Machiavelisanauthorwhoshouldhavegreatauthoritywiththepersonslikelytoopposeme。Heproposestoprincestheamplificationoftheirpower，theextentoftheirdominion，andthesubjectionoftheirpeople，asthesoleobjectsoftheirpolicy。Hedevisesandrecommendsallmeansthattendtothesepurposes，withouttheconsiderationofanydutyowingtoGodorman，oranyregardtothemoralityorimmoralityofactions。Yetevenhedeclarestheaffectationofvirtuetobeusefultoprinces：heissofaronmysideinthepresentquestion。Theonlydifferencebetweenusis，I
　　wouldhavethevirtuereal：herequiresnomorethantheappearanceofit。
　　InthetenthchapterofthefirstbookofDiscourses，heappearsconvinced，suchistheforceoftruth，buthowconsistentlywithhimselfletothersdetermine，thatthesupremegloryofaprinceaccruestohimwhoestablishesgoodgovernmentandafreeconstitution；andthataprince，ambitiousoffame，mustwishtocomeintopossessionofadisorderedandcorruptedstate，nottofinishthewickedworkthatothershavebegun，andtocompletetheruin，buttostoptheprogressofthefirst，andtopreventthelast。Hethinksthisnotonlythetruewaytofame，buttosecurityandquiet；asthecontraryleads，forhereisnothirdway，andaprincemustmakehisoptionbetweenthesetwo，notonlytoinfamy，buttodangerandtoperpetualdisquietude。Herepresentsthosewhomightestablishacommonwealthoralegalmonarchy，andwhochoosetoimprovetheopportunityofestablishingtyranny，thatis，monarchywithoutanyruleoflaw，asmenwhoaredeceivedbyfalsenotionsofgood，andfalseappearancesofglory，andwhoareineffectblindtotheirtrueinterestineveryrespect：’nè；siavveggonoperquestopartitoquantafama，quantagloria，quantoonore，sicurtà；，quiete，consodisfazioned’animoeifuggono，einquantainfamia，vituperio，biasimo，pericoloetinquietudineincorrono’。Hetouchesanotheradvantagewhichpatriotprincesreap，andinthathecontradictsflatlythemainpointonwhichhishalf—taughtscholarsinsist。Hedeniesthatsuchprincesdiminishtheirpowerbycircumscribingit：andaffirms，withtruthonhisside，thatTimoleon，andothersofthesamecharacterwhomhehadcited，possessedasgreatauthorityintheircountry，witheveryotheradvantagebesides，asDionysiusorPhalarishadacquired，withthelossofallthoseadvantages。
　　ThusfarMachiavelreasonsjustly；buthetakesinonlyapartofhissubject，andconfineshimselftothosemotivesthatshoulddetermineawiseprincetomaintainliberty，becauseitishisinteresttodoso。Herisesnohigherthantheconsiderationofmereinterest，offame，ofsecurity，ofquiet，andofpower，allpersonaltotheprince：andbysuchmotivesaloneevenhisfavouriteBorgiamighthavebeendeterminedtoaffectthevirtuesofapatriotprince；morethanwhichthisgreatdoctorinpoliticalknowledgewouldnothaverequiredofhim。Butheisfarfromgoinguptothatmotivewhichshouldabovealldetermineagoodprincetoholdthisconduct，becauseitishisdutytodoso；adutythatheowestoGodbyonelaw，andtohispeoplebyanother。NowitiswiththisthatIshallbeginwhatIintendtoofferconcerningthesystemofprinciplesandconductbywhichaPatriotKingwillgovernhimselfandhispeople。Ishallnotonlybeginhigher，butdescendintomoredetail，andkeepstillinmyeyetheapplicationofthewholetotheconstitutionofGreatBritain，eventothepresentstateofournation，andtemperofourpeople。
　　Ithinkenoughhasbeenalreadysaid，toestablishthefirstandtrueprinciplesofmonarchicalandindeedofeveryotherkindofgovernment：andIwillsaywithconfidence，thatnoprinciplesbutthese，andsuchasthese，canbeadvanced，whichdeservetobetreatedseriously；thoughMrLockecondescendedtoexaminethoseofFilmer，moreoutofregardtotheprejudicesofthetime，thantotheimportanceofthework。Uponsuchfoundationswemustconclude，thatsincemenweredirectedbynaturetoformsocieties，becausetheycannotbytheirnaturesubsistwithoutthem，norinastateofindividuality；andsincetheyweredirectedinlikemannertoestablishgovernments，becausesocietiescannotbemaintainedwithoutthem，norsubsistinastateofanarchy，theultimateendofallgovernmentsisthegoodofthepeople，forwhosesaketheyweremade，andwithoutwhoseconsenttheycouldnothavebeenmade。
　　Informingsocieties，andsubmittingtogovernment，mengiveuppartofthatlibertytowhichtheyareallborn，andallalike。Butwhy？Isgovernmentincompatiblewithafullenjoymentofliberty？Bynomeans。Butbecausepopularlibertywithoutgovernmentwilldegenerateintolicence，asgovernmentwithoutsufficientlibertywilldegenerateintotyranny，theyaremutuallynecessarytoeachother，goodgovernmenttoSupportlegalliberty，andlegallibertytopreservegoodgovernment。
　　Ispeaknothereofpeople，ifanysuchthereare，whohavebeensavageorstupidenoughtosubmittotyrannybyoriginalcontract；norofthosenationsonwhomtyrannyhasstolenasitwereimperceptibly，orbeenimposedbyviolence，andsettledbyprescription。Ishallexercisenopoliticalcasuistryabouttherightsofsuchkings，andtheobligationsofsuchpeople。Menaretotaketheirlots，perhaps，ingovernmentsasinclimates，tofenceagainsttheinconveniencesofboth，andtobearwhattheycannotalter。ButIspeakofpeoplewhohavebeenwiseandhappyenoughtoestablish，andtopreserve，freeconstitutionsofgovernment，asthepeopleofthisislandhavedone。
　　Tothese，therefore，Isay，thattheirkingsareunderthemostsacredobligationsthathumanlawcancreate，anddivinelawauthorize，todefendandmaintain，inthefirstplace，andpreferablytoeveryotherconsideration，thefreedomofsuchconstitutions。
　　Thegoodofthepeopleistheultimateandtrueendofgovernment。Governorsare，therefore，appointedforthisend，andthecivilconstitutionwhichappointsthem，andinveststhemwiththeirpower，isdeterminedtodosobythatlawofnatureandreason，whichhasdeterminedtheendofgovernment，andwhichadmitsthisformofgovernmentasthepropermeansofarrivingatit。Now，thegreatestgoodofapeopleistheirliberty……and，inthecaseherereferredto，thepeoplehasjudgeditso，andprovidedforitaccordingly。
　　Libertyistothecollectivebody，whathealthistoeveryindividualbody。
　　Withouthealthnopleasurecanbetastedbyman：withoutlibertynohappinesscanbeenjoyedbysociety。Theobligation，therefore，todefendandmaintainthefreedomofsuchconstitutionswillappearmostsacredtoaPatriotKing。
　　Kingswhohaveweakunderstandings，badhearts，andstrongprejudices，andallthese，asitoftenhappens，inflamedbytheirpassions，andrenderedincurablebytheirself—conceitandpresumption；suchkingsareapttoimagine，andtheyconductthemselvessoastomakemanyoftheirsubjectsimagine，thatthekingandthepeopleinfreegovernmentsarerivalpowers，whostandincompetitionwithoneanother，whohavedifferentinterests，andmustofcoursehavedifferentviews：thattherightsandprivilegesofthepeoplearesomanyspoilstakenfromtherightandprerogativeofthecrown；andthattherulesandlaws，madefortheexerciseandsecurityoftheformer，aresomanydiminutionsoftheirdignity，andrestraintsontheirpower。
