Alleyes，allhopes，arenowfixedonyou；andwereyoutodecline，thechagrinwouldbeuniversal，andwouldshakeunderyourfeetthehighgroundonwhichyoustandwiththepublic。IndeedIknownothingwhichwouldproducesuchashock，forontheeventofthismissiondependsthefuturedestiniesofthisrepublic。Ifwecannotbyapurchaseofthecountryinsuretoourselvesacourseofperpetualpeaceandfriendshipwithallnations，thenaswarcannotbedistant，itbehoovesusimmediatelytobepreparingforthatcourse，without，however，hasteningit，anditmaybenecessaryonyourfailureonthecontinenttocrossthechannel。
　　WeshallgetentangledinEuropeanpolitics，andfiguringmore，bemuchlesshappyandprosperous。Thiscanonlybepreventedbyasuccessfulissuetoyourpresentmission。Iamsensibleafterthemeasuresyouhavetakenforgettingintoadifferentlineofbusiness，thatitwillbeagreatsacrificeonyourpart，andpresentsfromtheseasonandothercircumstancesseriousdifficulties。Butsomemenarebornforthepublic。Naturebyfittingthemfortheserviceofthehumanraceonabroadscale，hasstampedwiththeevidencesofherdestinationandtheirduty。
　　ButIamparticularlyconcernedthatinthepresentcaseyouhavemorethanonesacrificetomake。Toreformtheprodigalitiesofourpredecessorsisunderstoodtobepeculiarlyourduty，andtobringthegovernmenttoasimpleandeconomicalcourse。They，inordertoincreaseexpense，debt，taxation，andpatronagetriedalwayshowmuchtheycouldgive。Theoutfitgiventoministersresidenttoenablethemtofurnishtheirhouse，butgivenbynonationtoatemporaryminister，whoisneverexpectedtotakeahouseortoentertain，butconsideredonafootingofavoyageur，theygavetotheirextraordinarymissionariesbywholesale。Inthebeginningofouradministration，amongotherarticlesofreformationinexpense，itwasdeterminednottogiveanoutfittomissionariesextraordinary，andnottoincurtheexpensewithanyministerofsendingafrigatetocarryhimorbringhim。TheBostonhappenedtobegoingtotheMediterranean，andwaspermittedthereforetotakeupMr。LivingstoneandtouchinaportofFrance。AfrigatewasdeniedtoCharlesPinckneyandhasbeenrefusedtoMr。Kingforhisreturn。
　　Mr。Madison’sfriendshipandminetoyoubeingsowellknown，thepublicwillhaveeagleeyestowatchifwegrantyouanyindulgenciesofthegeneralrule；andontheotherhand，theexamplesetinyourcasewillbemorecogentonfutureones，andproducegreaterapprobationtoourconduct。Theallowancethereforewillbeinthisandallsimilarcases，alltheexpensesofyourjourneyandvoiage，takingaship’scabintoyourself，9，000D。ayearfromyourleavinghometilltheproceedingsofyourmissionareterminated，andthenthequarter’ssalaryfortheexpensesofthereturnasprescribedbylaw。Astothetimeofyourgoingyoucannottoomuchhastenit，asthemomentinFranceiscritical。St。DomingodelaystheirtakingpossessionofLouisiana，andtheyareinthelastdistressformoneyforcurrentpurposes。Youshouldarrangeyouraffairsforanabsenceofayearatleast，perhapsforalongone。ItwillbenecessaryforyoutostayheresomedaysonyourwaytoNewYork。Youwillreceiveherewhatadvanceyouchuse。Acceptassurancesofmyconstantandaffectionateattachment。
　　CIVILIZATIONOFTHEINDIANS
　　_ToBenjaminHawkins_
　　_Washington，Feb。18，1803_
　　DEARSIR，——Mr。Hill’sreturntoyouofferssosafeaconveyanceforaletter，thatIfeelirresistiblydisposedtowriteone，tho’thereisbutlittletowriteabout。Youhavebeensolongabsentfromthispartoftheworld，andthestateofsocietysochangedinthattime，thatdetailsrespectingthosewhocomposeitarenolongerinterestingorintelligibletoyou。Onesourceofgreatchangeinsocialintercoursearosewhileyouwerewithus，tho’
