthelonger，andatthesametimethevaporwillbepreventedfrombeingcarrieduptothepatient’sbreath，unlesswhenthisisthoughtofuse，forsometimesitisthecase。
　　Andfurther，barleyortaresmaybeinfusedandboiledindilutedvinegar，strongerthanthatitcouldbedrunk，andmaythenbesewedintobladdersandapplied；andonemaybraninlikemanner。Saltsortoastedmilletinwoolenbagsareexcellentforformingadryfomentation，forthemilletislightandsoothing。Asoftfomentationlikethissoothespains，evensuchasshoottotheclavicle。Venesection，however，doesnotalleviatethepainunlesswhenitextendstotheclavicle。Butifthepainbenotdissolvedbythefomentations，oneoughtnottofomentforalengthoftime，forthisdriesthelungsandpromotessuppuration；butifthepainpointtotheclavicle，oriftherebeaheavinessinthearm，oraboutthebreast，orabovethediaphragm，oneshouldopentheinnerveinattheelbow，andnothesitatetoabstractalargequantity，untilitbecomemuchredder，orinsteadofbeingpurered，itturnslivid，forboththesestatesoccur。Butifthepainbebelowthediaphragm，anddonotpointtotheclavicle，wemustopenthebellyeitherwithblackhelleboreorpeplium，mixingtheblackhelleborewithcarrotorseseli，orcumin，oranise，oranyotherofthefragrantherbs；andwiththepepliumthejuiceofsulphium（asafoetida），forthesesubstances，whenmixeduptogether，areofasimilarnature。Theblackhelleboreactsmorepleasantlyandeffectuallythanthepeplium，while，ontheotherhand，thepepliumexpelswindmuchmoreeffectuallythantheblackhellebore，andboththesestopthepain，andmanyotherofthelaxativesalsostopit，butthesetwoarethemostefficaciousthatIamacquaintedwith。Andthelaxativesgivenindraughtsarebeneficial，whennotveryunpalatableowingtobitterness，oranyotherdisagreeabletaste，orfromquantity，color，oranyapprehension。Whenthepatienthasdrunkthemedicine，oneoughttogivehimtoswallowbutlittlelessoftheptisanthanwhathehadbeenaccustomedto；butitisaccordingtorulenottoaccordingtorulenottogiveanydraughtswhilethemedicineisunderoperation；butwhenthepurgingisstoppedthenheshouldtakeasmallerdraughtthanwhathehadbeenaccustomedto，andafterwardsgoonincreasingitprogressively，untilthepaincease，providednothingelsecontra-indicate。Thisismyrule，also，ifonewouldusethejuiceofptisan（forIholdthatitisbetter，onthewhole，tobeginwithtakingthedecoctionatonce，ratherthanbyfirstemptyingtheveinsbeforedoingso，oronthethird，fourth，fifth，sixth，orseventhday，providedthediseasehasnotpreviouslycometoacrisisinthecourseofthistime），andsimilarpreparationstothoseformerlydescribedaretobemadeinthosecases。
　　8。SucharetheopinionswhichIentertainrespectingtheadministeringoftheptisan；and，asregardsdrinks，whichsoeverofthoseabouttobedescribedmaybeadministered，thesamedirectionsaregenerallyapplicable。AndhereIknowthatphysiciansareinthepracticeofdoingtheveryreverseofwhatisproper，fortheyallwish，atthecommencementofdiseases，tostarvetheirpatientsfortwo，three，ormoredays，andthentoadministertheptisansanddrinks；andperhapsitappearstothemreasonablethat，asagreatchangehastakenplaceinthebody，itshouldbecounteractedbyanothergreatchange。Now，indeed，toproduceachangeisnosmallmatter，butthechangemustbeeffectedwellandcautiously，andafterthechangetheadministrationoffoodmustbeconductedstillmoreso。
　　Thosepersons，then，wouldbemostinjuredifthechangeisnotproperlymanaged，whousedunstrainedptisans；theyalsowouldsufferwhomadeuseofthejuicealone；andsoalsotheywouldsufferwhotookmerelydrink，buttheseleastofall。