　　APatriotKingwillseeallthisinafardifferentandmuchtruerlight。
　　Theconstitutionwillbeconsideredbyhimasonelaw，consistingoftwotables，containingtheruleofhisgovernment，andthemeasureofhissubjects’
　　obedience；orasonesystem，composedofdifferentpartsandpowers，butalldulyproportionedtooneanother，andconspiringbytheirharmonytotheperfectionofthewhole。Hewillmakeone，andbutone，distinctionbetweenhisrights，andthoseofhispeople：hewilllookonhistobeatrust，andtheirsaproperty。Hewilldiscern，thathecanhavearighttonomorethanistrustedtohimbytheconstitution：andthathispeople，whohadanoriginalrighttothewholebythelawofnature，canhavethesoleindefeasiblerighttoanypart；andreallyhavesucharighttothatpartwhichtheyhavereservedtothemselves。Infine，theconstitutionwillbereverencedbyhimasthelawofGodandofman；theforceofwhichbindsthekingasmuchasthemeanestsubject，andthereasonofwhichbindshimmuchmore。
　　Thushewillthink，andontheseprincipleshewillact，whetherhecometothethronebyimmediateorremoteelection。Isayremote；forinhereditarymonarchies，wheremenarenotelected，familiesare：and，therefore，someauthorswouldhaveitbelieved，thatwhenafamilyhasbeenonceadmitted，andanhereditaryrighttothecrownrecognizedinit，thatrightcannotbeforfeited，northatthronebecomevacant，aslongasanyheirofthefamilyremains。Howmuchmoreagreeablytotruthandtocommonsensewouldtheseauthorshavewritten，iftheyhadmaintained，thateveryprincewhocomestoacrowninthecourseofsuccession，werehethelastoffivehundred，comestoitunderthesameconditionsunderwhichthefirsttookit，whetherexpressedorimplied；aswellasunderthose，ifanysuchtherebe，whichhavebeensincemadebylegalauthority：andthatroyalbloodcangivenoright，norlengthofsuccessionanyprescription，againsttheconstitutionofagovernment？Thefirstandthelastholdbythesametenure。
　　Imentionthistherather，becauseIhaveanimperfectremembrance，thatsomescribblerwasemployed，oremployedhimself，toassertthehereditaryrightofthepresentroyalfamily。Atasksounnecessarytoanygoodpurpose，that，Ibelieve，asuspicionaroseofitshavingbeendesignedforabadone。APatriotKingwillnevercountenancesuchimpertinentfallacies，nordeigntoleanonbrokenreeds。HeknowsthathisrightisfoundedonthelawsofGodandman，thatnonecanshakeitbuthimself，andthathisownvirtueissufficienttomaintainitagainstallopposition。
　　Ihavedweltthelongeronthefirstandgeneralprinciplesofmonarchicalgovernment，andhaverecurredtheoftenertothem，becauseitseemstomethattheyaretheseedsofpatriotism，whichmustbesownassoonaspossibleinthemindofaprince，lesttheirgrowthshouldbecheckedbyluxuriantweeds，whichareapttoaboundinsuchsoils，andunderwhichnocropofkinglyvirtuescaneverflourish。Aprince，whodoesnotknowthetrueprinciples，cannotproposetohimselfthetrueendsofgovernment；andhewhodoesnotproposethemwillneverdirecthisconductsteadilytothem。Thereisnotadeeper，norafinerobservationinallmyLordBacon’sworks，thanonewhichIshallapplyandparaphraseonthisoccasion。Themostcompendious，themostnoble，andthemosteffectualremedy，whichcanbeopposedtotheuncertainandirregularmotionsofthehumanmind，agitatedbyvariouspassions，alluredbyvarioustemptations，incliningsometimestowardsastateofmoralperfection，andoftener，eveninthebest，towardsastateofmoraldepravation，isthis。Wemustchoosebetimessuchvirtuousobjectsasareproportionedtothemeanswehaveofpursuingthem，andasbelongparticularlytothestationswearein，andtothedutiesofthosestations。Wemustdetermineandfixourmindsinsuchmanneruponthem，thatthepursuitofthemmaybecomethebusiness，andtheattainmentofthemtheend，ofourwholelives。
　　Thusweshallimitatethegreatoperationsofnature，andnotthefeeble，slow，andimperfectoperationsofart。Wemustnotproceed，informingthemoralcharacter，asastatuaryproceedsinformingastatue，whoworkssometimesontheface，sometimesononepart，andsometimesonanother：butwemustproceed，anditisinourpowertoproceed，asnaturedoesinformingaflower，ananimal，oranyotherofherproductions：rudimentapartiumomniumsimulparitetproducit。’Shethrowsoutaltogether，andatonce，thewholesystemofeverybeing，andtherudimentsofalltheparts。’Thevegetableortheanimalgrowsinbulkandincreasesinstrength；butisthesamefromthefirst。JustsoourPatriotKingmustbeapatriotfromthefirst。Hemustbesuchinresolution，beforehegrowssuchinpractice。Hemustfixatoncethegeneralprinciplesandendsofallhisactions，anddeterminethathiswholeconductshallberegulatedbythem，anddirectedtothem。Whenhehasdonethis，hewillhaveturned，byonegreateffort，thebentofhismindsostronglytowardstheperfectionofakinglycharacter，thathewillexercisewithease，andasitwerebyanaturaldetermination，allthevirtuesofit；whichwillbesuggestedtohimoneveryoccasionbytheprincipleswherewithhismindisimbued，andbythoseendsthataretheconstantobjectsofhisattention。
　　Letusthenseeinwhatmannerandwithwhateffecthewilldothis，uponthegreatestoccasionhecanhaveofexercisingthesevirtues，themaintenanceofliberty，andthere—establishmentofafreeconstitution。
　　Thefreedomofaconstitutionrestsontwopoints。Theordersofitareone：soMachiavelcallsthem，andIknownothowtocallthemmoresignificantly。
　　Hemeansnotonlytheformsandcustoms，butthedifferentclassesandassembliesofmen，withdifferentpowersandprivilegesattributedtothem，whichareestablishedinthestate。Thespiritandcharacterofthepeoplearetheother。Onthemutualconformityandharmonyofthesethepreservationoflibertydepends。Totakeaway，oressentiallytoaltertheformer，cannotbebroughttopass，whilstthelatterremainsinoriginalpurityandvigour：
　　norcanlibertybedestroyedbythismethod，unlesstheattemptbemadewithamilitaryforcesufficienttoconquerthenation，whichwouldnotsubmitinthiscasetillitwasconquered，norwithmuchsecuritytotheconqueroreventhen。Buttheseordersofthestatemaybeessentiallyaltered，andservemoreeffectuallytothedestructionofliberty，thanthetakingofthemawaywouldserve，ifthespiritandcharacterofthepeoplearelost。
　　Nowthismethodofdestroyinglibertyisthemostdangerousonmanyaccounts，particularlyonthis；thateventhereignoftheweakestprince，andthepolicyoftheweakestministry，mayeffectthedestruction，whencircumstancesarefavourabletothismethod。Ifapeopleisgrowingcorrupt，thereisnoneedofcapacitytocontrive，norofinsinuationtogain，norofplausibilitytoseduce，norofeloquencetopersuade，norofauthoritytoimpose，norofcouragetoattempt。Themostincapable，awkward，ungracious，shocking，profligate，andtimorouswretches，investedwithpower，andmastersofthepurse，willbesufficientforthework，whenthepeopleareaccomplicesinit。Luxuryisrapacious；letthemfeedit：themoreitisfed，themoreprofuseitwillgrow。Wantistheconsequenceofprofusion，venalityofwant，anddependenceofvenality。Bythisprogression，thefirstmenofanationwillbecomethepensionersofthelast；andhewhohastalents，themostimplicittooltohimwhohasnone。Thedistemperwillsoondescend，notindeedtomakeadepositbelow，andtoremainthere，buttopervadethewholebody。
