Stonesusedasanchors，foundintheBayofPenhouet。1，2，3，stonesweighingabout160poundseach。4and5，lighterstones，probablyusedforcanoes。
　　Sucharetheonlydetailswehaveontheimportantsubjectofprehistoricanchors，butwemayaddthatancientfishermenprobablyventuredbutashortdistancefromtheland，andwouldnotneedanchors，astheycouldeasilycarrytheirlightboatsonshore。
　　Weleavenowpassedinreviewtheconditionsofthelifeofourremoteancestors，notingtheanimalsthatweretheircontemporaries，andthefishthatpeopledthewatercoursesnearwhichtheylived。Wehavestudiedtheearliesteffortsatnavigation，madeinthepursuitoffish，andwemustnowgobacktoexaminetheweapons，tools，andornamentsoftheseancientpeoples，andtraceinthoseobjectsthedawnofart。Thiswillbetheaimofournextchapter。
　　Weapons，Tools，Pottery；OriginoftheUseofFire，Clothing，Ornaments；EarlyArtisticEfforts。
　　TheVedasshowusIndra，armedwithawoodenclub，seizingastonewithwhichtopierceVritra，thegeniusofevil。[83]Doesnotthiscallupapictureoftheearliestdaysofmanupontheearth？Hisfirstweaponwasdoubtlessaknottybranchtornfromatreeasbehurriedpast，orastonepickedupfromamongstthoselyingathisfeet。Thesewere，however，butfeeblemeanswithwhichtocontendwithformidablefelineandpachydermatousenemies。Manbadnottheirgreatphysicalstrength；
　　hewasnotsofleetarunnerasmanyofthem；hisnailsandteethwereuselesstohim，eitherforattackordefence；hissmoothskinwasnotenoughprotectionevenfromtherigoroftheclimate。Suchinequalitymustveryquicklyhaveledtothedefeatofman，hadnotGodgiventohimtwomarvellousinstruments：thebrainwhichconceives，andthehandwhichexecutes。Tobruteforcemanopposedintelligence，agloriousstruggleinwhichhewassuretocomeoffvictorious，forinthewordsofVictorHugo，“Cecidevaittuercela。“ThehugeanimalsofQuaternarytimeshavedisappearedforever，whilstplanhassurvived，victoroverNatureherself。Evenbeforehisbirth，animmutabledecreehadordainedthatnothingontheearthshouldcheckhisdevelopment。
　　Manaloneamongstthecountlesscreaturesaroundhimknewanythingofthepast，andhealonewasabletopredictthefuture。Evenapes，howevergreattheintelligencethatmaybeattributedtothem，haveremainedverymuchwhattheywerefromthefirst。Invainhasonegenerationsucceededanother；theystillobeythedictatesoftheirbrutalinstincts，astheirancestorsdidbeforethem；andifapescontinuetopropagatetheirspeciesthousandsofyearshencetheywillremainwhatweseethemtobenow。Dogs，too，willremaindogs，elephantswillcontinuetobeelephants；beaverswillmaketheirdamsexactlylikethoseofthepresentday，waspswillneverlearntomakehoneyasbeesdo，andbeeswillneverbeable，likeants，tobringupplant-licetobetheirservants，ortoenslaveotherfamilies。Theirinstinctsareincapableofprogress，andintheirearliesteffortstheyreachthelimitassignedtothembytheEternalWisdom。Tomanalonehasitbeengiventounderstandwhathasbeendonebyhispredecessors，towalkmorefirmlyinthepathalongwhichtheygroped，topronounceclearlythewordstheystammered。Withoutadoubtwedescendfromthemenwholivedinthemidstofprimevalforests，oramongststagnantmarshes，dwellingincaves，forthepossessionofwhichtheyoftenbadtofightwiththewildbeastsaroundthem。Thesemen，however，knewthatoneresultachievedwouldleadtoanother，ifsimilarmeanswereused；theysawthatapointedstonewouldinflictadeeperwoundthanabluntoneontheanimaltheyhunted，andthereforetheylearnttosharpenstonesartificially；theskinsofbeasts，flungovertheirshoulders，protectedthemfromcold，andtheylearnedtomakegarments；seedssproutedaroundthem，andtheylearnedtoplantthem；
