Then，Sir，theyhavenotthatextremenationalitywhichwefindintheScotch。Iwilldoyou，Boswell，thejusticetosay，thatyouarethemostUNSCOTTIFIEDofyourcountrymen。YouarealmosttheonlyinstanceofaScotchmanthatIhaveknown，whodidnotateveryothersentencebringinsomeotherScotchman。’
　　PartThree
　　OnFriday，May7，IbreakfastedwithhimatMr。Thrale’sintheBorough。Whilewewerealone，IendeavouredaswellasIcouldtoapologiseforaladywhohadbeendivorcedfromherhusbandbyactofParliament。Isaid，thathehadusedherveryill，hadbehavedbrutallytoher，andthatshecouldnotcontinuetolivewithhimwithouthavingherdelicacycontaminated；thatallaffectionforhimwasthusdestroyed；thattheessenceofconjugalunionbeinggone，thereremainedonlyacoldform，amerecivilobligation；
　　thatshewasintheprimeoflife，withqualitiestoproducehappiness；thattheseoughtnottobelost；and，thatthegentlemanonwhoseaccountshewasdivorcedhadgainedherheartwhilethusunhappilysituated。Seduced，perhaps，bythecharmsoftheladyinquestion，IthusattemptedtopalliatewhatIwassensiblecouldnotbejustified；forwhenIhadfinishedmyharangue，myvenerablefriendgavemeapropercheck：’MydearSir，neveraccustomyourmindtominglevirtueandvice。Thewoman’sawhore，andthere’sanendon’t。’
　　Hedescribedthefatherofoneofhisfriendsthus：’Sir，hewassoexuberantatalkeratpublickmeeting，thatthegentlemenofhiscountywereafraidofhim。Nobusinesscouldbedoneforhisdeclamation。’
　　HedidnotgivemefullcreditwhenImentionedthatIhadcarriedonashortconversationbysignswithsomeEsquimauxwhoweretheninLondon，particularlywithoneofthemwhowasapriest。HethoughtIcouldnotmakethemunderstandme。Nomanwasmoreincredulousastoparticularfacts，whichwereatallextraordinary；andthereforenomanwasmorescrupulouslyinquisitive，inordertodiscoverthetruth。
　　Idinedwithhimthisdayatthehouseofmyfriends，MessieursEdwardandCharlesDilly，booksellersinthePoultry：therewerepresent，theirelderbrotherMr。DillyofBedfordshire，Dr。
　　Goldsmith，Mr。Langton，Mr。Claxton，ReverendDr。Mayoadissentingminister，theReverendMr。Toplady，andmyfriendtheReverendMr。
　　Temple。
　　BOSWELL。’IamwellassuredthatthepeopleofOtaheitewhohavethebreadtree，thefruitofwhichservesthemforbread，laughedheartilywhentheywereinformedofthetediousprocessnecessarywithustohavebread；——plowing，sowing，harrowing，reaping，threshing，grinding，baking。’JOHNSON。’Why，Sir，allignorantsavageswilllaughwhentheyaretoldoftheadvantagesofcivilizedlife。Wereyoutotellmenwholivewithouthouses，howwepilebrickuponbrick，andrafteruponrafter，andthatafterahouseisraisedtoacertainheight，amantumblesoffascaffold，andbreakshisneck；hewouldlaughheartilyatourfollyinbuilding；butitdoesnotfollowthatmenarebetterwithouthouses。No，Sir，holdingupasliceofagoodloaf，thisisbetterthanthebreadtree。’
　　Iintroducedthesubjectoftoleration。JOHNSON。’Everysocietyhasarighttopreservepublickpeaceandorder，andthereforehasagoodrighttoprohibitthepropagationofopinionswhichhaveadangeroustendency。TosaytheMAGISTRATEhasthisright，isusinganinadequateword：itistheSOCIETYforwhichthemagistrateisagent。Hemaybemorallyortheologicallywronginrestrainingthepropagationofopinionswhichhethinksdangerous，butheispoliticallyright。’MAYO。’Iamofopinion，Sir，thateverymanisentitledtolibertyofconscienceinreligion；andthatthemagistratecannotrestrainthatright。’JOHNSON。’Sir，Iagreewithyou。Everymanhasarighttolibertyofconscience，andwiththatthemagistratecannotinterfere。Peopleconfoundlibertyofthinkingwithlibertyoftalking；nay，withlibertyofpreaching。