　　Itmayseemasingular，butitisperhapsatrueproposition，thatsuchakingandsuchaministryaremorelikelytobegin，andtopursuewithsuccess，thismethodofdestroyingafreeconstitutionofgovernment，thanakingandaministrythatwereheldingreatesteemwouldbe。Thisvery。esteemmightputmanyontheirguardagainstthelatter；buttheformermaydrawfromcontempttheadvantageofnotbeingfeared：andanadvantagethisisinthebeginningofcorruption。Menarewillingtoexcuse，notonlytoothersbuttothemselves，thefirststepstheytakeinvice，andespeciallyinvicethataffectsthepublic，andwhereofthepublichasarighttocomplain。
　　Those，therefore，whomightwithstandcorruptioninonecase，fromapersuasionthattheconsequencewastoocertaintoleavethemanyexcuse，mayyieldtoitwhentheycanflatterthemselves，andendeavourtoflatterothers，thatlibertycannotbedestroyed，northeconstitutionbedemolished，bysuchhandsasholdthesceptre，andguidethereinsoftheadministration。
　　Butalas!theflatteryisgross，andtheexcusewithoutcolour。Thesemenmayruintheircountry，buttheycannotimposeonany，unlessitbeonthemselves。
　　Norwilleventhisimpositiononthemselvesbelongnecessary。Theirconscienceswillbesoonseared，byhabitandbyexample：andthey，whowantedanexcusetobegin，willwantnonetocontinueandtocomplete，thetragedyoftheircountry。Oldmenwilloutlivetheshameoflosingliberty，andyoungmenwillarisewhoknownotthatiteverexisted。Aspiritofslaverywillopposeandoppressthespiritofliberty，andseematleasttobethegeniusofthenation。Suchtooitwillbecomeintime，whencorruptionhasoncegrowntothisheight，unlesstheprogressofitcanbeinterrupted。
　　HowinestimableablessingthereforemustthesuccessionofaPatriotKingbeesteemedinsuchcircumstancesasthese，whichwouldbeablessing，andagreatonetoo，inanyother？He，andhealone，cansaveacountrywhoseruinissofaradvanced。Theutmostthatprivatemencando，whoremainuntaintedbythegeneralcontagion，istokeepthespiritoflibertyaliveinafewbreasts；toprotestagainstwhattheycannothinder，andtoclaimoneveryoccasionwhattheycannotbytheirownstrengthrecover。
　　Machiavelhastreated，inthediscoursesbeforecited，thisquestion，’whether，whenthepeoplearegrowncorrupt，afreegovernmentcanbemaintained，iftheyenjoyit；orestablished，iftheyenjoyitnot？’Anduponthewholematterheconcludesforthedifficulty，orrathertheimpossibility，ofsucceedingineithercase。Itwillbeworthwhiletoobservehiswayofreasoning。Heassertsverytruly，andprovesbytheexampleoftheRomancommonwealth，thatthoseorderswhicharepropertomaintainliberty，whilstapeopleremainuncorrupt，becomeimproperandhurtfultoliberty，whenapeopleisgrowncorrupt。Toremedythisabuse，newlawsalonewillnotbesufficient。Theseorders，therefore，mustbechanged，accordingtohim，andtheconstitutionmustbeadaptedtothedepravedmannersofthepeople。Heshows，thatsuchachangeintheorders，andconstituentpartsofthegovernment，isimpracticable，whethertheattemptbemadebygentleandslow，orbyviolentandprecipitatemeasures：andfromthenceheconcludes，thatafreecommonwealthcanneitherbemaintainedbyacorruptpeople，norbeestablishedamongthem。Butheadds，that’ifthiscanpossiblybedone，itmustbedonebydrawingtheconstitutiontothemonarchicalformofgovernment’，’acciochè；quegliuominiiqualidallelegginonpossonoesserecorretti，fusserodaunapodestà；，inqualchemodofrenati’。’Thatacorruptpeople，whomlawcannotcorrect，mayberestrainedandcorrectedbyakinglypower。’Hereisthehingeonwhichthewholeturns。
　　Anotheradvantagethatafreemonarchyhasoverallotherformsoffreegovernment，besidestheadvantageofbeingmoreeasilyandmoreusefullytemperedwitharistocraticalanddemocraticalpowers，whichismentionedabove，isthis。Thosegovernmentsaremadeupofdifferentparts，andareapttobedisjointedbytheshockstowhichtheyareexposed：butafreemonarchicalgovernmentismorecompact，becausethereisapartthemorethatkeeps，likethekeystoneofavault，thewholebuildingtogether。Theycannotbemendedinastateofcorruption，theymustbeineffectconstitutedanew，andinthatattempttheymaybedissolvedforever：butthisisnotthecaseofafreemonarchy。Topreservelibertybynewlawsandnewschemesofgovernment，whilstthecorruptionofapeoplecontinuesandgrows，isabsolutelyimpossible：buttorestoreandtopreserveitunderoldlaws，andanoldconstitution，byreinfusingintothemindsofmenthespiritofthisconstitution，isnotonlypossible，butis，inaparticularmanner，easytoaking。Acorruptcommonwealthremainswithoutremedy，thoughalltheordersandformsofitsubsist：afreemonarchicalgovernmentcannotremainabsolutelyso，aslongastheordersandformsoftheconstitutionsubsist。These，alone，areindeednothingmorethanthedeadletteroffreedom，ormasksoflibertyinthefirstcharactertheyservetonogoodpurposewhatsoever：inthesecondtheyservetoabadone；becausetyranny，orgovernmentbywill，becomesmoresevere，andmoresecure，undertheirdisguise，thanitwouldifitwasbarefacedandavowed。Butakingcan，easilytohimselfandwithoutviolencetohispeople，renewthespiritoflibertyintheirminds，quickenthisdeadletter，andpulloffthismask。
　　Assoonascorruptionceasestobeanexpedientofgovernment，anditwillceasetobesuchassoonasaPatriotKingisraisedtothethrone，thepanaceaisapplied；thespiritoftheconstitutionrevivesofcourse：
　　and，asfastasitrevives，theordersandformsoftheconstitutionarerestoredtotheirprimitiveintegrity，andbecomewhattheywereintendedtobe，realbarriersagainstarbitrarypower，notblindsnormasksunderwhichtyrannymaylieconcealed。Depravationofmannersexposedtheconstitutiontoruin：reformationwillsecureit。Mendeclineeasilyfromvirtue；forthereisadeviltoointhepoliticalsystem，aconstanttempterathand。
　　APatriotKingwillwantneitherpowernorinclinationtocastoutthisdevil，tomakethetemptationcease，andtodeliverhissubjects，ifnotfromtheguilt，yetfromtheconsequence，oftheirfall。Underhimtheywillnotonlyceasetodoevil，butlearntodowell；for，byrenderingpublicvirtueandrealcapacitythesolemeansofacquiringanydegreeofpowerorprofitinthestate，hewillsetthepassionsoftheirheartsonthesideoflibertyandgoodgovernment。APatriotKingisthemostpowerfulofallreformers；