　　theynoticedtheeffectofheatuponmetals，andtriedtomixthem；
　　wildanimalswanderedaroundthem，andtheylearnedtoreducethemtoslavery。Everybitofknowledgewon，andeveryprogressmade，becamethestarting-pointforfreshacquisitions，freshadvances，whichthenceforthremainedforeverthecommonheritageofthehumanrace。
　　Itwasthusthatexperienceearlytaughtourremoteancestorsthatrockchipsmoreeasilyundertheblowsofahammerwhenfreshfromthequarry；andeverywheremenlearnttochoosethestonebestsuitedtotheirpurpose。Forhatchets，wedges，andhammers，theyusedjadeandkindredsubstances，suchasfibrolite，diorite，acrdbasalt，whichwereatthesametimeextremelydurable，andveryimpervioustoblows。Forspear-andarrow-heads，knives，saws，andallinstrumentsrequiringsharppointsandcuttingedges，theyemployedquartz，jaspar，agate，andobsidian，accordingtothesituationoftheworker；allthesematerials，thoughextremelyhard，beingeasilysplitintothinsharpflakes。Theblocksofstonewereverymethodicallycutup；theywere，infact，touseaveryappropriateexpressionofM。Dupont’s，scaledECAILLES。WegivedrawingsofafewoftheseimplementsFigs。18，19，and20，whichillustratetheearliesteffortsoflean，effortswhichmaybelookeduponasthestarting-pointofallthoseindustrieswhichinthecourseofcenturieshavedevelopedresultswhichitisimpossibletocontemplatewithoutastonishment。
　　ScraperfromtheDelawareValley。
　　ImplementfromtheDelawareValley。
　　Thehostancienttoolswhichhavecomedowntouswereclumsyandheavy，cutonbothsidesandpointedFig。20。Theymayvaryinmaterial，insize，andinfinish，buttheycanalwaysbeeasilyrecognized。[84]Weretheyman’sonlyweapons？Wehesitatetobelieveit，andthecarefulresearchesofM。d’Acyaddtoourincredulity。[85]
　　HetellsusthatatSaint-Acheul，whichwastheverycradleofthesestrangediscoveries，thealmondshapeisfoundmixedwiththepointedamongsttheMoustierflints，sothatwhatistrueinoneplaceisnotinanother，andanygeneralconclusionwouldcertainlybepremature。
　　FIGURE20
　　WorkedflintsfromtheLafayeandPlantadesheltersTarn-et-Garonne。
　　ItwouldtakeusalongtimetoenumeratethecountrieswheretoolsoftheChelleen[86]typehavebeenfound。TheyaremetwithinthevalleysoftheriversofFrance，nowimbeddedintheflintyalluvium，nowstrewnuponthesurfaceofthesoil。ThoughrareinGermany，theyarefoundinabundanceinthesoutheastofEngland，anditistothisperiodthatmustbeassignedthediscoveriesatHoxne，andinthebasinsoftheThames，theOuse，andtheAvon。SimilardiscoverieshavebeenfrequentinItaly，Spain，Algeria，andHindostan。Dr。AbbottspeaksofthefindingofsuchimplementsintheglacialalluviumoftheDelawareFigs。18and19，MissBabittinthealluvialdepositsoftheMississippi，Mr。HaynesinNewHampshire，Mr。HolmesinColombia，andotherexplorersinthebasinoftheBridgetandatGuanajuatoinMexico。Everywheretheseimplementsareidenticalinshapeandinmodeofconstruction，andveryoftentheyareassociatedwiththebonesofanimalsofextinctspecies。
　　SometimestheseChelleentoolstheFrenchcallthemCOUPSDEPOING
　　haveretainedatthebaseaprojectiontoenabletheusertograspthembetter；thesecertainlyneverhadhandles，butitwillnotdotodrawanygeneralconclusionsfroththatfact；andanexaminationofthecollectionofM。d’Acy，themostcompletewehaveofrelicsoftheChelleenperiod，provesonthecontrarythatcertaintoolscouldnothavebeenusedunlesstheyhadbeenfixedintohandles。
