III。THECOGNITIVERELATION
Thefirstgreatpitfallfromwhichsucharadicalstandingbyexperiencewillsaveusisanartificialconceptionofthe_relations_between_
_knower_and_known_。Throughoutthehistoryofphilosophythesubjectanditsobjecthavebeentreatedasabsolutelydiscontinuousentities;
andthereuponthepresenceofthelattertotheformer，orthe’apprehension’bytheformerofthelatter，hasassumedaparadoxicalcharacterwhichallsortsoftheorieshadtobeinventedtoovercome。Representativetheoriesputamental’representation，’’image，’or’content’intothegap，asasortofintermediary。
Common-sensetheoriesleftthegapuntouched，declaringourmindabletoclearitbyaself-transcendingleap。Transcendentalisttheoriesleftitimpossibletotraverseby53
finiteknowers，andbroughtanAbsoluteintoperformthesaltatoryact。Allthewhile，intheverybosomofthefiniteexperience，everyconjunctionrequiredtomaketherelationintelligibleisgiveninfull。Eithertheknowerandtheknownare：
（1）Theself-samepieceofexperiencetakentwiceoverindifferentcontexts;ortheyare（2）twopiecesof_actual_experiencebelongingtothesamesubject，withdefinitetractsofconjunctivetransitionalexperiencebetweenthem;or（3）theknownisa_possible_experienceeitherofthatsubjectoranother，towhichthesaidconjunctivetransitions_would_lead，ifsufficientlyprolonged。
Todiscussallthewaysinwhichoneexperiencemayfunctionastheknowerofanother，wouldbeincompatiblewiththelimitsofthisessay。91）Ihavejusttreatedoftype1，the——-
1Forbrevity’ssakeIaltogetheromitmentionofthetypeconstitutedbyknowledgeofthetruthofgeneralpropositions。Thistypehasbeenthoroughlyand，sofarasIcansee，satisfactorily，elucidatedinDewey’s_Studies_in_Logical_Theory_。SuchpropositionsarereducibletotheS-is-Pform;andthe’terminus’thatverifiesandfulfilsistheSPincombination。Ofcourseperceptsmaybeinvolvedinthemediatingexperiences，orinthe’satisfactoriness’ofthePinitsnewposition。
54
kindofknowledgecalledperception。Thisisthetypeofcaseinwhichthemindenjoysdirect’acquaintance’withapresentobject。Intheothertypesthemindhas’knowledge-
about’anobjectnotimmediatelythere。Oftype2，thesimplestsortofconceptualknowledge，Ihavegivensomeaccountintwoarticles。（1）Type3canalwaysformallyandhypotheticallybereducedtotype2，sothatabriefdescriptionofthattypewillputthepresentreadersufficientlyatmypointofview，andmakehimseewhattheactualmeaningsofthemysteriouscognitiverelationmaybe。
Supposemetobesittinghereinmylibrary——-
1Thesearticlesandtheirdoctrine，unnoticedapparentlybyanyoneelse，havelatelygainedfavorablecommentfromProfessorStrong。Dr。
DickinsonS。Millerhasindependentlythoughtoutthesameresults，whichStrongaccordinglydubstheJames-Millertheoryofcognition。
——-
55
atCambridge，attenminutes’walkfrom’MemorialHall，’andtobethinkingtrulyofthelatterobject。Mymindmayhavebeforeitonlythename，oritmayhaveaclearimage，oritmayhaveaverydimimageofthehall，butsuchintrinsicdifferencesintheimagemakenodifferenceinitscognitivefunction。Certain_extrinsic_phenomena，specialexperiencesofconjunction，arewhatimparttotheimage，beitwhatitmay，itsknowingoffice。
Forinstance，ifyouaskmewhathallImeanbymyimage，andIcalltellyounothing;orifI
failtopointorleadyoutowardstheHarvardDelta;orif，beingledbyyou，IamuncertainwhethertheHallIseebewhatIhadinmindornot;youwouldrightlydenythatIhad’meant’thatparticularhallatall，eventhoughmymentalimagemighttosomedegreehaveresembledit。Theresemblancewouldcountinthatcaseascoincidentalmerely，forallsortsofthingsofakindresembleoneanotherinthisworldwithoutbeingheldforthatreasontotakecognizanceofoneanother。
Ontheotherhand，ifIcanleadyoutothe56
hall，andtellyouofitshistoryandpresentuses;ifinitspresenceIfeelmyidea，howeverimperfectitmayhavebeen，tohaveledhitherandtobenow_terminated_;iftheassociatesoftheimageandofthefelthallrunparallel，sothateachtermoftheonecontextcorrespondsserially，asIwalk，withanansweringtermoftheothers;whythenmysoulwasprophetic，andmyideamustbe，andbycommonconsentwouldbe，calledcognizantofreality。ThatperceptwaswhatI_meant_，forintoitmyideahaspassedbyconjunctiveexperiencesofsamenessandfulfilledintention。Nowhereistherejar，buteverylatermomentcontinuesandcorroboratesanearlierone。
Inthiscontinuingandcorroborating，takeninnotranscendentalsense，butdenotingdefinitelyfelttransitions，_lies_all_that_the_knowing_
_of_a_percept_by_an_idea_can_possibly_contain_or_
_signify_。Whereversuchtransitionsarefelt，thefirstexperience_knows_thatlastone。Wheretheydonot，orwhereevenaspossiblestheycannot，intervene，therecanbenopretenceofknowing。
Inthislattercasetheextremeswillbeconnected，57
ifconnectedatall，byinferiorrelations——barelikenessorsuccession，orby’withness’
alone。Knowledgeofsensiblerealitiesthuscomestolifeinsidethetissueofexperience。Itis_made_;andmadebyrelationsthatunrollthemselvesintime。Whenevercertainintermediariesaregiven，suchthat，astheydeveloptowardstheirterminus，thereisexperiencefrompointtopointofonedirectionfollowed，andfinallyofoneprocessfulfilled，theresultisthat_their_starting-point_thereby_becomes_a_
_knower_and_their_terminus_an_object_meant_or_
_known_。Thatisallthatknowing（inthesimplecaseconsidered）canbeknown-as，thatisthewholeofitsnature，putintoexperientialterms。Wheneversuchisthesequenceofourexperienceswemayfreelysaythatwehadtheterminalobject’inmind’fromtheoutset，evenalthough_at_theoutsetnothingwasthereinusbutaflatpieceofsubstantiveexperiencelikeanyother，withnoself-transcendencyaboutit，andnymysterysavethemysteryofcomingintoexistenceandofbeinggraduallyfollowedbyotherpiecesofsubstantiveexperience，with58
conjunctivelytransitionalexperiencesbetween。
Thatiswhatwe_mean_herebytheobject’sbeing’inmind。’Ofanydeepermorerealwayofbeinginmindwehavenopositiveconception，andwehavenorighttodiscreditouractualexperiencebytalkingofsuchawayatall。
Iknowthatmanyareaderwillrebelatthis。
"Mereintermediaries，"hewillsay，"eventhoughtheybefeelingsofcontinuouslygrowingfulfilment，only_separate_theknowerfromtheknown，whereaswhatwehaveinknowledgeisakindofimmediatetouchoftheonebytheother，an’apprehension’intheetymologicalsenseoftheword，aleapingofthechasmasbylightning，anactbywhichtwotermsaresmittenintoone，overtheheadoftheirdistinctness。
Allthesedeadintermediariesofyoursareoutofeachother，andoutsideoftheirterministill。"
