appearedinthe"Bijou，"Scott’s"BonnieDundee"inthe"ChristmasBox，"andTennyson’s"St。Agnes’Eve"inthe"Keepsake。"Buttheplateswere，afterall，theleadingattraction。These，preparedforthemostpartunderthesuperintendenceoftheyoungerHeath，andexecutedonthesteelwhichbythistimehadsupplantedtheold"coppers，"weresuppliedby，orwere"after，"almosteverycontemporaryartistofnote。Stothard，nowgrowingoldandpasthisprime，Turner，Etty，Stanfield，Leslie，Roberts，Danby，Maclise，Lawrence，Cattermole，andnumbersofothers，foundprofitablelabourinthisfashionablefielduntil1856，whenthelastofthe"Annuals"
disappeared，drivenfromthemarketbytherapiddevelopmentofwoodengraving。Aboutamillion，itisroughlyestimated，wassquanderedinproducingthem。
Inconnectionwiththe"Annuals"mustbementionedtwoillustratedbookswhichwereinallprobabilitysuggestedbythem——the"Poems"
and"Italy"ofRogers。ThedesignstothesearechieflybyTurnerandStothard，althoughthereareafewbyProutandothers。
Stothard’shavebeenalreadyreferredto;Turner’sarealmostuniversallyheldtobethemostsuccessfulofhismanyvignettes。
Ithasbeentrulysaid——inarecentexcellentlifeofthisartist{10}——thatitwouldbedifficulttofindinthewholeofhisworkstworeallygreaterthanthe"AlpsatDaybreak，"andthe"DaturHoraQuieti，"intheformerofthesevolumes。Almostequallybeautifularethe"ValombreFalls"and"Tornaro’smistybrow。"Ofthe"Italy"
setMr。Ruskinwrites：-"Theyareentirelyexquisite;poeticalinthehighestandpurestsense，exemplaryanddelightfulbeyondallpraise。"Tosuchwordsitisnotpossibletoaddmuch。ButitisprettyclearthatthepoeticalvitalityofRogerswassecuredbythesewell-timedillustrations，overwhichheisadmittedbyhisnephewMr。Sharpetohavespentabout7000pounds，andfarlargersumshavebeennamedbygoodauthorities。Theartistreceivedfromfifteentotwentyguineasforeachofthedrawings;theengravers（Goodall，Miller，Wallis，Smith，andothers），sixtyguineasaplate。
The"Poems"andthe"Italy，"intheoriginalissuesof1830and1834，arestillprecioustocollectors，andarelikelytoremainso。
TurneralsoillustratedScott，Milton，Campbell，andByron;butthisseriesofdesignshasnotreceivedequalcommendationfromhisgreatesteulogist，whodeclaresthemtobe"muchmorelaboured，andmoreorlessartificialandunequal。"AmongthenumerousimitationsdirectlyinducedbytheRogersbookswasthe"LyricsoftheHeart，"
byAlaricAttilaWatts，aforgottenversifierandsometimeeditorof"Annuals，"butitdidnotmeetwithsimilarsuccess。
Manyillustratedworks，originatingintheperfectionandopportunitiesofengravingonmetal，arenecessarilyunnoticedinthisrapidsummary。Asfar，however，asbook-illustrationisconcerned，copperandsteelplateengravingmaybeheldtohavegoneoutoffashionwiththe"Annuals。"Itisstill，indeed，tobefoundlingeringinthatmineofmodernart-books——the"ArtJournal;"and，notsoverylongago，itmadeasumptuousandfugitivereappearanceinDore’s"IdyllsoftheKing，"BirketFoster’s"Hood，"andoneortwootherimposingvolumes。Butitwasbadlyinjuredbymodernwood-engraving;ithassincebeencrippledforlifebyphotography;
anditismorethanprobablethatthepresentrapidriseofmodernetchingwillgiveitthecoupdegrace。{11}
Bytheendoftheseventeenthcenturytheartofengravingonwoodhadfallenintodisuse。Writingcirca1770，HoraceWalpolegoessofarastosaythatit"neverwasexecutedinanyperfectioninEngland;"and，speakingafterwardsofPapillon’s"TraitedelaGravure，"1766，hetakesoccasiontodoubtifthatauthorwouldever"persuadetheworldtoreturntowoodencuts。"Nevertheless，withBewick，afewyearslater，wood-engravingtookafreshdeparturesoconspicuousthatitamountstoarevival。Inwhatthisconsisteditisclearlyimpossibletoshowherewithanysufficiencyofdetail;
butbetweenthemethodoftheoldwood-cutterswhoreproducedthedrawingsofDurer，andthemethodoftheNewcastleartist，therearetwomarkedandwell-defineddifferences。Oneoftheseisadifferenceinthepreparationofthewoodandthetoolemployed。
Theoldwood-cutterscarvedtheirdesignswithknivesandchiselsonstripsofwoodsawnlengthwise——thatistosay，uponthePLANK;
Bewickusedagraver，andworkeduponslicesofboxorpearcutacrossthegrain，——thatistosayupontheENDofthewood。Theotherdifference，ofwhichBewickissaidtohavebeentheinventor，islesseasytodescribe。Itconsistedintheemploymentofwhatistechnicallyknownas"whiteline。"Inallantecedentwood-cuttingthecutterhadsimplyclearedawaythoseportionsoftheblockleftbarebythedesign，sothatthedesignremainedinrelieftobeprintedfromliketype。Usingthesmoothboxblockasauniformsurfacefromwhich，ifcoveredwithprintingink，auniformlyblackimpressionmightbeobtained，Bewick，bycuttingwhitelinesacrossitatgreaterorlesserintervals，producedgradationsofshade，fromtheabsoluteblackoftheblocktothelightesttints。Thegeneralresultofthismethodwastogiveagreaterdepthofcolouringandvarietytotheengraving，butitsadvantagesmayperhapsbebestunderstoodbyaglanceatthebackgroundofthe"Woodcock"onthefollowingpage。