　　Everymanhasaphysicalrighttothinkashepleases；foritcannotbediscoveredhowhethinks。Hehasnotamoralright，forheoughttoinformhimself，andthinkjustly。But，Sir，nomemberofasocietyhasarighttoTEACHanydoctrinecontrarytowhatthesocietyholdstobetrue。Themagistrate，Isay，maybewronginwhathethinks：butwhilehethinkshimselfright，hemayandoughttoenforcewhathethinks。’MAYO。’Then，Sir，wearetoremainalwaysinerrour，andtruthnevercanprevail；andthemagistratewasrightinpersecutingthefirstChristians。’JOHNSON。’Sir，theonlymethodbywhichreligioustruthcanbeestablishedisbymartyrdom。Themagistratehasarighttoenforcewhathethinks；
　　andhewhoisconsciousofthetruthhasarighttosuffer。Iamafraidthereisnootherwayofascertainingthetruth，butbypersecutionontheonehandandenduringitontheother。’
　　GOLDSMITH。’Buthowisamantoact，Sir？Thoughfirmlyconvincedofthetruthofhisdoctrine，mayhenotthinkitwrongtoexposehimselftopersecution？Hashearighttodoso？Isitnot，asitwere，committingvoluntarysuicide？’JOHNSON。’Sir，astovoluntarysuicide，asyoucallit，therearetwentythousandmeninanarmywhowillgowithoutscrupletobeshotat，andmountabreachforfive-penceaday。’GOLDSMITH。’Buthavetheyamoralrighttodothis？’JOHNSON。’Nay，Sir，ifyouwillnottaketheuniversalopinionofmankind，Ihavenothingtosay。Ifmankindcannotdefendtheirownwayofthinking，Icannotdefendit。Sir，ifamanisindoubtwhetheritwouldbebetterforhimtoexposehimselftomartyrdomornot，heshouldnotdoit。Hemustbeconvincedthathehasadelegationfromheaven。’GOLDSMITH。’I
　　wouldconsiderwhetherthereisthegreaterchanceofgoodoreviluponthewhole。IfIseeamanwhohadfallenintoawell，Iwouldwishtohelphimout；butifthereisagreaterprobabilitythatheshallpullmein，thanthatIshallpullhimout，Iwouldnotattemptit。SowereItogotoTurkey，ImightwishtoconverttheGrandSignortotheChristianfaith；butwhenIconsideredthatI
　　shouldprobablybeputtodeathwithouteffectuatingmypurposeinanydegree，Ishouldkeepmyselfquiet。’JOHNSON。’Sir，youmustconsiderthatwehaveperfectandimperfectobligations。Perfectobligations，whicharegenerallynottodosomething，areclearandpositive；as，“thoushaltnotkill？’Butcharity，forinstance，isnotdefinablebylimits。Itisadutytogivetothepoor；butnomancansayhowmuchanothershouldgivetothepoor，orwhenamanhasgiventoolittletosavehissoul。Inthesamemanneritisadutytoinstructtheignorant，andofconsequencetoconvertinfidelstoChristianity；butnomaninthecommoncourseofthingsisobligedtocarrythistosuchadegreeastoincurthedangerofmartyrdom，asnomanisobligedtostriphimselftotheshirtinordertogivecharity。Ihavesaid，thatamanmustbepersuadedthathehasaparticulardelegationfromheaven。’GOLDSMITH。’Howisthistobeknown？Ourfirstreformers，whowereburntfornotbelievingbreadandwinetobeCHRIST’——JOHNSON。interruptinghim，’Sir，theywerenotburntfornotbelievingbreadandwinetobeCHRIST，butforinsultingthosewhodidbelieveit。And，Sir，whenthefirstreformersbegan，theydidnotintendtobemartyred：
　　asmanyofthemranawayascould。’BOSWELL。’But，Sir，therewasyourcountryman，Elwal，whoyoutoldmechallengedKingGeorgewithhisblack-guards，andhisred-guards。’JOHNSON。’Mycountryman，Elwal，Sir，shouldhavebeenputinthestocks；aproperpulpitforhim；andhe’dhavehadanumerousaudience。Amanwhopreachesinthestockswillalwayshavehearersenough。’BOSWELL。’ButElwalthoughthimselfintheright。’JOHNSON。’Wearenotprovidingformadpeople；thereareplacesforthemintheneighbourhood。’
　　meaningmoorfields。MAYO。’But，Sir，isitnotveryhardthatI