Butdonotsuchdialecticdifficultiesremindusofthedogdroppinghisboneandsnappingatitsimageinthewater？Ifweknewanymorerealkindofunion_aliunde_，wemightbeentitled59
tobrandallourempiricalunionsasasham。
Butunionsbycontinuoustransitionaretheonlyonesweknowof，whetherinthismatterofaknowledge-aboutthatterminatesinanacquaintance，whetherinpersonalidentity，inlogicalpredicationthroughthecopula’is，’orelsewhere。Ifanywherethereweremoreabsoluteunionsrealized，theycouldonlyrevealthemselvestousbyjustsuchconjunctiveresults。Thesearewhattheunionsare_worth_，theseareallthat_we_can_ever_practically_mean_
byunion，bycontinuity。IsitnottimetorepeatwhatLotzesaidofsubstances，thatto_act_like_oneisto_be_one？Shouldwenotsayherethattobeexperiencedascontinuousistobereallycontinuous，inaworldwhereexperienceandrealitycometothesamething？Inapicturegalleryapaintedhookwillservetohangapaintedchainby，apaintedcablewillholdapaintedship。Inaworldwhereboththetermsandtheirdistinctionsareaffairsofexperience，conjunctionsthatareexperiencedmustbeatleastasrealasanythingelse。They60
willbe’absolutely’realconjunctions，ifwehavenotransphenomenalAbsoluteready，toderealizethewholeexperiencedworldby，atastroke。
If，ontheotherhand，wehadsuchanAbsolute，notoneofouropponents’theoriesofknowledgecouldremainstandinganybetterthanourscould;forthedistinctionsaswellastheconjunctionsofexperiencewouldimpartiallyfallitsprey。Thewholequestionofhow’one’
thingcanknow’another’wouldceasetobearealoneatallinaworldwhereothernessitselfwasanillusion。（1）
Somuchfortheessentialsofthecognitiverelation，wheretheknowledgeisconceptualintype，orformsknowledge’about’anobject。Itconsistsinintermediaryexperiences（possible，ifnotactual）ofcontinuouslydevelopingprogress，and，finally，offulfilment，whenthesensiblepercept，whichistheobject，isreached。
Theperceptherenotonly_verifies_theconcept，provesitsfunctionofknowingthatperceptto——-
1Mr。Bradley，notprofessingtoknowhisabsolute_aliunde_，neverthelessderealizesExperiencebyallegingittobeeverywhereinfectedwithself-contradiction。Hisargumentsseemalmostpurelyverbal，butthisisnoplaceforarguingthatpointout。
——-
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betrue，butthepercept’sexistenceastheterminusofthechainofintermediaries_creates_
thefunction。Whateverterminatesthatchainwas，becauseitnowprovesitselftobe，whattheconcept’hadinmind。’
Thetoweringimportanceforhumanlifeofthiskindofknowingliesinthefactthatanexperiencethatknowsanothercanfigureasits_representative_，notinanyquasi-miraculous’epistemological’sense，butinthedefinitepracticalsenseofbeingits_substitute_invariousoperations，sometimesphysicalandsometimesmental，whichleadustoitsassociatesandresults。
Byexperimentingonourideasofreality，wemaysaveourselvesthetroubleofexperimentingontherealexperienceswhichtheyseverallymean。Theideasformrelatedsystems，correspondingpointforpointtothesystemswhichtherealitiesform;andbylettinganidealtermcallupitsassociatessystematically，wemaybeledtoaterminuswhichthecorrespondingrealtermwouldhaveledtoincasewehadoperatedontherealworld。Andthisbringsustothegeneralquestionofsubstitution。
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IV。SUBSTITUTION
InTaine’sbrilliantbookon’Intelligence，’
substitutionwasforthefirsttimenamedasacardinallogicalfunction，thoughofcoursethefactshadalwaysbeenfamiliarenough。
What，exactly，inasystemofexperiences，doesthe’substitution’ofoneofthemforanothermean？
Accordingtomyview，experienceasawholeisaprocessintime，wherebyinnumerableparticulartermslapseandaresupersededbyothersthatfollowuponthembytransitionswhich，whetherdisjunctiveorconjunctiveincontent，arethemselvesexperiences，andmustingeneralbeaccountedatleastasrealasthetermswhichtheyrelate。Whatthenatureoftheeventcalled’superseding’signifies，dependsaltogetheronthekindoftransitionthatobtains。Someexperiencessimplyabolishtheirpredecessorswithoutcontinuingtheminanyway。Othersarefelttoincreaseortoenlargetheirmeaning，tocarryouttheirpurpose，ortobringusnearertotheirgoal。They63
’represent’them，andmayfulfiltheirfunctionbetterthantheyfulfilleditthemselves。Butto’fulfilafunction’inaworldofpureexperiencecanbeconceivedanddefinedinonlyonepossibleway。INsuchaworldtransitionsandarrivals（orterminations）aretheonlyeventsthathappen，thoughtheyhappenbysomanysortsofpath。Theonlyexperiencethatoneexperiencecanperformistoleadintoanotherexperience;andtheonlyfulfilmentwecanspeakofisthereachingofacertainexperiencedend。Whenoneexperienceleadsto（orcanleadto）thesameendasanother，theyagreeinfunction。Butthewholesystemofexperiencesastheyareimmediatelygivenpresentsitselfasaquasi-chaosthroughwhichonecanpassoutofaninitialterminmanydirectionsandyetendinthesameterminus，movingfromnexttonextbyagreatmanypossiblepaths。
Eitheroneofthesepathsmightbeafunctionalsubstituteforanother，andtofollowoneratherthananothermightonoccasionbeanadvantageousthingtodo。Asamatterof64
fact，andinageneralway，thepathsthatrunthroughconceptualexperiences，thatis，through’thoughts’or’ideas’that’know’thethingsinwhichtheyterminate，arehighlyadvantageouspathstofollow。Notonlydotheyyieldinconceivablyrapidtransitions;but，owingtothe’universal’character（1）whichtheyfrequentlypossess，andtotheircapacityforassociationwithoneanotheringreatsystems，theyoutstripthetardyconsecutionsofthethingsthemselves，andsweepusontowardsourultimateterminiinafarmorelabor-savingwaythanthefollowingoftrainsofsensibleperceptionevercould。Wonderfularethenewcutsandtheshort-circuitswhichthethought-
pathsmake。Mostthought-paths，itistrue，aresubstitutesfornothingactual;theyendoutsidetherealworldaltogether，inwaywardfancies，utopias，fictionsormistakes。Butwheretheydore-enterrealityandterminatetherein，wesubstitutethemalways;andwith——-
1Ofwhichallthatneedbesaidinthisessayisthatitalsocanbeconceivedasfunctional，anddefinedintermsoftransitions，orofthepossibilityofsuch。
——-
65
thesesubstituteswepassthegreaternumberofourhours。