Bewick’sfirstworkofanyimportancewastheGay’s"Fables"of1779。In1784hedidanotherseriesof"SelectFables。"Neitherofthesebooks，however，canbecomparedwiththe"GeneralHistoryofQuadrupeds，"1790，andthe"BritishLandandWaterBirds，"1797and1804。Theillustrationstothe"Quadrupeds"areinmanyinstancesexcellent，andlargeadditionsweremadetotheminsubsequentissues。ButinthiscollectionBewicklabouredtoagreatextentunderthedisadvantageofrepresentinganimalswithwhichhewasfamiliaronlythroughthemediumofstuffedspecimensorincorrectdrawings。Inthe"BritishBirds，"onthecontrary，hisfacilitiesforstudyfromthelifeweregreater，andhissuccesswasconsequentlymorecomplete。Indeed，itmaybesafelyaffirmedthatofalltheengraversofthepresentcentury，nonehaveexcelledBewickforbeautyofblackandwhite，forskilfulrenderingofplumageandfoliage，andforfidelityofdetailandaccessory。The"Woodcock"（heregiven），the"Partridge，"the"Owl，"the"Yellow-
Hammer，"the"Yellow-Bunting，"the"Willow-Wren，"arepopularexamplesofthesequalities。Butthereareahundredothersnearlyasgood。
AmongsundryconventionaldecorationsaftertheoldGermanfashioninthefirsteditionofthe"Quadrupeds，"thereareafairnumberofthosefamoustail-pieceswhich，toagoodmanypeople，constituteBewick’schiefclaimtoimmortality。ThatitisnoteasytoimitatethemisplainfromthefailureofBranston’sattempts，andfromtheinferiorcharacterofthosebyJohnThompsoninYarrell’s"Fishes。"
ThegeniusofBewickwas，infact，entirelyindividualandparticular。HehadthehumourofaHogarthinlittle，aswellassomeofhisspecialcharacteristics，——notablyhisfacultyoftellingastorybysuggestivedetail。Aninstancemaybetakenatrandomfromvol。I。ofthe"Birds。"Aman，whosewigandhathavefallenoff，liesasleepwithopenmouthundersomebushes。Heismanifestlydrunk，andthedate"4June，"onaneighbouringstone，givesusthereasonandoccasionofhiscatastrophe。HehasbeentooloyallycelebratingthebirthdayofhismajestyKingGeorgeIII。
AnotherofBewick’sgiftsishiswonderfulskillinforeshadowingatragedy。Takeasanexample，thistrulyappallingincidentfromthe"Quadrupeds。"Thetotteringchild，whosenurseisseeninthebackground，hasstrayedintothemeadow，andispullingatthetailofavicious-lookingcolt，withback-turnedeyeandliftedheel。
Downthegarden-stepsthemotherhurriesheadlong;butshecanhardlybeintime。Andofallthis——sufficient，onewouldsay，forafairly-sizedcanvas——theartisthasmanagedtogiveavividimpressioninablockofthreeinchesbytwo！Then，again，likeHogarthoncemore，herejoicesinmultiplicationsofdilemma。What，forinstance，canbemorecomicallypatheticthanthehead-piecetothe"Contents"invol。I。ofthe"Birds"？Theoldhorsehasbeenseizedwithaninvinciblefitofstubbornness。Thedayisbothwindyandrainy。Theriderhasbrokenhisstickandlosthishat;
butheistoomuchencumberedwithhiscacklingandexcitedstocktodaretodismount。NothingcanhelphimbutaDeusexmachina，——ofwhomthereisnosign。
Besideshishumour，Bewickhasadelightfullyrusticside，ofwhichHogarthgivesbutlittleindication。Fromthestarvedeweinthesnownibblingforlornlyataworn-outbroom，tothecowwhichhasbrokenthroughtherailtoreachtherunningwater，therearenumberlessdesignswhichrevealthatfaithfulloverofthefieldandhillside，who，ashesaid，"wouldratherbeherdingsheeponMicklebanktop"thanremaininLondontobemadepremierofEngland。Helovedthecountryandthecountry-life;andhedrewthemasonewholovedthem。Itisthisruralqualitywhichhelpstogivesuchalastingfreshnesstohisquaintandpicturesquefancies;anditisthiswhichwillcontinuetopreservetheirpopularity，eveniftheyshouldceasetobevaluedfortheirwealthofwhimsicalinvention。
InreferringtothesemasterpiecesofBewick’s，itmustnotbeforgottenthathehadtheaidofsomecleverassistants。HisyoungerbrotherJohnwasnotwithouttalent，asisclearfromhisworkforSomervile’s"Chace，"1796，andthathighlyedifyingbook，the"BlossomsofMorality。"Manyofthetail-piecestothe"WaterBirds"weredesignedbyRobertJohnson，whoalsodidmostoftheillustrationstoBewick’s"Fables"of1818，whichwereengravedbyTempleandHarvey，twootherpupils。AnotherpupilwasCharltonNesbit，anexcellentengraver，whowasemployeduponthe"Birds，"
anddidgoodworkinAckermann’s"ReligiousEmblems"of1808，andthesecondseriesofNorthcote’s"Fables。"Butbyfarthelargestportionofthetail-piecesinthesecondvolumeofthe"Birds"wasengravedbyLukeClennell，averyskilfulbutunfortunateartist，whoultimatelybecameinsane。Tohimweowethewoodcuts，afterStothard’scharmingsketches，totheRogersvolumeof1810，aneditionprecedingthosealreadymentionedasillustratedwithsteel-
plates，andcontainingsomeoftheartist’shappiestpicturesofchildrenandamorini。Manyoftheselittlegroupswouldmakeadmirabledesignsforgems，ifindeedtheyarenotalreadyderivedfromthem，sinceoneatleastisanobviouscopyofawell-knownsardonyx——（"TheMarriageofCupidandPsyche。"）Thisvolume，generallyknownbythenameofthe"Firebrand"edition，ishighlyprizedbycollectors;and，asintelligentrenderingsofpenandink，thereislittlebetterthantheseengravingsofClennell’s。{12}
Finally，amongothersofBewick’spupils，mustbementionedWilliamHarvey，whosurvivedto1866。IthasbeenalreadystatedthatheengravedpartoftheillustrationstoBewick’s"Fables，"buthisbestknownblockisthelargeoneofHaydon’s"DeathofDentatus。"
Soonafterthisherelinquishedwood-engravinginfavourofdesign，andforalongperiodwasoneofthemostfertileandpopularofbook-illustrators。Hisstyle，however，isunpleasantlymannered;
anditissufficienttomakementionofhismasterpiece，the"ArabianNights"ofLane，theillustrationstowhich，producedunderthesupervisionofthetranslator，aresaidtobesoaccurateastogivetheappropriateturbansforeveryhouroftheday。TheyshowconsiderablefreedomofinventionandalargefundofOrientalism。