　　forheishimselfasortofstandingmiracle，sorarelyseenandsolittleunderstood，thatthesureeffectsofhisappearancewillbeadmirationandloveineveryhonestbreast，confusionandterrortoeveryguiltyconscience，butsubmissionandresignationinall。Anewpeoplewillseemtoarisewithanewking。innumerablemetamorphoses，likethosewhichpoetsfeign，willhappeninverydeed：and，whilemenareconsciousthattheyarethesameindividuals，thedifferenceoftheirsentimentswillalmostpersuadethemthattheyarechangedintodifferentbeings。
　　But，thatwemaynotexpectmorefromsuchakingthanevenhecanperform，itisnecessarytopremiseanothergeneralobservation，afterwhichIshalldescendintosomethatwillbemoreparticular。
　　Absolutestabilityisnottobeexpectedinanythinghuman；forthatwhichexistsimmutablyexistsalonenecessarily，andthisattributeoftheSupremeBeing，canneitherbelongtoman，nortotheworksofman。Thebestinstitutedgovernments，likethebestconstitutedanimalbodies，carryinthemtheseedsoftheirdestruction：and，thoughtheygrowandimproveforatime，theywillsoontendvisiblytotheirdissolution。Everyhourtheyliveisanhourthelessthattheyhavetolive。Allthatcanbedone，therefore，toprolongthedurationofagoodgovernment，istodrawitback，oneveryfavourableoccasion，tothefirstgoodprinciplesonwhichitwasfounded。
　　Whentheseoccasionshappenoften，andarewellimproved，suchgovernmentsareprosperousanddurable。Whentheyhappenseldom，orareillimproved，thesepoliticalbodiesliveinpain，orinlanguor，anddiesoon。
　　APatriotKingaffordsoneoftheoccasionsImentioninafreemonarchicalstate，andtheverybestthatcanhappen。Itshouldbeimproved，likesnatchesoffairweatheratsea，torepairthedamagessustainedinthelaststorm，andtopreparetoresistthenext。Forsuchakingcannotsecuretohispeopleasuccessionofprinceslikehimself。Hewilldoallhecantowardsit，byhisexampleandbyhisinstruction。Butafterall，theroyalmantlewillnotconveythespiritofpatriotismintoanotherking，asthemantleofElijahdidthegiftofprophecyintoanotherprophet。Theutmosthecando，andthatwhichdeservestheutmostgratitudefromhissubjects，istorestoregoodgovernment，torevivethespiritofit，andtomaintainandconfirmboth，duringthewholecourseofhisreign。Theresthispeoplemustdoforthemselves。Iftheydonot，theywillhavenonebutthemselvestoblame：
　　iftheydo，theywillhavetheprincipalobligationtohim。Inallevents，theywillhavebeenfreemenonereignthelongerbyhismeans，andperhapsmore；sincehewillleavethemmuchbetterpreparedanddisposedtodefendtheirliberties，thanhefoundthem。
　　Thisgeneralobservationbeingmade，letusnowdescend，insomedetail，totheparticularstepsandmeasuresthatsuchakingmustpursue，tomeritamuchnoblertitlethanallthosewhichmanyprincesofthewest，aswellastheeast，aresoproudtoaccumulate。
　　First，then，hemustbegintogovernassoonashebeginstoreign。Fortheveryfirststepshemakesingovernmentwillgivethefirstimpression，andasitwerethepresageofhisreign；andmaybeofgreatimportanceinmanyotherrespectsbesidesthatofopinionandreputation。Hisfirstcarewillbe，nodoubt，topurgehiscourt，andtocallintotheadministrationsuchmenashecanassurehimselfwillserveonthesameprinciplesonwhichheintendstogovern。
　　Astothefirstpoint；iftheprecedentreignhasbeenbad，weknowhowhewillfindthecourtcomposed。Themeninpowerwillbesomeofthoseadventurers，busyandbold，whothrustandcrowdthemselvesearlyintotheintrigueofpartyandthemanagementofaffairsofstate，oftenwithouttrueability，alwayswithouttrueambition，oreventheappearancesofvirtue：whomeannothingmorethanwhatiscalledmakingafortune，theacquisitionofwealthtosatisfyavarice，andoftitlesandribandstosatisfyvanity。Suchasthesearesuretobeemployedbyaweak，orawickedking：theyimposeonthefirst，andarechosenbythelast。Norisitmarvellousthattheyareso，sinceeveryotherwantissuppliedinthembythewantofgoodprinciplesandagoodconscience；andsincethesedefectsbecomeministerialperfections，inareignwhenmeasuresarepursuedanddesignscarriedonthateveryhonestmanwilldisapprove。Alltheprostituteswhosetthemselvestosale，allthelocustswhodevourtheland，withcrowdsofspies，parasites，andsycophants，willsurroundthethroneunderthepatronageofsuchministers；andwholeswarmsoflittle，noisome，namelessinsectswillhumandbuzzineverycornerofthecourt。Suchministerswillbecastoff，andsuchabettorsofaministrywillbechasedawaytogether，andatonce，byaPatriotKing。
　　Someofthemperhaps，willbeabandonedbyhim；nottopartyfury，buttonationaljustice；nottosateprivateresentments，andtoserveparticularinterests，buttomakesatisfactionforwrongsdonetotheircountry，andtostandasexamplesofterrortofutureadministrations。Clemencymakes，nodoubt，anamiablepartofthecharacterIattempttodraw；butclemency，tobeavirtue，musthaveitsbounds，likeothervirtues：andsurelytheseboundsareextendedenoughbyamaximihavereadsomewhere，thatfrailtiesandevenvicesmaybepassedover，butnotenormouscrimes：multadonandaingeniisputo，seddonandavitia，nonportenta。
　　Amongthebadcompany，withwhichsuchacourtwillabound，maybereckonedasortofmentoolowtobemuchregarded，andtoohightobequiteneglected；
　　thelumberofeveryadministration，thefurnitureofeverycourt。Thesegiltcarvedthingsareseldomanswerableformorethanthemenonachess—board，whoaremovedaboutatwill，andonwhomtheconductofthegameisnottobecharged。Someoftheseeveryprincemusthaveabouthim。Thepageantryofacourtrequiresthatheshould：andthispageantry，likemanyotherdespicablethings，oughtnottobelaidaside。Butasmuchsamenessastheremayappearinthecharactersofthissortofmen，thereisonedistinctionthatwillbemade，wheneveragoodprincesucceedstothethroneafteraniniquitousadministration：thedistinctionImeanis，betweenthosewhohaveaffectedtodipthemselvesdeeplyinprecedentiniquities，andthosewhohavehadthevirtuetokeepalooffromthem，orthegoodlucknottobecalledtoanyshareinthem。Andthusmuchforthefirstpoint，thatofpurginghiscourt。
　　Astothesecond，thatofcallingtohisadministrationsuchmenashecanassurehimselfwillserveonthesameprinciplesonwhichheintendstogovern，thereisnoneedtoenlargemuchuponit。Agoodprincewillnomorechooseillmen，thanawiseprincewillchoosefools。Deceptioninonecaseisindeedmoreeasythanintheother；becauseaknavemaybeanartfulhypocrite，whereasasillyfellowcanneverimposehimselfforamanofsense。
　　Andleastofall，inacountrylikeours，caneitherofthesedeceptionshappen，ifanydegreeofthediscernmentofspiritsbeemployedtochoose。
　　Thereasonis，becauseeverymanhere，whostandsforwardenoughinrankandreputationtobecalledtothecouncilsofhisking，musthavegivenproofsbeforehandofhispatriotism，aswellasofhiscapacity，ifhehaseither，sufficienttodeterminehisgeneralcharacter。
　　Thereis，however，onedistinctiontobemadeastothecapacityofministers，onwhichIwillinsistalittle：becauseIthinkitveryimportantatalltimes，particularlysoatthistime；andbecauseitescapesobservationmostcommonly。ThedistinctionImeanisthatbetweenacunningmanandawiseman：andthisdistinctionisbuiltonamanifestdifferenceinnature，howimperceptiblesoeveritmaybecometoweakeyes，ortoeyesthatlookattheirobjectthroughthefalsemediumofcustomandhabit。MyLordBaconsays，thatcunningislefthandedorcrookedwisdom。Iwouldrathersay，thatitisapart，butthelowestpart，ofwisdom；employedalonebysome，becausetheyhavenottheotherpartstoemploy；andbysome，becauseitisasmuchastheywant，withinthoseboundsofactionwhichtheyprescribetothemselves，andsufficienttotheendsthattheypropose。Thedifferenceseemstoconsistindegree，andapplication，ratherthaninkind。Wisdomisneitherleft—handed，norcrooked：buttheheadsofsomemencontainlittle，andtheheartsofothersemployitwrong。TousemyLordBacon’sowncomparison，thecunningmanknowshowtopackthecards，thewisemanhowtoplaythegamebetter：butitwouldbeofnousetothefirsttopackthecards，ifhisknowledgestoppedhere，andhehadnoskillinthegame；nortothesecondtoplaythegamebetter，ifhedidnotknowhowtopackthecards，thathemightunpackthembynewshuffling。inferiorwisdomorcunningmaygetthebetteroffolly：butsuperiorwisdomwillgetthebetterofcunning。Wisdomandcunninghaveoftenthesameobjects；butawisemanwillhavemoreandgreaterinhisview。Theleastwillnotfillhissoul，noreverbecometheprincipalthere；butwillbepursuedinsubserviency，insubordinationatleast，totheother。Wisdomandcunningmayemploysometimesthesamemeanstoo：butthewisemanstoopstothesemeans，andtheothercannotriseabovethem。Simulationanddissimulation，forinstance，arethechiefartsofcunning：
　　thefirstwillbeesteemedalwaysbyawisemanunworthyofhim，andwillbethereforeavoidedbyhim，ineverypossiblecase；for，toresumemyLordBacon’scomparison，simulationisputonthatwemaylookintothecardsofanother，whereasdissimulationintendsnothingmorethantohideourown。
　　Simulationisastiletto，notonlyanoffensive，butanunlawfulweapon：
　　andtheuseofitmayberarely，veryrarely，excused，butneverjustified。
　　Dissimulationisashield，assecrecyisarmour：anditisnomorepossibletopreservesecrecyintheadministrationofpublicaffairswithoutsomedegreeofdissimulation，thanitistosucceedinitwithoutsecrecy。Thosetwoartsofcunningarelikethealloymingledwithpureore。Alittleisnecessary，andwillnotdebasethecoinbelowitsproperstandard；butifmorethanthatlittlebeemployed，thecoinlosesitscurrency，andthecoinerhiscredit。
　　Wemayobservemuchthesamedifferencebetweenwisdomandcunning，bothastotheobjectstheyproposeandtothemeanstheyemploy，asweobservebetweenthevisualpowersofdifferentmen。Oneseesdistinctlytheobjectsthatareneartohim，theirimmediaterelations，andtheirdirecttendencies；
　　andasightlikethisserveswellenoughthepurposeofthosewhoconcernthemselvesnofurther。Thecunningministerisoneofthose：heneithersees，norisconcernedtosee，anyfurtherthanhispersonalinterests，andthesupportofhisadministration，require。Ifsuchamanovercomesanyactualdifficulty，avoidsanyimmediatedistress，or，withoutdoingeitheroftheseeffectually，gainsalittletime，byallthelowartificewhichcunningisreadytosuggestandbasenessofmindtoemploy，hetriumphs，andisflatteredbyhismercenarytrain，onthegreatevent；whichamountsoftentonomorethanthis，thathegotintoitbyanother。Thewisedistressbyoneseriesoffaults，andoutofministersees，andisconcernedtoseefurther，becausegovernmenthasafurtherconcern：heseestheobjectsthataredistantaswellasthosethatarenear，andalltheirremoterelations，andeventheirindirecttendencies。Hethinksoffameaswellasofapplause，andprefersthat，whichtobeenjoyedmustbegiven，tothatwhichmaybebought。Heconsidershisadministrationasasingledayinthegreatyearofgovernment；
　　butasadaythatisaffectedbythosewhichwentbefore，andthatmustaffectthosewhicharetofollow。Hecombines，therefore，andcomparesalltheseobjects，relations，andtendencies；andthejudgmenthemakes，onanentirenotapartialsurveyofthem，istheruleofhisconduct。Thatschemeofthereasonofstate，whichliesopenbeforeawiseminister，containsallthegreatprinciplesofgovernment，andallthegreatinterestsofhiscountry：
　　sothat，ashepreparessomeevents，hepreparesagainstothers，whethertheybelikelytohappenduringhisadministration，orinsomefuturetime。
　　Manyreflectionsmightbeaddedtothese，andmanyexamplesbebroughttoillustratethem。SomeIcoulddrawfromthemenIhaveseenattheheadofbusiness，andmakeverystrongcontrastsofmenofgreatwisdomwiththoseofmerecunning。ButIconcludethishead，thatImayproceedtoanotherofnolessimportance。
　　Toespousenoparty，buttogovernlikethecommonfatherofhispeople，issoessentialtothecharacterofaPatriotKing，thathewhodoesotherwiseforfeitsthetitle。Itisthepeculiarprivilegeandgloryofthischaracter，thatprinceswhomaintainit，andtheyalone，aresofarfromthenecessity，thattheyarenotexposedtothetemptation，ofgoverningbyaparty；whichmustalwaysendinthegovernmentofafaction：thefactionoftheprince，ifhehasability；thefactionofhisministers，ifhehasnot；and，eitheronewayorother，intheoppressionofthepeople。Forfactionistopartywhatthesuperlativeistothepositive：partyisapoliticalevil，andfactionistheworstofallparties。Thetrueimageofafreepeople，governedbyaPatriotKing，isthatofapatriarchalfamily，wheretheheadandallthemembersareunitedbyonecommoninterest，andanimatedbyonecommonspirit：
　　andwhere，ifanyareperverseenoughtohaveanother，theywillbesoonbornedownbythesuperiorityofthosewhohavethesame；and，farfrommakingadivision，theywillbutconfirmtheunionofthelittlestate。Thattoapproachasnearaspossibletotheseideasofperfectgovernment，andsocialhappinessunderit，isdesirableineverystate，nomanwillbeabsurdenoughtodeny。Thesolequestionis，therefore，howneartothemitispossibletoattain？For，ifthisattemptbenotabsolutelyimpracticable，alltheviewsofaPatriotKingwillbedirectedtomakeitsucceed。insteadofabettingthedivisionsofhispeople，hewillendeavourtounitethem，andtobehimselfthecentreoftheirunion：insteadofputtinghimselfattheheadofonepartyinordertogovernhispeople，hewillputhimselfattheheadofhispeopleinordertogovern，ormoreproperlytosubdue，allparties。Now，toarriveatthisdesirableunion，andtomaintainit，willbefoundmoredifficultinsomecasesthaninothers，butabsolutelyimpossibleinnone，toawiseandgoodprince。