ThisiswhyIcalledourexperiences，takentogether，aquasi-chaos。Thereisvastlymorediscontinuityinthesumtotalofexperiencesthanwecommonlysuppose。Theobjectivenucleusofeveryman’sexperience，hisownbody，is，itistrue，acontinuouspercept;andequallycontinuousasapercept（thoughtwemaybeinattentivetoit）isthematerialenvironmentofthatbody，changingbygradualtransitionwhenthebodymoves。Butthedistantpartsofthephysicalworldareatalltimesabsentfromus，andformconceptualobjectsmerely，intotheperceptualrealityofwhichourlifeinsertsitselfatpointsdiscreteandrelativelyrare。Roundtheirseveralobjectivenuclei，partlysharedandcommonandpartlydiscrete，oftherealphysicalworld，innumerablethinkers，pursuingtheirseverallinesofphysicallytruecogitation，tracepathsthatintersectoneanotheronlyatdiscontinuousperceptualpoints，andtherestofthetimearequiteincongruent;andaroundallthenuclei66
ofshared’reality，’asaroundtheDyak’sheadofmylatemetaphor，floatsthevastcloudofexperiencesthatarewhollysubjective，thatarenon-substitutional，thatfindnotevenaneventualendingforthemselvesintheperceptualworld——theremereday-dreamsandjoysandsufferingsandwishesoftheindividualminds。Theseexist_with_oneanother，indeed，andwiththeobjectivenuclei，butoutofthemitisprobablethattoalleternitynointerrelatedsystemofanykindwilleverybemade。
Thisnotionofthepurelysubstitutionalorconceptualphysicalworldbringsustothemostcriticalofallstepsinthedevelopmentofaphilosophyofpureexperience。Theparadoxofself-transcendencyinknowledgecomesbackuponushere，butIthinkthatournotionsofpureexperienceandofsubstitution，andourradicallyempiricalviewofconjunctivetransitions，are_Denkmittel_thatwillcarryussafelythroughthepass。
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V。WHATOBJECTIVEREFERENCEIS。
Whosoeverfeelshisexperiencetobesomethingsubstitutionalevenwhilehehasit，maybesaidtohaveanexperiencethatreachesbeyonditself。Frominsideofitsownentityitsays’more，’andpostulatesrealityexistingelsewhere。
Forthetranscendentalist，whoholdsknowingtoconsistina_salto_mortale_acrossan’epistemologicalchasm，’suchanideapresentsnodifficulty;butitseemsatfirstsightasifitmightbeinconsistentwithanempiricismlikeourown。Havewenotexplainedthatconceptualknowledgeismadesuchwhollybytheexistenceofthingsthatfalloutsideoftheknowingexperienceitself——byintermediaryexperienceandbyaterminusthatfulfils？
Cantheknowledgebetherebeforetheseelementsthatconstituteitsbeinghavecome？
And，ifknowledgebenotthere，howcanobjectivereferenceoccur？
Thekeytothisdifficultyliesinthedistinctionbetweenknowingasverifiedandcompleted，andthesameknowingasintransit68
andonitsway。TorecurtotheMemorialHallexamplelatelyused，itisonlywhenourideaoftheHallhasactuallyterminatedintheperceptthatweknow’forcertain’thatfromthebeginningitwastrulycognitiveof_that_。
Untilestablishedbytheendoftheprocess，itsqualityofknowingthat，orindeedofknowinganything，couldstillbedoubted;andyettheknowingreallywasthere，astheresultnowshows。Wewere_virtual_knowersoftheHalllongbeforewewerecertifiedtohavebeenitsactualknowers，bythepercept’sretroactivevalidatingpower。Justsoweare’mortal’allthetime，byreasonofthevirtualityoftheinevitableeventwhichwillmakeussowhenitshallhavecome。
Nowtheimmenselygreaterpartofallourknowingnevergetsbeyondthisvirtualstage。
Itneveriscompletedornaileddown。Ispeaknotmerelyofourideasofimperceptibleslikeether-wavesordissociated’ions，’orof’ejects’
likethecontentsofourneighbors’minds;I
speakalsoofideaswhichwemightverifyifwewouldtakethetrouble，butwhichweholdfor69
truealthoughunterminatedperceptually，becausenothingsays’no’tous，andthereisnocontradictingtruthinsight。_To_continue_thinking_
_unchallenged_is，_ninety-nine_times_out_of_a_
_hundred，_our_practical_substitute_for_knowing_in_
_the_completed_sense_。Aseachexperiencerunsbycognitivetransitionintothenextone，andwenowherefeelacollisionwithwhatweelsewherecountastruthorfact，wecommitourselvestothecurrentasiftheportweresure。Welive，asitwere，uponthefrontedgeofanadvancingwave-crest，andoursenseofadeterminatedirectioninfallingforwardisallwecoverofthefutureofourpath。Itisasifadifferentialquotientshouldbeconsciousandtreatitselfasanadequatesubstituteforatraced-outcurve。
Ourexperience，_inter_alia_，isofvariationsofrateandofdirection，andlivesinthesetransitionsmorethaninthejourney’send。Theexperiencesoftendencyaresufficienttoactupon——whatmorecouldwehave_done_atthosemomentsevenifthelaterverificationcomescomplete？
Thisiswhat，asaradicalempiricist，Isayto70
thechargethattheobjectivereferencewhichissoflagrantacharacterofourexperienceinvolvesachasmandamortalleap。Apositivelyconjunctivetransitioninvolvesneitherchasmnorleap。Beingtheveryoriginalofwhatwemeanbycontinuity，itmakesacontinuumwhereveritappears。Iknowfullwellthatsuchbriefwordsasthesewillleavethehardenedtranscendentalistunshaken。Conjunctiveexperiences_separate_theirterms，hewillstillsay：theyarethirdthingsinterposed，thathavethemselvestobeconjoinedbynewlinks，andtoinvokethemmakesourtroubleinfinitelyworse。
To’feel’ourmotionforwardisimpossible。
Motionimpliesterminus;andhowcanterminusbefeltbeforewehavearrived？Thebareststartandsallyforwards，thebaresttendencytoleavetheinstant，involvesthechasmandtheleap。Conjunctivetransitionsarethemostsuperficialofappearances，illusionsofoursensibilitywhichphilosophicalreflectionpulverizesatatouch。Conceptionisouronlytrustworthyinstrument，conceptionandtheAbsoluteworkinghandinhand。Conceptiondisintegrates71
experienceutterly，butitsdisjunctionsareeasilyovercomeagainwhentheAbsolutetakesupthetask。
SuchtranscendentalistsImustleave，provisionallyatleast，infullpossessionoftheircreed。Ihavenospaceforpolemicsinthisarticle，soIshallsimplyformulatetheempiricistdoctrineasmyhypothesis，leavingittoworkornotworkasitmay。
Objectivereference，Isaythen，isanincidentofthefactthatsomuchofourexperiencecomesasaninsufficientandconsistsofprocessandtransition。Ourfieldsofexperiencehavenomoredefiniteboundariesthanhaveourfieldsofview。Botharefringedforeverbya_more_thatcontinuouslydevelops，andthatcontinuouslysupersedesthemaslifeproceeds。
Therelations，generallyspeaking，areasrealhereasthetermsare，andtheonlycomplaintofthetranscendentalist’swithwhichIcouldatallsympathizewouldbehischargethat，byfirstmakingknowledgeconsistinexternalrelationsasIhavedone，andbythenconfessing72