HarveycametoLondonin1817;Clennellhadprecededhimbysomeyears;andNesbitlivedthereforaconsiderabletime。WhatdistinguishesthesepupilsofBewickespeciallyis，thattheywereartistsaswellasengravers，capableofproducingthedesignstheyengraved。The"LondonSchool"ofengravers，onthecontrary，weremostlyengravers，whodependeduponothersfortheirdesigns。TheforemostofthesewasRobertBranston，askilfulrendererofhumanfiguresandindoorscenes。HeworkedinrivalrywithBewickandNesbit;butheexcelledneither，whilehefellfarbehindtheformer。JohnThompson，oneoftheverybestofmodernEnglishengraversonwood，wasBranston’spupil。Hisrangewasofthewidest，andhesucceededaswellinengravingfishesandbirdsforYarrellandWalton’s"Angler，"asinillustrationstoMoliereand"Hudibras。"Hewas，besides，acleverdraughtsman，thoughheworkedchieflyfromthedesignsofThurstonandothers。Oneofthemostsuccessfulofhisillustratedbooksisthe"VicarofWakefield，"
afterMulready，whosesimplicityandhomelyfeelingwerewellsuitedtoGoldsmith’sstyle。AnotherexcellentengraverofthisdateisSamuelWilliams。ThereisaneditionofThomson’s"Seasons，"withcutsbothdrawnandengravedbyhim，whichiswellworthyofattention，and（likeThompsonandBranston）hewasveryskilfulinreproducingthedesignsofCruikshank。SomeofhisbestworkinthiswayistobefoundinClarke’s"ThreeCoursesandaDessert，"
publishedbyVizetellyin1830。
Fromthistimeforth，however，onehearslessoftheengraverandmoreoftheartist。Theestablishmentofthe"PennyMagazine"in1832，andthemultifariouspublicationsofCharlesKnight，gaveanextraordinaryimpetustowood-engraving。Tenyearslatercame"Punch，"andthe"IllustratedLondonNews，"whichfurtherincreaseditspopularity。Artistsofeminencebegantodrawonorfortheblock，astheyhaddrawn，andwerestilldrawing，forthe"Annuals。"
In1842-6wasissuedthegreat"Abbotsford"editionofthe"WaverleyNovels，"which，besides120plates，containednearly2000wood-
engravings;andwiththe"BookofBritishBallads，"1843，editedbyMr。S。C。Hall，arosethatlongseriesofillustratedChristmasbooks，whichgraduallysupplantedthe"Annuals，"andmadefamiliarthenamesofGilbert，BirketFoster，HarrisonWeir，JohnAbsolon，andacrowdofothers。ThepoemsofLongfellow，Montgomery，Burns，"BarryCornwall，"Poe，MissIngelow，wereallsuccessively"illustrated。"Besidesthese，therewerenumerousselections，suchasWillmott’s"PoetsoftheNineteenthCentury，"Wills’s"Poets’WitandHumour，"andsoforth。Butthefieldheregrowstoowidetobedealtwithindetail，anditisimpossibletodomorethanmentionafewofthebooksmostprominentformeritororiginality。Amongstthesethereisthe"Shakespeare"ofSirJohnGilbert。Regardedasaninterpretativeeditionofthegreatdramatist，thisislittlemorethanabrillianttourdeforce;butitisneverthelessinfinitelysuperiortotheearliereffortsofKennyMeadowsin1843，andalsotothefancydesignsofHarveyinKnight’s"PictorialShakespeare。"The"IllustratedTennyson"of1858isalsoaremarkableproduction。TheLaureate，almostmorethananyother，requiresavarietyofillustrators;andhere，forhisidylls，hehadMulreadyandMillais，andforhisromancesRossettiandHolmanHunt。
His"Princess"wasafterwardsillustratedbyMaclise，andhis"EnochArden"byArthurHughes;butneitherofthesecanbesaidtobewhollyadequate。The"LallaRookh"ofJohnTenniel，1860，albeitsomewhatstiffandcold，afterthisartist’sfashion，isasuperbcollectionofcarefullystudiedorientaldesigns。WiththesemaybeclassedtheillustrationstoAytoun’s"LaysoftheScottishCavaliers，"bySirNoelPaton，whichhavethesamefinishedqualitiesofcompositionandthesameacademichardness。Severalgoodeditionsofthe"Pilgrim’sProgress"haveappeared，——notablythoseofC。H。Bennett，J。D。Watson，andG。H。Thomas。OtherbooksareMillais’s"ParablesofourLord，"Leighton’s"Romola，"Walker’s"Philip"and"DenisDuval，"the"DonQuixote，""Dante，""LaFontaine"andotherworksofDore，Dalziel’s"ArabianNights，"
Leighton’s"LyraGermanica"and"MoralEmblems，"andthe"SpiritualConceits"ofW。HarryRogers。Thesearesomeonlyofthenumber，whichdoesnotincludebookslikeMrs。HughBlackburn’s"BritishBirds，"Wolf’s"WildAnimals，"Wise’s"NewForest，"Linton’s"LakeCountry，"Wood’s"NaturalHistory，"andmanymore。Nordoesittakeinthevariousillustratedperiodicalswhichhavemultipliedsofreelysince，in1859，"OnceaWeek"firstbegantoattractandtrainsuchyoungerdraughtsmenasSandys，Lawless，Pinwell，Houghton，Morten，andPaulGrey，someofwhosebestworkinthiswayhasbeenrevivedintheeditionofThornbury’s"BalladsandSongs，"
recentlypublishedbyChattoandWindus。Tenyearslatercamethe"Graphic，"offeringstillwideropportunitiestowood-cutart，andbringingwithitafreshschoolofartists。Herkomer，Fildes，Small，Green，Barnard，Barnes，Crane，Caldecott，Hopkins，andothers，——quosnuncperscriberelongumest——havecontributedgoodworktothispopularrivaloftheolder，butstillvigorous，"Illustrated。"Andnowagain，anotherpromisingserial，the"MagazineofArt，"affordsasupplementaryfieldtomodernrefinementsandyoungerenergies。
