Equallyeffectual。Iaskafleetof150。guns，theonehalfofwhichshallbeinconstantcruise。Thisfleetbuilt，mannedandvictualledfor6。monthswillcost450，000poundsterling。It’sannualexpenceis300poundsterl。agun，includingeverything：thiswillbe45，000
　　poundsterl。ayear。ItakeBritishexperienceforthebasisofmycalculations，tho’weknow，fromourownexperience，thatwecando，inthisway，forpoundslawful，whatcoststhempoundssterling。
　　WerewetochargeallthistotheAlgerinewaritwouldamounttolittlemorethanwemustpayifwebuypeace。ButasitisproperandnecessarythatweshouldestablishasmallmarineforceevenwerewetobuyapeacefromtheAlgerines，andasthatforcelaidupinourdockyardswouldcostushalfasmuchannuallyasifkeptinorderforservice，wehavearighttosaythatonly22，500poundsterl。perann。shouldbechargedtotheAlgerinewar。6。Itwillbeaseffectual。ToallthemismanagementsofSpainandPortugalurgedtoshewthatwaragainstthosepeopleisineffectual，Iurgeasinglefacttoprovethecontrarywherethereisanymanagement。
　　About40。yearago，theAlgerineshavingbroketheirtreatywithFrance，thiscourtsentMonsr。deMassacwithonelargeandtwosmallfrigates，heblockadedtheharbourofAlgiersthreemonths，andtheysubscribedtothetermshedictated。Ifitbeadmittedhoweverthatwar，onthefairestprospects，isstillexposedtoincertainties，I
　　weighagainstthisthegreaterincertaintyofthedurationofapeaceboughtwithmoney，fromsuchapeople，fromaDey80。yearsold，andbyanationwho，onthehypothesisofbuyingpeace，istohavenopowerontheseatoenforceanobservanceofit。
　　SofarIhavegoneonthesuppositionthatthewholeweightofthiswarwouldrestonus。But1。Napleswilljoinus。ThecharacteroftheirnavalministerActon，hisknownsentimentswithrespecttothepeaceSpainisofficiouslytryingtomakeforthem，andhisdispositionsagainsttheAlgerinesgivethegreatestreasontobelieveit。2。EveryprincipleofreasontellsusPortugalwilljoinus。Istatethisastakingforgranted，whatallseemtobelieve，thattheywillnotbeatpeacewithAlgiers。IsupposethenthataConventionmightbeformedbetweenPortugal，NaplesandtheU。S。bywhichtheburthenofthewarmightbequotaedonthemaccordingtotheirrespectivewealth，andthetermofitshouldbewhenAlgiersshouldsubscribetoapeacewithallthreeonequalterms。Thismightbeleftopenforothernationstoaccedeto，andmany，ifnotmostofthepowersofEuropeexceptFrance，England，HollandandSpainifherpeacebemadewouldsoonerorlaterenterintotheconfederacy，forthesakeofhavingtheirpeacewiththePyraticalstatesguarantiedbythewhole。IsupposethatinthiscaseourproportionofforcewouldnotbethehalfofwhatIfirstcalculatedon。
　　Thesearethereasonswhichhaveinfluencedmyjudgmentonthisquestion。IgivethemtoyoutoshewyouthatIamimposedonbyasemblanceofreasonatleast，andnotwithanexpectationoftheirchangingyouropinion。Youhaveviewedthesubject，Iamsureinallit’sbearings。Youhaveweighedbothquestionswithalltheircircumstances。YoumaketheresultdifferentfromwhatIdo。Thesamefactsimpressusdifferently。Thisisenoughtomakemesuspectanerrorinmyprocessofreasoningtho’Iamnotabletodetectit。
　　Itisofnoconsequence；asIhavenothingtosayinthedecision，andamreadytoproceedheartilyonanyotherplanwhichmaybeadopted，ifmyagencyshouldbethoughtuseful。WithrespecttothedispositionsofthestatesIamutterlyuninformed。Icannothelpthinkinghoweverthatonaviewofallcircumstances，theymightbeunitedineitheroftheplans。
　　Havingwrittenthisonthereceiptofyourletter，withoutknowingofanyopportunityofsendingit，Iknownotwhenitwillgo：
　　IaddnothingthereforeonanyothersubjectbutassurancesofthesincereesteemandrespectwithwhichIamDearSiryourfriendandservant，”ACRUSADEAGAINSTIGNORANCE”
　　_ToGeorgeWythe_
　　_Paris，August13，1786_
　　DEARSIR，——YourfavorsofJan。10&Feb。10，cametohandonthe20th&2dofMay。Iavailedmyselfofthefirstopportunitywhichoccurred，byagentlemangoingtoEngland，ofsendingtoMr。