　　9。Onemayderiveinformationfromtheregimenofpersonsingoodhealthwhatthingsareproper；forifitappearthatthereisagreatdifferencewhetherthedietbesoandso，inotherrespects，butmoreespeciallyinthechanges，howcanitbeotherwiseindiseases，andmoreespeciallyinthemostacute？Butitiswellascertainedthatevenafaultydietoffoodanddrinksteadilyperseveredin，issaferinthemainasregardshealththanifonesuddenlychangeittoanother。Wherefore，inthecaseofpersonswhotaketwomealsintheday，orofthosewhotakeasinglemeal，suddenchangesinducesufferingandweakness；andthuspersonswhohavenotbeenaccustomedtodine，iftheyshalltakedinner，immediatelybecomeweak，haveheavinessovertheirwholebody，andbecomefeebleandlanguid，andif，inaddition，theytakesupper，theywillhaveacideructations，andsomewillhavediarrhoeawhosebowelswerepreviouslydry，andnothavingbeenaccustomedtobetwiceswelledoutwithfoodandtodigestittwiceaday，havebeenloadedbeyondtheirwont。
　　Itisbeneficial，insuchcases，tocounterbalancethischange，foroneshouldsleepafterdinner，asifpassingthenight，andguardagainstcoldinwinterandheatinsummer；or，ifthepersoncannotsleep，hemaystrollaboutslowly，butwithoutmakingstops，foragoodwhile，takenosupper，or，atallevents，eatlittle，andonlythingsthatarenotunwholesome，andstillmoreavoiddrink，andespeciallywater。Suchapersonwillsufferstillmoreifhetakethreefullmealsintheday，andmorestillifhetakemoremeals；andyettherearemanypersonswhoreadilybeartotakethreefullmealsintheday，providedtheyaresoaccustomed。And，moreover，thosewhohavebeeninthehabitofeatingtwiceaday，iftheyomitdinner，becomefeebleandpowerless，aversetoallwork，andhaveheartburn；
　　theirbowelsseem，asitwere，tohangloose，theirurineishotandgreen，andtheexcrementisparched；insomethemouthisbitter，theeyesarehollow，thetemplesthrob，andtheextremitiesarecold，andthemostofthosewhohavethusmissedtheirdinnercannoteatsupper；or，iftheydosup，theyloadtheirstomach，andpassamuchworsenightthaniftheyhadpreviouslytakendinner。Since，then，anunwontedchangeofdietforhalfadayproducessucheffectsuponpersonsinhealth，itappearsnottobeagoodthingeithertoaddortakefrom。If，then，hewhowasrestrictedtoasinglemeal，contrarytousage，havinghisveinsthusleftemptyduringawholeday，whenhesuppedaccordingtocustomfeltheavy，itisprobablethatif，becausehewasuneasyandweakfromthewantofdinner，hetookalargersupperthanwont，hewouldbestillmoreoppressed；orif，wantingfoodforastillgreaterinterval，hesuddenlytookamealaftersupper，hewillfeelstillgreateroppression。He，then，who，contrarytousage，hashadhisveinskeptemptybywantoffood，willfinditbeneficialtocounteractthebadeffectsduringthatdayasfollows：lethimavoidcold，heat，andexertion，forhecouldbearalltheseill；lethimmakehissupperconsiderablylessthanusual，andnotofdryfood，butratherliquid；andlethimtakesomedrink，notofawaterycharacter，norinsmallerquantitythanisproportionatetothefood，andonthenextdayheshouldtakeasmalldinner，sothat，bydegrees，hemayreturntohisformerpractice。Personswhoarebiliousinthestomachbearthesechangesworst，whilethosewhoarepituitous，uponthewhole，bearthewantoffoodbest，sothattheysuffertheleastfrombeingrestrictedtoonemealintheday，contrarytousage。
　　This，then，isasufficientproofthatthegreatestchangesastothosethingswhichregardourconstitutionsandhabitsaremostespeciallyconcernedintheproductionofdiseases，foritisimpossibletoproduceunseasonablyagreatemptyingofthevesselsbyabstinence，ortoadministerfoodwhilediseasesareattheiracme，orwheninflammationprevails；nor，ontheonthewhole，tomakeagreatchangeeitheronewayoranotherwithimpunity。
　　10。Onemightmentionmanythingsakintotheserespectingthestomachandbowels，toshowhowpeoplereadilybearsuchfoodastheyareaccustomedto，evenifitisnotnaturallygood，anddrinkinlikemanner，andhowtheybearunpleasantlysuchfoodastheyarenotaccustomedto，evenalthoughnotbad，andsoinlikemannerwithdrink；andastotheeffectsofeatingmuchflesh，contrarytousage，orgarlic，orasafoetida，orthestemoftheplantwhichproducesit，orthingsofasimilarkindpossessedofstrongproperties，onewouldbelesssurprisedifsuchthingsproducepainsinthebowels，butratherwhenonelearnedwhattrouble，swelling，flatulence，andtorminathecake（maza）willraiseinthebellywheneatenbyapersonnotaccustomedtoit；andhowmuchweightanddistentionofthebowelsbreadwillcreatetoapersonaccustomedtoliveuponthemaza；andwhatthirstandsuddenfullnesswillbeoccasionedbyeatinghotbread，owingtoitsdesiccantandindigestibleproperties；andwhatdifferenteffectsareproducedbyfineandcoarsebreadwheneatencontrarytousage，orbythecakewhenusuallydry，moist，orviscid；andwhatdifferenteffectspolentaproducesuponthosewhoareaccustomedandthosewhoareunaccustomedtotheuseofit；ordrinkingofwineordrinkingofwater，wheneithercustomissuddenlyexchangedfortheother；orwhen，contrarytousage，dilutedwineorundilutedhasbeensuddenlydrunk，fortheonewillcreatewater-brashintheupperpartoftheintestinalcanalandflatulenceinthelower，whiletheotherwillgiverisetothrobbingofthearteries，heavinessofthehead，andthirst；andwhiteanddark-coloredwine，althoughbothstrongwines，ifexchangedcontrarytousage，willproduceverydifferenteffectsuponthebody，sothatoneneedthelesswonderthatasweetandstrongwine，ifsuddenlyexchanged，shouldhavebynomeansthesameeffect。
　　11。Letusherebrieflyadverttowhatmaybesaidontheoppositeside；namely，thatachangeofdiethasoccurredinthesecases，withoutanychangeintheirbody，eitherastostrength，soastorequireanincreaseoffood，orastoweakness，soastorequireadiminution。Butthestrengthofthepatientistobetakenintoconsideration，andthemannerofthedisease，andoftheconstitutionoftheman，andthehabitualregimenofthepatient，notonlyasregardsfoodbutalsodrink。Yetonemustmuchlessresorttoaugmentation，sinceitisoftenbeneficialtohaverecoursetoabstraction，whenthepatientcanbearit，untilthediseasehavingreacheditsacmeandhasbecomeconcocted。Butinwhatcasesthismustbedonewillbeafterwardsdescribed。Onemightwritemanyotherthingsakintothosewhichhavebeennowsaid，butthereisabetterproof，foritisnotakintothematteronwhichmydiscoursehasprincipallyturned，butthesubject-matteritselfisamostseasonableproof。Forsomeatthecommencementofacutediseaseshavetakenfoodonthesameday，someonthenextday；somehaveswallowedwhateverhascomeintheirway，andsomehavetakencyceon。Nowallthesethingsareworsethanifonehadobservedadifferentregimen；
　　andyetthesemistakes，committedatthattime，domuchlessinjurythanifoneweretoabstainentirelyfromfoodforthefirsttwoorthreedays，andonthefourthorfifthdayweretotakesuchfood；anditwouldbestillworse，ifoneweretoobservetotalabstinenceforallthesedays，andonthefollowingdaysweretotakesuchadiet，beforethediseaseisconcocted；forinthiswaydeathwouldbetheconsequencetomostpeople，unlessthediseasewereofaverymildnature。Butthemistakescommittedatfirstwerenotsoirremediableasthese，butcouldbemuchmoreeasilyrepaired。This，therefore，I
　　thinkastrongproofthatsuchorsuchadraughtneednotbeprescribedonthefirstdaystothosewhowillusethesamedraughtsafterwards。Atthebottom，therefore，theydonotknow，neitherthoseusingunstrainedptisans，thattheyarehurtbythem，whentheybegintoswallowthem，iftheyabstainentirelyfromfoodfortwo，three，ormoredays；nordothoseusingthejuiceknowthattheyareinjuredinswallowingthem，whentheydonotcommencewiththedraughtseasonably。Butthistheyguardagainst，andknowthatitdoesmuchmischief，if，beforethediseasebeconcocted，thepatientswallowunstrainedptisan，whenaccustomedtousestrained。
　　Allthesethingsarestrongproofsthatphysiciansdonotconducttheregimenofpatientsproperly，butthatinthosediseasesinwhichtotalabstinencefromfoodshouldnotbeenforcedonpatientsthatwillbeputontheuseofptisans，theydoenforcetotalabstinence；thatinthosecasesinwhichthereshouldbenochangemadefromtotalabstinencetoptisans，theydomakethechange；andthat，forthemostpart，theychangefromabstinencetoptisans，exactlyatthetimewhenitisoftenbeneficialtoproceedfromptisansalmosttototalabstinence，ifthediseasehappentobeinthestateofexacerbation。Andsometimescrudemattersareattractedfromthehead，andbiliousfromtheregionnearthechest，andthepatientsareattackedwithinsomnolency，sothatthediseaseisnotconcocted；theybecomesorrowful，peevish，anddelirious；thereareflashesoflightintheireyes，andnoisesintheirears；theirextremitiesarecold，theirurineunconcocted；thesputathin，saltish，tingedwithanintensecolorandsmell；sweatsabouttheneck，andanxiety；respiration，interruptedintheexpulsionoftheair，frequentandverylarge；expressionoftheeyelidsdreadful；
