[4]
PrinceGeorgeofCambridge：thegrandsonofKingGeorgeIII，secondDukeofCambridge，andCommander—in—chiefoftheBritishArmy.
[5]
Mr.HerbertSpencer（1820——1903）：acelebratedEnglishphilosopherandpowerfuladvocateofthedoctrineofevolution.Spencerisregardedasoneofthemostprofoundthinkersofmoderntimes.HewasoneofHuxley’sclosestfriends.
[6]
inpartibusinfidelium：inthedomainoftheunbelievers.
[7]
"sweetsouthuponabedofviolets."Cf.TwelfthNight，ActI，sc.
I，l.5.
O，itcameo’ermyearlikethesweetsoundThatbreathesuponabankofviolets，Stealingandgivingodour.
Forthereading"sweetsouth"insteadof"sweetsound，"seeRolfe’seditionofTwelfthNight.
[8]
"Lehrjahre"：apprenticeship.
CharingCrossSchoolofMedicine：aschoolconnectedwiththeCharingCrossHospitalintheStrand，London.
[9]
Nelson：HoratioNelson，acelebratedEnglishAdmiralborninNorfolk，England，1758，anddiedonboardtheVictoryatTrafalgar，1805.ItwasbeforethebattleoffCapeTrafalgarthatNelsonhoistedhisfamoussignal，"Englandexpectseverymanwilldohisduty."Cf.Tennyson’sOdetotheDukeofWellington，stanzaVI，forafamoustributetoNelson.
[10]
middies：abbreviatedformformidshipmen.
[11]
SuitesaBuffon：sequelstoBuffon.Buffon（1707—1781）wasaFrenchnaturalistwhowrotemanyvolumesonscience.
[12]
LinneanSociety：ascientificsocietyformedin1788undertheauspicesofseveralfellowsoftheRoyalSociety.
[13]
RoyalSociety：TheRoyalSocietyforImprovingNaturalKnowledge;
theoldestscientificsocietyinGreatBritain，andoneoftheoldestinEurope.ItwasfoundedbyCharlesII，in1660，itsnucleusbeinganassociationoflearnedmenalreadyinexistence.
ItissupposedtobeidenticalwiththeInvisibleCollegewhichBoylementionsin1646.ItwasincorporatedunderthenameofTheRoyalSocietyin1661.ThepublicationsoftheRoyalSocietyarecalledPhilosophicalTransactions.Thesocietyhascloseconnectionwiththegovernment，andhasassistedthegovernmentinvariousimportantscientificundertakingsamongwhichmaybementionedParry’sNorthPoleexpedition.Thesocietyalsodistributes$20，000yearlyforthepromotionofscientificresearch.
[14]
Rastignac：acharacterinLePereGoriot.AtthecloseofthestoryRastignacsays，"Anousdeux，maintenant"：——Henceforththereiswarbetweenus.
[15]
PereGoriot：anovelofBalzac’swithaplotsimilartoKingLear.
[16]
ProfessorTyndall（1820—1893）：adistinguishedBritishphysicistandmemberoftheRoyalSociety.HeexploredwithHuxleytheglaciersofSwitzerland.Hisworkinelectricity，radiantheat，lightandacousticsgavehimaforemostplaceinscience.
[17]
Ecclesiasticalspirit：thespiritmanifestedbytheclergyofEnglandinHuxley’stimeagainstthetruthsofscience.Theclergyconsideredscientifictruthtobedisastroustoreligioustruth.
Huxley’sattitudetowardtheteachingofreligioustruthisilluminatedbythisquotation，whichheusestoexplainhisownposition："IhavethefullestconfidencethatinthereadingandexplainingoftheBible，whatthechildrenwillbetaughtwillbethegreattruthsofChristianLifeandconduct，whichallofusdesiretheyshouldknow，andthatnoeffortwillbemadetocramintotheirpoorlittleminds，theologicaldogmaswhichtheirtenderagepreventsthemfromunderstanding."Huxleydefineshisideaofachurchasaplaceinwhich，"weekbyweek，servicesshouldbedevoted，nottotheiterationofabstractpropositionsintheology，buttothesettingbeforemen’smindsofanidealoftrue，justandpureliving;aplaceinwhichthosewhoarewearyoftheburdenofdailycaresshouldfindamoment’srestinthecontemplationofthehigherlifewhichispossibleforall，thoughattainedbysofew;aplaceinwhichthemanofstrifeandofbusinessshouldhavetimetothinkhowsmall，afterall，aretherewardshecovetscomparedwithpeaceandcharity."
