FortHill，Ohio。
　　Certainfacts，amongstwhichIwould，inthefirstplace，quotethediscoveriesofDr。AbbottinthealluvialdepositsoftheDelawareandthoserecentlyannouncedinNevada，[45]provethecontemporaneityofmenlikeourselveswiththegreatedentateandpachydermatousmammals，whichwerethemostcharacteristiccreaturesoftheAmericanfauna。TheprehistoricinhabitantsofNorthAmericawerefamiliarwiththemastodon，thoseofSouthAmericawiththeglyptodon，theshellofwhichonoccasionservedasarooftothedwellingofprimevalreran，whichdwellingwasoftenbutadenhollowedoutoftheground。AsinEurope，theearlyinhabitantsofAmericahadtocontendwithpowerfulmammalsandfiercecarnivora；andintheWestasintheEastmanmadeupinintelligenceforhislackofbruteforce，andhoweverformidableananimalmightbe，itwascondemnedtosubmitto，ordisappearbefore，itsmaster。IncourseoftimeSedentaryreplacedNomadraces；
　　shellheaps，someofmarine，someofriverineandlacustrinespecies，butallalikemixedwithagreatvarietyofrubbish，weregraduallypiledupextendingformanymilesandcoveringmanyacresofground，bearingwitnesstotheexistenceofapopulationalreadyconsiderable。
　　Groupofsepulchralmounds。
　　InotherpartsofAmericaprehistoricraceshaveleftbehindthemhugeearthworks，loftymasseswhichwereprobablyfortificationsFig。5，temples，andsepulchralmonumentsFig。6。TheseearthworksextendthroughoutNorthAmericafromtheAlleghanyMountainstotheAtlantic，fromthegreatlakesofCanadatotheGulfofMexico。Thenameofthepeoplewhoerectedthemislost，andwemustbecontentwiththatofMoundBuilders，whichcommemoratetheirvastundertakings。
　　FIGURE7
　　GroundplanofapueblooftheMac-ElmoValley。
　　Ataperiodprobablynearerourown，ArizonaandNewMexicowereoccupiedbyothermaces，whobuilttheso-calledPUEBLOS，whichwereregularphalansteries，orcommunaldwellings，eachmemberofthetribehavingtobecontentwithonewretchedlittlecellFig。7。AtsomedistancefromthemenofthePUEBLOSlivedtheCliffDwellers，aboutwhomweknownexttonothing；afewstoneweaponsandcountlessfragmentsofpotterybeingalltheyhaveleftbehindthem。Thesemenestablishedthemselvesinsituationswhicharenowinaccessible，hewingoutadwellingintherocksonthemountainsFigs。8and9
　　withwonderfulperseverance，andclosinguptheapproacheswithadobesorsun-driedbricks，makingincredibleeffortstoobtainfortheirfamilieswhatmusthavebeenatthebestbutaprecariousshelter。[46]TheseprehistoricracesweresucceededinAmericabytheToltecs，Aztecs，Chibcas，andPeruvians，allknowninhistory，thoughtheiroriginisasmuchinvolvedinobscurityasthatoftheirpredecessors。Temples，palaces，andmagnificentmonumentstellofthewealthwhichgoldgives，awealth，alas，whichalsoenervatedthevitalforces，sothattheSpanishandPortuguesemetwithbutlittleseriousresistanceintheirrapidconquests。
　　Cliff-houseontheRioMancos。
　　HouseinarockoftheMontezumaCanon。
　　Sucharethefactswithwhichwehavetodeal。Inthefollowingchaptersweshallconsidermoreatlengththeproblemstheypresent，butalreadyweareledtooneimportantconclusion：ineverypartoftheglobe，ineverylatitude，ineveryclimate，workedflints，whetherbutroughlychippedorelaboratelypolished，presentanalogieswhichmuststrikethemostsuperficialobserver。“Wefindthem，“remarksanAmericanauthor，“inthetumuliofSiberia，inthetombsofEgypt，inthesoilofGreece，beneaththerudemonumentsofScandinavia；
　　butwhethertheycomefrontEuropeorAsia，fromAfricaorAmerica，theyaresomuchalikeinform，inmaterial，andinworkmanship，thattheymighteasilybetakenfortheworkofthesamemen。“
　　AtameetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencein1871，SirJohnLubbockshowedworkedflintsfromChiliandNewZealandwithothersfoundinEngland，Germany，Spain，Australia，theGuianas，andonthebanksoftheAmazon；whichoneandallbelongedtothesametype。MorerecentlytheAnthropologicalSocietyofViennacomparedthestonehatchetsfoundneartheCanadianlakesandinthedesertsofUruguay，withothersfromCataniainItaly，AngermundeinBrandenburg，andatombinScandinavia，decidingthattheywereallexactlyalike。Lastly，thosewhostudiedattheFrenchExhibitionof1878thehatchets，hammers，andscrapers，theboneimplements，pottery，andweaponsbroughtfromdifferentplaces，theinhabitantsofwhichhadnocommunicationwitheachother，couldnotfailtonoticeintheirturnhowimpossibleitwastodistinguishbetweenthem。“Soevidentisthisresemblance，“saysVogt，[47]“thatwemayeasilyconfoundtogetherimplementsbroughtfromsuchverydifferentsources。“