　　dangerousdeliquia；tossingofthebed-clothesfromthebreast；thehandstrembling，andsometimesthelowerlipagitated。Thesesymptoms，appearingatthecommencement，areindicativeofstrongdelirium，andpatientssoaffectedgenerallydie，oriftheyescape，itiswithadeposit，hemorrhagefromthenose，ortheexpectorationofthickmatter，andnototherwise。NeitherdoIperceivethatphysiciansareskilledinsuchthingsasthese；howtheyoughttoknowsuchdiseasesasareconnectedwithdebility，andwhicharefurtherweakenedbyabstinencefromfood，andthoseaggravatedbysomeotherirritation；thosebypain，andfromtheacutenatureofthedisease，andwhataffectionsandvariousformsthereofourconstitutionandhabitengender，althoughtheknowledgeorignoranceofsuchthingsbringssafetyordeathtothepatient。Foritisagreatmischiefiftoapatientdebilitatedbypain，andtheacutenatureofthedisease，oneadministerdrink，ormoreptisan，orfood，supposingthatthedebilityproceedsfrominanition。Itisalsodisgracefulnottorecognizeapatientwhosedebilityisconnectedwithinanition，andtopinchhiminhisdiet；thismistake，indeed，isattendedwithsomedanger，butmuchlessthantheother，andyetitislikelytoexposeonetomuchgreaterderision，forifanotherphysician，oraprivateperson，cominginandknowingwhathashappened，shouldgivetoeatordrinkthosethingswhichtheotherhadforbidden，thebenefitthusdonetothepatientwouldbemanifest。Suchmistakesofpractitionersareparticularlyridiculedbymankind，forthephysicianornonprofessionalmanthuscomingin，seemsasitweretoresuscitatethedead。OnthissubjectIwilldescribeelsewherethesymptomsbywhicheachofthemmayberecognized。
　　12。Andthefollowingobservationsaresimilartothosenowmaderespectingthebowels。Ifthewholebodyrestlong，contrarytousage，itdoesnotimmediatelyrecoveritsstrength；butif，afteraprotractedrepose，itproceedtolabor，itwillclearlyexposeitsweakness。Soitiswitheveryonepartofthebody，forthefeetwillmakeasimilardisplay，andanyotherofthejoints，if，beingunaccustomedtolabor，theybesuddenlybroughtintoaction，afteratime。Theteethandtheeyeswillsufferinlikemanner，andalsoeveryotherpartwhatever。Acouch，also，thatiseithersofterorharderthanonehasbeenaccustomedtowillcreateuneasiness，andsleepingintheopenair，contrarytousage，hardensthebody。Butitissufficientmerelytostateexamplesofallthesecases。Ifapersonhavingreceivedawoundintheleg，neitherveryseriousnorverytrifling，andhebeingneitherinaconditionveryfavorabletoitshealingnorthecontrary，atfirstbetakeshimselftobed，inordertopromotethecure，andneverraiseshisleg，itwillthusbemuchlessdisposedtoinflammation，andbemuchsoonerwell，thanitwouldhavebeenifhehadstrolledaboutduringtheprocessofhealing；butifuponthefifthorsixthday，orevenearlier，heshouldgetupandattempttowalk，hewillsuffermuchmorethenthanifhehadwalkedaboutfromthecommencementofthecure，andifheshouldsuddenlymakemanylaboriousexertions，hewillsuffermuchmorethanif，whenthetreatmentwasconductedotherwise，hehadmadethesameexertionsonthesamedays。Infine，allthesethingsconcurinprovingthatallgreatchanges，eitheronewayoranother，arehurtful。Whereforemuchmischieftakesplaceinthebowels，iffromastateofgreatinanitionmorefoodthanismoderatebeadministered（andalsointherestofthebody，iffromastateofgreatrestitbehastilybroughttogreaterexertion，itwillbemuchmoreinjured），oriffromtheuseofmuchfooditbechangedtocompleteabstinence，andthereforethebodyinsuchcasesrequiresprotractedrepose，andif，fromastateoflaboriousexertion，thebodysuddenlyfallsintoastateofeaseandindolence，inthesecasesalsothebowelswouldrequirecontinuedreposefromabundanceoffood，forotherwiseitwillinducepainandheavinessinthewholebody。
