thereneitherisnoreverwillbeahigher，orbetter，ormorescientificprinciplethanthisfortheattainmentofsalvationandvictoryinwar。Andweoughtintimeofpeacefromyouthupwardstopractisethishabitofcommandingothers，andofbeingcommandedbyothers；anarchyshouldhavenoplaceinthelifeofmanorofthebeastswhoaresubjecttoman。Imayaddthatalldancesoughttobeperformedwithviewtomilitaryexcellence；andagilityandeaseshouldbecultivatedforthesameobject，andalsoenduranceofthewantofmeatsanddrinks，andofwintercoldandsummerheat，andofhardcouches；and，aboveall，careshouldbetakennottodestroythepeculiarqualitiesoftheheadandthefeetbysurroundingthemwithextraneouscoverings，andsohinderingtheirnaturalgrowthofhairandsoles。Forthesearetheextremities，andofallthepartsofthebody，whethertheyarepreservedornotisofthegreatestconsequence；theoneistheservantofthewholebody，andtheotherthemaster，inwhomalltherulingsensesarebynatureset。Lettheyoungmanimaginethathehearsinwhathasprecededthepraisesofthemilitarylife；thelawshallbeasfollows：-Heshallserveinwarwhoisontherollorappointedtosomespecialservice，andifanyoneisabsentfromcowardice，andwithouttheleaveofthegenerals；heshallbeindictedbeforethemilitarycommandersforfailureofservicewhenthearmycomeshome；andthesoldiersshallbehisjudges；theheavyarmed，andthecavalry，andtheotherarmsoftheserviceshallformseparatecourts；andtheyshallbringtheheavy-armedbeforetheheavy-armed，andthehorsemenbeforethehorsemen，andtheothersinlikemannerbeforetheirpeers；andhewhoisfoundguiltyshallneverbeallowedtocompeteforanyprizeofvalour，orindictanotherfornotservingonanexpedition，orbeanaccuseratallinanymilitarymatters。Moreover，thecourtshallfurtherdeterminewhatpunishmentheshallsuffer，orwhatpenaltyheshallpay。Whenthesuitsforfailureofservicearecompleted，theleadersoftheseveralkindsoftroopsshallagainholdanassembly，andtheyshalladjudgetheprizesofvalour；andhewholikesshallgivejudgmentinhisownbranchoftheservice，sayingnothingaboutanyformerexpedition，norproducinganyprooforwitnessestoconfirmhisstatement，butspeakingonlyofthepresentoccasion。Thecrownofvictoryshallbeanolivewreathwhichthevictorshallofferupthetempleofanywar-godwhomhelikes，addinganinscriptionforatestimonytolastduringlife，thatsuchanonehasreceivedthefirst，thesecond，orprize。Ifanyonegoesonanexpedition，andreturnshomebeforetheappointedtime，whenthegenerals。havenotwithdrawnthearmy，beshallbeindictedfordesertionbeforethesamepersonswhotookcognisanceoffailureofservice，andifhebefoundguilty，thesamepunishmentshallbeinflictedonhim。
　　Noweverymanwhoisengagedinanysuitoughttobeverycarefulofbringingfalsewitnessagainstanyone，eitherintentionallyorunintentionally，ifhecanhelp；forjusticeistrulysaidtobeanhonourablemaiden，andfalsehoodisnaturallyrepugnanttohonourandjustice。Awitnessoughttobeverycarefulnottosiftagainstjustice，asforexampleinwhatrelatestothethrowingawayofarms-hemustdistinguishthethrowingthemawaywhennecessary，andnotmakethatareproach，orbringinactionagainstsomeinnocentpersononthataccount。Tomakethedistinctionmaybedifficult；butstillthelawmustattempttodefinethedifferentkindsinsomeway。Letmeendeavourtoexplainmymeaningbyanancienttale：-IfPatroclushadbeenbroughttothetentstillalivebutwithouthisarmsandthishashappenedtoinnumerablepersons，theoriginalarms，whichthepoetsayswerepresentedtoPeleusbytheGodsasanuptialgiftwhenhemarried。Thetis，remaininginthehandsofHector，thenthebasespiritsofthatdaymighthavereproachedthesonofMenoetiuswithhavingcastawayhisarms。Again，thereisthecaseofthosewhohavebeenthrowndownprecipicesandlosttheirarms；andofthosewhoatsea，andinstormyplaces，havebeensuddenlyoverwhelmedbyfloodsofwater；andtherearenumberlessthingsofthiskindwhichonemightadducebywayofextenuation，andwiththeviewofjustifyingamisfortunewhichiseasilymisrepresented。