Notafewoftheartistsnamedintheprecedingparagraphhavealsoearneddistinctioninseparatebranchesofthepictorialart，andspeciallyinthatofhumorousdesign，——adepartmentwhichhasalwaysbeensorichlyrecruitedinthiscountrythatitdeservesmorethanapassingmention。FromthedaysofHogarthonwardstherehasbeenanalmostunbrokenseriesofhumorousdraughtsmen，who，bothonwoodandmetal，playadistinguishedpartinourillustratedliterature。
Rowlandson，oneoftheearliest，wasacaricaturistofinexhaustiblefacility，andanartistwhoscarcelydidjusticetohisownpowers。
Heillustratedseveralbooks，butheischieflyrememberedinthiswaybyhisplatestoCombe’s"ThreeToursofDr。Syntax。"Gillray，hiscontemporary，whosebiaswaspoliticalratherthansocial，issaidtohaveillustrated"TheDesertedVillage"inhisyouth;butheisnotfamousasabook-illustrator。AnotheroftheearlymenwasBunbury，whom"quality"-lovingMr。Walpolecalls"thesecondHogarth，andfirstimitatorwhoeverfullyequalledhisoriginal（！）;"butwhoseprintsto"TristramShandy，"areneverthelesscompletelyforgotten，while，ifheberememberedatall，itisbytheplateof"TheLongMinuet，"andthevulgar"DirectionstoBadHorsemen。"Withthefirstyearsofthecentury，however，appearsthegreatmasterofmodernhumorists，whoselonglifeendedonlyafewyearssince，"theveteranGeorgeCruikshank"——ashisadmirerswerewonttostylehim。HeindeedmayjustlybecomparedtoHogarth，since，intragicpowerandintensityheoccasionallycomesnearertohimthananyartistofourtime。Itismanifestlyimpossibletomentionhereallthemoreimportanteffortsofthisindefatigableworker，fromthosefar-awaydayswhenhecaricatured"Boney"andchampionedQueenCaroline，tothatfinalfrontispiecefor"TheRoseandtheLily"——"designedandetched（accordingtotheinscription）byGeorgeCruikshank，age83;"buttheplatestothe"PointsofHumour，"toGrimm’s"Goblins，"to"OliverTwist，""JackSheppard，"Maxwell’s"IrishRebellion，"andthe"TableBook，"aresufficientlyfavourableandvariedspecimensofhisskillwiththeneedle，whilethewoodcutsto"ThreeCoursesandaDessert，"oneofwhichisheregiven，areequallygoodexamplesofhisworkontheblock。The"TriumphofCupid，"whichbeginsthe"TableBook，"isanexcellentinstanceofhislavishwealthoffancy，anditcontainsbeside，one——naymorethanone——ofthemanyportraitsoftheartist。
Heisshownenrobedechambre，smoking（thiswasbeforehisregeneratedays！）infrontofablazingfire，withapetspanielonhisknee。Inthecloudwhichcurlsfromhislipsisamotleyprocessionofsailors，sweeps，jockeys，Greenwichpensioners，Jewclothesmen，flunkies，andothersmoreillustrious，chainedtothechariotwheelsofCupid，who，precededbycherubicacolytesandbanner-bearers，windsroundthetopofthepicturetowardsanaltarofHymenonthetable。When，bytheaidofapocket-glass，onehasmasteredtheseswarmingfigures，aswellasthoseintheforeground，itgraduallydawnsupononethatallthefurnitureisstrangelyvitalised。Maskslaughroundtheborderofthetablecloth，themarkingsofthemantelpieceresolvethemselvesintorowsofmadly-
racingfigures，thetongsleersinadegageandcavalierwayattheartist，theshovelandpokergrininsympathy;therearefacesinthesmoke，inthefire，inthefireplace，——theveryfenderitselfisaringoffantasticcreatureswhojubilantlyhemintheashes。AnditisnotonlyinthegrotesqueandfancifulthatCruikshankexcels;
heismasterofthestrange，thesupernatural，andtheterrible。Inrangeofcharacter（thecomparisonisprobablyahackneyedone），bothbyhisgiftsandhislimitations，heresemblesDickens;andhadheillustratedmoreofthatwriter’sworkstheresemblancewouldprobablyhavebeenmoreevident。In"OliverTwist，"forexample，whereDickensisstrong，Cruikshankisstrong;whereDickensisweak，heisweaktoo。HisFagin，hisBillSikes，hisBumble，andtheirfollowing，areonalevelwithDickens’sconceptions;hisMonkandRoseMaylieareaspoorastheoriginals。ButasthedefectsofDickensareoverbalancedbyhismerits，soCruikshank’sstrengthisfarinexcessofhisweakness。Itisnottohismelodramaticheroesorwasp-waistedheroinesthatwemustlookforhistriumphs;itistohisdelineations，fromthemoralist’spointofview，ofvulgarityandvice，——ofthe"ranklifeoftowns，"withallitssqualidtragedyandcomedy。Herehefindshisstrongestground，andpossibly，notwithstandinghispowersasacomicartistandcaricaturist，hisloftiestclaimtorecollection。
CruikshankwasemployedontwoonlyofDickens’sbooks——"OliverTwist"andthe"SketchesbyBoz。"{13}ThegreatmajorityofthemwereillustratedbyHablotK。Browne，anartistwhofollowedtheill-fatedSeymouronthe"PickwickPapers。"To"Phiz，"asheispopularlycalled，weareindebtedforourpictorialideasofSamWeller，Mrs。Gamp，CaptainCuttle，andmostoftheauthor’scharacters，downtothe"TaleofTwoCities。""Phiz"alsoillustratedagreatmanyofLever’snovels，forwhichhisskillinhuntingandotherLever-likescenesespeciallyqualifiedhim。
WiththenameofRichardDoylewecometothefirstofagroupofartistswhosemainworkwas，orisstill，doneforthetime-honouredmiscellanyofMr。Punch。Sofamiliaranobjectis"Punch"uponourtables，thatoneissometimesapttoforgethowunfailing，andhowgoodonthewhole，istheworkwetakesocomplacentlyasamatterofcourse。Andofthisgoodwork，intheearlierdays，alargeproportionwasdonebyMr。Doyle。Heisstillliving，althoughhehaslongceasedtogladdenthosesprightlypages。Butitwasto"Punch"thathecontributedhismasterpiece，the"MannersandCustomsofyeEnglyshe，"aseriesofoutlinesillustratingsociallifein1849，andcleverlycommentedbyashadowy"Mr。Pips，"asortoffetchordoubleofthebustlingandgarrulousoldCarolinediarist。Inthesecaptivatingpicturesthelifeofthirtyyearsagoisindeed，asthetitle-pagehasit，"drawnfromyequick。"WeseetheMolesworthsandCantilupesofthedayparadingthePark;wewatchBroughamfrettingatahearingintheLords，orPeelholdingforthtotheCommons（wheretheIrishmembersarealreadyobstructive）;wesqueezeinattheHaymarkettolistentoJennyLind，orwerundowntherivertoGreenwichFair，andvisit"Mr。