　　13。Thegreaterpartofmydiscoursehasrelatedtochanges，thiswayorthat。Forallpurposesitisprofitabletoknowthesethings，andmoreespeciallyrespectingthesubjectunderconsideration，-
　　thatinacutediseases，inwhichachangeismadetoptisansfromastateofinanition，itshouldbemadeasIdirect；andthenthatptisansshouldnotbeuseduntilthediseasebeconcocted，orsomeothersymptom，whetherofevacuationorofirritation，appearintheintestines，orinthehypochondria，suchaswillbedescribed。
　　Obstinateinsomnolencyimpairsthedigestionofthefoodanddrink，andinotherrespectschangesandrelaxesthebody，andoccasionsaheatedstate，andheavinessofthehead。
　　14。Onemustdeterminebysuchmarksasthese，whensweet，strong，anddarkwine，hydromel，waterandoxymel，shouldbegiveninacutediseases。Whereforethesweetaffectstheheadlessthanthestrong，attacksthebrainless，evacuatesthebowelsmorethantheother，butinducesswellingofthespleenandliver；itdoesnotagreewithbiliouspersons，foritcausesthemtothirst；itcreatesflatulenceintheupperpartoftheintestinalcanal，butdoesnotdisagreewiththelowerpart，asfarasregardsflatulence；andyetflatulenceengenderedbysweetwineisnotofatransientnature，butrestsforalongtimeinthehypochondria。Andthereforeitingeneralislessdiureticthanwinewhichisstrongandthin；butsweetwineismoreexpectorantthantheother。Butwhenitcreatesthirst，itislessexpectorantinsuchcasesthantheotherwine，butifitdonotcreatethirst，itpromotesexpectorationbetterthantheother。
　　Thegoodandbadeffectsofawhite，strongwine，havebeenalreadyfrequentlyandfullystatedinthedisquisitiononsweetwine；itisdeterminedtothebladdermorethantheother，isdiureticandlaxative，andshouldbeveryusefulinsuchcomplaints；forifinotherrespectsitbelesssuitablethantheother，theclearingoutofthebladdereffectedbyitisbeneficialtothepatient，ifproperlyadministered。Thereareexcellentexamplesofthebeneficialandinjuriouseffectsofwine，allwhichwereleftundeterminedbymypredecessors。Inthesediseasesyoumayuseayellowwine，andadarkausterewineforthefollowingpurposes：iftherebenoheavinessofthehead，nordelirium，norstoppageoftheexpectoration，norretentionoftheurine，andifthealvinedischargesbemorelooseandlikescrapingsthanusual，insuchcasesachangefromawhitewinetosuchasIhavementioned，mightbeveryproper。Itdeservesfurthertobeknown，thatitwillprovelessinjurioustoallthepartsabove，andtothebladder，ifitbeofamorewaterynature，butthatthestrongeritis，itwillbethemorebeneficialtothebowels。
　　15。Hydromel，whendrunkinanystageofacutedisease，islesssuitabletopersonsofabilioustemperament，andtothosewhohaveenlargedviscera，thantothoseofadifferentcharacter；itincreasesthirstlessthansweetwine；character；thelungs，ismoderatelyexpectorant，andalleviatesacough；forithassomedetergentqualityinit，whenceitlubricatesthesputum。Hydromelisalsomoderatelydiuretic，unlesspreventedbythestateofanyoftheviscera。Anditalsooccasionsbiliousdischargesdownwards，sometimesofapropercharacter，andsometimesmoreintenseandfrothythanissuitable；butsuchratheroccursinpersonswhoarebilious，andhaveenlargedviscera。Hydromelratherproducesexpectoration，andsofteningofthelungs，whengivendilutedwithwater。Butunmixedhydromel，ratherthanthediluted，producesfrothyevacuations，suchasareunseasonablyandintenselybilious，andtoohot；butsuchanevacuationoccasionsothergreatmischiefs，foritneitherextinguishestheheatinthehypochondria，butrousesit，inducesinquietude，andjactitationofthelimbs，andulceratestheintestinesandanus。Theremediesforallthesewillbedescribedafterwards。