[18]
NewReformation：Huxleywrites："WeareinthemidstofagiganticmovementgreaterthanthatwhichprecededandproducedtheReformation，andreallyonlythecontinuationofthatmovement
Butthisorganizationwillbetheworkofgenerationsofmen，andthosewhofurtheritmostwillbethosewhoteachmentorestinnolie，andtorestinnoverbaldelusion."
ONTHEADVISABLENESSOFIMPROVINGNATURALKNOWLEDGE（1866）
[19]
OntheAdvisablenessofImprovingNaturalKnowledge：fromMethodandResults：alsopublishedinLaySermons，AddressesandReviews.
Forthehistoryofthetimesmentionedinthisessay，seeGreen’sShortHistoryoftheEnglishPeople.
[20]
Theveryspot：St.Martin’sBoroughHallandPublicLibrary，onCharingCrossRoad，nearTrafalgarSquare.
[21]
Defoe（1661—1731）：anEnglishnovelistandpoliticalwriter.OnaccountofhispoliticalwritingsDefoewassentencedtostandinthepillory，andtobe"imprisonedduringtheQueen’spleasure."
Duringthisimprisonmenthewrotemanyarticles.LaterinlifehewroteRobinsonCrusoe，TheFortunesandMisfortunesofMollFlanders，JournalofthePlagueYear，andotherbookslesswellknown.
[22]
unholycursingandcracklingwitoftheRochestersandSedleys：
JohnWilmot，thesecondEarlofRochester，andSirCharlesSedley，werebothfriendsofCharlesII，andwerenotedforbitingwitandprofligacy.Green，inhisShortHistoryoftheEnglishPeople，thusdescribesthem："LordRochesterwasafashionablepoet，andthetitlesofsomeofhispoemsaresuchasnopenofourdaycouldcopy.SirCharlesSedleywasafashionablewit，andthefoulnessofhiswordsmadeeventheportersintheCoventGardenbelthimfromthebalconywhenheventuredtoaddressthem."
[23]
Laud：ArchbishopofCanterbury.Laudwasbornin1573，andbeheadedatLondonin1645.HewasthroughoutthereignofCharlesIastaunchsupporteroftheKing.HewasimpeachedbytheLongParliamentin1640andexecutedonTowerHill，in1645.
[24]
selenography：thescientificstudyofthemoonwithspecialreferencetoitsphysicalcondition.
[25]
Torricellianexperiment：areferencetothediscoveryoftheprincipleofthebarometerbytheItalian，Torricelli，in1643.
[26]
SirFrancisBacon（1561—1626）：Baconendeavoredtoteachthatcivilizationcannotbebroughttoahighpointexceptasmanapplieshimselftothestudyofthesecretsofnature，andusesthesediscoveriesforinventionswhichwillgivehimpoweroverhisenvironment.Thechiefvalueoftheworkwasthatitcalledattentiontotheusesofinductionandtotheexperimentalstudyoffacts.SeeRoger’sAStudent’sHistoryofPhilosophy，page243.
[27]
ThelearnedDr.Wallis（1616—1703）：Dr.WallisisregardedasthegreatestofNewton’spredecessorsinmathematicalhistory.Hisworksarenumerousandareonagreatvarietyofsubjects.HewasoneofthefirstmembersoftheRoyalSociety.
[28]
"NewPhilosophy"：Bacon’sideasonscienceandphilosophyassetforthinhisworks.
[29]
RoyalSociety：seenote，page11.
[30]
Newton，SirIsaac（1642—1721）：adistinguishednaturalphilosopherofEngland.NewtonwaselectedamemberoftheRoyalSocietyin1672.Hismostimportantscientificaccomplishmentwastheestablishingofthelawofuniversalgravitation.ThestoryofthefalloftheapplewasfirstrelatedbyVoltairetowhomitwasgivenbyNewton’sniece.
[31]
"PhilosophicalTransactions"：thepublicationsoftheRoyalSociety.