thatnine-tenthsofthetimethesearenotactuallybutonlyvirtuallythere，Ihaveknockedthesolidbottomoutofthewholebusiness，andpalmedoffasubstituteofknowledgeforthegenuinething。Onlytheadmission，suchacriticmightsay，thatourideasareself-transcendentand’true’already，inadvanceoftheexperiencesthataretoterminatethem，canbringsoliditybacktoknowledgeinaworldlikethis，inwhichtransitionsandterminationsareonlybyexceptionfulfilled。
Thisseemstomeanexcellentplaceforapplyingthepragmaticmethod。Whenadisputearises，thatmethodconsistsinauguringwhatpracticalconsequenceswouldbedifferentifonesideratherthantheotherweretrue。Ifnodifferencecanbethoughtof，thedisputeisaquarreloverwords。Whatthenwouldtheself-transcendencyaffirmedtoexistinadvanceofallexperientialmediationorterminations，be_known-as？_Whatwoulditpracticallyresultinfor_us_，wereittrue？
Itcouldonlyresultinourorientation，intheturningofourexpectationsandpracticaltendencies73
intotherightpath;andtherightpathhere，solongasweandtheobjectarenotyetfacetoface（orcannevergetfacetoface，asinthecaseofejects），wouldbethepaththatledusintotheobject’snearestneighborhood。
Wheredirectacquaintanceislacking，’knowledgeabout’isthenextbestthing，andanacquaintancewithwhatactuallyliesabouttheobject，andismostcloselyrelatedtoit，putssuchknowledgewithinourgasp。Ether-wavesandyouranger，forexample，arethingsinwhichmythoughtswillnever_perceptually_terminate，butmyconceptsofthemleadmetotheirverybrink，tothechromaticfringesandtothehurtfulwordsanddeedswhicharetheirreallynexteffects。
Evenifourideasdidinthemselvescarrythepostulatedself-transcendency，itwouldstillremaintruethattheirputtingusintopossessionofsucheffects_would_be_the_sole_cash-_
_value_of_the_self-transcendency_for_us_。Andthiscash-value，itisneedlesstosay，is_verbatim_et_
_literatim_whatourempiricistaccountpaysin。
Onpragmatistprinciples，therefore，adispute74
overself-transcendencyisapurelogomachy。
Callourconceptsofejectivethingsself-
transcendentorthereverse，itmakesnodifference，solongaswedon’tdifferaboutthenatureofthatexaltedvirtue’sfruits——fruitsforus，ofcourse，humanisticfruits。IfanAbsolutewereprovedtoexistforotherreasons，itmightwellappearthat_his_knowledgeisterminatedininnumerablecaseswhereoursisstillincomplete。That，however，wouldbeafactindifferenttoourknowledge。Thelatterwouldgrowneitherworsenorbetter，whetherweacknowledgedsuchanAbsoluteorlefthimout。
Sothenotionofaknowledgestill_in_transitu_
andonitswayjoinshandsherewiththatnotionofa’pureexperience’whichItriedtoexplaininmy[essay]entitled’DoesConsciousnessExist？’Theinstantfieldofthepresentisalwaysexperiencedinits’pure’state。
plainunqualifiedactuality，asimple_that_，asyetundifferentiatedintothingandthought，andonlyvirtuallyclassifiableasobjectivefactorassomeone’sopinionaboutfact。Thisisastrue75
whenthefieldisconceptualaswhenitisperceptual。
’MemorialHall’is’there’inmyideaasmuchaswhenIstandbeforeit。Iproceedtoactonitsaccountineithercase。Onlyinthelaterexperiencethatsupersedesthepresentoneisthis_naif_immediacyretrospectivelysplitintotwoparts，a’consciousness’andits’content，’
andthecontentcorrectedorconfirmed。
Whilestillpure，orpresent，anyexperience——
mine，forexample，ofwhatIwriteaboutintheseverylines——passesfor’truth。’Themorrowmayreduceitto’opinion。’ThetranscendentalistinallhisparticularknowledgesisasliabletothisreductionasIam：hisAbsolutedoesnotsavehim。Why，then，needhequarrelwithanaccountofknowingthatmerelyleavesitliabletothisinevitablecondition？Whyinsistthatknowingisastaticrelationoutoftimewhenitpracticallyseemssomuchafunctionofouractivelife？Forathingtobevalid，saysLotze，isthesameastomakeitselfvalid。Whenthewholeuniverseseemsonlytobemakingitselfvalidandtobestillincomplete（elsewhyitsceaselesschanging？）why，of76
allthings，shouldknowingbeexempt？Whyshoulditnotbemakingitselfvalidlikeeverythingelse？Thatsomepartsofitmaybealreadyvalidorverifiedbeyonddispute，theempiricalphilosopher，ofcourse，likeanyoneelse，mayalwayshope。
VI。THECONTERMINOUSNESSOFDIFFERENTMINDS
Withtransitionandprospectthusenthronedinpureexperience，itisimpossibletosubscribetotheidealismoftheEnglishschool。
Radicalempiricismhas，infact，moreaffinitieswithnaturalrealismthanwiththeviewsofBerkeleyorofMill，andthiscanbeeasilyshown。
FortheBerkeleyanschool，ideas（theverbalequivalentofwhatItermexperiences）arediscontinuous。
Thecontentofeachiswhollyimmanent，andtherearenotransitionswithwhichtheyareconsubstantialandthroughwhichtheirbeingsmayunite。YourMemorialHallandmine，evenwhenbotharepercepts，arewhollyoutofconnectionwitheachother。
77
Ourlivesareacongeriesofsolipsisms，outofwhichinstrictlogiconlyaGodcouldcomposeauniverseevenofdiscourse。Nodynamiccurrentsrunbetweenmyobjectsandyourobjects。Nevercanourmindsmeetinthe_same_。
Theincredibilityofsuchaphilosophyisflagrant。Itis’cold，strained，andunnatural’
inasupremedegree;anditmaybedoubtedwhetherevenBerkeleyhimself，whotookitsoreligiously，reallybelieved，whenwalkingthroughthestreetsofLondon，thathisspiritandthespiritsofhisfellowwayfarershadabsolutelydifferenttownsinview。
Tomethedecisivereasoninfavorofourmindsmeetingin_some_commonobjectsatleastisthat，unlessImakethatsupposition，Ihavenomotiveforassumingthatyourmindexistsatall。WhydoIpostulateyourmind？BecauseIseeyourbodyactinginacertainway。
Itsgestures，facialmovements，wordsandconductgenerally，are’expressive，’soIdeemitactuatedasmyownis，byaninnerlifelikemine。Thisargumentfromanalogyismy_reason_，78
whetheraninstinctivebeliefrunsbeforeitornot。Butwhatis’yourbody’herebutaperceptin_my_field？Itisonlyasanimating_that_object，_my_object，thatIhaveanyoccasiontothinkofyouatall。IfthebodythatyouactuatebenottheverybodythatIseethere，butsomeduplicatebodyofyourownwithwhichthathasnothingtodo，webelongtodifferentuniverses，youandI，andformetospeakofyouisfolly。Myriadsofsuchuniversesevennowmaycoexist，irrelevanttooneanother;myconcernissolelywiththeuniversewithwhichmyownlifeisconnected。
Inthatperceptualpartof_my_universewhichIcall_your_body，yourmindandmymindmeetandmaybecalledconterminous。Yourmindactuatesthatbodyandmineseesit;mythoughtspassintoitasintotheirharmoniouscognitivefulfilment;youremotionsandvolitionspassintoitascausesintotheireffects。