　　Byusinghydromelwithoutptisans，insteadofanyotherdrink，youwillgenerallysucceedinthetreatmentofsuchdiseases，andfallinfewcases；butinwhatinstancesitistobegiven，andinwhatitisnottobegiven，andwhereforeitisnottobegiven，-allthishasbeenexplainedalready，forthemostpart。Hydromelisgenerallycondemned，asifitweakenedthepowersofthosewhodrinkit，andonthataccountitissupposedtoacceleratedeath；andthisopinionarosefrompersonswhostarvethemselvestodeath，someofwhomusehydromelalonefordrink，asfancyingthatitreallyhasthiseffect。Butthisisbynomeansalwaysthecase。Forhydromel，ifdrunkalone，ismuchstrongerthanwater，ifitdonotdisorderthebowels；butinsomerespectsitisstronger，andinsomeweaker，thanwinethatisthin，weak，anddevoidofbouquet。Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenunmixedwineandunmixedhoney，astotheirnutritivepowers，forifamanwilldrinkdoublethequantityofpurewine，toacertainquantityofhoneywhichisswallowed，hewillfindhimselfmuchstrongerfromthehoney，provideditdonotdisagreewithhisbowels，andthathisalvineevacuationsfromitwillbemuchmorecopious。Butifheshalluseptisanforadraught，anddrinkafterwardhydromel，hewillfeelfull，flatulent，anduncomfortableinthevisceraofthehypochondrium；butifthehydromelbetakenbeforethedraught，itwillnothavethesameinjuriouseffectsasiftakenafterit，butwillberatherbeneficial。Andboiledhydromelhasamuchmoreelegantappearancethantheunboiled，beingclear，thin，white，andtransparent，butIamunabletomentionanygoodqualitywhichitpossessesthattheotherwants。
　　Foritisnotsweeterthantheunboiled，providedthehoneybefine，anditisweaker，andoccasionslesscopiousevacuationsofthebowels，neitherofwhicheffectsisrequiredfromthehydromel。Butoneshouldbyallmeansuseitboiled，providedthehoneybebad，impure，black，andnotfragrant，fortheboilingwillremovethemostofitsbadqualitiesandappearances。
　　16。Youwillfindthedrink，calledoxymel，oftenveryusefulinthesecomplaints，foritpromotesexpectorationandfreedomofbreathing。thefollowingaretheproperoccasionsforadministeringit。Whenstronglyacidithasnomeanoperationinrenderingtheexpectorationmoreeasy，forbybringingupthesputa，whichoccasiontroublesomehawking，andrenderingthemmoreslippery，and，asitwere，clearingthewindpipewithafeather，itrelievesthelungsandprovesemollienttothem；andwhenitsucceedsinproducingtheseeffectsitmustdomuchgood。Buttherearecasesinwhichhydromel，stronglyacid，doesnotpromoteexpectoration，butrendersitmoreviscidandthusdoesharm，anditismostapttoproducethesebadeffectsincaseswhichareotherwiseofafatalcharacter，whenthepatientisunabletocoughorbringupthesputa。Onthisaccount，then，oneoughttoconsiderbeforehandthestrengthofthepatient，andiftherebeanyhope，thenonemaygiveit，butifgivenatallinsuchcasesitshouldbequitetepid，andinbynomeanslargedoses。Butifslightlyacriditmoistensthemouthandthroat，promotesexpectoration，andquenchesthirst；agreeswiththevisceraseatedinthehypochondrium，andobviatesthebadeffectsofthehoney；forthebiliousqualityofthehoneyistherebycorrected。Italsopromotesflatulentdischargesfromthebowels，andisdiuretic，butitoccasionswaterydischargesandthoseresemblingscrapings，fromthelowerpartoftheintestine，whichissometimesabadthinginacutediseases，moreespeciallywhentheflatulencecannotbepassed，butrollsbackwards；andotherwiseitdiminishesthestrengthandmakestheextremitiescold，thisistheonlybadeffectworthmentioningwhichIhaveknowntoarisefromtheoxymel。Itmaysuitwelltodrinkalittleofthisatnightbeforethedraughtofptisan，andwhenaconsiderableintervaloftimehaspassedafterthedraughttherewillbenothingtopreventitsbeingtaken。Buttothosewhoarerestrictedentirelytodrinkswithoutdraughtsofptisan，itwillthereforenotbeproperatalltimestogiveit，moreespeciallyfromthefrettingandirritationoftheintestinewhichitoccasions，（andthesebadeffectsitwillbethemoreapttoproduceprovidedtherebenofaecesintheintestinesandthepatientislaboringunderinanition，）andthenitwillweakenthepowersofthehydromel。