[32]
Galileo（1564—1642）：afamousItalianastronomer.Hismostnotedworkwastheconstructionofthethermometerandatelescope.HediscoveredthesatellitesofJupiterin1610.In1610，also，heobservedthesun’sspots.HisviewswerecondemnedbythePopein1616andin1633hewasforcedbytheInquisitiontoabjuretheCopernicantheory.
[33]
Vesalius（1514—1564）：anotedBelgiananatomist.
[34]
Harvey（1578—1657）：anEnglishphysiologistandanatomist.Heisnotedespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthecirculationoftheblood.
[35]
Subtlespeculations：SelbygivesexamplesfromquestionsdiscussedbyThomasAquinas.Whetherallangelsbelongtothesamegenus，whetherdemonsareevilbynature，orbywill，whethertheycanchangeonesubstanceintoanother，whetheranangelcanmovefromonepointtoanotherwithoutpassingthroughintermediatespace.
[36]
Schoolmen：atermusedtodesignatethefollowersofscholasticism，aphilosophyofdogmaticreligionwhichassumedacertainsubject—
matterasabsoluteandunquestionable.ThedutyoftheSchoolmanwastoexplainchurchdoctrine;theseexplanationswerecharacterizedbyfinedistinctionsandbyanabsenceofrealcontent.SeeRoger’sAStudent’sHistoryofPhilosophy;alsoBaldwin’sDictionaryofPhilosophyandPsychology.
[37]
"writinwater"：anallusiontoKeats’requestthatthewords"Hereliesonewhosenamewaswritinwater"behisepitaph.ThewordsareinscribedonhistombintheProtestantCemeteryatRome.
[38]
LordBrouncker：ThefirstpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyafteritsincorporationin1662wasLordBrouneker.
[39]
revenant：ghost.
[40]
Boyle：RobertBoyle（1627—1691）：aBritishchemistandnaturalphilosopherwhowasnotedespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofBoyle’slawoftheelasticityofair.
[41]
Evelyn（1620—1706）：anEnglishauthorandmemberoftheRoyalSociety.HismostimportantworkistheDiary，valuableforthefullaccountwhichitgivesofthemannersandcustomsofthetime.
[42]
TheRestoration：InEnglishhistorythere—establishingoftheEnglishmonarchywiththereturnofKingCharlesIIin1660;byextensionthewholereignofCharlesII：as，thedramatistsoftheRestoration.CenturyDictionary.
[43]
Aladdin’slamps：areferencetothestoryoftheWonderfulLampintheArabianNights.Themagiclampbroughtmarvelousgoodfortunetothepoorwidow’ssonwhopossessedit.Cf.alsoLowell’sAladdin：——
WhenIwasabeggarlyboy，Andlivedinacellardamp，Ihadnotafriendoratoy，ButIhadAladdin’slamp;
WhenIcouldnotsleepforthecold，Ihadfireenoughinmybrain，Andbuilded，withroofsofgold，MybeautifulcastlesinSpain！
[44]
"Wheninheaventhestars"：fromTennyson’sSpecimensofaTranslationoftheIliadinBlankVerse.
[45]
"increasingGod’shonourandbetteringman’sestate"：Bacon’sstatementofhispurposeinwritingtheAdvancementofLearning.
[46]
Forexample，etc.：couldthesentencebeginningthusbewritteninbetterform？
[47]
Rumford（1738—1814）：BenjaminThompson，CountRumford，aneminentscientist.RumfordwasborninAmericaandeducatedatHarvard.
SuspectedofloyaltytotheKingatthetimeoftherevolution，hewasimprisoned.Acquitted，hewenttoEnglandwherehebecameprominentinpoliticsandscience.InvestedwiththetitleofCountbytheHolyRomanEmpire，hechoseRumfordforhistitleafterthenameofthelittleNewHampshiretownwherehehadtaught.HegavealargesumofmoneytoHarvardCollegetofoundtheRumfordprofessorshipofscience.
[48]
eccentric：outofthecentre.
ALIBERALEDUCATION（1868）
[49]
ALiberalEducation：fromScienceandEducation;alsopublishedinLaySermons，AddressesandReviews.
[50]
Ichabod：cf.1Sam.iv，21.