Butthatpercepthangstogetherwithallourotherphysicalpercepts。Theyareofonestuffwithit;andifitbeourcommonpossession，theymustbesolikewise。Forinstance，your79
handlaysholdofoneendofaropeandmyhandlaysholdoftheotherend。Wepullagainsteachother。Canourtwohandsbemutualobjectsinthisexperience，andtheropenotbemutualalso？Whatistrueoftheropeistrueofanyotherpercept。Yourobjectsareoverandoveragainthesameasmine。IfI
askyou_where_someobjectofyoursis，ouroldMemorialHall，forexample，youpointto_my_
MemorialHallwith_your_handwhich_I_see_。Ifyoualteranobjectinyourworld，putoutacandle，forexample，whenIampresent，_my_
candle_ipso_facto_goesout。ItisonlyasalteringmyobjectsthatIguessyoutoexist。Ifyourobjectsdonotcoalescewithmyobjects，iftheybenotidenticallywheremineare，theymustbeprovedtobepositivelysomewhereelse。
Butnootherlocationcanbeassignedforthem，sotheirplacemustbewhatitseemstobe，thesame。（1）
Practically，then，ourmindsmeetinaworldofobjectswhichtheyshareincommon，which——-
1Thenotionsthatourobjectsareinsideofourrespectiveheadsisnotseriouslydefensible，soIpassitby。
80
wouldstillbethere，ifoneorseveralofthemindsweredestroyed。Icanseenoformalobjectiontothissupposition’sbeingliterallytrue。OntheprincipleswhichIamdefending，a’mind’or’personalconsciousness’isthenameforaseriesofexperiencesruntogetherbycertaindefinitetransitions，andanobjectiverealityisaseriesofsimilarexperiencesknitbydifferenttransitions。Ifoneandthesameexperiencecanfiguretwice，onceinamentalandonceinaphysicalcontext（asIhavetried，inmyarticleon’Consciousness，’toshowthatitcan），onedoesnotseewhyitmightnotfigurethrice，orfourtimes，oranynumberoftimes，byrunningintoasmanydifferentmentalcontexts，justasthesamepoint，lyingattheirintersection，canbecontinuedintomanydifferentlines。Abolishinganynumberofcontextswouldnotdestroytheexperienceitselforitsothercontexts，anymorethanabolishingsomeofthepoint’slinearcontinuationswoulddestroytheothers，ordestroythepointitself。
Iwellknowthesubtledialecticwhichinsists81
thatatermtakeninanotherrelationmustneedsbeanintrinsicallydifferentterm。ThecruxisalwaystheoldGreekone，thatthesamemancan’tbetallinrelationtooneneighbor，andshortinrelationtoanother，forthatwouldmakehimtallandshortatonce。InthisessayIcannotstoptorefutethisdialectic，soIpasson，leavingmyflankforthetimeexposed。
Butifmyreaderwillonlyallowthatthesame’_now_’bothendshispastandbeginshisfuture;
orthat，whenhebuysanacreoflandfromhisneighbor，itisthesameacrethatsuccessivelyfiguresinthetwoestates;orthatwhenIpayhimadollar，thesamedollargoesintohispocketthatcameoutofmine;hewillalsoinconsistencyhavetoallowthatthesameobjectmayconceivablyplayapartin，asbeingrelatedtotherestof，anynumberofotherwiseentirelydifferentminds。Thisisenoughformypresentpoint：thecommon-sensenotionofmindssharingthesameobjectoffersnospeciallogicalorepistemologicaldifficultiesofitsown;itstandsorfallswiththegeneralpossibility82
ofthingsbeinginconjunctiverelationwithotherthingsatall。
Inprinciple，then，letnaturalrealismpassforpossible。Yourmindandmine_may_terminateinthesamepercept，notmerelyagainstit，asifitwereathirdexternalthing，butbyinsertingthemselvesintoitandcoalescingwithit，forsuchisthesortofconjunctiveunionthatappearstobeexperiencedwhenaperceptualterminus’fulfils。’Evenso，twohawsersmayembracethesamepile，andyetneitheroneofthemtouchanyotherpartexceptthatpile，ofwhattheotherhawserisattachedto。
Itisthereforenotaformalquestion，butaquestionofempiricalfactsolely，whetherwhenyouandIaresaidtoknowthe’same’
MemorialHall，ourmindsdoterminateatorinanumericallyidenticalpercept。Obviously，asaplainmatteroffact，theydo_not_。Apartfromcolor-blindnessandsuchpossibilities，weseetheHallindifferentperspectives。YoumaybeononesideofitandIonanother。Theperceptofeachofus，asheseesthesurfaceoftheHall，ismoreoveronlyhisprovisionalterminus。The83
nextthingbeyondmyperceptisnotyourmind，butmoreperceptsofmyownintowhichmyfirstperceptdevelops，theinterioroftheHall，forinstance，ortheinnerstructureofitsbricksandmortar。Ifourmindswereinaliteralsense_con_terminous，neithercouldgetbeyondtheperceptwhichtheyhadincommon，itwouldbeanultimatebarrierbetweenthem——unlessindeedtheyflowedoveritandbecame’co-conscious’overastilllargerpartoftheircontent，which（thought-transferenceapart）isnotsupposedtobethecase。Inpointoffacttheultimatecommonbarriercanalwaysbepushed，bybothminds，fartherthananyactualperceptofeither，untilatlastitresolvesitselfintothemerenotionofimperceptibleslikeatomsoreither，sothat，wherewedoterminateinpercepts，ourknowledgeisonlyspeciouslycompleted，being，intheoreticstrictness，onlyavirtualknowledgeofthoseremoterobjectswhichconceptioncarriesout。
Isnaturalrealism，permissibleinlogic，refutedthenbyempiricalfact？Doourmindshavenoobjectincommonafterall？
84
Yet，theycertainlyhave_Space_incommon。
Onpragmaticprinciplesweareobligedtopredicatesamenesswhereverwecanpredicatenoassignablepointofdifference。Iftwonamedthingshaveeveryqualityandfunctionindiscernible，andareatthesametimeinthesameplace，theymustbewrittendownasnumericallyonethingundertwodifferentnames。Butthereisnotestdiscoverable，sofarasIknow，bywhichitcanbeshownthattheplaceoccupiedbyyourperceptofMemorialHalldiffersfromtheplaceoccupiedbymine。Theperceptsthemselvesmaybeshowntodiffer;butifeachofusbeaskedtopointoutwherehisperceptis，wepointtoanidenticalspot。Alltherelations，whethergeometricalorcausal，oftheHalloriginateorterminateinthatspotwhereinourhandsmeet，andwhereeachofusbeginstoworkifhewishestomaketheHallchangebeforetheother’seyes。Justsoitiswithourbodies。ThatbodyofyourswhichyouactuateandfeelfromwithinmustbeinthesamespotasthebodyofyourswhichIseeortouchfromwithout。’There’formemeans85
whereIplacemyfinger。Ifyoudonotfeelmyfinger’scontacttobe’there’in_my_sense，whenIplaceitonyourbody，wherethendoyoufeelit？Yourinneractuationsofyourbodymeetmyfinger_there：_itis_there_thatyouresistitspush，orshrinkback，orsweepthefingerasidewithyourhand。Whateverfartherknowledgeeitherofusmayacquireoftherealconstitutionofthebodywhichwethusfeel，youfromwithinandIfromwithout，itisinthatsameplacethatthenewlyconceivedorperceivedconstituentshavetobelocated，anditis_through_thatspacethatyourandmymentalintercoursewitheachotherhasalwaystobecarriedon，bythemediationofimpressionswhichIconveythither，andofthereactionsthencewhichthoseimpressionsmayprovokefromyou。