　　Ifhispeopleareunitedintheirsubmissiontohim，andintheirattachmenttotheestablishedgovernment，hemustnotonlyespousebutcreateaparty，inordertogovernbyone：andwhatshouldtempthimtopursuesowildameasure？Aprince，whoaimsatmorepowerthantheconstitutiongiveshim，maybesotempted；becausehemayhopetoobtaininthedisordersofthestatewhatcannotbeobtainedinquiettimes；andbecausecontendingpartieswillgivewhatanationwillnot。Parties，evenbeforetheydegenerateintoabsolutefactions，arestillnumbersofmenassociatedtogetherforcertainpurposes，andcertaininterests，whicharenot，orwhicharenotallowedtobe，thoseofthecommunitybyothers。Amoreprivateorpersonalinterestcomesbuttoosoon，andtoooften，tobesuperadded，andtogrowpredominantinthem：andwhenitdoesso，whateveroccasionsorprinciplesbegantoformthem，thesamelogicprevailsinthemthatprevailsineverychurch。Theinterestofthestateissupposedtobethatoftheparty，astheinterestofreligionissupposedtobethatoftheChurch：and，withthispretenceorprepossession，theinterestofthestatebecomes，likethatofreligion，aremoteconsideration，isneverpursuedforitsownsake，andisoftensacrificedtotheother。Aking，therefore，whohasilldesignstocarryon，mustendeavourtodivideanunitedpeople；andbyblendingorseemingtoblendhisinterestswiththatofaparty，hemaysucceedperhaps，andhispartyandhemaysharethespoilsofaruinednation：butsuchapartyisthenbecomeafaction，suchakingisatyrant，andsuchagovernmentisaconspiracy。APatriotKingmustrenouncehischaracter，tohavesuchdesigns；oractagainsthisowndesigns，topursuesuchmethods。Botharetooabsurdtobesupposed。
　　Itremains，therefore，thatasallthegoodendsofgovernmentaremostattainableinaunitedstate，andasthedivisionsofapeoplecanservetobadpurposesalone，thekingwesupposeherewilldeemtheunionofhissubjectshisgreatestadvantage，andwillthinkhimselfhappytofindthatestablished，whichhewouldhaveemployedthewholelabourofhislifetobringabout。Thisseemssoplain，thatiamreadytomakeexcusesforhavinginsistedatalluponit。
　　Letusturnourselvestoanothersupposition，tothatofadividedstate。
　　Thiswillfallinoftenerwiththeordinarycourseofthingsinfreegovernments，andespeciallyafteriniquitousandweakadministrations。Suchastatemaybebetterorworse，andthegreatandgoodpurposesofaPatriotKingmoreorlessattainableinit，accordingtothedifferentnatureofthosedivisions；
　　and，therefore，wewillconsiderthisstateindifferentlights。
　　Apeoplemaybeunitedinsubmissiontotheprince，andtotheestablishment，andyetbedividedaboutgeneralprinciples，orparticularmeasuresofgovernment。
　　inthefirstcase，theywilldobytheirconstitutionwhathasfrequentlybeendonebytheScripture，strainittotheirownnotionsandprejudices；
　　and，iftheycannotstrainit，alteritasmuchasisnecessarytorenderitconformabletothem。Inthesecond，theywillsupportoropposeparticularactsofadministrations，anddefendorattackthepersonsemployedinthem；
　　andboththesewaysaconflictofpartiesmayarise，butnogreatdifficultytoaprincewhodeterminestopursuetheunionofhissubjects，andtheprosperityofhiskingdomsindependentlyofallparties。
　　Whenpartiesaredividedbydifferentnotionsandprinciplesconcerningsomeparticularecclesiastical，orcivilinstitutions，theconstitution，whichshouldbetheirrule，mustbethatoftheprince。Hemayandheoughttoshowhisdislikeorhisfavour，ashejudgestheconstitutionmaybehurtorimproved，byonesideortheother。Thehurtheisnevertosuffer，notforhisownsake；and，therefore，surelynotforthesakeofanywhimsical，factious，orambitioussetofmen。Theimprovementhemustalwaysdesire；
　　butaseverynewmodificationinaschemeofgovernmentandofnationalpolicyisofgreatimportance，andrequiresmoreanddeeperconsiderationthanthewarmth，andhurry，andrashnessofpartyconductadmit，thedutyofaprinceseemstorequirethatheshouldrenderbyhisinfluencetheproceedingsmoreorderlyandmoredeliberate，evenwhenheapprovestheendtowhichtheyaredirected。Allthismaybedonebyhimwithoutfomentingdivision：and，farfromformingorespousingaparty，hewilldefeatpartyindefenceoftheconstitution，onsomeoccasions；andleadmen，fromactingwithapartyspirit，toactwithanationalspirit，onothers。
　　Whenthedivisionisaboutparticularmeasuresofgovernment，andtheconductoftheadministrationisaloneconcerned，aPatriotKingwillstandinwantofpartyaslittleasinanyothercase。Underhisreign，theopportunitiesofforminganoppositionofthissortwillberare，andthepretencesgenerallyweak。Nay，themotivestoitwilllosemuchoftheirforce，whenagovernmentisstronginreputation，andmenarekeptingoodhumourbyfeelingtherodofapartyonnooccasion，thoughtheyfeeltheweightofthesceptreonsome。Suchopportunities，however，mayhappen；andtheremaybereason，aswellaspretences，sometimesforoppositioneveninsuchareign：atleastwewillsupposeso，thatwemayincludeinthisargumenteverycontingentcase。Grievancesthenarecomplainedof，mistakesandabusesingovernmentarepointedout，andministersareprosecutedbytheirenemies。Shalltheprinceonthethroneformapartybyintrigue，andbysecretandcorruptinfluence，toopposetheprosecution？Whentheprinceandtheministersareparticipescriminis，wheneverythingistobedefended，lestsomethingshouldcomeout，thatmayunravelthesillywickedscheme，anddisclosetopublicsightthewholeturpitudeoftheadministration，thereisnohelp；thismustbedone，andsuchapartymustbeformed，becausesuchapartyalonewillsubmittoadrudgeryofthiskind。Butaprince，whoisnotinthesecircumstances，willnothaverecoursetothesemeans。Hehasothersmoreopen，morenoble，andmoreeffectualinhispower：heknowsthattheviewsofhisgovernmentareright，andthatthetenorofhisadministrationisgood；butheknowsthatneitherhenorhisministersareinfallible，norimpeccable。Theremaybeabusesinhisgovernment，mistakesinhisadministration，andguiltinhisministers，whichhehasnotobserved：andhewillbefarfromimputingthecomplaints，thatgivehimoccasiontoobservethem，toaspiritofparty；
　　muchlesswillhetreatthosewhocarryonsuchprosecutionsinalegalmanner，asincendiaries，andasenemiestohisgovernment。Onthecontrary，hewilldistinguishthevoiceofhispeoplefromtheclamourofafaction，andwillhearkentoit。Hewillredressgrievances，correcterrors，andreformorpunishministers。Thishewilldoasagoodprince：andasawiseone，hewilldoitinsuchamannerthathisdignityshallbemaintained，andthathisauthorityshallincrease，withhisreputation，byit。
　　Shouldtheeffortsofamerefactionbebenttocalumniatehisgovernment，andtodistresstheadministrationongroundlesspretences，andforinsufficientreasons；hewillnotneglect，buthewillnotapprehendneither，theshort—livedandcontemptiblescheme。Hewillindeedhavenoreasontodoso；forletthefautorsofmaladministration，wheneveranoppositionismadetoit，affecttoinsinuateasmuchastheyplease，thattheirmastersareinnoothercircumstancesthanthosetowhichtheverybestministersstandexposed，objectsofgeneralenvyandofparticularmalice，itwillremaineternallytrue，thatgroundlessopposition，inawellregulatedmonarchy，canneverbestronganddurable。
