andthehomicidesshallabidebytheirjudgment。Butifaftertheyhavereturnedhome，anyoneoftheminamomentofangerrepeatsthedeed，lethimbeanexile，andreturnnomore；orifhereturns，lethimsufferasthestrangerwastosufferinasimilarcase。Hewhokillshisownslaveshallundergoapurification，butifhekillstheslaveofanotherinanger，heshallpaytwicetheamountofthelosstohisowner。Andifanyhomicideisdisobedienttothelaw，andwithoutpurificationpollutestheagora，orthegames，orthetemples，hewhopleasesmaybringtotrialthenextofkintothedeadmanforpermittinghim，andthemurdererwithhim，andmaycompeltheonetoexactandtheothertosufferadoubleamountoffinesandpurifications；andtheaccusershallhimselfreceivethefineinaccordancewiththelaw。Ifaslaveinafitofpassionkillshismaster，thekindredofthedeceasedmanmaydowiththemurdererprovidedonlytheydonotsparehislifewhatevertheyplease，andtheywillbepure；orifhekillsafreeman，whoisnothismaster，theownershallgiveuptheslavetotherelativesofthedeceased，andtheyshallbeunderanobligationtoputhimtodeath，butthismaybedoneinanymannerwhichtheyplease。
　　Andifwhichisarareoccurrence，butdoessometimeshappenafatheroramotherinamomentofpassionslaysasonordaughterbyblows，orsomeotherviolence，theslayershallundergothesamepurificationasinothercases，andbeexiledduringthreeyears；
　　butwhentheexilereturnsthewifeshallseparatefromthehusband，andthehusbandfromthewife，andtheyshallneverafterwardsbegetchildrentogether，orliveunderthesameroof，orpartakeofthesamesacredriteswiththosewhomtheyhavedeprivedofachildorofabrother。Andhewhoisimpiousanddisobedientinsuchacaseshallbebroughttotrialforimpietybyanyonewhopleases。Ifinafitofangerahusbandkillshisweddedwife，orthewifeherhusband，theslayershallundergothesamepurification，andthetermofexileshallbethreeyears。Andwhenhewhohascommittedanysuchcrimereturns，lethimhavenocommunicationinsacredriteswithhischildren，neitherlethimsitatthesametablewiththem，andthefatherorsonwhodisobeysshallbeliabletobebroughttotrialforimpietybyanyonewhopleases。Ifabrotherorasisterinafitofpassionkillsabrotherorasister，theyshallundergopurificationandexile，aswasthecasewithparentswhokilledtheiroffspring：theyshallnotcomeunderthesameroof，orshareinthesacredritesofthosewhomtheyhavedeprivedoftheirbrethren，oroftheirchildren。
　　Andhewhoisdisobedientshallbejustlyliabletothelawconcerningimpiety，whichrelatestothesematters。Ifanyoneissoviolentinhispassionagainsthisparents，thatinthemadnessofhisangerhedarestokilloneofthem，ifthemurderedpersonbeforedyingfreelyforgivesthemurderer，lethimundergothepurificationwhichisassignedtothosewhohavebeenguiltyofinvoluntaryhomicide，anddoastheydo，andheshallbepure。Butifhebenotacquitted，theperpetratorofsuchadeedshallbeamenabletomanylaws；-heshallbeamenabletotheextremepunishmentsforassault，andimpiety，androbbingoftemples，forhehasrobbedhisparentoflife；
　　andifamancouldbeslainmorethanonce，mostjustlywouldhewhoinafitofpassionhasslainfatherormother，undergomanydeaths。
　　Howcanhe，whom，aloneofallmen，evenindefenceofhislife，andwhenabouttosufferdeathatthehandsofhisparents，nolawwillallowtokillhisfatherorhismotherwhoaretheauthorsofhisbeing，andwhomthelegislatorwillcommandtoendureanyextremityratherthandothis-howcanhe，Isay，lawfullyreceiveanyotherpunishment？Letdeaththenbetheappointedpunishmentofhimwhoinafitofpassionslayshisfatherorhismother。Butifbrotherkillsbrotherinacivilbroil，orunderotherlikecircumstances，iftheotherhasbegun，andheonlydefendshimself，lethimbefreefromguilt，ashewouldbeifhehadslainanenemy；andthesamerulewillapplyifacitizenkillacitizen，orastrangerastranger。