Ingeneralterms，then，whateverdifferingcontentsourmindsmayeventuallyfillaplacewith，theplaceitselfisanumericallyidenticalcontentofthetwominds，apieceofcommonpropertyinwhich，throughwhich，andoverwhichtheyjoin。Thereceptacleofcertainof86
ourexperiencesbeingthuscommon，theexperiencesthemselvesmightsomedaybecomecommonalso。Ifthatdayeverdidcome，ourthoughtswouldterminateinacompleteempiricalidentity，therewouldbeanend，sofaras_those_experienceswent，toourdiscussionsabouttruth。Nopointsofdifferenceappearing，theywouldhavetocountasthesame。
VII。CONCLUSION
Withthiswehavetheoutlinesofaphilosophyofpureexperiencebeforeus。Attheoutsetofmyessay，Icalleditamosaicphilosophy。
Inactualmosaicsthepiecesareheldtogetherbytheirbedding，forwhichbeddingoftheSubstances，transcendentalEgos，orAbsolutesofotherphilosophiesmaybetakentostand。Inradicalempiricismthereisnobedding;itisasifthepiecesclungtogetherbytheiredges，thetransitionsexperiencedbetweenthemformingtheircement。Ofcoursesuchametaphorismisleading，forinactualexperiencethemoresubstantiveandthemoretransitivepartsrunintoeachothercontinuously，thereisingeneral87
noseparatenessneedingtobeovercomebyanexternalcement;andwhateverseparatenessisactuallyexperiencedisnotovercome，itstaysandcountsasseparatenesstotheend。
ButthemetaphorservestosymbolizethefactthatExperienceitself，takenatlarge，cangrowbyitsedges。Thatonemomentofitproliferatesintothenextbytransitionswhich，whetherconjunctiveordisjunctive，continuetheexperientialtissue，canno，Icontend，bedenied。Lifeisinthetransitionsasmuchasinthetermsconnected;often，indeed，itseemstobetheremoreemphatically，asifourspurtsandsalliesforwardweretherealfiring-lineofthebattle，werelikethethinlineofflameadvancingacrossthedryautumnalfieldwhichthefarmerproceedstoburn。Inthislineweliveprospectivelyaswellasretrospectively。
Itis’of’thepast，inasmuchasitcomesexpresslyasthepast’scontinuation;itis’of’thefutureinsofarasthefuture，whenitcomes，willhavecontinued_it_。
Theserelationsofcontinuoustransitionexperiencedarewhatmakeourexperiencescognitive。
88
Inthesimplestandcompletestcasestheexperiencesarecognitiveofoneanother。
Whenoneofthemterminatesapreviousseriesofthemwithasenseoffulfilment，it，wesay，iswhatthoseotherexperiences’hadinview。’
Theknowledge，insuchacase，isverified;thetruthis’salteddown。’Mainly，however，weliveonspeculativeinvestments，oronourprospectsonly。Butlivingonthings_in_posse_isasgoodaslivingintheactual，solongasourcreditremainsgood。Itisevidentthatforthemostpartitisgood，andthattheuniverseseldomprotestsourdrafts。
Inthissenseweateverymomentcancontinuetobelieveinanexisting_beyond_。Itisonlyinspecialcasesthatourconfidentrushforwardgetsrebuked。Thebeyondmust，ofcourse，alwaysinourphilosophybeitselfofanexperientialnature。Ifnotafutureexperienceofourownorapresentoneofourneighbor，itmustbeathinginitselfinDr。Prince’sandProfessorStrong’ssenseoftheterm——thatis，itmustbeanexperience_for_itselfwhoserelationtootherthingswetranslateintotheaction89
ofmolecules，ether-waves，orwhateverelsethephysicalsymbolsmaybe。（1）Thisopensthechapteroftherelationsofradicalempiricismtopanspychism，intowhichIcannotenternow。
Thebeyondcaninanycaseexistsimultaneously——foritcanbeexperienced_to_have_existed_
simultaneously——withtheexperiencethatpracticallypostulatesitbylookinginitsdirection，orbyturningorchanginginthedirectionofwhichitisthegoal。Pendingthatactualityofunion，inthevirtualityofwhichthe’truth，’evennow，ofthepostulationconsists，thebeyondanditsknowerareentitiessplitofffromeachother。Theworldisinsofarforthapluralismofwhichtheunityisnotfullyexperiencedasyet。But，asfastasverificationscome，trainsofexperience，onceseparate，runintooneanother;andthatiswhyIsaid，earlier——-
1Ourmindsandtheseejectiverealitieswouldstillhavespace（orpseudo-space，asIbelieveProfessorStrongcallsthemediumofinteractionbetween’things-in-themselves’）incommon。Thesewouldexist_where_，andbegintoact_where_，welocatethemolecules，etc。，and_where_weperceivethesensiblephenomenaexplainedthereby。
——-
90
inmyarticle，thattheunityoftheworldisonthewholeundergoingincrease。Theuniversecontinuallygrowsinquantitybynewexperiencesthatgraftthemselvesupontheoldermass;buttheseverynewexperiencesoftenhelpthemasstoamoreconsolidatedform。
Thesearethemainfeaturesofaphilosophyofpureexperience。Ithasinnumerableotheraspectsandarousesinnumerablequestions，butthepointsIhavetouchedonseemenoughtomakeanenteringwedge。Inmyownmindsuchaphilosophyharmonizesbestwitharadicalpluralism，withnoveltyandindeterminism，moralismandtheism，andwiththe’humanism’
latelysprunguponusbytheOxfordandtheChicagoschools。（1）Icannot，however，besurethatallthesedoctrinesareitsnecessaryandindispensableallies。Itpresentssomanypointsofdifference，bothfromthecommonsenseandfromtheidealismthathavemadeourphilosophiclanguage，thatitisalmost——-
1Ihavesaidsomethingofthislatterallianceinanarticleentitled’HumanismandTruth，’inMind，October，1904。[Reprintedin_The_Meaning_of_Truth_，pp。51-101。Cf。also"humanismandTruthOnceMore，"below，pp。244-265。]
——-
difficulttostateitasitistothinkitoutclearly，andifitisevertogrowintoarespectablesystem，itwillhavetobebuiltupbythecontributionsofmanyco-operatingminds。Itseemstome，asIsaidattheoutsetofthisessay，thatmanymindsare，inpointoffact，nowturninginadirectionthatpointstowardsradicalempiricism。Iftheyarecarriedfartherbymywords，andifthentheyaddtheirstrongervoicestomyfeeblerone，thepublicationofthisessaywillhavebeenworthwhile。
92
III
THETHINGANDITSRELATIONS（1）
EXPERIENCEinitsimmediacyseemsperfectlyfluent。Theactivesenseoflivingwhichweallenjoy，beforereflectionshattersourinstinctiveworldforus，isself-luminousandsuggestsnoparadoxes。Itsdifficultiesaredisappointmentsanduncertainties。Theyarenotintellectualcontradictions。
Whenthereflectiveintellectgetsatwork，however，itdiscoversincomprehensibilitiesintheflowingprocess。Distinguishingitselementsandparts，itgivesthemseparatenames，andwhatitthusdisjoinsitcannoteasilyputtogether。Pyrrhonismacceptstheirrationalityandrevelsinitsdialecticelaboration。