Richardson，hisshow。"Manyyearsafter，inthe"Bird’sEyeViewsofSociety，"whichappearedintheearlynumbersofthe"CornhillMagazine，"Mr。Doylereturnedtothisattractivetheme。Butthelaterdesignsweremoreelaborate，andnotequallyfortunate。TheybearthesamerelationshiptoMr。Pips’spictorialchronicle，asthelaboured"TemperanceFairyTales"ofCruikshank’soldagebeartothelittle-workedGrimm’s"Goblins"ofhisyouth。Sohazardousistheattempttorepeatanoldsuccess！Nevertheless，manyoftheinitialletterstothe"Bird’sEyeViews"areintheartist’sbestandmostfrolicsomemanner。"TheForeignTourofBrown，Jones，andRobinson"isanotherofhishappythoughtsfor"Punch;"andsomeofhismostpopulardesignsaretobefoundinThackeray’s"Newcomes，"
wherehissatireandfancyseemthoroughlysuitedtohistext。HehasalsoillustratedLocker’swell-known"LondonLyrics，"Ruskin’s"KingoftheGoldenRiver，"andHughes’s"ScouringoftheWhiteHorse，"fromwhichlasttheinitialatthebeginningofthischapterhasbeenborrowed。Hislatestimportanteffortwastheseriesofdrawingscalled"InFairyLand，"towhichMr。WilliamAllinghamcontributedtheverses。
Inspeakingofthe"Newcomes，"oneisremindedthatitsillustriousauthorwashimselfa"Punch"artist，andwouldprobablyhavebeenadesigneralone，haditnotbeendecreed"thatheshouldpaintincolourswhichwillnevercrackandneverneedrestoration。"
Everyoneknowsthestoryoftherejectedillustratorof"Pickwick，"
whomthatandotherrebuffsdrovepermanentlytoletters。Tohisdeath，however，heclungfondlytohispencil。Intechniqueheneverattainedtocertaintyorstrength，andhisgeniuswastooquickandcreative——perhapsalsotoodesultory——forfinishedwork，whilehewasalwaysindifferenttocostumeandaccessory。Butmanyofhissketchesfor"VanityFair，"for"Pendennis，"for"TheVirginians，"for"TheRoseandtheRing，"theChristmasbooks，andtheposthumouslypublished"OrphanofPimlico，"haveavigourofimpromptu，andahappysuggestivenesswhichisbetterthancorrectdrawing。Oftentherealisationisalmostphotographic。Look，forexample，attheportraitin"Pendennis"ofthedilapidatedMajorashecrawlsdownstairsinthedawnaftertheballatGauntHouse，andthenlistentotheinimitablecontext："ThatadmirableanddevotedMajoraboveall，——whohadbeenforhoursbyLadyClavering’ssideministeringtoherandfeedingherbodywitheverythingthatwasnice，andherearwitheverythingthatwassweetandflattering——oh！
whatanobjecthewas！Theringsroundhiseyeswereofthecolourofbistre;thoseorbsthemselveswereliketheplovers’eggswhereofLadyClaveringandBlanchehadeachtasted;thewrinklesinhisoldfacewerefurrowedindeepgashes;andasilverstubble，likeanelderlymorningdew，wasglitteringonhischin，andalongsidethedyedwhiskers，nowlimpandoutofcurl。"Agooddealofthis——thatfinetouchinitalicsespecially——couldnotpossiblyberenderedinblackandwhite，andyethowmuchisindicated，andhowthoroughlythewholeisfelt！Oneturnstothewoodcutfromthewords，andbackagaintothewordsfromthewoodcutwithever-increasinggratification。Thenagain，Thackeray’slittleinitiallettersarecharminglyarchandplayful。Theyseemtothrowashyside-lightuponthetext，giving，asitwere，anadditionalandconfidentialhintoftheworkingoftheauthor’smind。Tothosewho，withthepresentwriter，loveeverytinyscratchandquirkandflourishoftheMaster’shand，thesesmallbutpricelessmemorialsarefarbeyondthefrigidappraisingofacademicsandschoolsofart。
AfterDoyleandThackeraycomeacoupleofwell-knownartists——JohnLeechandJohnTenniel。Thelatterstilllives（mayhelonglive！）
todelightandinstructus。Oftheformer，whosegenialandmanly"PicturesofLifeandCharacter"areineveryhomewheregood-
humouredrailleryisprizedandappreciated，itisscarcelynecessarytospeak。Whodoesnotrememberthesplendidlanguidswells，thebright-eyedrosygirls（"withnononsenseaboutthem！"）
inporkpiehatsandcrinolines，thesuperlative"Jeames’s，"thehairy"Mossoos，"themusic-grindingItaliandesperadoeswhomtheirkindcreatorhatedso？Andthentheintrepidityof"Mr。Briggs，"
theRomanruleof"Paterfamilias，"thevagariesofthe"RisingGeneration！"Therearethingsinthisgalleryoverwhichtheseverestmisanthropemustchuckle——theyaresimplyirresistible。
Letanyonetake，saythatsmallestsketchofthehaplessmortalwhohasturnedonthehotwaterinthebathandcannotturnitoffagain，andseeifheisabletorestrainhislaughter。InthisonegiftofproducinginstantmirthLeechisalmostalone。Itwouldbeeasytoassailhismannerandhisskill，butforsheerfun，fortheinventionofdownrighthumoroussituation，heisunapproached，exceptbyCruikshank。HedidafewillustrationstoDickens’sChristmasbooks;buthisbest-knownbook-illustrationsproperlysocalledareto"UncleTom’sCabin，"the"ComicHistories"ofA’Beckett，the"LittleTourinIreland，"andcertainsportingnovelsbythelateMr。Surtees。Tennielnowconfineshimselfalmostexclusivelytotheweeklycartoonswithwhichhisnameispopularlyassociated。Butyearsagoheusedtoinventthemostdaintilyfancifulinitialletters;andmanyofhisadmirersprefertheserio-