[51]
seniorwranglership：inCambridgeUniversity，England，onewhohasattainedthefirstclassintheelementarydivisionofthepublicexaminationforhonorsinpureandmixedmathematics，commonlycalledthemathematicaltripos，thosewhocomposethesecondrankofhonorsbeingdesignatedsenioroptimes，andthoseofthethirdorderjunioroptimes.Thestudenttakingabsolutelythefirstplaceinthemathematicaltriposusedtobecalledseniorwrangler，thosefollowingnextinthesamedivisionbeingrespectivelytermedsecond，third，fourth，etc.，wranglers.CenturyDictionary.
[52]
double—first：anycandidateforthedegreeofBachelorofArtsinOxfordUniversitywhotakesfirst—classhonorsinbothclassicsandmathematicsissaidtohavewonadouble—first.
[53]
Retzsch（1779—1857）：awell—knownGermanpainterandengraver.
[54]
Test—Act：anEnglishstatuteof1673.Itcompelledallpersonsholdingofficeunderthecrowntotaketheoathsofsupremacyandofallegiance，toreceivethesacramentaccordingtotheusageoftheChurchofEngland，andtosubscribetotheDeclarationagainstTransubstantiation.
[55]
Poll：anabbreviationandtransliterationof[Greekwords]，"themob";universityslangforthewholebodyofstudentstakingmerelythedegreeofBachelorofArts，atCambridge.
[56]
pluck：therejectionofastudent，afterexaminations，whodoesnotcomeuptothestandard.
ONAPIECEOFCHALK
[57]
OnaPieceofChalk：alecturetoworking—menfromLaySermons，AddressesandReviews.
[58]
NeedlesoftheIsleofWight：theneedlesarethreewhite，pointedrocksofchalk，restingondark—coloredbases，andrisingabruptlyfromtheseatoaheightof100feet.Baedeker’sGreatBritain.
[59]
LulworthinDorset，toFlamboroughHead：LulworthisonthesoutherncoastofEngland，westoftheIsleofWight：FlamboroughHeadisonthenortheasterncoastofEnglandandextendsintotheGermanOcean.
[60]
Weald：anamegiventoanoval—shapedchalkareainEngland，beginningneartheStraitsofDover，andextendingintothecountiesofKent，Surrey，Hants，andSussex.
[61]
Lieut.Brooke：Brookedevisedanapparatusfordeep—seasoundingfromwhichtheweightnecessarytosinktheinstrumentrapidly，wasdetachedwhenitreachedthebottom.Theobjectwastorelievethestrainontheropecausedbyrapidsoundings.ImprovedapparatuseshavebeeninventedsincethetimeofBrooke.
[62]
Ehrenberg（1795—1876）：aGermannaturalistnotedforhisstudiesofInfusoria.
[63]
BaileyofWestPoint（1811—1857）：anAmericannaturalistnotedforhisresearchesinmicroscopy.
[64]
enterpriseoflayingdownthetelegraph—cable：thefirstAtlantictelegraph—cablebetweenEnglandandAmericawaslaidin1858byCyrusW.FieldofNewYork.Messagesweresentoveritforafewweeks;thenitceasedtoact.ApermanentcablewaslaidbyMr.
Fieldin1866.
[65]
Dr.Wallich（1786—1854）：aDanishbotanistandmemberoftheRoyalSociety.
[66]
Mr.Sorby：PresidentoftheGeologicalSocietyofEngland，andauthorofmanypapersonsubjectsconnectedwithphysicalgeography.
[67]
SirCharlesLyell（1797—1875）：aBritishgeologist，andoneofthefirsttoupholdDarwin’sOriginofSpecies.
[68]
Echinus：thesea—urchin;ananimalwhichdwellsinaspheroidalshellbuiltupfrompolygonalplates，andcoveredwithsharpspines.
[69]
Somme：ariverofnorthernFrancewhichflowsintotheEnglishChannelnortheastofDieppe.
[70]
thechippedflintsofHoxneandAmiens：therudeinstrumentswhichweremadebyprimitivemanwereofchippedflint.NumerousdiscoveriesoflargeflintimplementshavebeenmadeinthenorthofFrance，nearAmiens，andinEngland.ThefirstnotedflintimplementswerediscoveredinHoxne，Suffolk，England，1797.Cf.
Evans’AncientStoneImplementsandLyell’sAntiquityofMan.
[71]
Rev.Mr.Gunn（1800—1881）：anEnglishnaturalist.Mr.GunnsentfromTasmaniaalargenumberofplantsandanimalsnowintheBritishMuseum.