Butifitappearsadvantageoustouseagreatdealofthisdrinkduringthewholecourseofthedisease，oneshouldaddtoitmerelyasmuchvinegarascanjustbeperceivedbythetaste，forthuswhatisprejudicialinitwilldotheleastpossibleharm，andwhatisbeneficialwilldothemoregood。Inaword，theacidityofvinegaragreesratherwiththosewhoaretroubledwithbitterbile，thanwiththosepatientswhosebileisblack；forthebitterprincipleisdissolvedinitandturnedtophlegm，bybeingsuspendedinit；whereasblackbileisfermented，swellsup，andismultipliedthereby：forvinegarisamelanogogue。Vinegarismoreprejudicialtowomenthantomen，foritcreatespainsintheuterus。
　　17。Ihavenothingfurthertoaddastotheeffectsofwaterwhenusedasadrinkinacutediseases；foritneithersoothesthecoughinpneumonia，norpromotesexpectoration，butdoeslessthantheothersinthisrespect，ifusedalonethroughthewholecomplaint。Butiftakenintermediatebetweenoxymelandhydromel，insmallquantity，itpromotesexpectorationfromthechangewhichitoccasionsinthequalitiesofthesedrinks，foritproduces，asitwere，acertainoverflow。Otherwiseitdoesnotquenchthethirst，foritcreatesbileinabilioustemperament，andisinjurioustothehypochondrium；anditdoesthemostharm，engendersmostbile，anddoestheleastgoodwhenthebowelsareempty；anditincreasestheswellingofthespleenandliverwhentheyareinaninflamedstate；itproducesagurglingnoiseintheintestinesandswimsonthestomach；foritpassesslowlydownwards，asbeingofacoldishandindigestiblenature，andneitherproveslaxativenordiuretic；andinthisrespect，too，itprovesprejudicial，thatitdoesnotnaturallyformdoesintheintestines：and，ifitbedrunkwhilethefeetarecold，itsinjuriouseffectswillbegreatlyaggravated，inallthosepartstowhichitmaybedetermined。Whenyoususpectinthesediseaseseitherstrongheavinessofthehead，ormentalalienation，youmustabstainentirelyfromwine，andinthiscaseusewater，orgiveweak，straw-coloredwine，entirelydevoidofbouquet，afterwhichalittlewateristobegiveninaddition；forthusthestrengthofthewilllessaffecttheheadandtheunderstanding：butinwhichcaseswaterismostlytobegivenfordrink，wheninlargequantity，wheninmoderate，whencold，andwhenhot；allthesethingshaveeitherbeendiscussedalreadyorwillbetreatedofatthepropertime。Inlikemanner，withrespecttoalltheothers，suchasbarley-water，thedrinksmadefromgreenshoots，thosefromraisins，andtheskinsofgrapesandwheat，andbastardsaffron，andmyrtles，pomegranates，andtheothers，whenthepropertimeforusingthemiscome，theywillbetreatedofalongwiththediseaseinquestion，inlikemannerastheothercompoundmedicines。
　　18。Thebathisusefulinmanydiseases，insomeofthemwhenusedsteadily，andinotherswhennotso。Sometimesitmustbelessusedthanitwouldbeotherwise，fromthewantofaccommodation；forinfewfamiliesarealltheconveniencesprepared，andpersonswhocanmanagethemastheyoughttobe。Andifthepatientbenotbathedproperly，hemaybetherebyhurtinnoinconsiderabledegree，forthereisrequiredaplacetocoverhimthatisfreeofsmoke，abundanceofwater，materialsforfrequentbaths，butnotverylarge，unlessthisshouldberequired。Itisbetterthatnofrictionshouldbeapplied，butifso，ahotsoap（smegma）mustbeusedingreaterabundancethaniscommon，andanaffusionofaconsiderablequantityofwateristobemadeatthesametimeandafterwardsrepeated。Theremustalsobeashortpassagetothebasin，anditshouldbeofeasyingressandegress。Butthepersonwhotakesthebathshouldbeorderlyandreservedinhismanner，shoulddonothingforhimself，butothersshouldpourthewateruponhimandrubhim，andplentyofwaters，ofvarioustemperatures，shouldbeinreadinessforthedouche，andtheaffusionsquicklymade；andspongesshouldbeusedinsteadofthecomb（strigil），andthebodyshouldbeanointedwhennotquitedry。