grotesquedesignsof"Punch’sPocket-Book，""AliceinWonderland，"
and"ThroughtheLooking-Glass，"tothealwayscorrectly-drawnbutsometimesstiffly-conceivedcartoons。What，forexample，couldbemoredelightfulthanthepicture，in"AliceinWonderland，"ofthe"MadTeaParty？"ObservethehopelesslydistraughtexpressionoftheMarchhare，andtheeagerincoherenceofthehatter！Alittlefurtheronthepairaretryingtosqueezethedormouseintotheteapot;andafewpagesbackthebluecaterpillarisdiscoveredsmokinghishookahonthetopofamushroom。Hewasexactlythreeincheslong，saystheveraciouschronicle，butwhatadignity！——whatanorientalflexibilityofgesture！Speakingofanimals，itmustnotbeforgottenthatTennielisamasterinthisline。His"BritishLion，"inparticular，isamostimposingquadruped，andsoofteninrequestthatitisnotnecessarytogobacktothefamouscartoonsontheIndianmutinytoseekforexamplesofthatmagnificentpresence。Asaspecimenoftheartist’streatmentofthelesserfelidae，thereader’sattentionisinvitedtothischarminglittlekittenfrom"ThroughtheLooking-Glass。"
Mr。TennielisalinkbetweenLeechandtheyoungerschoolof"Punch"artists，ofwhomMr。GeorgeduMaurier，Mr。LinleySambourne，andMr。CharlesKeenearethemostillustrious。ThefirstisnearlyaspopularasLeech，andiscertainlyagreaterfavouritewithcultivatedaudiences。HeisnotsomuchahumoristasasatiristoftheThackeraytype，——unsparinginhisdenunciationofshams，affectations，andflimsypretencesofallkinds。Amasterofcompositionandaccomplisheddraughtsman，heexcelsinthedelineationof"society"——itsbishops，its"professionalbeauties"
and"aesthetes，"itsnouveauxriches，itsdistinguishedforeigners，——
whilenowandthen（butnottoooften）heletsusknowthatifhechosehecouldbeequallyhappyindepictingthelowestclasses。
Therewasabar-roomscenenotlongagoin"Punch"whichgavetheclearestevidenceofthis。Someofthoseforwhomnogoodthingisgoodenoughcomplain，itissaid，thathelacksvariety——thatheistooconstanttoonetypeoffemininebeauty。Butanyonewhowillbeatthepainstostudyagroupofconventional"society"facesfromanyofhis"AtHomes"or"MusicalParties"willspeedilydiscoverthattheyarereallyverysubtlydiversifiedandcontrasted。Foracaseinpoint，takethedecorouslysympatheticgrouproundthesensitiveGermanmusician，whois"veeping"overoneofhisowncompositions。Orfollowthetitterrunningroundthatamusedassemblytowhomthetenorwarblerissinging"Me-e-e-etmeonceagain，"withsuchpassionateemphasisthatthedomesticcatmistakesitforawell-knownareacry。Asforhisladies，itmayperhapsbeconcededthathistypeisalittlepersistent。Stillitisatypesorefined，sograceful，soattractivealtogether，thatinthejarringoflesswell-favouredrealitiesitisanadvantagetohaveitalwaysbeforeoureyesasastandardtowhichwecanappeal。
Mr。duMaurierisafertilebook-illustrator，whosehandisfrequentlyseeninthe"Cornhill，"andelsewhere。SomeofhisbestworkofthiskindisinDouglasJerrold’s"StoryofaFeather，"inThackeray’s"Ballads，"andthelargeeditionofthe"IngoldsbyLegends，"towhichLeech，Tenniel，andCruikshankalsocontributed。
Oneofhisprettiestcompositionsisthegroupherereproducedfrom"Punch’sAlmanack"for1877。Thetalentofhiscolleague，Mr。
LinleySambourne，mayfairlybestyledunique。Itisdifficulttocompareitwithanythinginitsway，exceptsomeofthehappiereffortsofthelateMr。CharlesBennett，towhich，nevertheless，itisgreatlysuperiorinexecution。Tothiscleverartist’sinventioneverythingseemstopresentitselfwithatrainoffantasticaccessorysowhimsicallyinexhaustiblethatitalmostoverpowersonewithitsprodigality。Eachfreshexaminationofhisdesignsdisclosessomethingoverlookedorunexpected。Letthereaderstudyforamomentthefamous"BirdsofaFeather"of1875，orthatingeniousskitof1877upontherivalGrosvenorGalleryandAcademy，inwhichthelatePresidentofthelatterisshownastheproudestofpeacocks，theeyesofwhosetailareportraitsofRoyalAcademicians，andwhosebody-feathersarepaintbrushesandshillingsofadmission。Mr。Sambourneisexcellent，too，atadaptationsofpopularpictures，——witnessthemorethanhappyparodiesofHerrman’s"ABoutd’Arguments，"and"UneBonneHistoire。"Hisbook-illustrationshavebeencomparativelyfew，thosetoBurnand’slaughableburlesqueof"SandfordandMerton"
beingamongthebest。RumourassertsthatheisatpresentengageduponKingsley’s"WaterBabies，"asubjectwhichmightalmostbesupposedtohavebeencreatedforhispencil。Thereareindications，itmaybeadded，thatMr。Sambourne’stalentsarebynomeanslimitedtothedomaininwhichforthepresenthechoosestoexercisethem，anditisnotimpossiblethathemayhereaftertakehighrankasacartoonist。Mr。CharlesKeene，aselectionfromwhosesketcheshasrecentlybeenissuedunderthetitleof"OurPeople，"isunrivalledincertainbourgeois，military，andprovincialtypes。Noonecandrawavolunteer，amonthlynurse，aScotchman，an"ancientmariner"ofthewatering-placespecies，withsuchabsolutelyhumorousverisimilitude。Personages，too，inwhoseeyes——touseMr。Swiveller’seuphemism——"thesunhasshonetoostrongly，"findinMr。Keeneamercilesssatiristoftheir"pleasantvices。"LikeLeech，hehasalsoaremarkablepowerofindicatingalandscapebackgroundwiththefewestpossibletouches。Hisbook-
illustrationshavebeen。mainlyconfinedtomagazinesandnovels。