Orifastrangerkillacitizenoracitizenastrangerinself-defence，lethimbefreefromguiltinlikemanner；andsointhecaseofaslavewhohaskilledaslave；butifaslavehavekilledafreemaninself-defence，lethimbesubjecttothesamelawashewhohaskilledafather；andletthelawabouttheremissionofpenaltiesinthecaseofparricideapplyequallytoeveryotherremission。Wheneveranysuffererofhisownaccordremitstheguiltofhomicidetoanother，undertheideathathisactwasinvoluntary，lettheperpetratorofthedeedundergoapurificationandremaininexileforayear，accordingtolaw。
　　Enoughhasbeensaidofmurdersviolentandinvoluntaryandcommittedinpassion：wehavenowtospeakofvoluntarycrimesdonewithinjusticeofeverykindandwithpremeditation，throughtheinfluenceofpleasures，anddesires，andjealousies。
　　Cle。Verygood。
　　Ath。Letusfirstspeak，asfarasweareable，oftheirvariouskinds。Thegreatestcauseofthemislust，whichgetsthemasteryofthesoulmaddenedbydesire；andthisismostcommonlyfoundtoexistwherethepassionreignswhichisstrongestandmostprevalentamongmassofmankind：Imeanwherethepowerofwealthbreedsendlessdesiresofnever-to-be-satisfiedacquisition，originatinginnaturaldisposition，andamiserablewantofeducation。Ofthiswantofeducation，thefalsepraiseofwealthwhichisbruitedaboutbothamongHellenesandbarbariansisthecause；theydeemthattobethefirstofgoodswhichinrealityisonlythethird。Andinthiswaytheywrongbothposterityandthemselves，fornothingcanbenoblerandbetterthanthatthetruthaboutwealthshouldbespokeninallstates-namely，thatrichesareforthesakeofthebody，asthebodyisforthesakeofthesoul。Theyaregood，andwealthisintendedbynaturetobeforthesakeofthem，andisthereforeinferiortothemboth，andthirdinorderofexcellence。Thisargumentteachesusthathewhowouldbehappyoughtnottoseektoberich，orratherheshouldseektoberichjustlyandtemperately，andthentherewouldbenomurdersinstatesrequiringtobepurgedawaybyothermurders。Butnow，asIsaidatfirst，avariceisthechiefestcauseandsourceoftheworsttrialsforvoluntaryhomicide。A
　　secondcauseisambition：thiscreatesjealousies，whicharetroublesomecompanions，abovealltothejealousmanhimself，andinalessdegreetothechiefsofthestate。Andathirdcauseiscowardlyandunjustfear，whichhasbeentheoccasionofmanymurders。
　　Whenamanisdoingorhasdonesomethingwhichhedesiresthatnooneshouldknowhimtobedoingortohavedone，hewilltakethelifeofthosewhoarelikelytoinformofsuchthings，ifhehavenoothermeansofgettingridofthem。Letthisbesaidasapreludeconcerningcrimesofviolenceingeneral；andImustnotomittomentionatraditionwhichisfirmlybelievedbymany，andhasbeenreceivedbythemfromthosewhoarelearnedinthemysteries：theysaythatsuchdeedswillbepunishedintheworldbelow，andalsothatwhentheperpetratorsreturntothisworldtheywillpaythenaturalpenaltywhichisduetothesufferer，andendtheirlivesinlikemannerbythehandofanother。Ifhewhoisabouttocommitmurderbelievesthis，andismadebythemerepreludetodreadsuchapenalty，thereisnoneedtoproceedwiththeproclamationofthelaw。
　　Butifhewillnotlisten，letthefollowinglawbedeclaredandregisteredagainsthim：
　　Whoevershallwrongfullyandofdesignslaywithhisownhandanyofhiskinsmen，shallinthefirstplacebedeprivedoflegalprivileges；