　　JoddrelacopyoftheNotesonourcountry，withalineinforminghimthatitwasyouwhohademboldenedmetotakethatliberty。Madison，nodoubt，informedyouofthereasonwhyIhadsentonlyasinglecopytoVirginia。BeingassuredbyhimthattheywillnotdotheharmIhadapprehended，butonthecontrarymaydosomegood，I
　　proposetosendthitherthecopiesremainingonhand，whicharefewerthanIhadintended。Butofthenumerouscorrectionstheyneed，thereareoneortwosoessentialthatImusthavethemmade，byprintingafewnewleaves&substitutingthemfortheold。ThiswillbedonewhiletheyareengravingamapwhichIhaveconstructedofthecountryfromAlbemarlesoundtoLakeErie，&whichwillbeinsertedinthebook。AbadFrenchtranslationwhichisgettingouthere，willprobablyobligemetopublishtheoriginalmorefreely，whichitneitherdeservednorwaseverintended。Yourwishes，whicharelawstome，willjustifymydestiningacopyforyou，otherwiseI
　　shouldassoonhavethoughtofsendingyouahornbook；forthereisnotruththerethatwhichisnotfamiliartoyou，andit’serrorsI
　　shouldhardlyhaveproposedtotreatyouwith。
　　Immediatelyonthereceiptofyourletter，IwrotetoacorrespondentatFlorencetoinquireafterthefamilyofTagliaferroasyoudesired。Ireceivedhisanswertwodaysago，acopyofwhichInowinclose。Theoriginalshallbesentbysomeotheroccasion。I
　　willhavethecopper-plateimmediatelyengraved。Thismaybereadywithinafewdays，buttheprobabilityisthatIshallbelonggettinganopportunityofsendingittoyou，astheserarelyoccur。
　　Youdonotmentionthesizeoftheplatebut，presumingitisintendedforlabelsfortheinsideofbooks，Ishallhaveitmadeofapropersizeforthat。Ishallomittheword_agisos_，accordingtothelicenseyouallowme，becauseIthinkthebeautyofamottoistocondensemuchmatterinasfewwordsaspossible。Thewordomittedwillbesuppliedbyeveryreader。TheEuropeanpapershaveannouncedthattheassemblyofVirginiawereoccupiedontherevisaloftheircodeoflaws。This，withsomeothersimilarintelligence，hascontributedmuchtoconvincethepeopleofEurope，thatwhattheEnglishpapersareconstantlypublishingofouranarchy，isfalse；astheyaresensiblethatsuchaworkisthatofapeopleonlywhoareinperfecttranquillity。Ouractforfreedomofreligionisextremelyapplauded。Theambassadors&ministersoftheseveralnationsofEuroperesidentatthiscourthaveaskedofmecopiesofittosendtotheirsovereigns，anditisinsertedatfulllengthinseveralbooksnowinthepress；amongothers，inthenewEncyclopedie。Ithinkitwillproduceconsiderablegoodeveninthesecountrieswhereignorance，superstition，poverty，&oppressionofbody&mindineveryform，aresofirmlysettledonthemassofthepeople，thattheirredemptionfromthemcanneverbehoped。IftheAlmightyhadbegottenathousandsons，insteadofone，theywouldnothavesufficedforthistask。IfallthesovereignsofEuropeweretosetthemselvestoworktoemancipatethemindsoftheirsubjectsfromtheirpresentignorance&prejudices，&thataszealouslyastheynowendeavorthecontrary，athousandyearswouldnotplacethemonthathighgroundonwhichourcommonpeoplearenowsettingout。Ourscouldnothavebeensofairlyputintothehandsoftheirowncommonsensehadtheynotbeenseparatedfromtheirparentstock&keptfromcontamination，eitherfromthem，ortheotherpeopleoftheoldworld，bytheinterventionofsowideanocean。Toknowtheworthofthis，onemustseethewantofithere。
　　Ithinkbyfarthemostimportantbillinourwholecodeisthatforthediffusionofknowlegeamongthepeople。Noothersurefoundationcanbedevised，forthepreservationoffreedomandhappiness。Ifanybodythinksthatkings，nobles，orpriestsaregoodconservatorsofthepublichappinesssendthemhere。Itisthebestschoolintheuniversetocurethemofthatfolly。Theywillseeherewiththeirowneyesthatthesedescriptionsofmenareanabandonedconfederacyagainstthehappinessofthemassofthepeople。Theomnipotenceoftheireffectcannotbebetterprovedthaninthiscountryparticularly，wherenotwithstandingthefinestsoiluponearth，thefinestclimateunderheaven，andapeopleofthemostbenevolent，themostgayandamiablecharacterofwhichthehumanformissusceptible，wheresuchapeopleIsay，surroundedbysomanyblessingsfromnature，areyetloadedwithmiserybykings，noblesandpriests，andbythemalone。