Thosein"OnceaWeek"toa"GoodFight，"thetalesubsequentlyelaboratedbyCharlesReadeintothe"CloisterandtheHearth，"
presentsomegoodspecimensofhisearlierwork。Oneofthese，inwhichthedwarfofthestoryisseenclimbingupawallwithalanternathisback，willprobablyberememberedbymany。
Afterthe"Punch"schoolthereareotherlesserluminaries。Mr。W。
S。Gilbert’sdrawingstohisowninimitable"BabBallads"haveaperversedrollerywhichisquiteinkeepingwiththaterratictext。
Mr。F。Barnard，whoseexceptionaltalentshavenotbeensufficientlyrecognised，isamasterofcertainphasesofstronglymarkedcharacter，and，likeMr。CharlesGreen，hascontributedsomeexcellentsketchestothe"HouseholdEdition"ofDickens。Mr。
Sullivanof"Fun，"whosegrotesquestudiesofthe"BritishTradesman"and"Workman"haverecentlybeenrepublished，hasaboundingviscomica，buthehashithertodonelittleinthewayofillustratingbooks。Forminutepictorialstocktakingandphotographicretentionofdetail，Mr。Sullivan’sartisticmemorymayalmostbecomparedtothewonderfulliterarymemoryofMr。Sala。
Mr。JohnProctor，whosomeyearsago（in"Willo’theWisp"）seemedlikelytorivalTennielasacartoonist，hasnotbeenveryactiveinthisway;whileMr。MatthewMorgan，thecleverartistofthe"Tomahawk，"hastransferredhisservicestotheUnitedStates。OfMr。Bowcherof"Judy，"andvariousotherprofessedlyhumorousdesigners，spacepermitsnofurthermention。
Thereremains，however，onepopularbranchofbook-illustration，whichhasattractedthetalentsofsomeofthemostskilfulandoriginalofmoderndraughtsmen，i。e。theembellishmentofchildren’sbooks。FromthedayswhenMulreadydrewtheold"Butterfly’sBall"
and"PeacockatHome"ofouryouth，tothoseofthedelightfullyBlake-likefanciesofE。V。B。，whose"Child’sPlay"hasrecentlybeenre-publishedforthedelectationofanewgenerationofadmirers，thishasalwaysbeenapopularandprofitableemployment;
butoflateyearsithasbeenraisedtothelevelofafineart。
Mr。H。S。Marks，Mr。J。D。Watson，Mr。WalterCrane，haveproducedspecimensofnurseryliteraturewhich，forrefinementofcolouringandbeautyofornament，cannoteasilybesurpassed。Theequipmentsofthelastnamed，especially，areofaveryhighorder。Hebeganasalandscapistonwood;henowchieflydevoteshimselftothefigure;andheseemstohavethedecorativeartathisfingers’endsasanaturalgift。Suchworkas"KingLuckieboy’sParty"wasarevelationinthewayoftoybooks，whilethe"Baby’sOpera"and"Baby’sBouquet"arepetitschefsd’oeuvre，ofwhichthesagaciouscollectorwilldowelltosecurecopies，notforhisnursery，buthislibrary。Norcanhis"Mrs。MundiatHome"beneglectedbythecuriousinquaintandgracefulinvention。{14}Anotherbook——the"UndertheWindow"ofMissKateGreenaway——comeswithinthesamecategory。SinceStothard，noonehasgivenussuchaclear-eyed，soft-faced，happy-heartedchildhood;orsopoetically"apprehended"
thecoyreticences，thesimplicities，andthesmallsolemnitiesoflittlepeople。Addedtothis，theold-worldcostumeinwhichsheusuallyelectstoclothehercharacters，lendsanarchpiquancyofcontrasttotheirinnocentritesandceremonies。Hertasteintinting，too，isverysweetandspring-like;andthereisafresh，purefragranceaboutallherpicturesasofnew-gatherednosegays;
or，perhaps，lookingtothefashionsthatshefavours，itwouldbebettertosay"bow-pots。"Butthelatest"goodgenius"ofthisbranchofbook-illustratingisMr。RandolphCaldecott，adesignerassuredlyoftheveryfirstorder。Thereisaspontaneityoffun，anunforcedinventionabouteverythinghedoes，thatisinfinitelyentertaining。Otherartistsdrawtoamuseus;Mr。Caldecottseemstodrawtoamusehimself，——andthisishischarm。Onefeelsthathemusthavechuckledinwardlyashepuffedthecheeksofhis"JovialHuntsmen;"orsketchedthatinimitablycomplacentdoginthe"HousethatJackBuilt;"orexhibitedtheexploitsoftheimmortal"train-
bandcaptain"of"famousLondontown。"Thislastishismasterpiece。Cowperhimselfmusthaverejoicedatit，——andLadyAusten。Therearetwosketchesinthisbook——theyoccupytheconcludingpages——whichareespeciallyfascinating。Onone，JohnGilpin，inaforlornandflaccidcondition，ishelpedintothehousebythesympathising（andveryattractive）Betty;ontheotherhehasdonnedhisslippers，refreshedhisinnermanwithacordial，andovertheheavingshoulderofhis"spouse，"wholiesdissolveduponhismartialbosom，heistakingthespectatorsintohisconfidencewithawinkworthyofthelateMr。Buckstone。Nothingmoregenuine，moreheartilylaughable，thanthissetofdesignshasappearedinourday。AndMr。Caldecotthasfewlimitations。Notonlydoeshedrawhumannatureadmirably，buthedrawsanimalsandlandscapesequallywell，soonemaypraisehimwithoutreserve。Thoughnotchildren’sbooks，mentionshouldherebemadeofhis"BracebridgeHall，"and"OldChristmas，"theillustrationstowhicharethenearestapproachtothatbeau-ideal，perfectsympathybetweentheartistandtheauthor，withwhichthewriterisacquainted。Thecutonpage173isfromtheformeroftheseworks。
Manyofthebooksabovementionedareprintedincoloursbyvariousprocesses，andtheyarenotalwaysengravedonwood。But——toclosetheaccountofmodernwood-engraving——somebriefreferencemustbemadetowhatisstyledthe"newAmericanSchool，"asexhibitedforthemostpartin"Scribner’s"andotherTransatlanticmagazines。