　　Inthefollowingepoch，towhichhasbeengiventhenameofMousterien，fromtheMoustierCaveDordogne，wealreadymeetwithmorevariedforms，includingscrapers，saws，knife-blades，andspear-
　　orarrow-heads，withthespecialcharacteristicofbeingcutononesideonly。TheseimplementsarefoundnotonlyinthealluviumasaretheChelleenCOUPSDEPOING，butalsointhecaveorrock-shelterdeposits。Amongstthemammalianremainswithwhichtheyareassociatedarethoseofthemammoth，theRHINOCEROSTICHORHINUS，theelk，thehorse，theaurochs，thecave-lion，thecave-hyena，andthecave-bear，remarkablefortheconstancyoftheircharacteristics。The
　　ANTIQUUSandtheRHINOCEROSMERCKIIthatbelongedtotheprecedingperiodhavenowcompletelypassedaway，andthereindeer，nowappearingforthefirsttime，arestillfarfromnumerous。
　　IntheSolutreenperiod，sonamedafterthecelebratedLakeStationofSolutre，wefindstalkedarrow-headswithlateralnotches，[87]
　　flint-headsoftheformoflaurelleaves，whichareremarkablefortheirregularityofshapeanddelicacyoffinish；ascomparedwiththoseofpreviousperiods，theformsaremuchmoredelicateandelegant。ManyofthecavesofthesouthofFrancebelongtothisperiod。Itisdifficulttomentionthemall，andevenmoredifficulttomakeoutacompletelistofcontemporarymammalia；thedepositsgenerallyactuallytouchthoseofanotherperiod，andtheseparationoftheobjectsinthemhasnotalwaysbeenmadewithallthecarethatcouldbewished。AtSolutre，remainsofthehorsepredominate；whilstinotherplacesthoseofthereindeeraremetwithinconsiderablequantities，andwiththemarefoundthebonesofthecave-bear，thewildcatacreatureconsiderablylargerthanthetigersofthepresentday，andofthemammoth，whichlivedoninEuropemanycenturies。
　　LastlytotheMadeleineperiod，sonamedaftertheMadeleineCaveDordogne，andconsideredoneofthemostimportantofthecaveepochs，belongtoolsandweaponsofallmannerofshapesandmaterials，includingbone，born，andreindeerantlers；fromthistimealsodatebarbedarrowsandharpoons，batonsofoffice，tellingofsocialorganization；theengravingsandcarvingsonwhichbearwitnesstothedevelopmentofartisticfeeling。Ontheotherhand，theflintarrow-headsandknife-bladesarenotsofinelycut；weseethatmanhadlearnedtouseothermaterialsthanstone。ThereindeeristhemostcharacteristicanimalformoftheMadeleineperiod。
　　Tothetimeswehavejustpassedinreviewsucceededothersofaverydifferentkind，towhichhasbeengiventhegeneralnaiveofNeolithic。Thefauna，probablylendertheinfluenceofclimaticandorographicchanges，underwentacompletetransformation；themammoth，thecave-bear，themegaceros，andthelargefelidaediedout，thehippopotamuswasnolongerseen，exceptintheheartofAfrica；
　　thereindeerandothermammalsthatlovetofrequenttheregionsofperpetualsnow，retiredtotheextremenorth；andintheirplaceappearedourearliestdomesticanimals，theox，thesheep，thegoat，andthedog。Man，whowitnessedthesechanges，continuedtoprogress；heabandonedhisnomadforasedentarylife；heceasedtobeabunter，andbecameanagriculturistandashepherd。Everywherewemeetwithtracesofnewcustoms，newideas，andanewmodeoflife。Thisprogressisespeciallyseenintheindustrialarts。Metalsitistruearestillunknown，butsidebysidewithtools，whicharemerelychippedorroughlycut，wefindforthefirsttimehatchets，celts，smallknife-blades，andarrow-headsadmirablypolishedbythelong-continuedrubbingofonestoneonanother。Polishers，somuchwornastobearwitnesstolongservice，arenumerousinallcollections，androcksanderraticblocksretainincisionswhichmusthavebeenusedforthesamepurpose。[88]
