Camps，Fortifications，VitrifiedForts；Santorin；TheTownsupontheHillofHissarlik。
　　Combativeness，tousethelanguageofphrenology，isoneofthemostlivelyinstinctsofhumanity。TheBibletellsusofthestrugglebetweenthesonsofAdam，andshowsusmightmakingrighteversincethedaysofprimevalman。Historyisbutonelongaccountofwarsandconquests，victoriesordefeats，andprogressischieflymarkedininventionswhichmadebattlesmoresanguinaryandaddedtothenumberofvictimsslaughtered。Attheverydawnofhumanitymanlearnedtomakeweapons；verysoon，however，weaponsceasedtoappearsufficient。Thefirstfortificationwasdoubtlessthecave，whichitsownerstrengthenedbyclosingtheentrancewithblocksofstoneandpilesofbrokenrock，orbydiggingdeeptrenchesaboutit。
　　Populationrapidlyincreasedandwarwasdeclaredbetweentribeandtribe，nationandnation，raceandrace。Terriblemusthavebeenthestrugglesbetweeninvadersandtheoriginalpossessorsofthesoil。Meansofdefenceweremultipliedtokeeppacewithnewmodesofattack，andourancestorsoftheStoneagewereintelligentenoughtomakeplacesofrefugeinwhichonnecessitytheycouldsheltertheirwivesandchildren，andlater，whentheybecamesedentary，theirflocksandtheirstoresofgrain。Inmanydifferentlocalitieswefindtheremainsofcampsandfortifications，which，toavoidusingamoreambitiousterm，wemaycharacterizegenerallyasenclosures。[209]
　　Theseprimitiveenclosures，saysBertrandinhis“ArcheologieCeltiqucetGauloise，“mayhavebeenverymuchmorenumerousthanissupposed，ifweincludeamongstthem，asitappearsweought，manyruinslongthoughttodatefromtheRomanera。
　　Thereisnodoubtastothepurposeservedbythecamps，butwearenotpreparedtospeakaspositivelyasdoesBertrandastotheirorigin，andthedifficultyofdecidingisverygreatlyincreasedonaccountofthesecampshavingbeensuccessivelyoccupiedatdifferentepochsbydifferentpeoples。Bearinginmindthisreservation，wewillnowsumuptothebestofourabilityallthatissofarknownaboutthemostimportantremainshithertoexamined。
　　TheresidenceofprehistoricmanintherichdistrictsbetweentheSambreandtheMeuseisprovedbyworkedflints，fragmentsofpottery，andhumanbonesdatingfrommostremotetimes。Thestationssuccessivelyoccupiedweresituatednearwatercoursesorcopioussprings，and，wherepossible，onisolatedescarpedplateauxsurroundedbyravines。Hastedon，aboutamileandaquarterfromNamur，isoneofthebestexampleswecanquote。[210]Thecamp，firstmadeoutin1865，formedalongsquare，coveringsomethirteenhectares，oraboutthirty-twoacres。Itissituatedonanisolatedmoundconnectedwiththemainplateaubyanisthmus227feetlong，andisprotectedonthesouthandwestbyadeepravine：Tothesenaturaldefencesmenhadaddedimportantworkstothosepartsthatwereaccessible。Thecuttingoftrenchesafewyearsagobroughttolightwallsofameanthicknessofmorethanninefeet，formedofmassesofrockandsandandroundpiecesofwoodparallelwithaREVETEMENTofdrystonessurmountedbyapalisadeconsistingofthreepiecesofwoodparallelwiththewalls，andsevenperpendiculartraverses。Allthewoodwascharred；
　　thebesiegedhadevidentlybeendrivenoutbyfire。ExcavationsledtothefindingofRomancoins；thisandtheresemblanceofthepalisadestothosedescribedbyCaesar，[211]theverynameofHastedon，andthetraditioneverywhereprevalentinthedistrict，thatthisbadbeenthesiteofaGallicRomancamp，ledtothegeneraladoptionofthatopinion。Infact，NapoleonIII。actuallyorderedexcavationstobemadeinthehopeoffindingtracesoftheAtuatuques，oneoftheroostwarlikeofthetribesofnorthernGaul；butsidebysidewithhistoricrelicswerenolessthantenthousandflints。Thesearechieflymerelychipsornucleiwhichhadservedashammers，orlongthinslices，withsomefewarrow-andlance-beadsoftenskilfullycut，somepolishedhatchets，andsawswithfineteeth。