Authorities，itisreported，shaketheirheadsovertheseperformances。"C’estmagnifique，maiscenestpaslagravure，"theywhisper。Intothematterindispute，itisperhapspresumptuousforan"atechnic"toadventurehimself。Buttotheoutsideritwouldcertainlyseemasifthechiefgroundofcomplaintisthatthenewcomersdonotplaythegameaccordingtotheoldrules，andthatthis（alleged）irregularmodeofproceduretendstolessenthestatusoftheengraverasanartist。Falseortrue，this，itmayfairlybeadvanced，hasnothingwhatevertodowiththematter，asfar，atleast，asthepublicareconcerned。Forthemthequestionis，simplyandsolely——Whatistheresultobtained？Thenewschool，availingthemselveslargelyoftheassistanceofphotography，areabletodispense，inagreatmeasure，withtheoldtediousmethodofdrawingontheblock，andtoleavetheartisttochoosewhatmediumheprefersforhisdesign——beitoil，water-colour，orblackandwhite——concerningthemselvesonlytoreproduceitscharacteristicsonthewood。Thisis，ofcourse，adeviationfromthemethodofBewick。ButwouldBewickhaveadheredtohismethodinthesedays？
Eveninhislasthourshewasseekingfornewprocesses。Whatwewantistogetnearesttotheartisthimselfwiththeleastamountofinterpretationorintermediationonthepartoftheengraver。Isengravingoncoppertobereproduced，wewantafacsimileifpossible，andnotarenderingintosomethingwhichissupposedtobetheorthodoxutteranceofwood-engraving。Take，forexample，thecopyofSchiavonetti’sengravingofBlake’sDeath’sDoorin"Scribner’sMagazine"forJune1880，orthecutfromthesamesourceatpage131ofthisbook。Thesearefaithfullineforlinetranscriptions，asfaraswoodcangivethem，oftheoriginalcopper-plates;and，thisbeingthecase，itisnottobewonderedatthatthepublic，who，forafewpencecanhavepracticalfacsimilesofBlake，ofCruikshank，orofWhistler，areloudintheirappreciationofthe"newAmericanSchool。"Norareitssuccessesconfinedtoreproductioninfacsimile。Thosewholookattheexquisiteillustrations，inthesameperiodical，tothe"TileClubatPlay，"toRoe’s"SuccesswithSmallFruits，"andHarris’s"InsectsInjurioustoVegetation，"——tosaynothingoftheselectedspecimensintherecentlyissued"Portfolios"——willseethatthelatestcomerscanholdtheirownonallfieldswithanyschoolthathasgonebefore。{15}
Besidescopperplateandwood，therearemanyprocesseswhichhavebeenandarestillemployedforbook-illustrations，althoughthebrieflimitsofthischaptermakeanyaccountofthemimpossible。
Lithographywasatonetimeverypopular，and，inbookslikeRoberts’s"HolyLand，"exceedinglyeffective。The"EtchingClub"
issuedanumberofbookscirca1841-52;andmostoftheworkof"Phiz"andCruikshankwasdonewiththeneedle。Itisprobablethat，aswehavealreadyseen，theimpetusgiventomodernetchingbyMessrs。Hamerton，SeymourHaden，andWhistler，willleadtoaspecificrevivalofetchingasameansofbook-illustration。
Alreadybeautifuletchingshaveforsometimeappearedin"L’Art，"
the"Portfolio，"andthe"Etcher;"andatleastonebookofpoemshasbeenentirelyillustratedinthisway，——thepoemsofMr。W。BellScott。Forreproducingoldengravings，maps，drawings，andthelike，itisnottoomuchtosaythatweshallnevergetanythingmuchcloserthanthefacsimilesofM。Amand-DurandandtheTypographicEtchingandAutotypeCompanies。Butfurtherimprovementswillprobablyhavetobemadebeforethesecancompetecommerciallywithwood-engravingaspractisedbythe"newAmericanSchool。"
"Ofmakingmanybooks，"’twaissaid，"Thereisnoend;"andwhothereonTheever-runninginkdothshedButprobesthewordsofSolomon：
Whereforewenow，forcolophon，FromLondon’scitydrearanddark，IntheyearEighteenEight-One，ReprintthematthepressofClark。
A。D。
Footnotes：
{1}Thisisthetechnicalnameforpeoplewho"illustrate"bookswithengravingsfromotherworks。ThepracticebecamepopularwhenGrangerpublishedhis"BiographicalHistoryofEngland。"
{2}Mr。WilliamBlades，inhis"EnemiesofBooks"（Trubner，1880），decriesglass-doors，——"theabsenceofventilationwillassisttheformationofmould。"ButM。Rouveyrebidsusopenthedoorsonsunnydays，thattheairmayberenewed，and，closethemintheeveninghours，lestmothsshouldenterandlaytheireggsamongthetreasures。And，withalldeferencetoMr。Blades，glass-doorsdoseemtobeusefulinexcludingdust。
{3}"Sendhimbackcarefully，foryoucanifyoulike，thatallunharmedhemayreturntohisownplace。"
{4}Nowonderthebooksarescarce，iftheyarebeinghackedtopiecesbyGrangerites。
{5}Theselinesappearedin"NotesandQueries，"Jan。8，1881。
{6}IntheGoldenAssofApuleius，whichPoliashouldnothaveread。
{7}M。ArseneHoussayeseemstothinkhehasfoundthem;markedonthefly-leaveswithanimpression，inwax，ofasealengravedwiththeheadofEpicurus。
{8}ThischapterwaswrittenbyAustinDobson。——DP
{9}TherecentWinterExhibitionoftheOldMasters（1881）
containedafinedisplayofFlaxman’sdrawings，alargenumberofwhichbelongedtoMr。F。T。Palgrave。
{10}ByMr。CosmoMonkhouse。
{11}Thesewordswerewrittenbeforethe"ArtJournal"hadpublisheditsprogrammefor1881。Fromthisitappearsthatthepresenteditorfullyrecognisesthenecessityforcallingintheassistanceoftheneedle。
{12}Theexample，herecopiedonthewoodbyM。Lacour，isaverysuccessfulreproductionofClennell’sstyle。
{13}Healsoillustratedthe"MemoirsofJosephGrimaldi。"Butthiswassimply"edited"by"Boz。"
{14}ThereaderwillobservethatthisvolumeisindebtedtoMr。
Craneforitsbeautifulfrontispiece。
{15}Sincethisparagraphwasfirstwrittenaninterestingpaperontheillustrationsin"Scribner，"fromthepenofMr。J。ComynsCarr，hasappearedin"L’Art。"