　　Itisimpossibletoenumeratethenumberofpolishedhatchetswhichhavebeenfound；theirnumberissimplyincalculable。Ofallofthem，however，thoseofScandinaviaarethemostremarkablefordelicacyofworkmanship。WiththefinehatchetsofBrittany，maybecomparedthebladesfoundatVolgu，andpreservedintheMuseumofCopenhagen，andthoseinpink，gray，andbrownflint，fromtheSordesCaveinthesouthofFrance；butwecannotfixthedateoftheproductionofanyofthem。Oneofthegreatdifficultiesofprehistoricresearch，adifficultynottobegotoverinthepresentstateofourknowledge，istodistinguishwithanycertaintytheperiodsintowhichanattempthasbeenmadetodividethelife-storyofmanfromhisfirstappearanceuponearth。
　　Wasthereanyabrupttransitionfromoneperiodtoanother？Mustweacceptthetheoryofalongbreakcausedbygeologicalphenomena，andthetemporarydepopulationwhichwasoneoftheconsequencesofthesephenomena？Didtheneweraofcivilizationdatefromthearrivalofforeignraces，strongerandbetterfittedthanthosetheysucceededforthestruggleforexistence？Orarethesechangesmerelytheresultofthenaturalprogresswhichisoneofthelawsofourbeing？Thesequestionscannotnowbesolved，andiftheindustrieswhichareatthepresentmomenttheobjectofourresearches，bearwitnesstotheemploymentofanewprocess，thatofpolishing，weareboundtoaddthateverywherePaleolithicformsarestillpersistent。Flints，merelychipped，areclumsytools，butthereisnobreakintheirseriestillwecometothesplendidspecimensfromScandinaviaorfromMexico。OftheseventypesoftheSolutreenperiod，sixaremetwithinthetimenowunderconsideration。[89]FivetypesofSolutreenjavelinshavealsobeenfoundintheDurfortCave，andbeneaththedolmensofAveyronandofLozere。Neolithicweapons，suchasthosefoundintheMoustierCave，arenotsonumerous，butthetypeadoptedthereisnotsuchafineonenorsocarefullyfinished，whichaccountsforitshavingbeenmorerarelycopied。Ifweexaminetheknives，awls，scrapers，andsaws，wecometothesameconclusion，althoughcomparisonisnotsoeasy。“Aknifeisalwaysaknife，anawlisalwaysanawl，“
　　remarksM。Cartailhac；“theyweremadeateveryperiod，andtheirresemblancetoeachotherprovesnothingwithanycertainty。“
　　RoundedstonesofgraniteorsandstoneseemhowevertohavebeenweaponspeculiartotheNeolithicperiod。Dr。PommerolrecentlyspokeattheAnthropologicalSocietyofParis，oftwosuchroundedstonespickedupinthePuy-de-Dome。SimilarstoneshavebeendiscoveredatViry-Noureuil，andM。MassenathasoneinhiscollectionfromChez-Pourre。ArenottheseroundedstonesofasimilarcharactertotheBOLASflungbytheancientGauls，andstillinuseamongsttheinhabitantsofthepampasofSouthAmerica？
　　Aswehavealreadyremarked，planfromtheearliesttimesmustoftenhaveheldinhishandsthestoneswhichservedhimasweaponsorastools。Themarksofhammeringonthesmoothsurfaces，theroundedprojectionsandthegroovesworkedinthesestones，wereevidentlymadetopreventthehandorthethumbfromslipping。Soon，however，reflectionledmantounderstandtheincreaseofforcehewouldgainbytheadditiontothestoneofahandleofwoodorhorn，stagorreindeerantler。Thisadditionofahandlewassimpleenough：theworkmanmerelyboundittothehatchetwithfibrousroots，leatherthongs，orligamentstakenfromthegutoftheanimalsslaininthechaseFig。21。Atfirstsightweareastonishedattheresultsobtainedwithsuchwretchedmaterials，butitisimpossibletodisputethem，forwehaveseenthesamethingdoneinourownday。