In1826，MarceldeSerrescalledattentiontothegreatnumberofthebonesofanimalsoftheequinefamilyfoundintheneighborhoodofLunel-Viel；atSolutre，theremainsofhorsescoveragreatportionoftheslopewhichstretchesfrom。theeasternsideofthemountaintothebottomofthevalley。HerearefoundthosevastaccumulationstowhichtheinhabitantsofthevalleygivethecharacteristicnameofHORSE-WALLS。Thenumberofhorses，thebonesofwhichhavegonetoformthesewalls，maybeestimatedwithoutexaggerationat40，000。Thebonesaremixedtogetherinthegreatestconfusion，manyofthemshowtracesofhavingbeenburnt，andthefleshofthehorsewasevidentlythefavoritedietofthepeopleofSolutre。[66]
　　Atfirstmanobtainedbyforce，oftenaidedbystrategy，theanimalshecoveted。Hebadnotyetlearnttotamethemandreducethemtoservitude。Neitherthereindeernorthehorsewasasyetdomesticated，andneitherinthecavesnorinthevariousdepositselsewherehasacompleteskeletonbeenfound，butonly——averysignificantfact——
　　thebonesonwhichhadbeenthegreateramountofflesh。Theabsenceofanyremainsofthedog，soindispensableananimalinthekeepingofflocks，isyetanotherproofthatdomesticationwasstillunpractised。
　　Itwaswithmostmiserableweapons，suchasafewstones，scarcelyevenrough-hewn，andafewflintarrows，thatthecave-mandidnothesitatetoattackthemostformidableanimals，andwithsuchapparentlyinadequatemeanshesucceededinwoundingandevenkillingthem。TheFrenchMuseumpossessesmammothandrhinocerosbonesbearingfinescratchesproducedbytheweaponswhichhadbeenusedtodespatchtheanimals。Themetacarpusofalargebeastofprey，foundatEyzies，retainsmarksnolessclear，andtheskullofabearfrontNabrigashasinitalargewoundwhichmusthavebeenmadebyamissileofsomekind。
　　InIrelandastonehammerwasfoundwedgedintotheheadofaCERVUS
　　MEGACEROS；inCambridgeshire，theskullofanURSUSSPELAEUSstillcontainingthefragmentofaceltwhichhadgiventheanimalhisdeathblow；atRichmondYorkshirethebonesofalargedeerwhichhadbeensawnwithaflintimplement。ThefinecollectionintheUniversityofLund，containsavertebraofaurnspiercedbyanarrow，andtheCopenhagenMuseum，thejawofastagpiercedbyafragmentofflint。Steenstrupmentionstwobonesofalargestagintowhichstonechipshadpenetrateddeeply，andinwhichthefracturehadbeengraduallycoveredoverbythebonytissue。AboneofsomebovineanimalwithanarrowdeeplyimbeddedinithasbeentakenfromabedofpeatintheislandofMoen，celebratedforitstumuliandthenumberofobjectsfoundinthem。AtEyzies，aflintflakehasbeenfoundfirmlyfixedinoneofthelumbarvertebraeofayoungreindeer，andM。deBayementionsanarrowwithatranverseedgestuckintheboneofabadger。[67]TheAbbeDucrostfoundaflintarrow-headstickinginavertebraofahorse。
　　Norwerethosealreadymentionedtheonlyanimalsonwhichmanmadewar。Weshallspeakpresentlyofthecontestswitheachother，whichbeganamongstmenintheveryearliestdaysofhumanity。Humanbones，perforatedbyarrowsandbrokenbystonehatchets，bearineffaceabletracestothisdayofhomicidalstruggles。
　　Inmanyplacesfresh-waterandmarinefishwereutilizedasfoodbyman。InthenumerouscavesoftheVezere，inthoseofMadeleine，Eyzies，andBruniquel，excavationshavebroughttolightthevertebraeandotherbonesoffishes，amongstwhichpredominatechieflythoseofthejack，thecarp，thebream，thedrub，thetrout，andthetench——inaword，allthefishwhichstillpeopleourriversandlakes。IntheLakeStationsofSwitzerland，fishofallkindsarenolessabundant。AtGardeole，amongstthebonesofmammalshavebeenfoundtheshellsofmollusca，andremainsoftheturtle。andofgoldfish。Fishwasnot，however，caughtbyalltheseprimitivepeople，notevenbyallthosewholivedbythesea。InresearchescarefullycarriedonforyearsintheMaritime-Alps，M。Rivierefoundneitherfishing-tacklenorfish-lines。
　　Whilstthecave-menofthesouthofFranceseemnottohaveutilizedanybutfresh-waterfish，theScandinavians，atadateprobablylessremotehowever，didnothesitatetobravetheocean。Thekitchen-middingscontainnumerousremainsoffish，amongstwhichthoseofthemackerel，thedab，andtheherringarethemostnumerous。There，too，wemeetwithrelicsofthecod，whichneverapproachesthecoast，andmustalwaysbesoughtbythefishermanintheopensea。