Wemust，therefore，endeavourtodividetothebestofourpowerthegreaterandmoreseriousevilfromthelesser。Andadistinctionmaybedrawnintheuseoftermsofreproach。Amandoesnotalwaysdeservetobecalledthethrowerawayofhisshield；hemaybeonlytheloserofhisarms。Forthereisagreatorratherabsolutedifferencebetweenhimwhoisdeprivedofhisarmsbyasufficientforce，andhimwhovoluntarilyletshisshieldgo。Letthelawthenbeasfollows：-Ifapersonhavingarmsisovertakenbytheenemyanddoesnotturnroundanddefendhimself，butletsthemgovoluntarilyorthrowsthemaway，choosingabaselifeandaswiftescaperatherthanacourageousandnobleandblesseddeath-insuchacaseofthethrowingawayofarmsletjusticebedone，butthejudgeneedtakenonoteofthecasejustnowmentioned；forthebadmanoughtalwaystobepunished，inthehopethathemaybeimproved，butnottheunfortunate，forthereisnoadvantageinthat。Andwhatshallbethepunishmentsuitedtohimwhohasthrownawayhisweaponsofdefence？TraditionsaysthatCaeneus，theThessalian，waschangedbyaGodfromawomanintoaman；buttheconversemiraclecannotnowbewrought，ornopunishmentwouldbemoreproperthanthatthemanwhothrowsawayhisshieldshouldbechangedintoawoman。Thishoweverisimpossible，andthereforeletusmakealawasnearlylikethisaswecan-thathewholoveshislifetoowellshallbeinnodangerfortheremainderofhisdays，butshallliveforeverunderthestigmaofcowardice。Andletthelawbeinthefollowingterms：-Whenamanisfoundguiltyofdisgracefullythrowingawayhisarmsinwar，nogeneralormilitaryofficershallallowhimtoserveasasoldier，orgivehimanyplaceatallintheranksofsoldiers；andtheofficerwhogivesthecowardanyplace，shallsufferapenaltywhichthepublicexaminershallexactofhim；andifhebeofthehighestdass，heshallpayathousanddrachmae；orifhebeofthesecondclass，fiveminae；orifhebeofthethird，threeminae；orifhebeofthefourthclass，onemina。Andhewhoisfoundguiltyofcowardice，shallnotonlybedismissedfrommanlydangers，whichisadisgraceappropriatetohisnature，butheshallpayathousanddrachmae，ifhebeofthehighestclass，andfiveminaeifhebeofthesecondclass，andthreeifhebeofthethirdclass，andamina，likethepreceding，ifhebeofthefourthclass。
　　Whatregulationswillbeproperaboutexaminers，seeingthatsomeofourmagistratesareelectedbylot，andforayear，andsomeforalongertimeandfromselectedpersons？Ofsuchmagistrates，whowillbeasufficientcensororexaminer，ifanyofthem，weigheddownbythepressureofofficeorhisowninabilitytosupportthedignityofhisoffice，beguiltyofanycrookedpractice？Itisbynomeanseasytofindamagistratewhoexcelsothermagistratesinvirtue，butstillwemustendeavourtodiscoversomecensororexaminerwhoismorethanman。Forthetruthis，thattherearemanyelementsofdissolutioninastate，astherearealsoinaship，orinananimal；theyallhavetheircords，andgirders，andsinews-onenaturediffusedinmanyplaces，andcalledbymanynames；andtheofficeofexaminerisamostimportantelementinthepreservationanddissolutionofstates。Foriftheexaminersarebetterthanthemagistrates，andtheirdutyisfulfilledjustlyandwithoutblame，thenthewholestateandcountryflourishesandishappy；butiftheexaminationofthemagistratesiscarriedoninawrongway，then，bytherelaxationofthatjusticewhichistheunitingprincipleofallconstitutions，everypowerinthestateisrentasunderfromeveryother；theynolongerinclineinthesamedirection，butfillthecitywithfaction，andmakemanycitiesoutofone，andsoonbringalltodestruction。Whereforetheexaminersoughttobeadmirableineverysortofvirtue。Letusinventamodeofcreatingthem，whichshallbeasfollows：-Everyyear，afterthesummersolstice，thewholecityshallmeetinthecommonprecinctsofHeliosandApollo，andshallpresenttotheGodthreemenoutoftheirownnumberinthemannerfollowing：-Eachcitizenshallselect，nothimself，butsomeothercitizenwhomhedeemsineverywaythebest，andwhoisnotlessthanfiftyyearsofage。