Nearlyallarenotchedandwornwithuse，whichdoesawaywiththeideathattheplacewheretheywerefoundwasthesiteofaworkshopsuchasIhavealreadydescribed。Withtheseworkedflintswerefoundsomefragmentsofcoarsepottery，whichcouldnotpossiblybeconfoundedwithRomanorGallicwork。Theflintsandpottery，andthewallsputtogetherwithoutcement，pointtotheconclusionthatifthecampofHastedonwasoccupiedbytheRomanlegions，itwaslongprevioustotheirdayinhabitedbysomeNeolithicrace，ignorantoftheuseofanybutstoneweaponsandimplements。
　　ThecampofPont-de-BonninthecommuneofModaveNamurverymuchresemblesinitsarrangementthatofHastedon。[212]Amoundstandsoutupontheplainprotectedonthenorthandwestbyrocksdifficultofaccessandconnectedwiththemainplateaubyaverynarrowtongueofland。Outsidewecanmakeoutregulartrenchesparallelwitheachother，andconnectedbyawallofmasonry，atthefootofwhichwallwerepickedupagoodmanyironnails。InsidetheENCEINTEitselfworkedflintswereassociatedwithRomancoins。ArenottheseproofsinthefirstplaceofalongNeolithicoccupation，thenoftheresidenceofGallicRomans，andyetlaterofevenmoremodernpeopleofwhomthemasonrywallsandironnailsarerelics？
　　Limburgalsocontainssomedefensiveworks，manycenturiesold，whichareasyetbutlittleknown。Wemaymentionamongstthemtheso-calleddykeofZeedyck，nearTongres，aformidableintrenchmentsome2，186yardslongbymorethan325feetwideatthebase，andofaheightvaryingfrom49to65feet；theearthenrampartsofWillemontheGeule，thenotlessimportantonesofHoulem，withmanyothersfarawayfromthegreathighwaysofcommunication，butwithinthelimitsofthetwoprovincesofLiegeandLimburg。[213]
　　AfewyearsagoBertrandsaidthatthereareinFrancesomefourhundredearthenENCEINTES，onlysixtyofwhichcontainrelicsconnectingthemwiththeGallicRomans。SinceBertrand’sannouncementthisnumberhasbeengreatlyincreased，thankstoeagerlyprosecutedlocalresearches。DePullignymentionsahundredinUpperNormandy[214]；MartinetsaystheyareverynumerousinBerry；oneofthemostremarkable，thequadrilateralofHaute-Brenne，coveredanareaofnearlythreethousandacres。[215]AmongsttheforestsontheVosgesMountainswerediscoveredlongsingleanddoublewalls，thecourseofwhichfollowsthecrestoftherampartsoverlookingthevalleyoftheZorn，betweenLutzelbourgandSaverne。[216]AtRosmeur，onPenmarchPointFinistere，DuChatellierexcavatedtwotumuliwhichappeartohavebeenconnectedwithaseriesofdefensiveworksencirclingthewholepromontory。[217]Itwouldbemerelyfastidioustomultiplyinstances，wewillcontentourselveswithdescribingafewofthemostinterestingoftheseantiquefortifications。[218]
　　ThecampofChasseySaone-et-LoiremaybecomparedwiththoseofBelgium。Itissituatedonaplateau2，440feetlongbyawidthvaryingfrom360to672feet。Ahugenaturalrockybarrierrisesonthesouthandeast，whilstonthenortheastandsouthwestwefindtwoimportantintrenchmentsmadeofhugeblocksofstonewithaREVETEMENTofearth。Oneoftheseintrenchmentsis45，theotheronly29feethigh。Thereisnotraceinsideofsprings，andtheinhabitantsmustalwayshavehadtoobtaintheirwater-supplybyartificialmeans。Thecisternsnowinthiscampappeartohavebeendugoutwithironimplements，andarecertainlyoflaterdatethanthefirstoccupationoftheplateau。NumerousobjectspickedupintheChasseyCampbelongtoNeolithictimes，butthepeoplewhohaveoccupieditsincethoseremotedays，themenoftheBronzeandIronages，theGauls，theRomans，andtheMerovingians，havesoturnedoverthegroundthatproductsofindustries，completelystrangetoeachother，areeverywheremixedtogetherininextricableconfusion。[219]