　　it’seffectswereasyetscarcelysensibleonsocietyorgovernment。
　　ImeantheBritishtreaty，whichproducedaschismthatwentonwideningandranklingtilltheyears’98，’99，whenafinaldissolutionofallbonds，civil&social，appearedimminent。Inthatawfulcrisis，thepeopleawakedfromthephrenzyintowhichtheyhadbeenthrown，begantoreturntotheirsoberandancientprinciples，&
　　havenowbecomefive-sixthsofonesentiment，towit，forpeace，economy，andagovernmentbottomedonpopularelectioninitslegislative&executivebranches。Inthepubliccounselsthefederalpartyholdstillone-third。This，however，willlessen，butnotexactlytothestandardofthepeople；becauseitwillbeforeverseenthatofbodiesofmenevenelectedbythepeople，therewillalwaysbeagreaterproportionaristocraticthanamongtheirconstituents。Thepresentadministrationhadataskimposedonitwhichwasunavoidable，andcouldnotfailtoexertthebitteresthostilityinthoseopposedtoit。Theprecedingadministrationleft99。outofeveryhundredinpublicofficesofthefederalsect。
　　RepublicanismhadbeenthemarkonCainwhichhadrenderedthosewhoboreitexilesfromallportioninthetrusts&authoritiesoftheircountry。Thisdescriptionofcitizenscalledimperiously&justlyforarestorationofright。Itwasintended，however，tohaveyieldedtothisinsomoderateadegreeasmightconciliatethosewhohadobtainedexclusivepossession；butassoonastheyweretouched，theyendeavoredtosetfiretothefourcornersofthepublicfabric，andobligedustodepriveoftheinfluenceofofficeseveralwhowereusingitwithactivityandvigilancetodestroytheconfidenceofthepeopleintheirgovernment，andthustoproceedinthedrudgeryofremovalfartherthanwouldhavebeen，hadnottheirownhostileenterprisesrendereditnecessaryinself-defence。ButIthinkitwillnotbelongbeforethewholenationwillbeconsolidatedintheirancientprinciples，exceptingafewwhohavecommittedthemselvesbeyondrecall，andwhowillretiretoobscurity&settleddisaffection。
　　Altho’youwillreceive，thro’theofficialchanneloftheWarOffice，everycommunicationnecessarytodeveloptoyouourviewsrespectingtheIndians，andtodirectyourconduct，yet，supposingitwillbesatisfactorytoyou，andtothosewithwhomyouareplaced，tounderstandmypersonaldispositionsandopinionsinthisparticular，Ishallavailmyselfofthisprivatelettertostatethemgenerally。IconsiderthebusinessofhuntingasalreadybecomeinsufficienttofurnishclothingandsubsistencetotheIndians。Thepromotionofagriculture，therefore，andhouseholdmanufacture，areessentialintheirpreservation，andIamdisposedtoaidandencourageitliberally。Thiswillenablethemtoliveonmuchsmallerportionsofland，andindeedwillrendertheirvastforestsuselessbutfortherangeofcattle；forwhichpurpose，also，astheybecomebetterfarmers，theywillbefounduseless，andevendisadvantageous。Whiletheyarelearningtodobetteronlessland，ourincreasingnumberswillbecallingformoreland，andthusacoincidenceofinterestswillbeproducedbetweenthosewhohavelandstospare，andwantothernecessaries，andthosewhohavesuchnecessariestospare，andwantlands。Thiscommerce，then，willbeforthegoodofboth，andthosewhoarefriendstobothoughttoencourageit。Youareinthestationpeculiarlychargedwiththisinterchange，andwhohaveitpeculiarlyinyourpowertopromoteamongtheIndiansasenseofthesuperiorvalueofalittleland，wellcultivated，overagreatdeal，unimproved，andtoencouragethemtomakethisestimatetruly。Thewisdomoftheanimalwhichamputates&abandonstothehunterthepartsforwhichheispursuedshouldbetheirs，withthisdifference，thattheformersacrificeswhatisuseful，thelatterwhatisnot。Intruth，theultimatepointofrest&happinessforthemistoletoursettlementsandtheirsmeetandblendtogether，tointermix，andbecomeonepeople。