　　Althoughweareinapositiontoassertthatmenwereabletocatchfishduringeveryprehistoricperiod，ifnotineverylocality，wecanspeaklesspositivelyoftheirmodeofdoingso。Theearliestfishing-tacklewasdoubtlessofthemostprimitivedescription：theboneofsomeanimal，afragmentofhardwood，orevenafish-bonepointedateachendandpiercedwithahole，servedtheirpurposeFig。10。TheExhibitionofFishing-TackleheldatBerlinin1880
　　containedseveralsuchimplements，someofwood，othersofbone。OthershavealsobeenfoundintheMadeleineCave，andindifferentstationsoftheancientinhabitantsofSwitzerland。ItisinterestingtonotetheirresemblancetothosestillinuseamongsttheEsquimaux。
　　FIGURE10
　　FragmentsofarrowsmadeofreindeerhornfromtheMartinetCaveLot-et-Garonne——2。Pointofspearorharpooninstag-hornonethirdnaturalsize——3。and4。BoneweaponsfromDenmark——
　　5。Harpoonofstag-hornfromSt。Aubin——6。Bonefish-hook；pointedateachend，fromWangen。
　　Prehistoricmailalsoturnedtoaccounttheteethofanimals。Wemayquoteinthisconnectionthemolarsofabearfromwhichtheenamelandthecrownhavebeenremoved，andthethicknessofwhichhasbeenlessenedbyrubbingFig。11。ThesmallflintspickedupingreatnumbersinthedepartmentoftheGirondealsodatefromaremoteantiquity；theyaresixteenmillimetreslongbyfourwide，andthoughwecannotassertitasafact，theyaresupposedtohavebeenusedforcatchingfish。
　　Bears’teethconvertedintofish-hooks。
　　Fish-hookmadeoutofaboar’stusk。
　　TheMuseumofLundpossessestwoflintfish-booksofacurvedshape，oneofthem，whichisfourcentimetreslongbynearlythreewide，wasfoundbytheseashore；theotherandsmalleronecamefronttheshoresofLakeKranke。[68]Fish-hooksmadeofbone，whichismoreeasilyworkedthanflint，verysoonreplacedthoseinthatmaterial。TheyarenumerousintheLakeStationsofWangen，Mooseedorf，andSt。Aubin。Somearecutoutofthehornsofoxen，othersofstags’
　　antlers；whileothersagainaremadeofboars’tusksFig。12，butallalikegreatlyresemblemodernforms。Thepeat-bogsofScaniahaveyieldedabonefish-hooksevencentimetreslong，whichisconsideredveryancient，andtheMuseumofStettinpossessesone，alsoveryold，foundinagnarlydepositofPomerania。Wemustnotforgettomention，althoughitprobablybelongstoamuchmorerecentperiod，afish-hookinreindeerhorn，nowintheChristianiaMuseum。ItwasfoundinatombintheislandofKjelnoe，notfarfromtheRussianfrontier。Numerousskeletons，wrappedupinswathingsofbirch-bark，reposeinthistomb。Allaroundlayfragmentsofpottery，lance-
　　andarrow-heads，[69]andcombsofreindeerhorn，thedateofwhichitisimpossibletofixexactly。
　　InAmerica，stonefish-hooksarerare。Themostancientareofbone，andresemblethosenowinuse。TheyhavebeenpickedupinDakota，andinthecinderheapsofMadisonvilleOhio，inIndiana，inArkansas，ontheshoresofLakeErie，andinakitchen-middingofLongIsland。Thegreaternumberofthemarepolished，andsomeofthemhavenearthetopaholebywhichtheycouldbefastenedtoalineorcord。Thefish-hooksofCaliforniaareremarkablefortheirroundedformsandsharplycurvedpoints；thetopwascoveredwithathicklayerofasphalttowhichthelinewasprobablyfastened。TheyarenumerousinalltheislandsofthePacificcoast。InthatofSantaCruzSchumackerexcavatedatombwhichmusthavebeenthatofafish-hookmanufacturer，forcarehadbeentakentoplacenearthedeceased，notonlytheimplementsofhiscraft，butalsoanumberoffish-hooksinvariousstagesofadvancement。TheCaliforniansusedtheshellsoftheMYTILUSCALIFORNICUSandHALIOTIStomakefish-hooks，andthesewereevenmorecurvedthanthosemadeofbone。Theshapeseemsbutlittlesuitedforfishing，buteveninourowndaythenativesoftheSamoaIslandsusesimilartacklewithgreatsuccess。TheIndiansofthenorthwestcoastmakefish-hooksofepiceawood，andthoseofArizonautilizeforthesamepurposethelongspikesofthecactus。ItisveryprobablethatEuropeanaswellasAmericanracesknewhowtousewoodinthesamemanner。Duringthelapseofcenturies，however，thesefragileobjectshavebeenreducedtodust，andweareunabletomakeanyfurtherconjecturesonthesubject。