[72]
"thewhirligigoftime"：cf.Shakespeare，TwelfthNight，ActV，se.
I，l.395.
[73]
EuphratesandHiddekel：cf.Genesisii，14.
[74]
thegreatriver，theriverofBabylon：cf.Genesisxv，18
[75]
Withouthaste，butwithoutrest：fromGoethe’sZahmeXenien.Inalettertohissister，Huxleysays："Andthenperhapsbythefollowingofmyfavoritemotto，——
"’WiedasGestirn，OhneHast，OhneRast’——
somethingmaybedone，andsomeofSisterLizzie’sfondimaginationsturnoutnotaltogetheruntrue."Thequotationentireisasfollows：——
WiedasGestirn，OhneHast，AberohneRast，DrehesichjederUmdieeigneLast.
THEPRINCIPALSUBJECTSOFEDUCATION（1882）
[76]
ThePrincipalSubjectsofEducation：anextractfromtheessay，ScienceandArtinRelationtoEducation.
[77]
thisdiscussion："this"referstothelastsentenceintheprecedingparagraph，inwhichHuxleysaysthatitwillbeimpossibletodeterminetheamountoftimetobegiventotheprincipalsubjectsofeducationuntilitisdetermined"whattheprincipalsubjectsofeducationoughttobe."
[78]
FrancisBacon：cf.note[26].
[79]
thebestchanceofbeinghappy：InconnectionwithHuxley’sworkontheLondonSchoolBoard，hisbiographersaysthatHuxleydidnotregard"intellectualtrainingonlyfromtheutilitarianpointofview;heinsisted，e.g.，onthevalueofreadingforamusementasoneofthemostvaluableusestohardworkedpeople."
[80]
"Harmonyingrey"：cf.withl.34inBrowning’sAndreadelSarto.
[81]
Hobbes（1588—1679）：notedforhisviewsofhumannatureandofpolitics.AccordingtoMinto，"Themeritsascribedtohisstylearebrevity，simplicityandprecision."
[82]
BishopBerkeley（1685—1753）：anIrishprelatenotedforhisphilosophicalwritingsandespeciallyforhistheoryofvisionwhichwasthefoundationformoderninvestigationsofthesubject.
"Hisstylehasalwaysbeenesteemedadmirable;simple，felicitousandsweetlymelodious.Hisdialoguesaresustainedwithgreatskill."Minto’sManualofEnglishProseLiterature.
[83]
Wehavebeenrecentlyfurnishedwithinprose：TheIliadofHomertranslatedbyLang，LeafandMyers，thefirsteditionofwhichappearedin1882，isprobablytheonetowhichHuxleyrefers.TheOdyssey，translatedbyButcherandLang，appearedin1879.AmongthebestofthemorerecenttranslationsofHomeraretheOdysseybyGeorgeHerbertPalmer;theIliadbyArthurS.Way，andtheOdysseybythesameauthor.
[84]
Locke（1632—1704）：anEnglishphilosopherofgreatinfluence.HischiefworkisAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding.
[85]
FranciscusBaconsiccogitavit：thusFrancisBaconthought.
THEMETHODOFSCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION（1863）
[86]
TheMethodofScientificInvestigationisanextractfromthethirdofsixlecturesgiventoworkingmenonTheCausesofthePhenomenaofOrganicNatureinDarwiniana.
[87]
theseterribleapparatus：apparatusistheformforboththesingularandplural;apparatusesisanotherformfortheplural.
[88]
IncidentinoneofMoliere’splays：theallusionistothehero，M.Jourdainintheplay，"LaBourgeoisGentilbomme."
[89]
thesekind：modernwritersregardkindassingular.Shakespearetreateditasapluralnoun，as"ThesekindofknavesIknew."
[90]
Newton：cf.[30].
[91]
Laplace（1749—1827）：acelebratedFrenchastronomerandmathematician.Heisbestknownforhistheoryoftheformationoftheplanetarysystems，theso—called"nebularhypothesis."Untilrecentlythishypothesishasgenerallybeenacceptedinitsmainoutlines.Itisnowbeingsupplantedbythe"SpiralNebularHypothesis"developedbyProfessorsMoultonandChamberlinoftheUniversityofChicago.SeeMoulton’sIntroductiontoAstronomy，p.