　　IncorporatingthemselveswithusascitizensoftheU。S。，thisiswhatthenaturalprogressofthingswillofcoursebringon，anditwillbebettertopromotethantoretardit。Surelyitwillbebetterforthemtobeidentifiedwithus，andpreservedintheoccupationoftheirlands，thanbeexposedtothemanycasualtieswhichmayendangerthemwhileaseparatepeople。Ihavelittledoubtbutthatyourreflectionsmusthaveledyoutoviewthevariouswaysinwhichtheirhistorymayterminate，andtoseethatthisistheonemostfortheirhappiness。AndwehavealreadyhadanapplicationfromasettlementofIndianstobecomecitizensoftheU。S。Itispossible，perhapsprobable，thatthisideamaybesonovelasthatitmightshocktheIndians，wereitevenhintedtothem。Ofcourse，youwillkeepitforyourownreflection；but，convincedofitssoundness，Ifeelitconsistentwithpuremoralitytoleadthemtowardsit，tofamiliarizethemtotheideathatitisfortheirinteresttocedelandsattimestotheUS，andforusthustoprocuregratificationstoourcitizens，fromtimetotime，bynewacquisitionsofland。FromnoquarteristhereatpresentsostrongapressureonthissubjectasfromGeorgiafortheresidueoftheforkofOconee&Ockmulgee；andindeedIbelieveitwillbedifficulttoresistit。AsithasbeenmentionedthattheCreekshadatonetimemadeuptheirmindstosellthis，andwereonlycheckedinitbysomeindiscretionsofanindividual，Iaminhopesyouwillbeabletobringthemtoitagain。Ibeseechyoutouseyourmostearnestendeavors；foritwillrelieveusherefromagreatpressure，andyourselffromtheunreasonablesuspicionsoftheGeorgianswhichyounotice，thatyouaremoreattachedtotheinterestsoftheIndiansthanoftheUS，andthrowcoldwaterontheirwillingnesstopartwithlands。Itissoeasytoexcitesuspicion，thatnonearetobewonderedat；butIaminhopesitwillbeinyourpowertoquashthembyeffectingtheobject。
　　Mr。MadisonenjoysbetterhealthsincehisremovaltothisplacethanhehaddoneinOrange。Mr。Gilesisinastateofhealthfearedtobeirrecoverable，althoughhemayholdonforsometime，andperhapsbere-established。BrowzeTristisnowintheMississippiterritory，forminganestablishmentforhisfamily，whichisstillinAlbemarle，andwillremovetotheMississippiinthespring。Mrs。Trist，hismother，beginstoyieldalittletotime。I
　　retainmyselfveryperfecthealth，havingnothad20。hoursoffeverin42yearspast。Ihavesometimeshadatroublesomeheadache，andsomeslightrheumaticpains；butnowsixtyyearsoldnearly，Ihavehadaslittletocomplainofinpointofhealthasmostpeople。I
　　learnyouhavethegout。IdidnotexpectthatIndiancookeryorIndianfarewouldproducethat；butitisconsideredasasecurityforgoodhealthotherwise。Thatitmaybesowithyou，Isincerelypray，andtenderyoumyfriendlyandrespectfulsalutations。
　　MACHIAVELLIANBENEVOLENCEANDTHEINDIANS
　　_ToGovernorWilliamH。Harrison_
　　_Washington，February27，1803_
　　DEARSIR，——WhileatMonticelloinAugustlastIreceivedyourfavorofAugust8th，andmeanttohaveacknowledgeditonmyreturntotheseatofgovernmentatthecloseoftheensuingmonth，butonmyreturnIfoundthatyouwereexpectedtobeonhereinperson，andthisexpectationcontinuedtillwinter。IhavesincereceivedyourfavorofDecember30th。
