About1802Benthamreturnedtojurisprudence。JamesMillpreparedfromthepapersthenwrittenanIntroductoryViewontheRationaleofEvidence,finishedandpartlyprintedin1812seeWorks,x,468n,andBain’sJamesMill,105,120。Dumont’sTraité;desPreuvesjudiciares1823wasaredactionoftheoriginalpapers,andanEnglishtranslationofthisappearedin1825。ThepartsreferringtoEnglishLawwereomitted。TheRationaleofEvidence5vols,8vo,1827,editedbyJ。S。Mill,representedadifferentandfullerredactionofthesamepapers。Itisreprintedinvols。vi,andvii,oftheWorkswiththeIntroductoryViewnowfirstpublishedprefixed。
TothesameperiodbelongsScotchReform,withaSummaryViewofaPlanforaJudicatory,1808secondedition1811,v,1-60。
After1808Bentham’sattentionwasespeciallydrawntopoliticalquestions。
HisCatechismofParliamentaryReformiii,433-557,writtenin1809,wasfirstpublishedwithalong’introduction’inthePamphletforJanuary1817。
Bentham’sRadicalReformBill,withexplanationsiii,558-597followedinDecember1819。Radicalismnotdangerousiii,598-622,writtenatthesametime,firstappearedintheWorksiii,398-622。ElementsoftheArtofPackingasappliedtoSpecialJuries,especiallyinCasesofLibelLawv,61-186,writtenin1809,waspublishedin1821。Swearnotatallv,188-229referringchieflytoOxfordtests,writtenin1813,waspbulishedin1817。TheKingagainstEdmondsandtheKingagainstWolselyv,239-261
werepublishedin1820。OfficialAptitudeminimised;OfficialExpenselimitedv,263-286,isaseriesofpapers,firstcollectedin1831。ItcontainsaDefenceofEconomyagainstBurke,andaDefenceofEconomyagainstGeorgeRose,bothwrittenin1810,andpublishedinthePamphleteerin1817,withObservationsonaspeechbyPeelin1825,andIndicationrespectingLordEldon。Thetwolastappearedin1825。ConnectedwiththesepoliticalwritingsistheBookofFallaciesii,375-488,editedbyBinghamin1824,fromthe’mostunfinishedofallBentham’swritings。’AllusionsseemtoshowthattheoriginalMSS。werewrittenfrom1810to1819。ItwaspartlypublishedbyDumontwiththeTactique,etc。
Bentham,duringthisperiod1808-1820,wasalsoledintovariousoutlyingquestions。ThePannomialFragments,Nomography,andAppendixonLogicalArrangementemployedbyJeremyBenthamiii,211-295werefirstpublishedintheWorksfromMSS。writtenfrom1813to1831。WiththeChrestomathiaviii,1-192,firstpublishedin1816,areconnectedfragmentsupon’Ontology’,’Language’,and’UniversalGrammar’viii,193-358,firstpublishedinWorksfromfragmentsofMSS。of1813andlater。GeorgeBentham’sOutlineofaNewSystemofLogicwaspartlyfoundeduponhisuncle’spapers。BenthamattheFordAbbeytime1814-1818wasalsowritinghisChurchofEnglandismanditsCatechismexamined,1818。TheAnalysisoftheInfluenceofNaturalReligionupontheTemporalHappinessofMankind,byPhilipBeauchamp,editedbyGeorgeGrote,appearedin1822;andNotPaulbutJesus,byGamalielSmithin1823。FrancisPlacehelpedinpreparingthisatFordAbbeyin1817MrWallas’LifeofPlace,p。83。MotherChurchofEnglandrelievedbyBleeding1823andtheBookofChurchReform131areextractedfromChurchofEnglandism,Bowringdidnotadmittheseworkstohiscollection。
Inhislateryears1820-1832Benthambegantobespeciallyoccupiedwitcodification。PapersuponCodificationandPublicInstructioniv,451-534
consistchieflyofletters,writtenfrom1811to1815,offeringhimselfforemploymentincodificationinAmericaandRussia,andfirstpublishedin1817。In1821appearedThreeTractsrelatingtoSpanishandPortugueseAffairs,withaContinualEyetoEnglishones;andin1822ThreeLetterstoCountTorensontheproposedPenalCodeinSpainviii,460-554。AshorttractonLibertyofthePresswasaddressedtotheSpanishpeoplein1821ii,275-299。CodificationProposalsiv,535-594appearedin1823,offeringtopreparean’all-comprehensivecodeoflaw’for’anynationprofessingliberalopinions。’SecuritiesagainstMisruleaddressedtoaMahommedanState,andpreparedwithaspecialReferencetoTripoli,writtenin1822-23,wasfirstpublishedintheWorksviii,551-600。AtractontheLeadingPrinciplesofaConstitutionalCodeii,267-274appearedinthePamphleteerin1823。