463.
ONTHEPHYSICALBASISOFLIFE（1868）
[92]
OnthePhysicalBasisofLife：fromMethodsandResults;alsopublishedinLaySermons，AddressesandReviews."ThesubstanceofthispaperwascontainedinadiscoursewhichwasdeliveredinEdinburghontheeveningofSunday，the8thofNovember，1868——
beingthefirstofaseriesofSundayeveningaddressesuponnon—
theologicaltopics，institutedbytheRev.J.Cranbrook.Somephrases，whichcouldpossessonlyatransitoryandlocalinterest，havebeenomitted;insteadofthenewspaperreportoftheArchbishopofYork’saddress，hisGrace’ssubsequentlypublishedpamphletOntheLimitsofPhilosophicalinquiryisquoted，andI
have，hereandthere，endeavouredtoexpressmymeaningmorefullyandclearlythanIseemtohavedoneinspeaking——ifImayjudgebysundrycriticismsuponwhatIamsupposedtohavesaid，whichhaveappeared.Butinsubstance，and，sofarasmyrecollectionserves，inform，whatisherewrittencorrespondswithwhatwastheresaid."——Huxley.
[93]
Finnerwhale：anamegiventoawhalewhichhasadorsalfin.A
Finnerwhalecommonlymeasuresfrom60to90feetinlength.
[94]
Afortiori：withstrongerreason：stillmoreconclusively.
[95]
well—knownepigram：fromGoethe’sVenetianischeEpigramme.Thefollowingisatranslationofthepassage：Whydothepeoplepusheachotherandshout？Theywanttoworkfortheirliving，bringforthchildren;andfeedthemaswellastheypossiblycan
Nomancanattaintomore，howevermuchhemaypretendtothecontrary.
[96]
Maelstroms：acelebratedwhirlpoolorviolentcurrentintheArcticOcean，nearthewesterncoastofNorway，betweentheislandsofMoskenasoandMosken，formerlysupposedtosuckinanddestroyeverythingthatapproacheditatanytime，butnowknownnottobedangerousexceptundercertainconditions.CenturyDictionary.
Cf.alsoPoe’sDescentintotheMaelstrom.
[97]
Milne—Edwards（1800—1885）：aFrenchnaturalist.HisElementsdeZoologiewonhimagreatreputation.
[98]
withsuchqualificationsasarises：atypographicalerror.
[99]
DeBary（1831—1888）：aGermanbotanistnotedespeciallyforhisresearchesincryptogamicbotany.
[100]
NoMan’sLand：Huxleyprobablyintendsnospecificgeographicalreference.Theexpressioniscommonasadesignationofsomeremoteandunfrequentedlocality.
[101]
Kuhne（1837—1900）：aGermanphysiologistandprofessorofscienceatAmsterdamandHeidelberg.
[102]
Debemurmortinosnostraque：Horace——ArsPoetica，line63.
Asforestschangetheirfoliageyearbyyear，Leaves，thatcomefirst，firsttallanddisappear;
Soantiquewordsdieout，andintheirroom，Othersspringup，ofvigorousgrowthandbloom;
Ourselvesandallthat’sours，todeatharedue，Andwhyshouldwordsnotbemortaltoo？
Martin’stranslation.
[103]
peaudechagrin：skinofawildass.
[104]
Balzac（1799—1850）：acelebratedFrenchnovelistoftherealisticschooloffiction.
[105]
Barmecidefeast：theallusionistoastoryintheArabianNightsinwhichamemberoftheBarmecidefamilyplacesasuccessionofemptydishesbeforeabeggar，pretendingthattheycontainarichrepast.
[106]
modusoperandi：methodofworking.
[107]
MartinusScriblerus：areferencetoMemoirsofMartinusScribleruswrittenprincipallybyJohnArbuthnot，andpublishedin1741.ThepurposeofthepapersisgivenbyWarburtonandSpenceinthefollowingextractsquotedfromthePrefacetotheMemoirsoftheExtraordinaryLife，WorksandDiscoveriesofMartinusScriblerusinElwinandCourthope’seditionofPope’sworks，vol.x，p.273：——
"Mr.Pope，Dr.Arbuthnot，andDr.Swift，inconjunction，formedtheprojectofasatireontheabusesofhumanlearning;andtomakeitbetterreceived，proposedtoexecuteitinthemannerofCervantes（theoriginalauthorofthisspeciesofsatire）underacontinuednarrativeoffeignedadventures.Theyhadobservedthatthoseabusesstillkepttheirgroundagainstallthattheablestandgravestauthorscouldsaytodiscreditthem;theyconcluded，therefore，theforceofridiculewaswantingtoquickentheirdisgrace;andridiculewashereinitsplace，whentheabuseshadbeenalreadydetectedbysoberreasoning;andtruthinnodangertosufferbytheprematureuseofsopowerfulaninstrument."