　　Therewereoriginallyagoodmanyhearthsaboutthecamp，anditwasneartooneofthemthatthespoonwasfound，figuredinanearlierchapterofthisbookFig。25。Withitwerepickeduppolishedfibrolite，basalt，chloromelanite，serpentine，anddioritehatchets；
　　evidentlymadeintheneighborhood，asisprovedbeyondadoubtbythenumerouschipsandpartlyworkedpieceslyingabout，aswellasthediscoveryofnolessthanthirtypolishers，manyofthemshowingsignsoflongservice。Boneimplementsofallkindsandwhistlesmadeofthephalangesofoxenarealsoconstantlyfound。Evenifthepresenceoftheseobjectsdoesnotenableustocometoanyfinalconclusion，theyareatleastmostusefulandinterestinginenablingustoputtogetherlittlebylittleapictureofthelifeofthemostancientinhabitantsofFrance。
　　ThecampofCatenoy，DearLiancourtOiseisarrangedverymuchinthesamemannerasthatofChassey。[220]CAESAR’SCAMP，asitiscalledbythepeopleoftheneighborhood，formsalongtriangle，theapexofwhichrestsontheeasternextremityoftheplateau。ExcavationshaveyieldedanumberofGallic-Romanobjects，withsomepolishedhatchets，somebroken，othersintact，withstoneandboneweapons，resemblingbutforafewslightdifferencesthosewehavedescribedsooften。Numerousfragmentsofpotterywerealsopickedup，whichpottery，hand-madeandmixedwithcrushedshells，seldomhaseitherhandlesoranyattemptatornamentation。Weapons，implements，andpotteryareallaliketotallydifferentfromanyRomanorGallicworkknown。ItisimpossibletostudytherelicsatCatenoywithoutcomingtotheconclusionthatthecampwasoccupiedatperiodspriortoGallicandRomantimes，andthatthere，asinmanyotherdistricts，theLatinconquerorshadsucceededanunknownvanquishedrace。
　　DeQuatrefageshasaccuratelymadeoutaseriesofworksextendingalongtheleftbankoftheNive，asfarasItsassou，andofwhichthePas-de-Rolandmarkstheextremelimit。Amerelysuperficialexaminationisenoughtoshowthatthesedefencesexistedonlyonthesidetowhichaccesswouldotherwisehavebeeneasy，whiletheheightoverlookingtheriverontheotherside，whichisimpregnablebynature，hasbeenleftuntouched。HeretoowefindthenameCaesar’sCampgiventotherelics，afactofcommonoccurrencealloverFrance，wherethegreatcaptainwaslongheldinhonor。Quatrefagesis，however，ofopinionthattheworksareneitherRoman，GallicnorCeltic，andheevenarrivesbyaprocessofeliminationattheconclusionthattheywereerectedbytheIberians，whoprecededtheAryans，andhaveleftsodeepanimpressonallthecountriestheysuccessivelyoccupied。Wedonotfeelabletoacceptentirelythishypothesis；
　　butnosuggestionoftheeminentprofessormustbeoverlookedbythosewhoearnestlyseekwithunbiassedmindstoascertainthetruth。
　　GregoryofToursrelatesthatatthetimeoftheinvasionoftheVandals，theGabalitookrefugewiththeirfamiliesintheCASTRUM
　　GREDONENSE，andthere，fortwoyears，energeticallyresistedtheinvaders。[221]Greze，nowalittlemarkettownofthedepartmentofLozere，istheCASTRUMofwhichtheoldFrenchchroniclerspeaks，andDr。Prunierestherecollectedfortystonehatchets，differinginnomaterialrespectfromothersfoundinsuchnumberselsewhere，withflintknivesandscrapers，bonestilettos，andmillstones，doubtlessusedforgrindinggrain，allofwhicharetothelearnedFrenchprofessorproofsoftheexistencethereofaNeolithicstationbeforethehistoricperiod。
　　InthedepartmentofAlpes-MaritimesaseriesofdefensiveworkscrownthecircleofmountainswhichrisefromtheshoresoftheMediterranean。Theseintrenchmentscertainlydatefromaremoteperiod，thoughwecannotassignthemtoanydefinitetime，andthefactthattheyhavebeenrepairedatdifferentepochsprovesthattheyweresuccessivelyoccupied。[222]TheyconsistprincipallyofcircularorellipticalENCEINTESsurroundedbywallsofstoneswithoutmortar，andtheyvaryindiameterfromsome39to328feet。OneofthelargestisthatontheCollinedesMulets，aboveMonteCarlo。