ThefirstvolumeoftheConstitutionalCode,printedin1827,waspublishedwiththefirstchapterofthesecondvolumein1830。Thewholebook,editedbyR。Doanefrompaperswrittenbetween1818and1832,waspublishedin1841,andformsvolumeixoftheWorks。DoanealsoeditedPrinciplesofJudicialProcedureii,1-188frompaperswrittenchieflyfrom1820to1827,thoughparthadbeenwrittenin1802。Severalthousandpagesuponthesubject——
thethirdpartoftheoriginalscheme——wereleftbyBenthamathisdeath。
DuringhislastyearsBenthamalsowroteaCommentaryonMrHumphrey’sRealPropertyCode,publishedintheWestminsterReviewforOctober1826
v,387-416;JusticeandCodificationPetitionsv,437-548,printedin1829;JeremyBenthamtohisFellow-CitizensinFranceonHousesofPeersandSenatesiv,419-450,dated15thOctober1820;EquityDispatchCourtProposalsiii,297-432,firstpublishedinWorksandwrittenfrom1829
to1821;OutlineofaPlanofaGeneralRegisterofRealPropertyv,417-435,publishedintheReportoftheRealPropertyCommissionin1832;andLordBroughamDisplayedv,549-612,1832。
TheDeontologyorScienceofMoralitywaspublishedbyBowringintwovols,8voin1834,butomittedfromtheWorks,astheoriginaleditionwasnotexhausted。TheMS。preservedatUniversityCollege,London,showsthatasubstantialbeginninghadbeenmadein1814;mostoftheremainderabout1820。Thesecondvolume,made,asBowringsays,fromanubmerofscraps,isprobablymore’Bowringised’thanthefirst。
Dumont’sTraité;sweretranslatedintoSpanishin1821,andtheWorksin1841-43。TherearealsoRussianandItaliantranslations。In1830
atranslationfromDumont,editedbyF。E。Beneke,asGrundsä;tzederCivil-undCriminal-Gesetzgebung,etc。,waspublishedatBerlin。BenekeobservesthatBenthamhadhithertoreceivedlittleattentioninGermany,thoughwellknowninothercountries。HereportsasayingattributedtoMmedeStaë;lthattheagewasthatofBentham,notofByronorBuonaparte。TheneglectofBenthaminGermanywasdue,asBenekesays,totheprevalenceoftheKantianphilosophy。Bentham,however,hadbeenfavourablenoticedintheHermesfor1822,andhismeritssinceacknowledgedbyMittermaierandWarnkö;nigintheZeitschriftfü;rRechtwissenschaft。Beneke1898-1854wasopposedtotheHegeliantendenciesofhistime,andmuchinfluencebyHerbart。SeeUeberweg’sHistoryofPhilosophyEnglishtranslation,1874,ii,281,etc。
andtheaccountofBenthaminRobertvonMohl’sStaatswissenshcaften,etc。
1833,iii,595-635。
AgreatmassofBenthamMSS。belongstoUniversityCollege,London。Theyarecontainedin148boxes,whichwereexaminedandcataloguedbyMrT。Whittakerin1892。Afewofthesecontaincorrespondence,partofwhichwasprintedbyBowring。Othersarethemanuscriptsofpublishedworks。Someareuponthesamesubjectsasthepublishedworks,andotherrefertotopicsnotincludedinhispublications。BesidestheDeontologymanuscriptsandafragmentupon’PoliticalDeontology’,thereisadiscussionofthemeansofsuppressingduels,anargumentagainstthelegalpunishmentofcertainoffencesagainstdecency,andacriticismofthegospelnarrativesimilartoNotPaul,etc。
IhavenotthoughtitnecessarytoexaminethesefragmentsafterreadingMrWhittaker’sreport。Bentham’sprinciplesaresufficientlystatedinhispublishedworks;andthepaperswhichhavebeenreposinginthecellarsofUniversityCollegecanhavehadnoinfluenceupontheworld。ThereisanotherlargecollectionofMSS。intheBritishMuseumfromthepapersofBenthamandhisbrother,SirSamuel。Tenfoliovolumescontaincorrespondence,muchofitreferringonlytoSirSamuel。Alongcorrespondenceupontheacquisitionofthe’Panopticon’landisincluded。AnothervolumecontainsmanyofBentham’sschoolandcollegeexercises。TherearealsothemanuscriptsoftheNomography,LogicalArrangements,etc。ThiscollectionwasusedbyBowringandbyLadyBenthaminthelifeofherhusband。
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