　　shouldnotbeallowedtoteachmychildrenwhatIreallybelievetobethetruth？’JOHNSON。’Why，Sir，youmightcontrivetoteachyourchildrenextrascandalum；but，Sir，themagistrate，ifheknowsit，hasarighttorestrainyou。Supposeyouteachyourchildrentobethieves？’MAYO。’Thisismakingajokeofthesubject。’JOHNSON。’Nay，Sir，takeitthus：——thatyouteachthemthecommunityofgoods；forwhichthereareasmanyplausibleargumentsasformosterroneousdoctrines。Youteachthemthatallthingsatfirstwereincommon，andthatnomanhadarighttoanythingbutashelaidhishandsuponit；andthatthisstillis，oroughttobe，theruleamongstmankind。Here，Sir，yousapagreatprincipleinsociety，——property。Anddon’tyouthinkthemagistratewouldhavearighttopreventyou？Or，supposeyoushouldteachyourchildrenthenotionoftheAdamites，andtheyshouldrunnakedintothestreets，wouldnotthemagistratehavearighttoflog’emintotheirdoublets？’MAYO。’Ithinkthemagistratehasnorighttointerferetillthereissomeovertact。’
　　BOSWELL。’So，Sir，thoughheseesanenemytothestatechargingablunderbuss，heisnottointerferetillitisfiredoff？’MAYO。
　　’Hemustbesureofitsdirectionagainstthestate。’JOHNSON。
　　’Themagistrateistojudgeofthat——Hehasnorighttorestrainyourthinking，becausetheevilcentersinyourself。Ifamanweresittingatthistable，andchoppingoffhisfingers，themagistrate，asguardianofthecommunity，hasnoauthoritytorestrainhim，howeverhemightdoitfromkindnessasaparent——
　　Though，indeed，uponmoreconsideration，Ithinkhemay；asitisprobable，thathewhoischoppingoffhisownfingers，maysoonproceedtochopoffthoseofotherpeople。IfIthinkitrighttostealMr。Dilly’splate，Iamabadman；buthecansaynothingtome。IfImakeanopendeclarationthatIthinkso，hewillkeepmeoutofhishouse。IfIputforthmyhand，IshallbesenttoNewgate。Thisisthegradationofthinking，preaching，andacting：
　　ifamanthinkserroneously，hemaykeephisthoughtstohimself，andnobodywilltroublehim；ifhepreacheserroneousdoctrine，societymayexpelhim；ifheactsinconsequenceofit，thelawtakesplace，andheishanged。’MAYO。’But，Sir，oughtnotChristianstohavelibertyofconscience？’JOHNSON。’Ihavealreadytoldyouso，Sir。Youarecomingbacktowhereyouwere。’
　　BOSWELL。’Dr。Mayoisalwaystakingareturnpost-chaise，andgoingthestageoveragain。Hehasitathalfprice。’JOHNSON。
　　’Dr。Mayo，likeotherchampionsforunlimitedtoleration，hasgotasetofwords。Sir，itisnomatter，politically，whetherthemagistrateberightorwrong。Supposeaclubweretobeformed，todrinkconfusiontoKingGeorgetheThird，andahappyrestorationtoCharlestheThird，thiswouldbeverybadwithrespecttotheState；buteverymemberofthatclubmusteitherconformtoitsrules，orbeturnedoutofit。OldBaxter，Iremember，maintains，thatthemagistrateshould“tolerateallthingsthataretolerable。“Thisisnogooddefinitionoftolerationuponanyprinciple；butitshowsthathethoughtsomethingswerenottolerable。’TOPLADY。’Sir，youhaveuntwistedthisdifficultsubjectwithgreatdexterity。’
　　Duringthisargument，Goldsmithsatinrestlessagitation，fromawishtogetinandSHINE。Findinghimselfexcluded，hehadtakenhishattogoaway，butremainedforsometimewithitinhishand，likeagamester，whoatthecloseofalongnight，lingersforalittlewhile，toseeifhecanhaveafavourableopeningtofinishwithsuccess。Oncewhenhewasbeginningtospeak，hefoundhimselfoverpoweredbytheloudvoiceofJohnson，whowasattheoppositeendofthetable，anddidnotperceiveGoldsmith’sattempt。Thusdisappointedofhiswishtoobtaintheattentionofthecompany，Goldsmithinapassionthrewdownhishat，lookingangrilyatJohnson，andexclaiminginabittertone，’TAKEIT。’