　　andheshallnotpollutethetemples，ortheagora，ortheharbours，oranyotherplaceofmeeting，whetherheisforbiddenofmenornot；forthelaw，whichrepresentsthewholestate，forbidshim，andalwaysisandwillbeintheattitudeofforbiddinghim。Andifacousinornearerrelativeofthedeceased，whetheronthemaleorfemaleside，doesnotprosecutethehomicidewhenheought，andhavehimproclaimedanoutlaw，heshallinthefirstplacebeinvolvedinthepollution，andincurthehatredoftheGods，evenasthecurseofthelawstirsupthevoicesofmenagainsthim；andinthesecondplaceheshallbeliabletobeprosecutedbyanyonewhoiswillingtoinflictretributiononbehalfofthedead。Andhewhowouldavengeamurdershallobservealltheprecautionaryceremoniesoflavation，andanyotherswhichtheGodcommandsincasesofthiskind。Lethimhaveproclamationmade，andthengoforthandcompeltheperpetratortosuffertheexecutionofjusticeaccordingtothelaw。NowthelegislatormayeasilyshowthatthesethingsmustbeaccomplishedbyprayersandsacrificestocertainGods，whoareconcernedwiththepreventionofmurdersinstates。ButwhotheseGodsare，andwhatshouldbethetruemannerofinstitutingsuchtrialswithdueregardtoreligion，theguardiansofthelaw，aidedbytheinterpreters，andtheprophets，andtheGod，shalldetermine，andwhentheyhavedeterminedletthemcarryontheprosecutionatlaw。Thecauseshallhavethesamejudgeswhoareappointedtodecideinthecaseofthosewhoplundertemples。Lethimwhoisconvictedbepunishedwithdeath，andlethimnotbeburiedinthecountryofthemurderedman，forthiswouldbeshamelessaswellasimpious。Butifheflyandwillnotstandhistrial，lethimflyforever；or，ifhesetfootanywhereonanypartofthemurderedman’scountry，letanyrelationofthedeceased，oranyothercitizenwhomayfirsthappentomeetwithhim，killhimwithimpunity，orbindanddeliverhimtothoseamongthejudgesofthecasewhoaremagistrates，thattheymayputhimtodeath。Andlettheprosecutordemandsuretyofhimwhomheprosecutes；
　　threesuretiessufficientintheopinionofthemagistrateswhotrythecauseshallbeprovidedbyhim，andtheyshallundertaketoproducehimatthetrial。Butifhebeunwillingorunabletoprovidesureties，thenthemagistratesshalltakehimandkeephiminbonds，andproducehimatthedayoftrial。
　　Ifamandonotcommitamurderwithhisownhand，butcontrivesthedeathofanother，andistheauthorofthedeedinintentionanddesign，andhecontinuestodwellinthecity，havinghissoulnotpureoftheguiltofmurder，lethimbetriedinthesameway，exceptinwhatrelatestothesureties；andalso，ifhebefoundguilty，hisbodyafterexecutionmayhaveburialinhisnativeland，butinallotherrespectshiscaseshallbeastheformer；andwhetherastrangershallkillacitizen，oracitizenastranger，oraslaveaslave，thereshallbenodifferenceastouchingmurderbyone’sownhandorbycontrivance，exceptinthematterofsureties；andthese，ashasbeensaid，shallberequiredoftheactualmurdereronly，andhewhobringstheaccusationshallbindthemoveratthetime。Ifaslavebeconvictedofslayingafreemanvoluntarily，eitherbyhisownhandorbycontrivance，letthepublicexecutionertakehiminthedirectionofthesepulchre，toaplacewhencehecanseethetombofthedeadman，andinflictuponhimasmanystripesasthepersonwhocaughthimorders，andifhesurvive，lethimputhimtodeath。Andifanyonekillsaslavewhohasdonenowrong，becauseheisafraidthathemayinformofsomebaseandevildeedsofhisown，orforanysimilarreason，insuchacaselethimpaythepenaltyofmurder，ashewouldhavedoneifhehadslainacitizen。Therearethingsaboutwhichitisterribleandunpleasanttolegislate，butimpossiblenottolegislate。If，forexample，thereshouldbemurdersofkinsmen，eitherperpetratedbythehandsofkinsmen，orbytheircontrivance，voluntaryandpurelymalicious，whichmostoftenhappeninill-regulatedandill-educatedstates，andmayperhapsoccureveninacountrywhereamanwouldnotexpecttofindthem，wemustrepeatoncemorethetalewhichwenarratedalittlewhileago，inthehopethathewhohearsuswillbethemoredisposedtoabstainvoluntarilyonthesegroundsfrommurderswhichareutterlyabominable。