Otherphilosophiestry，somebyignoring，somebyresisting，andsomebyturningthedialecticprocedureagainstitself，negatingitsfirstnegations，torestorethefluentsenseof——-
1[Reprintedfrom_The_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_
_Scientific_Methods_，volII，No。2，January19，1905。ReprintedalsoasAppendixAin_A_Pluralistic_Universe，pp。347-369。Theauthorscorrectionshavebeenadoptedinthepresenttext。ED。]
93
lifeagain，andletredemptiontaketheplaceofinnocence。Theperfectionwithwhichanyphilosophymaydothisisthemeasureofitshumansuccessandofitsimportanceinphilosophichistory。In[thelastessay]，’AWorldofPureExperience，’Itriedmyownhandsketchilyattheproblem，resistingcertainfirststepsofdialecticsbyinsistinginageneralwaythattheimmediatelyexperiencedconjunctiverelationsareasrealasanythingelse。
Ifmysketchisnottoappearto_naif_，Imustcomeclosertodetails，andinthepresentessayIproposetodoso。
I
’Pureexperience’isthenamewhichIgavetotheimmediatefluxoflifewhichfurnishesthematerialtoourlaterreflectionwithitsconceptualcategories。Onlynew-bornbabes，ormeninsemi-comafromsleep，drugs，illnesses，orblows，maybeassumedtohaveanexperiencepureintheliteralsenseofa_that_
whichisnotyetanydefinite_what_，tho’readytobeallsortsofwhats;fullbothofoneness94
andofmanyness，butinrespectsthatdon’tappear;changingthroughout，yetsoconfusedlythatitsphasesinterpenetrateandnopoints，eitherofdistinctionorofidentity，canbecaught。Pureexperienceinthisstateisbutanothernameforfeelingorsensation。
Butthefluxofitnosoonercomesthanittendstofillitselfwithemphases，andthesesalientpartsbecomeidentifiedandfixedandabstracted;sothatexperiencenowflowsasifshotthroughwithadjectivesandnounsandprepositionsandconjunctions。Itspurityisonlyarelativeterm，meaningtoproportionalamountofunverbalizedsensationwhichitstillembodies。
Farbackaswego，theflux，bothasawholeandinitsparts，isthatofthingsconjunctandseparated。Thegreatcontinuaoftime，space，andtheselfenvelopeeverything，betwixtthem，andflowtogetherwithoutinterfering。
Thethingsthattheyenvelopcomeasseparateinsomewaysandascontinuousinothers。
Somesensationscoalescewithsomeideas，andothersareirreconcilable。Qualitiescompenetrate95
onespace，orexcludeeachotherfromit。
Theyclingtogetherpersistentlyingroupsthatmoveasunits，orelsetheyseparate。Theirchangesareabruptordiscontinuous;andtheirkindsresembleordiffer;and，astheydoso，theyfallintoeitherevenorirregularseries。
Inallthisthecontinuitiesandthediscontinuitiesareabsolutelyco-ordinatemattersofimmediatefeeling。Theconjunctionsareasprimordialelementsof’fact’asarethedistinctionsanddisjunctions。InthesameactbywhichIfeelthatthispassingminuteisanewpulseofmylife，Ifeelthattheoldlifecontinuesintoit，andthefeelingofcontinuanceinnowisejarsuponthesimultaneousfeelingofanovelty。They，too，compenetrateharmoniously。
Prepositions，copulas，andconjunctions，’is，’isn’t，’’then，’’before，’’in，’’on，’’beside，’
’between，’’next，’’like，’’unlike，’’as，’’but，’
floweroutofthestreamofpureexperience，thestreamofconcretesorthesensationalstream，asnaturallyasnounsandadjectivesdo，andtheymeltintoitagainasfluidlywhenweapplythemtoanewportionofthestream96
II
Ifnowweaskwhywemustthustranslateexperiencefromamoreconcreteorpureintoamoreintellectualizedform，fillingitwithevermoreaboundingconceptualdistinctions，rationalismandnaturalismgivedifferentreplies。
Therationalisticansweristhatthetheoreticlifeisabsoluteanditsinterestsimperative;
thattounderstandissimplythedutyofman;
andthatwhoquestionsthisneedmustnotbearguedwith，forbythefactofarguinghegivesawayhiscase。
Thenaturalistansweristhattheenvironmentkillsaswellassustainsus，andthatthetendencyofrawexperiencetoextinguishtheexperienthimselfislessenedjustinthedegreeinwhichtheelementsinitthathaveapracticalbearinguponlifeareanalyzedoutofthecontinuumandverballyfixedandcoupledtogether，sothatwemayknowwhatisinthewindforusandgetreadytoreactintime。
Hadpureexperience，thenaturalistsays，beenalwaysperfectlyhealthy，therewouldnever97
havearisenthenecessityofisolatingorverbalizinganyofitsterms。Weshouldjusthaveexperiencedinarticulatelyandunintellectuallyenjoyed。Thisleaningon’reaction’inthenaturalistaccountimpliesthat，wheneverweintellectualizearelativelypureexperience，weoughttodosoforthesakeofredescendingtothepurerormoreconcretelevelagain;
andthatifanintellectstaysaloftamongitsabstracttermsandgeneralizedrelations，anddoesnotreinsertitselfwithitsconclusionsintosomeparticularpointoftheimmediatestreamoflife，itfailstofinishoutitsfunctionandleavesitsnormalraceunrun。
Mostrationalistsnowadayswillagreethatnaturalismgivesatrueenoughaccountofthewayinwhichourintellectaroseatfirst，buttheywilldenytheselatterimplications。Thecase，theywillsay，resemblesthatofsexuallove。Originatingintheanimalneedofgettinganothergenerationborn，thispassionhasdevelopedsecondarilysuchimperiousspiritualneedsthat，ifyouaskwhyanothergenerationoughttobebornatall，theansweris：’Chiefly98
thatlovemaygoon。’Justsowithourintellect：
itoriginatedasapracticalmeansofservinglife;butithasdevelopedincidentallythefunctionofunderstandingabsolutetruth;andlifeitselfnowseemstobegivenchieflyasameansbywhichthatfunctionmaybeprosecuted。
Buttruthandtheunderstandingofitlieamongtheabstractsanduniversals，sotheintellectnowcarriesonitshigherbusinesswhollyinthisregion，withoutanyneedofredescendingintopureexperienceagain。
IfthecontrastedtendencieswhichIthusdesignateasnaturalisticandrationalisticarenotrecognizedbythereader，perhapsanexamplewillmakethemmoreconcrete。Mr。
Bradley，forinstance，isanultra-rationalist。
Headmitsthatourintellectisprimarilypractical，butsaysthat，forphilosophers，thepracticalneedissimplyTruth。Truth，moreover，mustbeassumed’consistent。’Immediateexperiencehastobebrokenintosubjectsandqualities，termsandrelations，tobeunderstoodastruthatall。Yetwhensobrokenitislessconsistentthanever。Takenraw，itisallundistinguished。
99
Intellectualized，itisalldistinctionwithoutoneness。’Suchanarrangementmay_work_，butthetheoreticproblemisnotsolved。’Thequestionis’_how_thediversitycanexistinharmonywiththeoneness。’Togobacktopureexperienceisunavailing。’Merefeelinggivesnoanswertoourriddle。’Evenifyourintuitionisafact，itisnotan_understanding_。