"Thedesignofthiswork，asstatedbyPopehimself，istoridiculeallthefalsetastesinlearningunderthecharacterofamanofcapacityenough，thathaddippedintoeveryartandscience，butinjudiciouslyineach.Itwasbegunbyaclubofsomeofthegreatestwitsoftheage——LordOxford，theBishopofRochester，Pope，Congreve，Swift，Arbuthnot，andothers.Gayoftenheldthepen;andAddisonlikeditverywell，andwasnotdisinclinedtocomeintoit."
[108]
accountedfortheoperationofthemeat—jack：fromthepaper"Tothelearnedinquisitorintonature，MartinusScriblerus：thesocietyoffreethinkersgreeting."ElwinandCourthope，Pope’sworks，vol.？，p.332.
[109]
Theremainderoftheessayendeavorstomeetthechargeofmaterialism.Thefollowingistheconclusion：——
"Initselfitisoflittlemomentwhetherweexpressthephaenomenaofmatterintermsofspirit;orthephaenomenaofspiritintermsofmatter：mattermayberegardedasaformofthought，thoughtmayberegardedasapropertyofmatter——eachstatementhasacertainrelativetruth.Butwithaviewtotheprogressofscience，thematerialisticterminologyisineverywaytobepreferred.Foritconnectsthoughtwiththeotherphaenomenaoftheuniverse，andsuggestsinquiryintothenatureofthosephysicalconditions，orconcomitantsofthought，whicharemoreorlessaccessibletous，andaknowledgeofwhichmay，infuture，helpustoexercisethesamekindofcontrolovertheworldofthought，aswealreadypossessinrespectofthematerialworld;whereas，thealternative，orspiritualistic，terminologyisutterlybarren，andleadstonothingbutobscurityandconfusionofideas.
"Thustherecanbelittledoubt，thatthefurtherscienceadvances，themoreextensivelyandconsistentlywillallthephaenomenaofNatureberepresentedbymaterialisticformulaeandsymbols.Butthemanofscience，who，forgettingthelimitsofphilosophicalinquiry，slidesfromtheseformulaeandsymbolsintowhatiscommonlyunderstoodbymaterialism，seemstometoplacehimselfonalevelwiththemathematician，whoshouldmistakethex’sandy’swithwhichheworkshisproblems，forrealentities——andwiththisfurtherdisadvantage，ascomparedwiththemathematician，thattheblundersofthelatterareofnopracticalconsequence，whiletheerrorsofsystematicmaterialismmayparalyzetheenergiesanddestroythebeautyofalife."
ONCORALANDCORALREEFS（1870）
[110]
OnCoralandCoralReefs：fromCritiquesandAddresses.Theessaywaspublishedin1870.
[111]
Sicetcuralium：Thusalsothecoral，assoonasittouchestheairturnshard.Itwasasoftplantunderthewater.
[112]
Boccone（1633—1704）：anotedSiciliannaturalist.
[113]
Marsigli（1658—1730）：anItaliansoldierandnaturalist.HewroteAPhysicalHistoryoftheSea.
[114]
"TraiteduCorail"："Imadethecoralbloominvasesfullofsea—
water，andInoticedthatwhatwebelievetobetheflowerofthisso—calledplantwasinrealityonlyaninsectsimilartoalittlenettleorpolype.Ihadthepleasuretoseethepawsorfeetofthisnettlemove，andhavingplacedthevasefullofwaterinwhichthecoralwas，nearthefire，atamoderateheat，allthelittleinsectsexpanded，thenettlestretchedoutitsfeetandformedwhatM.deMarsigliandIhadtakenforthepetalsoftheflower.Thecalyxofthisso—calledfloweristheverybodyoftheanimalissuedfromitscell."