Forthemyth，orsaying，orwhateverweoughttocallit，hasbeenplainlysetforthbypriestsofold；theyhavepronouncedthatthejusticewhichguardsandavengesthebloodofkindred，followsthelawofretaliation，andordainsthathewhohasdoneanymurderousactshouldofnecessitysufferthatwhichhehasdone。Hewhohasslainafathershallhimselfbeslainatsometimeorotherbyhischildren-ifamother，heshallofnecessitytakeawoman’snature，andlosehislifeatthehandsofhisoffspringinafterages；forwherethebloodofafamilyhasbeenpollutedthereisnootherpurification，norcanthepollutionbewashedoutuntilthehomicidalsoulwhichthedeedhasgivenlifeforlife，andhaspropitiatedandlaidtosleepthewrathofthewholefamily。ThesearetheretributionsofHeaven，andbysuchpunishmentsmenshouldbedeterred。Butiftheyarenotdeterred，andanyoneshouldbeincitedbysomefatalitytodeprivehisfatherormother，orbrethren，orchildren，oflifevoluntarilyandofpurpose，forhimtheearthlylawgiverlegislatesasfollows：-Thereshallbethesameproclamationsaboutoutlawry，andthereshallbethesamesuretieswhichhavebeenenactedintheformercases。Butinhiscase，ifhebeconvicted，theservantsofthejudgesandthemagistratesshallslayhimatanappointedplacewithoutthecitywherethreewaysmeet，andthereexposehisbodynaked，andeachofthemagistratesonbehalfofthewholecityshalltakeastoneandcastitupontheheadofthedeadman，andsodeliverthecityfrompollution；afterthat，theyshallbearhimtothebordersoftheland，andcasthimforthunburied，accordingtolaw。Andwhatshallhesufferwhoslayshimwhoofallmen，astheysay，ishisownbestfriend？Imeanthesuicide，whodepriveshimselfbyviolenceofhisappointedshareoflife，notbecausethelawofthestaterequireshim，noryetunderthecompulsionofsomepainfulandinevitablemisfortunewhichhascomeuponhim，norbecausehehashadtosufferfromirremediableandintolerableshame，butwhofromslothorwantofmanlinessimposesuponhimselfanunjustpenalty。Forhim，whatceremoniestherearetobeofpurificationandburialGodknows，andaboutthesethenextofkinshouldenquireoftheinterpretersandofthelawstheretorelating，anddoaccordingtotheirinjunctions。Theywhomeettheirdeathinthiswayshallbeburiedalone，andnoneshallbelaidbytheirside；theyshallbeburiedingloriouslyinthebordersofthetwelveportionstheland，insuchplacesasareuncultivatedandnameless，andnocolumnorinscriptionshallmarktheplaceoftheirinterment。Andifabeastofburdenorotheranimalcausethedeathofanyone，exceptinthecaseofanythingofthatkindhappeningtoacompetitorinthepubliccontests，thekinsmenofthedeceasedshallprosecutetheslayerformurder，andthewardensofthecountry，such，andsomanyasthekinsmenappoint，shalltrythecause，andletthebeastwhencondemnedbeslainbythem，andletthemcastitbeyondtheborders。
　　Andifanylifelessthingdepriveamanoflife，exceptinthecaseofathunderboltorotherfataldartsentfromtheGods-whetheramaniskilledbylifelessobjects，fallinguponhim，orbyhisfallinguponthem，thenearestofkinshallappointthenearestneighbourtobeajudge，andtherebyacquithimselfandthewholefamilyofguilt。Andheshallcastforththeguiltythingbeyondtheborder，ashasbeensaidabouttheanimals。
　　Ifamanisfounddead，andhismurdererbeunknown，andafteradiligentsearchcannotbedetected，thereshallbethesameproclamationasinthepreviouscases，andthesameinterdictonthemurderer；andhavingproceededagainsthim，theyshallproclaimintheagorabyaherald，thathewhohasslainsuchandsuchaperson，andhasbeenconvictedofmurder，shallnotsethisfootinthetemples，noratallinthecountryofthemurderedman，andifheappearsandisdiscovered，heshalldie，andbecastforthunburiedbeyondtheborder。Letthisonelawthenbelaiddownbyusaboutmurder；andletcasesofthissortbesoregarded。