Andoutoftheselectedpersonswhohavethegreatestnumberofvotes，theyshallmakeafurtherselectionuntiltheyreducethemtoone-half，iftheyareanevennumber；butiftheyarenotanevennumber，theyshallsubtracttheonewhohasthesmallestnumberofvotes，andmakethemanevennumber，andthenleavethehalfwhichhavethegreatnumberofvotes。Andiftwopersonshaveanequalnumberofvotes，andthusincreasethenumberbeyondone-half，theyshallwithdrawtheyoungerofthetwoanddoawaywiththeexcess；andthenincludingalltheresttheyshallagainvote，untilthereareleftthreehavinganunequalnumberofvotes。
　　Butifallthethree，ortwooutofthethree，haveequalvotes，letthemcommittheelectiontogoodfateandfortune，andseparateoffbylotthefirst，andthesecond，andthethird；thesetheyshallcrownwithanolivewreathandgivethemtheprizeofexcellence，atthesametimeproclaimingtoalltheworldthatthecityoftheMagnetes，byprovidenceoftheGods，isagainpreserved，andpresentstotheSunandtoApolloherthreebestmenasfirst-fruits，tobeacommonofferingtothem，accordingtotheancientlaw，aslongastheirlivesanswertothejudgmentformedofthem。Andtheseshallappointintheirfirstyeartwelveexaminers，tocontinueuntileachhascompletedseventy-fiveyears，towhomthreeshallafterwardsbeaddedyearly；andletthesedivideallthemagistraciesintotwelveparts，andprovetheholdersofthembyeverysortoftesttowhichafreemanmaybesubjected；andletthemlivewhiletheyholdofficeintheprecinctofHeliosandApollo，inwhichtheywerechosen，andleteachoneformajudgmentofsomethingsindividually，andofothersincompanywithhiscolleagues；andlethimplaceawritingintheagoraabouteachmagistracy，andwhatthemagistrateoughttosufferorpay，accordingtothedecisionoftheexaminers。Andifamagistratedoesnotadmitthathehasbeenjustlyjudged，lethimbringtheexaminersbeforetheselectjudges，andifhebeacquittedbytheirdecision，lethim，ifhewill，accusetheexaminersthemselves；if，however，hebeconvicted，andhavebeencondemnedtodeathbytheexaminers，lethimdieandofcoursehecanonlydieonce：-butanyotherpenaltieswhichadmitofbeingdoubledlethimsuffertwiceover。
　　Andnowletuspassunderreviewtheexaminersthemselves；whatwilltheirexaminationbe，andhowconducted？Duringthelifeofthesemen，whomthewholestatecountsworthyoftherewardsofvirtue，theyshallhavethefirstseatatallpublicassemblies，andatallHellenicsacrificesandsacredmissions，andotherpublicandholyceremoniesinwhichtheyshare。Thechiefsofeachsacredmissionshallbeselectedfromthem，andtheyonlyofallthecitizensshallbeadornedwithacrownoflaurel；theyshallallbepriestsofApolloandHelios；andoneofthem，whoisjudgedfirstofthepriestscreatedinthatyear，shallbehighpriest；andtheyshallwriteuphisnameineachyeartobeameasureoftimeaslongasthecitylasts；andaftertheirdeaththeyshallbelaidoutandcarriedtothegraveandentombedinamannerdifferentfromtheothercitizens。Theyshallbedeckedinarobeallofwhite，andthereshallbenocryingorlamentationoverthem；butachorusoffifteenmaidens，andanotherofboys，shallstandaroundthebieroneitherside，hymningthepraisesofthedepartedpriestsinalternateresponses，declaringtheirblessednessinsongalldaylong；andatdawnahundredoftheyouthswhopractisegymnasticandwhomtherelationsofthedepartedshallchoose，shallcarrythebiertothesepulchre，theyoungmenmarchingfirst，dressedinthegarbofwarriors-thecavalrywiththeirhorses，theheavy-armedwiththeirarms，andtheothersinlikemanner。Andboysneatthebierandinfrontofitshallsingtheirnationalhymn，andmaidensshallfollowbehind，andwiththemthewomenwhohavepassedtheageofchildbearing；next，althoughtheyareinterdictedfromotherburials，letpriestsandpriestessesfollow，unlessthePythianoracleforbidthem；forthisburialisfreefrompollution。Theplaceofburialshallbeanoblongvaultedchamberunderground，constructedoftufa，whichwilllastforever，havingstonecouchesplacedsidebyside。Andheretheywilllaytheblessedperson，andcoverthesepulchrewithacircularmoundofearthandplantagroveoftreesaroundoneverysidebutone；andonthatsidethesepulchreshallbeallowedtoextendforever，andanewmoundwillnotberequired。Everyyeartheyshallhavecontestsinmusicandgymnastics，andinhorsemanship，inhonourofthedead。