’Itisamereexperience，andfurnishesnoconsistentview。’Theexperienceofferedasfactsortruths’Ifindthatmyintellectrejectsbecausetheycontradictthemselves。Theyofferacomplexofdiversitiesconjoinedinawaywhichitfeelsisnotitswayandwhichitcannotrepeatasitsown……Fortobesatisfied，myintellectmustunderstand，anditcannotunderstandbytakingacongeriesinthelump’（1）SoMr。Bradley，inthesoleinterestsof’understanding’（asheconceivesthatfunction），turnshisbackonfiniteexperienceforever。
Truthmustlieintheoppositedirection，thedirectionoftheAbsolute;andthiskindof——-
1[F。H。Bradley：_Appearance_and_Reality_，secondedition，pp。
152-153，23，118，104，108-109，570。]
100
rationalismandnaturalism，or（asIwillnowcallit）pragmatism，walkthenceforwarduponoppositepaths。Fortheone，thoseintellectualproductsaremosttruthwhich，turningtheirfacetowardstheAbsolute，comenearesttosymbolizingitswaysofunitingthemanyandtheone。Fortheother，thosearemosttruewhichmostsuccessfullydipbackintothefinitestreamoffeelingandgrowmosteasilyconfluentwithsomeparticularwaveorwavelet。
Suchconfluencenotonlyprovestheintellectualoperationtohavebeentrue（asanadditionmay’prove’thatasubtractionisalreadyrightlyperformed），butitconstitutes，accordingtopragmatism，allthatwemeanbycallingittrue。Onlyinsofarastheyleadus，successfullyorunsuccessfully，backintosensibleexperienceagain，areourabstractsanduniversalstrueorfalseatall。（1）
III
InSectionVIof[thelastessay]，Iadopted——-
1CompareProfessorMacLennan’sadmirable_Auseinandersetzung_
withMr。Bradley，in_The_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_
_Scientific_Methods_，vol。I，[1904]，pp。403ff。，especiallypp。
405-407。
101
inageneralwaythecommon-sensebeliefthatoneandthesameworldiscognizedbyourdifferentminds;butIleftundiscussedthedialecticalargumentswhichmaintainthatthisislogicallyabsurd。Theusualreasongivenforitsbeingabsurdisthatitassumesoneobject（towit，theworld）tostandintworelationsatonce;tomymind，namely，andagaintoyours;whereasatermtakeninasecondrelationcannotlogicallybethesametermwhichitwasatfirst。
Ihaveheardthisreasonurgedsooftenindiscussingwithabsolutists，anditwoulddestroymyradicalempiricismsoutterly，ifitwerevalid，thatIamboundtogiveitanattentiveear，andseriouslytosearchitsstrength。
Forinstance，letthematterindisputebetermM，assertedtobeontheonehandrelatedtoL，andontheothertoN;andletthetwocasesofrelationbesymbolizedbyL-MandM-Nrespectively。When，now，IassumethattheexperiencemayimmediatelycomeandbegivenintheshapeL-M-N，withnotraceofdoublingorinternalfissioninthe102
M，Iamtoldthatthisisallapopulardelusion;
thatL-M-Nlogicallymeanstwodifferentexperiences，L-MandM-N，namely;
andthatalthoughtheAbsolutemay，andindeedmust，fromitssuperiorpointofview，readitsownkindofunityintoM’stwoeditions，yetaselementsinfiniteexperiencethetwoM’slieirretrievablyasunder，andtheworldbetweenthemisbrokenandunbridged。
Inarguingthisdialecticthesis，onemustavoidslippingfromthelogicalintothephysicalpointofview。Itwouldbeeasy，intakingaconcreteexampletofixone’sideasby，tochooseoneinwhichtheletterMshouldstandforacollectivenounofsomesort，whichnoun，beingrelatedtoLbyoneofitspartsandtoNbyanother，wouldinwardlybetwothingswhenitstoodoutwardlyinbothrelations。
Thus，onemightsay：’DavidHume，whoweighedsomanystonebyhisbody，influencesposteritybyhisdoctrine。’Thebodyandthedoctrinearetwothings，betweenwhichourfinitemindscandiscovernorealsameness，thoughthesamenevercoversbothofthem。
103
Andthen，onemightcontinue：’OnlyanAbsoluteiscapableofunitingsuchanon-identity。’
Wemust，Isay，avoidthissortofexample，forthedialecticinsight，iftrueatall，mustapplytotermsandrelationsuniversally。Itmustbetrueofabstractunitsaswellasofnounscollective;
andifweproveitbyconcreteexampleswemusttakethesimplest，soastoavoidirrelevantmaterialsuggestions。
Takenthusinallitsgenerality，theabsolutistcontentionseemstouseasitsmajorpremiseHume’snotion’thatallourdistinctperceptionsaredistinctexistences，andthatthemindneverperceivesanyrealconnexionamongdistinctexistences。’（1）Undoubtedly，sinceweusetwophrasesintalkingfirstabout’M’srelationtoL’andthenabout’M’srelationtoN，’wemustbehaving，ormusthavehad，twodistinctperceptions;——andtherestwouldthenseemtofollowduly。Butthestarting-
pointofthereasoninghereseemstobethefactofthetwo_phrases_;andthissuggeststhat——-
1[Hume：_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_，Appendix，Selby-Bigge’sedition，p。636。]
104
theargumentmaybemerelyverbal。Canitbethatthewholedialecticconsistsinattributingtotheexperiencetalked-aboutaconstitutionsimilartothatofthelanguageinwhichwedescribeit？MustweasserttheobjectivedoublenessoftheMmerelybecausewehavetonameittwiceoverwhenwenameitstworelations？
Candidly，Icanthinkofnootherreasonthanthisforthedialecticconclusion;（1）for，ifwethink，notofourwords，butofanysimpleconcretematterwhichtheymaybeheldtosignify，theexperienceitselfbeliestheparadoxasserted。Weuseindeedtwoseparateconceptsinanalyzingourobject，butweknowthemallthewhiletobebutsubstitutional，andthattheMinL-MandtheMinM-N_mean_（i。e。，arecapableofleadingtoandterminatingin）
oneself-samepiece，M，ofsensibleexperience。
Thispersistentidentityofcertainunits（oremphases，orpoints，orobjects，ormembers——
callthemwhatyouwill）oftheexperience-
continuum，isjustoneofthoseconjunctive——-
1Technically，itseemsclassableasa’fallacyofcomposition。’A
duality，predicableofthetwowholes，L-MandM-N，isforthwithpredicatedofoneoftheirparts，M。
105
featuresofit，onwhichIamobligedtoinsistsoemphatically。（1）Forsamenessesarepartsofexperience’sindefeasiblestructure。WhenI
hearabell-strokeand，aslifeflowson，itsafterimagediesaway，Istillharkbacktoitas’thatsamebell-stroke。’WhenIseeathingM，withLtotheleftofitandNtotherightofit，Iseeit_as_oneM;andifyoutellmeIhavehadto’take’ittwice，IreplythatifI’took’itathousandtimesIshouldstill_see_itasaunity。（2）
Itsunityisaboriginal，justasthemultiplicityofmysuccessivetakingsisaboriginal。Itcomesunbrokenas_that_M，asasingularwhichIencounter;theycomebroken，as_those_takings，asmypluralityofoperations。Theunityandtheseparatenessarestrictlyco-ordinate。I
donoteasilyfathomwhymyopponentsshouldfindtheseparatenesssomuchmoreeasilyunderstandablethattheymustneedsinfectthewholeoffiniteexperiencewithit，andrelegate——-
1Seeabove，pp。42ff。