　　Intheformeryoumentionedtheplanofthetownwhichyouhaddonemethehonortonameafterme，andtolayoutaccordingtoanideaIhadformerlyexpressedtoyou。Iamthoroughlypersuadedthatitwillbefoundhandsomeandpleasant，andIdobelieveittobethebestmeansofpreservingthecitiesofAmericafromthescourgeoftheyellowfever，whichbeingpeculiartoourcountry，mustbederivedfromsomepeculiarityinit。ThatpeculiarityItaketobeourcloudlessskies。InEurope，wherethesundoesnotshinemorethanhalfthenumberofdaysintheyearwhichitdoesinAmerica，theycanbuildtheirtowninasolidblockwithimpunity；buthereaconstantsunproducestoogreatanaccumulationofheattoadmitthat。
　　Ventilationisindispensablynecessary。Experiencehastaughtusthatintheopenairofthecountrytheyellowfeverisnotonlynotgenerated，butceasestobeinfectious。Icannotdecidefromthedrawingyousentme，whetheryouhavelaidoffstreetsroundthesquaresthus：Illustrationomittedoronlythediagonalstreetsthereinmarked。Theformerwasmyidea，andis，Iimagine，mostconvenient。
　　YouwillreceiveherewithananswertoyourletterasPresidentoftheConvention；andfromtheSecretaryofWaryoureceivefromtimetotimeinformationandinstructionsastoourIndianaffairs。
　　Thesecommunicationsbeingforthepublicrecords，arerestrainedalwaystoparticularobjectsandoccasions；butthisletterbeingunofficialandprivate，ImaywithsafetygiveyouamoreextensiveviewofourpolicyrespectingtheIndians，thatyoumaythebettercomprehendthepartsdealtouttoyouindetailthroughtheofficialchannel，andobservingthesystemofwhichtheymakeapart，conductyourselfinunisonwithitincaseswhereyouareobligedtoactwithoutinstruction。OursystemistoliveinperpetualpeacewiththeIndians，tocultivateanaffectionateattachmentfromthem，byeverythingjustandliberalwhichwecandoforthemwithintheboundsofreason，andbygivingthemeffectualprotectionagainstwrongsfromourownpeople。Thedecreaseofgamerenderingtheirsubsistencebyhuntinginsufficient，wewishtodrawthemtoagriculture，tospinningandweaving。Thelatterbranchestheytakeupwithgreatreadiness，becausetheyfalltothewomen，whogainbyquittingthelaborsofthefieldforthosewhichareexercisedwithindoors。Whentheywithdrawthemselvestothecultureofasmallpieceofland，theywillperceivehowuselesstothemaretheirextensiveforests，andwillbewillingtoparethemofffromtimetotimeinexchangefornecessariesfortheirfarmsandfamilies。Topromotethisdispositiontoex-changelands，whichtheyhavetospareandwewant，fornecessaries，whichwehavetospareandtheywant，weshallpushourtradinguses，andbegladtoseethegoodandinfluentialindividualsamongthemrunindebt，becauseweob-servethatwhenthesedebtsgetbeyondwhattheindividualscanpay，theybecomewillingtolopthemoffbyacessionoflands。Atourtradinghouses，too，wemeantosellsolowasmerelytorepayuscostandcharges，soasneithertolessenorenlargeourcapital。Thisiswhatprivatetraderscannotdo，fortheymustgain；theywillconsequentlyretirefromthecompetition，andweshallthusgetclearofthispestwithoutgivingoffenceorumbragetotheIndians。InthiswayoursettlementswillgraduallycircumscribeandapproachtheIndians，andtheywillintimeeitherincorporatewithusascitizensoftheUnitedStates，orremovebeyondtheMississippi。Theformeriscertainlytheterminationoftheirhistorymosthappyforthemselves；but，inthewholecourseofthis，itisessentialtocultivatetheirlove。Astotheirfear，wepresumethatourstrengthandtheirweaknessisnowsovisiblethattheymustseewehaveonlytoshutourhandtocrushthem，andthatallourliberalitiestothemproceedfrommotivesofpurehumanityonly。Shouldanytribebefool-hardyenoughtotakeupthehatchetatanytime，theseizingthewholecountryofthattribe，anddrivingthemacrosstheMississippi，astheonlyconditionofpeace，wouldbeanexampletoothers，andafurtheranceofourfinalconsolidation。