　　Thesameobservationappliestomegalithicmonuments。Everywherewefindtheseprimitivestructuresassumingsimilarforms。Itisdifficultenoughtobelievethatthewantsofmanalone，suchasthecravingforfood，theneedofclothing，andthenecessityofdefend。inghimself，haveledineverycasetothesameideasandthesameamountofprogress。Evenifthisbeprovedbytheworkedflints，wecannotacceptasimilarconclusionwithregardtothemegalithicmonuments，whichimplyreflectionandathoughtofthefuturefarbeyondthematerialneedsofdailylife。Isitnotmorereasonabletoregardasimilitudesostrikingasaproofoftheunityofourrace？
　　Thehumanbonesdiscoveredareyetmoreconvincingtestimony。Excavationshaveyieldedsomewhichmaydatefromtheveryearliestperiodoftheexistenceofmanupontheearth。Theyhavebeenfoundincavesandintheriverdrift，beneaththemoundsofAmericaandthemegalithicmonumentsofEurope，intheice-claddistrictsofScandinaviaandofIceland，andintheburningdesertsofAfrica，butnotoneofthemowesitsexistencetomenofatypedifferentfromthoseofhistorictimesorofourownday。[48]MM。QuatrefagesandHamyintheirmagnificentwork“CraniaEthnica，“havebeenabletodistinguishprehistoricracesandindicatetheareatheyoccupied。Theseracesarestillrepresented，andtheirdescendantsofto-dayretainthecharacteristicsoftheirancestors。
　　Onefinalconclusionisnolessinteresting。Theseabsolutelycountlessflints，thesemonumentsofimposingsize，thesestonesofimmenseweightoftenbroughtfromafar，thesemarvellousmoundsandtumuli，bearwitnesstothepresenceofapopulationwhichwasalreadyconsiderableatthetimeofwhichweareendeavoringtomakeoutthetraces。Alongseriesofcenturiesmusthavebeenneededforapeopletoincreasetosuchanextentastohavespreadoverentirecontinents。Andtimewasnotwanting。Whateverantiquitymaybeattributedtothehumanrace，whatevertheinitialdatetowhichitsfirstappearancemayberelegated，thisantiquityisbutslight，thisdateisbutmodern，ifwecompareitwiththetrulyincalculableagesofwhichgeologyrevealstheexistence。Ateveryturnwearearrestedbytheimmensityoftime，theimmensityofspace，andyetourknowledgeisstillconfinedtothemereouterrindoftheearth，andsciencecannotasyetevenguessatthesecretshiddenbeneaththatrind。
　　Inconcludingtheseintroductoryremarks，wemustaddthatverygreatdifficultiesawaitthosewhodevotethemselvestoprehistoricstudies——difficultiessuchasnoisebutthosewhohaveattemptedtoconquerthemcanrealize。Theraretracesofprehistoricmanmustbesoughtamongsttheeffectsofthecataclysmsthathavedevastatedtheearth，andtheruinspiledupinthecourseofages。Wemustshowmallwrestlingwiththeever-recurrentdifficultiesofhishardlife，andgraduallydevelopinginaccordancewithalawwhichappearstobeimmutable。Suchistheaimofthiswork，anditiswithgratitudethatweassertatthebeginningthatthePIANTAUOMO，thehumanplant，asAlfiericallsourrace，wasendowedbytheCreatorfromthefirstwithaveryvigorousvitality，toenableittocontendwiththedangersbesettingitsstepsintheearlydaysofitsexistence，andwithatrulymarvellousspirit，tobeabletomakesohumbleabeginningthestarting-pointforadestinysoglorious。
　　Food，Cannibalism，MammalsFish，Hunting，andFishing。
　　Thefirstcareofmanonhisarrivalupontheearthwasnecessarilytomakesureoffood。Wildberries，acorns，andephemeralgrassesonlylastforatime，whilstlandmolluscaandinsects，formingbutamiserabledietatthebest，disappearduringthewinter。Meatmustcertainlyhavebeenthechieffoodofprehistoricman；theaccumulationsofbonesofallsortsinthecavesandotherplacesinhabitedbyhimleavenodoubtonthatpoint。Thehorse，whichinEuropewashunted，killed，andeatenformanycenturiesbeforeitwasdomesticated，wasanimportantarticleofdiet，andwassupplementedbytheaurochs，thestag，thechamois，thewildgoat，theboar，thebare，andfailingthem，thewolf，thefox，andaboveallthereindeer，whichmultipliedrapidlyindistrictssuitabletoit。TheelephantbonespickeduponMountDolandelsewherearenearlyallthoseofyounganimals；anditisprobablethattheyhadbeenkilledforfoodbyman。IntheSureauCaveinBelgium，[49]inthatofAurignacinFrance，andBrixhaminEngland，havebeenfoundcompleteskeletonsofthe
　　SPELAEUS，whichbadevidentlybeendraggedinwiththefleshstillonthem，forallthebonesareintheirnaturalposition。Inothercaves，thethoraxandthevertebraeoftheskeletonsweremissing；thecave-man，havingdespatchedhisvictim，badevidentlytakenonlythemoresucculentpartsintohisretreat。Beastsofpreymerelygnawthecomparativelytenderandspongytopsofthebones，leavingthehard，compactpartsuntouched。Inthecavesthatwereinhabitedbyman，however，wefindtheapophysesneglected，whilstthediaphysesaresplitopen。Wecannot，therefore，makeanymistakeonthispoint，orattributetothebeastofpreywhatiscertainlytheworkofman。