　　Theuseofbronze，thefirstmetaltobegenerallyemployed，doesnotseemtohaveintroducedanygreatmodificationsinfishing-tackle。Bronzefish-hooksare，however，thinnerandlighterthanthoseinothermaterials，andresemblethoseinuseamongstfishermenatthepresentday。AcertainnumberhavebeenfoundintheLakeStationsofSwitzerland，inlakesPeschieraandBourget，aswellasinScotland，Ireland，andtheislandofFunenoffthecoastofDenmark。WemustnotomittomentiontheimportantfoundryofLarnaud，ortheCACHEofSaint-Pierre-en-Chatre，bothsorichinbronzeobjects。InAmerica，wherethecopperminesofLakeSuperiorwereworkedataremoteantiquity，afewrarecopperfish-hookshavebeenfound，thegreaternumberintheAnconnecropolis。[70]Goldfish。hooksarecomparativelymorenumerous，andhavebeendiscoveredinNewGranadaandtheCaucaState。[71]Oneofthesewasfoundsomeforty-ninefeetbelowthesurfaceoftheground，andasthereisnotraceofdisturbance，wecannotassigntoitarecentorigin。Thegoldfish-hooksareaboutfourincheslong，andlooklikebigpinswiththelowerendbentbackupontheupper。
　　Otherfishingimplementswerealsousedbyout-prehistoricancestors。AtLaugerie-Bassearoughdrawingshowsusamanstrikingwithaharpoonafishthatistryingtoescape。TheseharpoonsweregenerallymadeofreindeerhornFigs。10and13。Somehadbutonebarb，othersseveral。OneofthelargestwasfoundintheMadeleineCave；itiseightincheslong，andhasthreebarbsononesideandfiveontheother。Mostoftheseweaponshaveanotchinthehandle，withthehelpofwhichtheycouldbefirmlyfastenedtoaspearorlance。Differentfashionsprevailedindifferentlocalities，andsinews，leatherthongs，roughlyplaitedcords，creepers，andresinoussubstanceswereoftenpressedintotheservice。
　　A，alargebarbedarrowfromonesideofthePlantadeshelterTarn-et-Garonne。B，lowerpartofabarbedharpoonfromthePlantadedeposit。
　　ManyharpoonshavebeenfoundinthecavesofthesouthofFrance；
　　otherscomefromBelgium，fromKeyserlochinGermany，Kent’sHoleinEngland，fromConches，Wauwyl，andConciseinSwitzerland。ExcavationsinVictoriaCave，nearSettleYorkshire，yieldedamongstotherinterestingobjectsaboneharpooncuttoapointandwithtwobarbsoneitherside。OnthebanksoftheUswiata，alittlePolishriverflowingintotheDnieper，twoharpoonsmadeoutofthehornsofsomebovineanimalwerefound，bothinperfectpreservation，andwithseveralbarbs。[72]CountOuvaroff，inanexcellentworkpublishedalittlebeforehisdeath，mentionsabonespearfromtheshoresoftheOka，andMadsenandMonteliusspeakofScandinavianharpoons。TheseweaponsmusthavebeenespeciallyusefulintheNorthduringtheseverefrostsofwinter。Thefishermanmadeaholeintheiceandstruckthefishwithhisharpoonwhenthepoorcreaturescameuptothesurfacetobreathe。
　　FromthemostremotetimestheAmericansknewhowtomakeanduseharpoons。Asmanyastwenty。eightdifferentkindsareknown。[73]Insomethebarbsarebilateral，butmostofthemhavethemononesideonly。Some，however，aremadeofstagorelkhorn，andoneharpoonfromMaineismadeofwhalebone。Aharpoon-pointfoundnearDetroitMichiganisnearlyafootlongbyoneinchthick。ExcavationsinarockshelterinAlaskayieldedaharpoonwhichlaysidebysidewithsomeofthemostancientQuaternarymammalsofAmerica。Agoodmanycopperharpoon-headsarealsomentioned；oneofthelargestfromWisconsinistenincheslong。OthershavebeenfoundintheislandofSantaBarbaraCaliforniaandinTierradelFuego，wherethenativesofthepresentdaystillusesimilarones。Theseharpoonswithbarbsarebynomeanssimpleweapons，theideaofwhichwouldnaturallyoccurtothehumanmind，sothatitisreallyextremelystrangetofindweaponssoentirelysimilarinregionssodifferentandsowidelyseparatedfromoneanother。Thisconstantsimilitudeintheworkingofthegeniusofmanis，asWeshallnevertireofrepeating，oneofthemoststrikingfactsrevealedbyprehistoricresearches。
　　HerodotustellsthatthePoeniCarthaginiansplungedbasketsintothewateranddrewthemupfulloffish。ItisprobablethattheLakeDwellersofHelvetiaemployedasimilarprocess，buttheseancientSwisswerealreadymoreadvancedthanthat。Theyknewhowtocultivatehemp，tospinit，andtomakenetsofit；theremainsofsomeofthesenetshaveoftenoflateyearsbeentakenfromthebedsofthelakes。