　　Thesearethehonourswhichshallbegiventothosewhoattheexaminationarefoundblameless；butifanyofthem，trustingtothescrutinybeingover，should，afterthejudgmenthasbeengiven，manifestthewickednessofhumannature，letthelawordainthathewhopleasesshallindicthim，andletthecausebetriedinthefollowingmanner。Inthefirstplace，thecourtshallbecomposedoftheguardiansofthelaw，andtothemthesurvivingexaminersshallbeadded，aswellasthecourtofselectjudges；andletthepursuerlayhisindictmentinthisform-heshallsaythatso-and-soisunworthyoftheprizeofvirtueandofhisoffice；andifthedefendantbeconvictedlethimbedeprivedofhisoffice，andoftheburial，andoftheotherhonoursgivenhim。Butiftheprosecutordonotobtainthefifthpartofthevotes，lethim，ifhebeofthefirstdass，paytwelveminae，andeightifhebeofthesecondclass，andsixifhebeofthethirddass，andtwominaeifhebeofthefourthclass。
　　Theso-calleddecisionofRhadamanthusisworthyofalladmiration。HeknewthatthemenofhisowntimebelievedandhadnodoubtthattherewereGods，whichwasareasonablebeliefinthosedays，becausemostmenwerethesonsofGods，andaccordingtotraditionhewasonehimself。Heappearstohavethoughtthatheoughttocommitjudgmenttonoman，buttotheGodsonly，andinthiswaysuitsweresimplyandspeedilydecidedbyhim。Forhemadethetwopartiestakeanoathrespectingthepointsindispute，andsogotridofthematterspeedilyandsafely。ButnowthatacertainportionofmankinddonotbelieveatallintheexistenceoftheGods，andothersimaginethattheyhavenocareofus，andtheopinionofmostmen，andofthemen，isthatinreturnforsmallsacrificeandafewflatteringwordstheywillbetheiraccomplicesinpurloininglargesumsandsavethemfrommanyterriblepunishments，thewayofRhadamanthusisnolongersuitedtotheneedsofjustice；forastheneedsofmenabouttheGodsarechanged，thelawsshouldalsobechanged；-inthegrantingofsuitsarationallegislationoughttodoawaywiththeoathsofthepartiesoneitherside-hewhoobtainsleavetobringanactionshouldwrite，downthecharges，butshouldnotaddanoath；andthedefendantinlikemannershouldgivehisdenialtothemagistratesinwriting，andnotswear；foritisadreadfulthingtoknow，whenmanylawsuitsaregoingoninastatethatalmosthalfthepeoplewhomeetoneanotherquiteunconcernedlyatthepublicmealsandinothercompaniesandrelationsofprivatelifeareperjured。Letthelaw，then，beasfollows：-Ajudgewhoisabouttogivejudgmentshalltakeanoath，andhewhoischoosingmagistratesforthestateshalleithervoteonoathorwithavotingtabletwhichhebringsfromatemple；sotoothejudgeofdancesandofallmusic，andthesuperintendentsandumpiresofgymnasticandequestriancontests，andanymattersinwhich，asfarasmencanjudge，thereisnothingtobegainedbyafalseoath；butallcasesinwhichadenialconfirmedbyanoathclearlyresultsinagreatadvantagetothetakeroftheoath，shallbedecidedwithouttheoathofthepartiestothesuit，andthepresidingjudgesshallnotpermiteitherofthem。touseanoathforthesakeofpersuading，nortocalldowncursesonhimselfandhisrace，nortouseunseemlysupplicationsorwomanishlaments。Buttheyshalleverbeteachingandlearningwhatisjustinauspiciouswords；andhewhodoesotherwiseshallbesupposedtospeakbesidethepoint，andthejudgesshallagainbringhimbacktothequestionatissue。Ontheotherhand，strangersintheirdealingswithstrangersshallasatpresenthavepowertogiveandreceiveoaths，fortheywillnotoftengrowoldinthecityorleaveafryofyoungoneslikethemselvestobethesonsandheirsoftheland。