Preach，mydearSir，acrusadeagainstignorance；establish&improvethelawforeducatingthecommonpeople。Letourcountrymenknowthatthepeoplealonecanprotectusagainsttheseevils，andthatthetaxwhichwillbepaidforthispurposeisnotmorethanthethousandthpartofwhatwillbepaidtokings，priests&nobleswhowillriseupamongusifweleavethepeopleinignorance。ThepeopleofEngland，Ithink，arelessoppressedthanhere。Butitneedsbuthalfaneyetosee，whenamongthem，thatthefoundationislaidintheirdispositionsfortheestablishmentofadespotism。Nobility，wealth&pomparetheobjectsoftheiradoration。Theyarebynomeansthefree-mindedpeoplewesupposetheminAmerica。Theirlearnedmentooarefewinnumber，andarelesslearnedandinfinitelylessemancipatedfromprejudicethanthoseofthiscountry。Aneventtooseemstobepreparing，intheorderofthings，whichwillprobablydecidethefateofthatcountry。ItisnolongerdoubtfulthattheharbourofCherburgwillbecomplete，thatitwillbeamostexcellentone，&
　　capaciousenoughtoholdthewholenavyofFrance。Nothinghaseverbeenwantingtoenablethiscountrytoinvadethat，butanavalforceconvenientlystationedtoprotectthetransports。ThischangeofsituationmustobligetheEnglishtokeepupagreatstandingarmy，andthereisnoKing，who，withsufficientforce，isnotalwaysreadytomakehimselfabsolute。MypaperwarnsmeitistimetorecommendmyselftothefriendlyrecollectionofMrs。Wythe，ofColo。
　　Tagliaferro&hisfamily&particularlyofMr。R。T。；andtoassureyouoftheaffectionateesteemwithwhichIamDearSiryourfriendandservt。
　　EDUACTIONOFAFUTURESON-IN-LAW
　　_ToThomasMannRandolph，Jr。_
　　_Paris，Aug。27，1786_
　　DEARSIR，——Iamhonouredwithyourfavourofthe16thinstant，anddesirous，withoutdelay，ofmanifestingmywishestobeusefultoyouIshallventuretoyousomethoughtsonthecourseofyourstudies，whichmustbesubmittedtothebetterchoicewithwhichyouaresurrounded。Alongerracethroughlifemayhaveentitledmetoseizesometruthswhichhavenotyetbeenpresentedtoyourobservation&moreintimateknowledgeofthecountryinwhichyouaretolive&ofthecircumstancesinwhichyouwillbeplaced，mayenablemetopointyourattentiontothebranchesofsciencewhichwilladministerthemosttoyourhappinessthere。Thefoundationswhichyouhavelaidinlanguagesandmathematicsareproperforeverysuperstructure。Theformerexercisesourmemorywhilethatandnootherfacultyisyetmatured&preventsouracquiringhabitsofidleness。Thelattergivesexercisetoourreason，assoonasthathasacquiredacertaindegreeofstrength，andstoresthemindwithtruthswhichareusefulinotherbranchesofscience。Atthismomentthenasecondorderofpreparationistocommence。Ishallproposetoyouthatitbeextensive，comprehendingAstronomy，NaturalPhilosophyorPhysics，NaturalHistory，Anatomy，Botany&
　　Chemistry。Noinquisitivemindwillbecontenttobeignorantofanyofthesebranches。ButIwouldadviseyoutobecontentedwithacourseoflecturesinmostofthem，withoutattemptingtomakeyourselfmasterofthewhole。Thisismorethananygeniusjoinedtoanylengthoflifeisequalto。Youwillfindamongthemsomeonestudytowhichyourmindwillmoreparticularlyattachitself。ThisthenIwouldpursue&proposetoattaineminencein。YourowncountryfurnishesthemostalimentforNaturalHistory，Botany&
　　Physics&asyouexpressafondnessfortheformeryoumightmakeityourprincipalobject，endeavoringhowevertomakeyourselfmoreacquaintedwiththetwolatterthanwithotherbrancheslikelytobelessuseful。Infactyouwillfindbotanyofferingit’scharmstoyouateverystep——duringsummer&Physicsineveryseason。Allthesebranchesofsciencewillbebetterattainedbyattendingcoursesoflecturesinthem。Youarenowinaplacewherethebestcoursesuponeartharewithinyourreachandbeingdeliveredinyournativelanguage——youlosenopartoftheirbenefit。Suchanopportunityyouwillneveragainhave。IwouldthereforestronglypressonyoutofixnootherlimittoyourstayinEdinboroughthanyourhavinggotthrothiswholecourse。Theomissionofanyonepartofitwillbeanaffliction&losstoyouaslongasyoulive。