[115]
Reaumur（1683—1757）：aFrenchphysiologistandnaturalist，bestknownastheinventoroftheReaumurthermometer.HewasamemberoftheFrenchAcademyofScience.
[116]
BishopWilson：ThomasWilson（1663—1755），bishopoftheIsleofMan.Detailsofhislifearegiveninthefolioeditionofhisworks（1782）.AnappreciationofhisreligiouswritingsisgivenbyMatthewArnoldinCultureandAnarchy.BishopWilson’swords，"TomakereasonandthewillofGodprevail，"arethethemeofArnold’sessay，SweetnessandLight.
[117]
Aneminentmodernwriter：MatthewArnold（1822—1888），eldestsonofThomasArnold，headmasterofRugby;adistinguishedcriticandpoet，andprofessorofpoetryatOxford.TheallusionistoArnold’sessay，SweetnessandLight.Thephrase，"sweetnessandlight，"isonewhichAesopusesinSwift’sBattleoftheBookstosumupthesuperiorityoftheancientsoverthemoderns."Asforus，theancients，wearecontent，withthebee，topretendtonothingofourownbeyondourwingsandourvoice，thatistosay，ourflightsandourlanguage;fortherest，whateverwehavegothasbeenbyinfinitelaborandsearch，andrangingthrougheverycornerofnature;thedifferenceis，thatinsteadofdirtandpoisonwehaveratherchosetofillourhiveswithhoneyandwax，thusfurnishingmankindwiththetwonoblestthings，whicharesweetnessandlight."Arnold’spurposeintheessayistodefinetheculturedmanasonewhoendeavorstomakebeautyandintelligenceprevaileverywhere.
[118]
AbbeTrembley（1700—1784）：aSwissnaturalist.Hewrote"Memoirespourserviral’histoired’ungenredepolypesd’eaudouce，abrasenformedecornes."
[119]
BernarddeJussieu（1699—1776）：aFrenchbotanist;founderofthenaturalclassificationofplants.HewassuperintendentoftheTrianonGardens.
[120]
Guettard（1715—1786）：aFrenchnaturalist.
[121]
MonteNuovowithintheoldcraterofSomma：MonteNuovo，amountainwestofNaples;Somma，amountainnorthofVesuviuswhichwithitslofty，semicircularcliffencirclestheactiveconeofVesuvius.
[122]
Mauritius：anislandintheIndianOcean;HuxleyvisitedtheislandwhenonthevoyagewiththeRattlesnake.Hewrotetohismotherofhisvisit："Thisislandis，youknow，thesceneofSaintPierre’sbeautifulstoryofPaulandVirginia，overwhichIsupposemostpeoplehavesentimentalizedatonetimeoranotheroftheirlives.
UntilwereachedhereIdidnotknowthatthetalewaslikethelady’simprover——afictionfoundedonfact，andthatPaulandVirginiawereatonetimefleshandblood，andthattheirveritabledustwasburiedatPamplemoussesinaspotconsideredasoneofthelionsoftheplace，andvisitedasclassicground."
[123]
Mr.Darwin’scoralreefs：TheStructureandDistributionofCoralReefs，publishedin1848.
[124]
ProfessorJukes（1811—1869）：anEnglishgeologist.
[125]
Mr.Dana（1813—1895）：awell—knownAmericangeologistandmineralogist;aprofessoratYalefrom1845.HewroteanumberofbooksamongwhichisCoralandCoralReefs.
[126]
Jurassicperiod：thatpartofthegeologicalserieswhichisolderthantheCretaceousandnewerthantheTriassic;socalledfromthepredominanceofrocksofthisageintheJuraMountains.ThethreegreatdivisionsoffossiliferousrocksarecalledtheTriassic，theJurassic，andtheCretaceous.
REFERENCEBOOKS
Thefollowingreferencebooksaresuggestedforamorecompletetreatmentofvariouspointsinthetext：——
Andrews’HistoryofEngland.
Green’sShortHistoryoftheEnglishPeople.
Traill’sSocialEngland.
Roger’sAStudent’sHistoryofPhilosophy.
Royce’sTheSpiritofModernPhilosophy.
Huxley’sLifeandLetters.
Smalley’sMr.Huxley，inScribner’sMagazineforOctober，1905.
Darwin’sLifeandLetters.