　　Tobeconvincedofthetruthofthisproposition，oneneedsonlytoreflecthowmanywellgroundedattackshavebeendefeated，andhowfewhavesucceeded，againstthemostwickedandtheweakestadministrations。EverykingofBritainhasmeansenoughinhispower，todefeatandtocalmopposition。ButaPatriotKing，aboveallothers，maysafelyresthiscauseontheinnocencyofhisadministration，ontheconstitutionalstrengthofthecrown，andontheconcurrenceofhispeople，towhomhedaresappeal，andbywhomhewillbesupported。
　　ToconcludeallIwillsayonthedivisionsofthiskind，letmeadd，thatthecaseofagroundlessoppositioncanhardlyhappeninabadreign，becauseinsuchareignjustoccasionsofoppositionmustofcoursebefrequentlygiven，aswehaveallowedthattheymaybegivensometimes，thoughveryrarely，inagoodreign；butthat，whetheritbewellorillgrounded，whetheritbethatofthenation，orthatofafaction，theconductoftheprincewithrespecttoitwillbethesame；andonewayorotherthisconductmusthaveaveryfatalevent。Suchaprincewillnotmendtheadministration，aslongashecanresistthejustestandmostpopularopposition：and，therefore，thisoppositionwilllastandgrow，aslongasafreeconstitutionisinforce，andthespiritoflibertyispreserved；forsolongevenachangeofhisministers，withoutachangeofhismeasures，willnotbesufficient。
　　Theformerwithoutthelatterisamerebanter，andwouldbedeemedandtakenforsuch，byeverymanwhodidnotopposeonafactiousprinciple；thatI
　　meanofgettingintopoweratanyrate，andusingitasill，perhapsworsethanthemenhehelpedtoturnoutofit。Nowifsuchmenastheseabound，andtheywillaboundinthedeclineofafreegovernment，abadprince，whetherhechangesordoesnotchangehisministers，mayhopetogovernbythespiritandartofafaction，againstthespiritandstrengthofthenation。Hischaractermaybetoolow，andthatofhisministertooodious，toformoriginallyevenafactionthatshallbeabletodefendthem。Buttheymayapplytotheirpurposes，apartythatwasformedonfardifferentoccasions，andbringnumberstofightforacauseinwhichmanyofthemwouldnothavelisted。Thenames，andwiththenamestheanimosityofparties，maybekeptup，whenthecausesthatformedthemsubsistnolonger。
　　Whenapartyisthusrevivedorcontinuedinthespiritofafaction，thecorruptandinfatuatedmembersofitwillactwithoutanyregardtorightorwrong：andtheywhohaveassertedlibertyinonereign，oropposedinvasionsofonekind，willgiveitupinanotherreign，andabetinvasionsofanotherkind；thoughtheystilldistinguishthemselvesbythesameappellation，stillspreadthesamebanner，andstilldeafentheiradversariesandoneanotherwiththesamecry。Ifthenationalcauseprevailsagainstallthewickedartsofcorruptionanddivision，thatanobstinateprinceandflagitiousministrycanemploy；yetwillthestrugglebelong，andthedifficulties，thedistresses，andthedangergreat，bothtothekingandtothepeople。
　　Thebesthecanhopefor，insuchacase，willbetoescapewithadiminutionofhisreputation，authority，andpower。Hemaybeexposedtosomethingworse；
　　andhisobstinacymayforcethingstosuchextremities，astheywhoopposehimwilllament，andasthepreservationoflibertyandgoodgovernmentcanalonejustify。IfthewickedartsIspeakofprevail，factionwillbepropagatedthroughthewholenation，anillorwellgroundedoppositionwillbethequestionnolonger，andthecontestamongpartieswillbe，whoshallgovern，nothowtheyshallbegoverned。Inshort，universalconfusionwillfollow，andacompletevictory，onanyside，willenslaveallsides。
　　Ihavenotoverchargedthedraught。Suchconsequencesmustfollowsuchaconduct；andthereforeletmeask，howmuchmoresafe，moreeasy，morepleasant，morehonourableisit，foraprincetocorrect，ifhehasnotprevented，maladministration？Thathemaybeabletoresthiscause，asIsaidbefore，onthestrengthofthecrownandtheconcurrenceofhispeople，wheneveranyfactionpresumestoriseinoppositiontohim。
　　ThisaPatriotKingwilldo。Hemayfavouronepartyanddiscourageanother，uponoccasionswhereinthestateofhiskingdommakessuchatemporarymeasurenecessary：buthewillespousenone，muchlesswillheproscribeany。Hewilllistnoparty，muchlesswillhedothemeanestandmostimprudentthingakingcando，listhimselfinany。Itwillbehisaimtopursuetrueprinciplesofgovernmentindependentlyofalland，byasteadyadherencetothismeasure，hisreignwillbecomeanundeniableandgloriousproof，thatawiseandgoodprincemayunitehissubjects，andbehimselfthecentreoftheirunion，notwithstandinganyofthesedivisionsthathavebeenhithertomentioned。
　　Letusnowviewthedividedstateofanationinanotherlight。Inthis，thedivisionswillappearmoreodious，moredangerous；lessdependentontheinfluence，andlesssubjecttotheauthorityofthecrown。Suchwillbethestate，wheneverapeopleisdividedaboutsubmissiontotheirprince，andapartyisformed，ofspiritandstrengthsufficienttooppose，eveninarms，theestablishedgovernment。Butinthiscase，desperateasitmayseem，aPatriotKingwillnotdespairofreconciling，andre—unitinghissubjectstohimself，andtooneanother。Hemaybeobliged，perhaps，asHenrytheFourthofFrancewas，toconquerhisown；butthen，likethatgreatprince，ifheistheconqueror，hewillbethefathertoo，ofhispeople。Hemustpursueinarmsthosewhopresumetotakearmsagainsthim；buthewillpursuethemlikerebelliouschildrenwhomheseekstoreclaim，andnotlikeirreconcilableenemieswhomheendeavourstoexterminate。Anotherprincemayblowuptheflameofcivilwarbyunprovokedseverity，renderthosezealousagainsthimwhowereatworstindifferent，anddeterminethedisaffectionofotherstoopenrebellion。Whenhehasprevailedagainstthefactionhehelpedtoform，ashecouldnothaveprevailedifthebentofthenationhadbeenagainsthim，hemaybewillingtoascribehissuccesstoaparty，thathemayhavethatpretencetogovernbyaparty：and，farfromreconcilingthemindsthathavebeenalienatedfromhim，andreunitinghissubjectsinawillingunforcedsubmissiontohim，hemaybecontenttomaintainhimselfonthatthrone，wherethelawsofGodandmanhaveplacedhim，bythemelancholyexpedientthatusurpersandtyrants，whohavenootherintheirpower，employ；theexpedientofforce。ButaPatriotKingwillactwithanotherspirit，andentertainnoblerandwiserviews，fromfirsttolast，andthroughthewholecourseofsuchaconjuncture。Nothinglessthantheheartsofhispeoplewillcontentsuchaprince；norwillhethinkhisthroneestablished，tillitisestablishedthere。Thathemayhavetimeandopportunitytogainthem，therefore，hewillpreventtheflamefrombreakingout，ifbyartandmanagementhecandoit。Ifhecannot，hewillendeavourtokeepitfromspreading：