Buttheheadshouldberubbedbythespongeuntilitisquitedry；theextremitiesshouldbeprotectedfromcold，asalsotheheadandtherestofthebody；andamanshouldnotbewashedimmediatelyafterhehastakenadraughtofptisanoradrink；neithershouldhetakeptisanasadrinkimmediatelyafterthebath。Muchwilldependuponwhetherthepatient，wheningoodhealth，wasveryfondofthebath，andinthecustomoftakingit：forsuchpersons，especially，feelthewantofit，andarebenefitediftheyarebathed，andinjurediftheyarenot。Ingeneralitsuitsbetterwithcasesofpneumoniathaninardentfevers；forthebathsoothesthepainintheside，chest，andback；concoctsthesputa，promotesexpectoration，improvestherespiration，andallayslassitude；foritsoothesthejointsandouterskin，andisdiuretic，removesheavinessofthehead，andmoistensthenose。Sucharethebenefitstobederivedfromthebath，ifalltheproperrequisitesbepresent；butifoneormoreofthesebewanting，thebath，insteadofdoinggood，mayratherproveinjurious；foreveryoneofthemmaydoharmifnotpreparednotpreparedbytheattendantsinthepropermanner。Itisbynomeansasuitablethinginthesediseasestopersonswhosebowelsaretooloose，orwhentheyareunusuallyconfined，andtherehasbeennopreviousevacuation；neithermustwebathethosewhoaredebilitated，norsuchashavenauseaorvomiting，orbiliouseructations；norsuchashavehemorrhagefromthenose，unlessitbelessthanrequiredatthatstageofthedisease（withthosestagesyouareacquainted），butifthedischargebelessthanproper，oneshouldusethebath，whetherinordertobenefitthewholebodyortheheadalone。Ifthentheproperrequisitesbeathand，andthepatientbewelldisposedtothebath，itmaybeadministeredonceeveryday，orifthepatientbefondofthebaththerewillbenoharm，thoughheshouldtakeittwiceintheday。Theuseofthebathismuchmoreappropriatetothosewhotakeunstrainedptisan，thantothosewhotakeonlythejuiceofit，althoughevenintheircaseitmaybeproper；butleastofalldoesitsuitwiththosewhouseonlyplaindrink，although，intheircasetooitmaybesuitable；butonemustformajudgmentfromtheruleslaiddownbefore，inwhichofthesemodesofregimenthebathwillbebeneficial，andinwhichnot。Suchaswantsomeoftherequisitesforaproperbath，buthavethosesymptomswhichwouldbebenefitedbyit，shouldbebathed；
　　whereasthosewhowantnoneoftheproperrequisites，buthavecertainsymptomswhichcontraindicatethebath，arenottobebathed。
　　APPENDIX
　　APPENDIX
　　Ardentfever（causus）takesplacewhentheveins，beingdriedupinthesummerseason，attractacridandbilioushumorstothemselves；andstrongfeverseizesthewholebody，whichexperiencesachesofthebones，andisinastateoflassitudeandpain。Ittakesplacemostcommonlyfromalongwalkandprotractedthirst，whentheveinsbeingdriedupattractacridandhotdefluxionstothemselves。Thetonguebecomesrough，dry，andveryblack；therearegnawingpainsaboutthebowels；thealvinedischargesarewateryandyellow；thereisintensethirst，insomnolency，andsometimeswanderingofthemind。Toapersoninsuchastategivetodrinkwaterandasmuchboiledhydromelofawateryconsistenceashewilltake；
　　andifthemouthbebitter，itmaybeadvantageoustoadministeranemeticandclyster；andifthesethingsdonotloosenthebowels，purgewiththeboiledmilkofasses。Givenothingsaltishnoracrid，fortheywillnotbeborne；andgivenodraughtsofptisanuntilthecrisisbepast。Andtheaffectionisresolvediftherebeanepistaxis，oriftruecriticalsweatssupervenewithurinehavingwhite，thick，andsmoothsediments，orifadeposittakeplaceanywhere；butifitberesolvedwithoutthese，therewillbearelapseofthecomplaint，orpaininthehipsandlegswillensue，withthicksputa，providedthepatientbeconvalescent。Anotherspeciesofardentfever：bellyloose，muchthirst，tonguerough，dry，andsaltish，retentionofurine，insomnolency，extremitiescold。Insuchacase，unlesstherebeaflowofbloodfromthenose，oranabscessformabouttheneck，orpaininthelimbs，orthepatientexpectoratethicksputa（theseoccurwhenthebellyisconstipated），orpainofthehips，orlividityofthegenitalorgans，thereisnocrisis；tensionofthetesticleisalsoacriticalsymptom。Giveattractivedraughts。