　　and，ifthefrenzyofrebelliondisappointstheminboththeseattempts，hewillrememberpeace，liketheheroickingIjustnowquoted，inthemidstofwar。Likehimhewillforegoadvantagesofpushingthelatter，ratherthanloseanopportunityofpromotingtheformer；likehim，intheheatofbattlehewillspare，andinthetriumphofvictorycondescend；likehim，hewillbeatdowntheviolenceofthisflame，byhisvalour，andextinguisheventheembersofit，byhislenity。
　　Itmayhappen，thataprince，capableofholdingsuchaconductasthis，maynothavetheopportunity。Hemaysucceedtothethroneafteracontraryconducthasbeenheld：andwhen，amongotherdivisionswhichmaladministrationandthetyrannyoffactionhaveincreasedandconfirmed，thereisoneagainsttheestablishedgovernmentstillinbeing，thoughnotstillinarms。Theuseisobvious，whichafactioninpowermightmakeofsuchacircumstanceunderaweakprince，byrankinginthatdivisionallthosewhoopposedtheadministration；oratleastbyholdingoutequaldangertohimfromtwoquarters，fromtheirenemieswhomeanthimnoharm，andfromhisenemieswhocoulddohimnone。Butsogrossanartificewillnotimposeonaprinceofanothercharacter：hewillsoondiscernthedistinctionsitbecomeshimtomake。
　　Hewillsee，inthisinstance，howfactionbreeds，nourishes，andperpetuatesfaction：hewillobservehowfarthatofthecourtcontributedtoformtheother，andcontributesstilltokeepitincountenanceandcreditamongthosewhoconsidermorewhatsuchmenareagainst，thanwhattheyarefor。Hewillobserve，howmuchthatofthedisaffectedgivespretencetotheotherwhokeepsamonopolyofpowerandwealth；oneofwhichoppresses，andtheotherbeggars，therestofthenation。Hispenetrationwillsoondiscover，thatthesefactionsbreakinbutlittleonthebodyofhispeople，andthatitdependsonhimalonetotakefromthemeventhestrengththeyhave；becausethatoftheformerisacquiredentirelybyhisauthorityandpurse，andthatofthelatterprincipallybytheabusewhichtheformermakesofboth。Uponthewhole，themeasureshehastopursuetowardsthegreatobjectofaPatriotKing，theunionofhispeople，willappeartohimextremelyeasy。Howshouldtheybeotherwise？Oneofthefactionsmustbedissolvedthemomentthatthefavouroftheprinceiswithdrawn：andtheotherisdisarmed，assoonasitismarkedout。Itwillhavenoshelter，anditmustthereforebesomarkedout，underagoodandwiseadministration；for，whetherthemembersofitavowtheirprinciplesbyrefusingthosetestsoffidelitywhichthelawrequires，orperjurethemselvesbytakingthem，theywillbeknownalike。
　　Onedifference，andbutone，willbemadebetweentheminthegeneralsenseofmankind，adifferencearisingfromthegreaterdegreeofinfamythatwillbelongjustlytothelatter。Thefirstmaypassforfools；thelattermustpass，withoutexcuse，forknaves。
　　ThetermsIusesoundharshly，butthecensureisjust：anditwillappeartobesointhehighestdegree，anduponthehighestreason，ifwestoptomakeareJectionortwo，thatdeserveverywelltobemade，ontheconductofourJacobites；forIdesirenostrongerinstanceonwhichtoestablishthecensure，andtojustifythetermsIhaveused。Nowallthese，whethertheyswearorwhethertheydonot，areliabletooneparticularobjection，thatdidnotlieagainstthosewhowere，informerdays，enemiestothekingonthethrone。InthedaysofYorkandLancaster，forinstance，amanmightbeagainsttheprinceonthethrone，withoutbeingagainsttheconstitutionofhiscountry。Theconstitutionconveyedthecrownbyhereditaryrightinthesamefamily：andhewhowasaYorkist，andhewhowasaLancastrian，might，andIdoubtnotdid，pretendineverycontesttohavethisrightonhisside。Thesameconstitutionwasacknowledgedbyboth：and，therefore，somuchindulgencewasshownbylawtoboth，atleastinthetimeofHenrytheSeventh，thatsubmissiontoakingdefactocouldnotbeimputedasacrimetoeither。Thusagain，todescendlowerinhistory，whentheexclusionoftheDukeofYorkwaspressedinthereignofCharlestheSecond，therightofthatprincetothecrownwasnotdisputed。Hisdivinerightindeed，suchadivinerightashisgrandfatherandfatherhadassertedbeforehim，wasnotmuchregarded；buthisrightbytheconstitution，hislegalright，wassufficientlyownedbythosewhoinsistedonalawasnecessarytobarit。
　　ButeveryJacobite，atthistime，goesbeyondalltheseexamples，andisarebeltotheconstitutionunderwhichheisborn，aswellastotheprinceonthethrone。Thelawofhiscountryhassettledtherightofsuccessioninanewfamily。Heresiststhislaw，andasserts，onhisownprivateauthority，notonlyarightincontradictiontoit，butarightextinguishedbyit。
　　Thisabsurdityissogreat，thatitcannotbedefended，exceptbyadvancingagreater：andthereforeitisurged，thatnopoweronearthcouldaltertheconstitutioninthisrespect，norextinguisharighttothecrowninherentintheStuartfamily，andderivedfromasuperior，thatis，fromadivine，authority。Thiskindofpleaforrefusingsubmissiontothelawsoftheland，ifitwasadmitted，wouldserveanypurposeaswellasthatforwhichitisbrought。Ourfanaticsurgeditformerly，andIdonotseewhyaconscientiousfifthmonarchy—manhadnotasmuchrighttourgeitformerly，asaJacobitehasnow。Butifconscience，thatisprivateopinion，mayexcusethefifthmonarchy—manandtheJacobite，whoactconformablytoit，fromallimputationsexceptthoseofmadnessandfolly；howshallthelatterbeexcusedwhenheforswearstheprinciplesheretains，acknowledgestherightherenounces，takesoathswithanintenttoviolatethem，andcallsGodtowitnesstoapremeditatedlie？Somecasuistryhasbeenemployedtoexcusethesementothemselvesandtoothers。Butsuchcasuistry，andintrutheveryother，destroys，bydistinctionsandexceptions，allmorality，andeffacestheessentialdifferencebetweenrightandwrong，goodandevil。Thistheschoolmeningeneralhavedoneonmanyoccasions，thesonsofLoyolainparticular：andIwishwithallmyheartthatnothingofthesamekindcouldbeobjectedtoanyotherdivines。Somepoliticalreasoninghasbeenemployed，aswellasthecasuistryherespokenof，andtothesamepurpose。Ithasbeensaid，thattheconductofthosewhoareenemiestotheestablishment，towhichtheysubmitandswear，isjustifiedbytheprinciplesoftheRevolution。Butnothingcanbemorefalseandfrivolous。BytheprinciplesoftheRevolution，asubjectmayresist，nodoubt，theprincewhoendeavourstoruinandenslavehispeople，andmaypushthisresistancetothedethronementandexclusionofhimandhisrace：
　　butwillitfollow，that，becausewemayjustlytakearmsagainstaprincewhoserighttogovernweonceacknowledged，andwhobysubsequentactshasforfeitedthatright，wemaysweartoarightwedonotacknowledge，andresistaprincewhoseconducthasnotforfeitedtherightwesworeto，norgivenanyjustdispensationfromouroaths？
　　ButIshalllengthenthisdigressionnofurther：itisonasubjectI
　　havetreatedinpublicwritings，therefutationofwhichnevercametomyhands，and，Ithink，neverwill。Ireturntothesubjectofmypresentdiscourse。